CA2169198A1 - Tactile computer display for the blind - Google Patents
Tactile computer display for the blindInfo
- Publication number
- CA2169198A1 CA2169198A1 CA002169198A CA2169198A CA2169198A1 CA 2169198 A1 CA2169198 A1 CA 2169198A1 CA 002169198 A CA002169198 A CA 002169198A CA 2169198 A CA2169198 A CA 2169198A CA 2169198 A1 CA2169198 A1 CA 2169198A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- display
- pixel
- elastic membrane
- blind
- substance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/016—Input arrangements with force or tactile feedback as computer generated output to the user
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/14—Digital output to display device ; Cooperation and interconnection of the display device with other functional units
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B21/00—Teaching, or communicating with, the blind, deaf or mute
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B21/00—Teaching, or communicating with, the blind, deaf or mute
- G09B21/001—Teaching or communicating with blind persons
- G09B21/003—Teaching or communicating with blind persons using tactile presentation of the information, e.g. Braille displays
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B21/00—Teaching, or communicating with, the blind, deaf or mute
- G09B21/001—Teaching or communicating with blind persons
- G09B21/003—Teaching or communicating with blind persons using tactile presentation of the information, e.g. Braille displays
- G09B21/004—Details of particular tactile cells, e.g. electro-mechanical or mechanical layout
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
- Audiology, Speech & Language Pathology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Educational Administration (AREA)
- Educational Technology (AREA)
- Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
Abstract
This invention discloses a tactile display for computer to be used by blind people with finger reading skills. The display is made of a plurality of independently inflatable dots called pixel, arranged in a dense matrix format. The matrix can display many lines of Brail characters or graphics. The control of each pixel relies on the expansion of a substance heated by an electric element. Each pixel is made of a small cylinder containing the expansion substance. The cylinders are closed up rigidly at the bottom end and by an elastic membrane at the top end. The elastic membrane serves as the reading surface. To raise a pixel, the corresponding electronic drivers are turned on to activate the pixel's heater. As the substance contained in the cylinder heats up, it expands to stretch the section of the elastic membrane covering it. The membrane then forms a bump of sufficient height to be sensed by the reader's finger. As soon as the drivers deactivate the pixel's heater, the substance cools down and shrinks. The elastic membrane is then pulled down making the surface flat again. During normal operation, the drivers are successively activated in order to scan the whole surface of the display activating only the pixels that should be raised. This technology is not only limited to be used by the blind but can also produce tactile feedback devices for virtual reality applications or to make various massaging devices.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention presented relates to a tactile computer display for the blind, and more particularly to a large area of high pixel density arranged in a two-dimensional array having a full screen capability.
The vertical movement of the pixels is the result of the thermal expansion of a substance contained in a plurality of cylinder closed up by an elastic membrane at the top end. This screen can display both Brail characters and graphics.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Much work has been devoted to produce a tactile computer display which could represent the text and graphics available to people with normal vision. Some Brail displays are being produced but their mechanical complexity and their cost limit them to one or two lines of text. Canadian Pat. No. 2,109,863 is an example of the mechanical devices. This limitation makes them difficult to use with modern graphics based computer programs and prevents the use of a tracking device, such as a mouse. Some full screen tactile displays based on mechanical or electrorheological principles have been patented refer to US Pat. No 4,836,784 or 5,222,895. They seem to be either too slow or too complicated to be cost effective and as far as we know were not commercialised.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is the main purpose of the present invention to create a full screen tactile display using the thermal expansion of a substance contained in a plurality of small isolated cylinders closed up rigidly at the bottom end with a thermally conductive plug and with an elastic membrane at the top end. The elastic membrane becomes the reading surface of the display. Each cylinder contains an individually controllable heating element to produce the expansion of the substance while its cooling is done through the thermally conductive bottom.
In one of the realisations of a full screen tactile display, thousands of pixels are placed side by side in a two dimensional 128 by 128 matrix. The substance in the pixels needs a high thermal expansion coefficient and should be safe to use. This particular realisation of the invention uses a fabrication process based on printed circuit board technology to produce the dense matrix of individually controllable pixels at a reasonable cost. The heater resistance of approximately 300 ohms and a short power pulse in the range of 1 Watt at 15 Volts is necessary to raise a pixel. This low potential and the use of an inert expansion substance like paraffin makes it safe for the operator even in case of failure of the display.
In the preferred version of the invention the tactile reading surface is made of four identical sections placed in a two by two matrix arrangement. This configuration simplifies both the production ~ CA21 691 98 and the testing while increasing the yield and the refreshing rate.
Each section becomes a 64 by 64 matrix easily controllable by standard electronic drivers.
This full screen tactile display with graphics capability coupled with a touch screen circuit permits the blind to operate almost any standard computer program as well as a seeing person. A short program to convert standard characters into Brail ones, and to bring the graphics resolution to a manageable level is used but not covered in this invention. Once the blind person can interact efficiently with the computer, a video camera and other sensors can be added to the system. With a certain amount of processing, the images could be placed on the display allowing the blind to "see" the environment.
With a portable system, the blind person could walk around without a white cane and identify the outline of the environment, read both the civic numbers and the streets name, and possibly enjoy a visit to the museum.
`-- CA216ql98 DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The following paragraphs relate to the figures included in this document. Figure 1 shows the tactile display with its finger reading area while figure 2 shows its cross-section. The operation of the reading surface is demonstrated in figure 3 where the two activated pixel contrast with the two at rest. This figure shows the reader's finger approximately to scale. Finally figure 4 is a simplified electrical schematic of an array where an example of the row drivers activating two pixel from the same column is given. This mode of activation improve the speed of response of the display.
Figure 1 shows the tactile display with its finger reading area (10), the enclosure (12), and various function keys (13). The function keys are laid out around the perimeter to make them easy to access. Their function is written on them in brail. The blank area (11) around the reading area (10) is left to help the reader to reach the limits of the text.
Figure 2 shows a simplified cross-section of the display. It is made of a reading board (10) holding an array of up to sixteen thousand pixel. The electronic drivers for the pixel are mounted on the printed circuit board below (31). Connectors (32) are used to link the two boards electrically. Air is forced by one or more fan(s) (33) to cool the base of the reading board (10). An enclosure (12) protects the electronic components.
CA~169198 Figure 3 shows a cross-section of the reading surface. The operation of each pixel relies on the expansion of a heated substance (21) . In the illustration the two left pixel are at rest while the two others are activated, stretching the elastic membrane into a small bump. The finger of a reader (25) has been drawn to illustrate the dimension of the pixel. Each pixel is in fact a cylinder (23) which is rigidly closed at one end (26) and covered by an elastic membrane (22) at the other. The membrane (22) is glued to the body (29) of the reading surface. The wall of the cylinder is covered by a resistive material (28) which serves as the electric heater.
One of the fabrication processes used relies on printed circuit board technology. The body (29) of the reading surface is produced by laminating three layers of printed circuit containing a plurality of holes which form the pixel's cylinders (23) . The two external layers hold the conducting traces and electrodes (27) used by the drivers to activate the pixel. The thermally conductive plugs (26) of the bottom layer are produced by soldering the plurality of plated through holes it contains before laminating it to the other layers.
The heaters (28) are made by depositing and curing a controlled amount of resistive material in each cylinder (23) . The diodes (40) are then mounted to the bottom board. The next production steps consist in filling the cylinders (23) with the expansion substance (21) and sealing the top of the reading surface with the elastic membrane (22) .
Thorough testing is performed at each production step to insure a high yield.
To raise a pixel, power is applied to its electrodes (27). The substance (21) heats up and expands while melting. Since the cylinder is rigid, the increase in volume stretches the elastic membrane (22) up. This forms a bump which can be sensed by the reader's finger.
To retract the pixel, the power is removed. The heat is evacuated through the bottom of the board by the thermally conductive base (26).
The volume of the substance decreases and the elastic membrane returns to its flat position.
The speed at which the pixel can raise or lower depends on how fast the temperature of the substance can be changed, and which substance is used. Paraffin and wax are some of the substances known to give satisfactory results. To create a temperature regulating effect for each pixel, the heater's material contains thermistor ceramics. This material has an electrical resistance which increases sharply once a certain temperature has been reached. This releases the electronic control from having to limit the power to the pixel when approaching the maximum temperature.
Figure 4 is the simplified electrical schematic of an array. The resistors (41) represent the pixel's heater. Each pixel must be driven through a small diode (40). The diode prevents conduction when the pixel is not selected by the drivers. In the example given, the rows driver (42) supplies a positive potential to the rows 1 and 4 containing the pixel to be raised. The columns driver (43) pulls its ~ C`A~ r~ !98 output number 2 to zero volts to bias only this one column. After a few thousandths of a second, the next column is selected with new row drivers activated. The whole board is scanned a few times per second so it appears continuous. The reaction time of the pixel being longer than the scan time, its expansion is smooth and continuous.
While many aspects of the principles of operation, the production techniques, and the material used have been shown and described, further implementation or combinations of those described herein will be apparent to those with knowledge in the field without departing from the spirit of the invention.
The invention presented relates to a tactile computer display for the blind, and more particularly to a large area of high pixel density arranged in a two-dimensional array having a full screen capability.
The vertical movement of the pixels is the result of the thermal expansion of a substance contained in a plurality of cylinder closed up by an elastic membrane at the top end. This screen can display both Brail characters and graphics.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Much work has been devoted to produce a tactile computer display which could represent the text and graphics available to people with normal vision. Some Brail displays are being produced but their mechanical complexity and their cost limit them to one or two lines of text. Canadian Pat. No. 2,109,863 is an example of the mechanical devices. This limitation makes them difficult to use with modern graphics based computer programs and prevents the use of a tracking device, such as a mouse. Some full screen tactile displays based on mechanical or electrorheological principles have been patented refer to US Pat. No 4,836,784 or 5,222,895. They seem to be either too slow or too complicated to be cost effective and as far as we know were not commercialised.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is the main purpose of the present invention to create a full screen tactile display using the thermal expansion of a substance contained in a plurality of small isolated cylinders closed up rigidly at the bottom end with a thermally conductive plug and with an elastic membrane at the top end. The elastic membrane becomes the reading surface of the display. Each cylinder contains an individually controllable heating element to produce the expansion of the substance while its cooling is done through the thermally conductive bottom.
In one of the realisations of a full screen tactile display, thousands of pixels are placed side by side in a two dimensional 128 by 128 matrix. The substance in the pixels needs a high thermal expansion coefficient and should be safe to use. This particular realisation of the invention uses a fabrication process based on printed circuit board technology to produce the dense matrix of individually controllable pixels at a reasonable cost. The heater resistance of approximately 300 ohms and a short power pulse in the range of 1 Watt at 15 Volts is necessary to raise a pixel. This low potential and the use of an inert expansion substance like paraffin makes it safe for the operator even in case of failure of the display.
In the preferred version of the invention the tactile reading surface is made of four identical sections placed in a two by two matrix arrangement. This configuration simplifies both the production ~ CA21 691 98 and the testing while increasing the yield and the refreshing rate.
Each section becomes a 64 by 64 matrix easily controllable by standard electronic drivers.
This full screen tactile display with graphics capability coupled with a touch screen circuit permits the blind to operate almost any standard computer program as well as a seeing person. A short program to convert standard characters into Brail ones, and to bring the graphics resolution to a manageable level is used but not covered in this invention. Once the blind person can interact efficiently with the computer, a video camera and other sensors can be added to the system. With a certain amount of processing, the images could be placed on the display allowing the blind to "see" the environment.
With a portable system, the blind person could walk around without a white cane and identify the outline of the environment, read both the civic numbers and the streets name, and possibly enjoy a visit to the museum.
`-- CA216ql98 DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The following paragraphs relate to the figures included in this document. Figure 1 shows the tactile display with its finger reading area while figure 2 shows its cross-section. The operation of the reading surface is demonstrated in figure 3 where the two activated pixel contrast with the two at rest. This figure shows the reader's finger approximately to scale. Finally figure 4 is a simplified electrical schematic of an array where an example of the row drivers activating two pixel from the same column is given. This mode of activation improve the speed of response of the display.
Figure 1 shows the tactile display with its finger reading area (10), the enclosure (12), and various function keys (13). The function keys are laid out around the perimeter to make them easy to access. Their function is written on them in brail. The blank area (11) around the reading area (10) is left to help the reader to reach the limits of the text.
Figure 2 shows a simplified cross-section of the display. It is made of a reading board (10) holding an array of up to sixteen thousand pixel. The electronic drivers for the pixel are mounted on the printed circuit board below (31). Connectors (32) are used to link the two boards electrically. Air is forced by one or more fan(s) (33) to cool the base of the reading board (10). An enclosure (12) protects the electronic components.
CA~169198 Figure 3 shows a cross-section of the reading surface. The operation of each pixel relies on the expansion of a heated substance (21) . In the illustration the two left pixel are at rest while the two others are activated, stretching the elastic membrane into a small bump. The finger of a reader (25) has been drawn to illustrate the dimension of the pixel. Each pixel is in fact a cylinder (23) which is rigidly closed at one end (26) and covered by an elastic membrane (22) at the other. The membrane (22) is glued to the body (29) of the reading surface. The wall of the cylinder is covered by a resistive material (28) which serves as the electric heater.
One of the fabrication processes used relies on printed circuit board technology. The body (29) of the reading surface is produced by laminating three layers of printed circuit containing a plurality of holes which form the pixel's cylinders (23) . The two external layers hold the conducting traces and electrodes (27) used by the drivers to activate the pixel. The thermally conductive plugs (26) of the bottom layer are produced by soldering the plurality of plated through holes it contains before laminating it to the other layers.
The heaters (28) are made by depositing and curing a controlled amount of resistive material in each cylinder (23) . The diodes (40) are then mounted to the bottom board. The next production steps consist in filling the cylinders (23) with the expansion substance (21) and sealing the top of the reading surface with the elastic membrane (22) .
Thorough testing is performed at each production step to insure a high yield.
To raise a pixel, power is applied to its electrodes (27). The substance (21) heats up and expands while melting. Since the cylinder is rigid, the increase in volume stretches the elastic membrane (22) up. This forms a bump which can be sensed by the reader's finger.
To retract the pixel, the power is removed. The heat is evacuated through the bottom of the board by the thermally conductive base (26).
The volume of the substance decreases and the elastic membrane returns to its flat position.
The speed at which the pixel can raise or lower depends on how fast the temperature of the substance can be changed, and which substance is used. Paraffin and wax are some of the substances known to give satisfactory results. To create a temperature regulating effect for each pixel, the heater's material contains thermistor ceramics. This material has an electrical resistance which increases sharply once a certain temperature has been reached. This releases the electronic control from having to limit the power to the pixel when approaching the maximum temperature.
Figure 4 is the simplified electrical schematic of an array. The resistors (41) represent the pixel's heater. Each pixel must be driven through a small diode (40). The diode prevents conduction when the pixel is not selected by the drivers. In the example given, the rows driver (42) supplies a positive potential to the rows 1 and 4 containing the pixel to be raised. The columns driver (43) pulls its ~ C`A~ r~ !98 output number 2 to zero volts to bias only this one column. After a few thousandths of a second, the next column is selected with new row drivers activated. The whole board is scanned a few times per second so it appears continuous. The reaction time of the pixel being longer than the scan time, its expansion is smooth and continuous.
While many aspects of the principles of operation, the production techniques, and the material used have been shown and described, further implementation or combinations of those described herein will be apparent to those with knowledge in the field without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Claims (9)
1- A tactile computer display for the blind, comprising tactile elements called pixel, in sufficient number and on a sufficiently large area to easily display both graphics and brail text; the said pixel driven by the thermal expansion of a substance confined into cylinders closed rigidly at the bottom with a thermally conductive plug and with an elastic membrane at the top; the said pixel made by producing contiguous holes into several laminated layers of non conductive rigid material supporting a network of conductive traces serving as electrodes arranged in a row column fashion; the said pixel containing a heating element and a diode connected to some electronic drivers by the said electrodes.
2- The display of claim 1, wherein the said elastic membrane glued to the top of the display is used as the reading surface.
3- The display of claim 1, wherein the said substance used in each of the said pixel is either paraffin or wax both having a very high thermal expansion coefficient.
4- The display of claim 1, wherein the said heaters increase their electrical resistance once the maximum operating temperature is reached making them self-regulated.
5- The display of claim 1, wherein the said electronic drivers can activate simultaneously many pixel located in the same column.
6- A usage of the display of claim 1, wherein the said display is used to provide navigational and environmental information to the blind; the said information coming from different sensors such as; a camera, and/or a GPS receiver, and/or diverse sensors all coupled to a portable computer converting the said information into a suitable graphical and textual format to be placed on the said display and read by the blind while progressing in his environment.
7- The usage of claim 6, wherein the said display equipped with a suitable harness is worn vertically on the hip with the said reading surface facing away allowing the blind to freely scan it with his fingers and control the said computer to modify the presentation of the said information.
8- A tactile stimulation device used in virtual reality or massaging applications, comprising tactile elements in sufficient number and on a sufficiently large area to cover a section of the human body; the said elements driven by the thermal expansion of a substance confined into cylinders closed rigidly at the bottom with a thermally conductive plug and with an elastic membrane at the top; the said elements made by producing contiguous holes into several laminated layers of non conductive rigid material shaped for the specific application and supporting a network of conductive traces serving as electrodes arranged in a row column fashion; the said elements containing an electrical heater and a diode connected to some electronic drivers by the said electrodes.
9- The tactile stimulation device of claim 8, wherein the said laminated layers of the non conductive material are made flexible.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002169198A CA2169198A1 (en) | 1996-02-09 | 1996-02-09 | Tactile computer display for the blind |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002169198A CA2169198A1 (en) | 1996-02-09 | 1996-02-09 | Tactile computer display for the blind |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2169198A1 true CA2169198A1 (en) | 1997-08-10 |
Family
ID=4157540
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002169198A Abandoned CA2169198A1 (en) | 1996-02-09 | 1996-02-09 | Tactile computer display for the blind |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2169198A1 (en) |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES2204273A1 (en) * | 2002-02-21 | 2004-04-16 | Universidad De Malaga | Refreshable tactile display for providing graphics display, has set of actuators and sealed chamber with flexible wall, and heating element is provided to increase temperature of vapor pressure in chamber |
| US20120050172A1 (en) * | 2010-08-26 | 2012-03-01 | Sony Corporation | Method and system for tactile display |
| CN102779445A (en) * | 2011-05-10 | 2012-11-14 | 中国科学院理化技术研究所 | Braille reading and writing device based on cold and hot signals |
| CN106601082A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-04-26 | 浙江八瓦文化创意发展有限公司 | Braille finger ring |
| CN106683532A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-05-17 | 浙江八瓦文化创意发展有限公司 | Blind person reading ring |
| CN106846989A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-06-13 | 浙江八瓦文化创意发展有限公司 | A kind of braille reader |
| CN107067890A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-08-18 | 浙江八瓦文化创意发展有限公司 | A kind of reading aid for blindmen |
| CN107067891A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-08-18 | 浙江八瓦文化创意发展有限公司 | A kind of braille notebook reader |
| CN107967079A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2018-04-27 | 现代自动车株式会社 | Touch input device and its control method |
-
1996
- 1996-02-09 CA CA002169198A patent/CA2169198A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES2204273A1 (en) * | 2002-02-21 | 2004-04-16 | Universidad De Malaga | Refreshable tactile display for providing graphics display, has set of actuators and sealed chamber with flexible wall, and heating element is provided to increase temperature of vapor pressure in chamber |
| US20120050172A1 (en) * | 2010-08-26 | 2012-03-01 | Sony Corporation | Method and system for tactile display |
| US8411058B2 (en) * | 2010-08-26 | 2013-04-02 | Sony Corporation | Method and system for tactile display |
| CN102779445A (en) * | 2011-05-10 | 2012-11-14 | 中国科学院理化技术研究所 | Braille reading and writing device based on cold and hot signals |
| CN107967079A (en) * | 2016-10-19 | 2018-04-27 | 现代自动车株式会社 | Touch input device and its control method |
| CN106601082A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-04-26 | 浙江八瓦文化创意发展有限公司 | Braille finger ring |
| CN106683532A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-05-17 | 浙江八瓦文化创意发展有限公司 | Blind person reading ring |
| CN106846989A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-06-13 | 浙江八瓦文化创意发展有限公司 | A kind of braille reader |
| CN107067890A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-08-18 | 浙江八瓦文化创意发展有限公司 | A kind of reading aid for blindmen |
| CN107067891A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-08-18 | 浙江八瓦文化创意发展有限公司 | A kind of braille notebook reader |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |