CA2160831A1 - Method for protecting objects, especially ships, that emit a radiation, particularly infrared radiation, against missiles - Google Patents
Method for protecting objects, especially ships, that emit a radiation, particularly infrared radiation, against missilesInfo
- Publication number
- CA2160831A1 CA2160831A1 CA002160831A CA2160831A CA2160831A1 CA 2160831 A1 CA2160831 A1 CA 2160831A1 CA 002160831 A CA002160831 A CA 002160831A CA 2160831 A CA2160831 A CA 2160831A CA 2160831 A1 CA2160831 A1 CA 2160831A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- radiation
- projectile
- dummy target
- radiation means
- homing head
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000700 radioactive tracer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008447 perception Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H11/00—Defence installations; Defence devices
- F41H11/02—Anti-aircraft or anti-guided missile or anti-torpedo defence installations or systems
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
- Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
A method for protecting an object such as a ship emitting radiation against a missile equipped with an intelligent homing head for sensing the radiation has the steps of launching a diversionary projectile body away from the object and of dispersing the projectile body at a removed location to form a dummy target cloud. It has the further interposed step of activating a radiation means on theprojectile body immediately after launching that body. The radiation means radiates an energy form corresponding to the energy form from the later dummy target cloud, and continues to radiate that energy form until the dummy target cloud has formed and built to a sufficient level. A series of projectile bodies may be launched with a temporal and/or spatial offset, creating a continuous diversionary radiation path.
Description
METHOD FOR PROTECTING OBJECTS, ESPECIALLY SHIPS, THAT EMIT A RADIATION, PARTICULARLY INFRARED
RADIATION, AGAINST MISSILES
The invention relates to a method for protecting an object that emits radiation against missiles that are equipped with intelligent homing heads.
More particularly, it relates to a method in which a dummy target cloud of higher radiation capacity than the object is created from a dispersal of a projectile body 5 that has been fired from the object or from the object's proximity.
This method has been particularly applied to protect ships that emit infrared radiation against missiles equipped with a variety of scanning, imaging, correlating and/or spectrally-filtering intelligent homing heads.
Such a method, for example protecting S-boats from missiles 10 armed with infrared homing heads, forms the basis of the invention disclosed in German Published Application 34 21 734 A1 and European Letters Patent 0 240 819 B1. It exploits the functioning of the homing heads on missiles in the following way: the homing heads have optics that have a comparatively large aperture angle at the beginning of what is referred to as the 'seek phase', which 15 usually begins at a range of approximately 10 to 15 kilometres from an object.
For example, the homing heads can cover a seek region having an azimuth of approximately 3000 to 5000 metres and an elevation of approximately 300 to -- 500 metres. After recognizing the object, the homing head locks onto the object during the course of the continued flight of the missile, this being referred to as 20 'lock-on'. After lock-on, the angle of view of the optics of the homing head diminishes greatly both in azimuth and in elevation. At a range of approximately5 to 8 kilometres, at which the lock-on to the object usually commences, the area covered by the seek window of the homing head only amounts to about 100 metres in azimuth and about 50 metres in elevation. Until impact this area 25 continually reduces in size. An infrared diversionary dummy target cloud can therefore only be a distance of about 40 metres to 50 metres to the side of the radiation centre of the object, and only about 25 metres to 30 metres above the object, if it is to be acquired by the already-diminished angle of view of the 21~8~1 optics of the homing head. Additionally, the dummy target cloud must comprise a significantly higher infrared radiation capacity than the actual object.
The traditional method, however, has the disadvantage that a diverting effect, and thus protection, does not exist during the time between the - 5 firing of a projectile that is to become the dummy target cloud and the actual formation of that target cloud. Over and above this, a spatial distance is established between the firing location and the effective location (dispersal point) that is accompanied by more stringent demands for the positioning of the dummy target in the field of view of the homing head -- particularly, in the seduction case following lock-on --; otherwise, the desired diverting effect is not realized.
German Patent 33 26 884 C2 discloses a method wherein a shielding effect is created in the infrared region by a projectile body that develops a hot aerosol a short time after being fired. This is a shielding or smokescreen method that provides no possibility of leading a homing head already locked-in to the object away from the object.
German AS 10 96 805, German Letters Patent 258 538 and German Patent 34 21 734 A1 disclose shells that emit energy effective in the infrared range during flight; however, no teachings of the diverting or homing heads can be found therein.
~- The invention has an object of improving the - dummy target effectiveness of the of the previous methods in that a homing head locked onto an object to be protected can be reliably diverted away from the object.
This object is achieved by including a radiation means in the projectile body, and activating that radiation means upon launch of the projectile body. The radiation means radiates an energy form corresponding to that of the later dummy target in an intensity relevant for the homing head, beginning immediately after the launch and lasting until the energy form of the dummy target has been built up to an intensity relevant for the homing head.
It can be provided that the radiation means radiates continuously, or in a clocked fashion. Further ones of the projectile bodies may be launched at a temporal and/or spatial offset, with the radiation means on the further projectile bodies being activated and the projectile bodies being subsequently dispersed such that a chain of further, successive dummy target clouds arises.
Each cloud propagates from the respectively-preceding cloud. The clouds are connected by energy emission trails relevant for the homing head and caused by the respective radiation means.
The radiation means in the invention can comprise a pyrotechnical assembly, for example a gas generator, a flare assembly or a rocket engine.
The invention is based on a surprising perception that a provisional dummy target irradiates the rest of the object to be protected, and is identified by the homing head upon launch of the projectile body as being generated in the silhouette of the object to be protected itself. The provisional dummy target, which is generated with the radiation means that is immediately activated, decisively improves the defence efficiency of the known methods. After generation of the provisional dummy target, the homing head no longer "sees"
the rest of the object to be protected, but only sees the provisional dummy target. As the projectile body moves away from the object to be protected, the homing head follows the provisional dummy target -- formed like tracer ammunition by the radiation means -- which then moves out of the silhouette of the object to be protected and is reliably diverted into the later, ultimate dummy target. A diversion of the homing head can thus also ensue when the dummy target blooms outside of the field of view of the homing head, for example due to faulty positioning. A simplification of the self-defence system thereby derives, whereby the protective effect takes effect immediately after the launch.
The inventive method is set forth in greater detail below with reference to the accompanying Figure 1, which shows the sequence of steps of the inventive method with reference to a homing head approaching an object.
As Figure 1 shows, a guided missile FK armed with an infrared homing has located a ship S and first approaches the ship S on a flight path F1.At a time when the missile FK has already locked onto the ship S, a projectile body is launched from a position WK1 in a direction toward the position of a 216083~
dummy target SZ; the projectile body is launched along a launch path WB
proceeding from the ship S to be protected. A rocket engine, radiating continuous heat similar to tracer ammunition, has already been fired in the position WK1 with the launch of the projectile body; as a result thereof, the ship 5 S is already irradiated for the infrared homing head of the missile FK upon launch of the projectile body in the position WK1. Consequently, the missile FK
already draws a bead thereon in the projectile body position WK1, and then continuously alters its flight path from F1 to F2, F3, F4 and F5 as the projectile body continuously moves through the positions WK2, WK3 and WK4 along the 10 flight path WB in the direction toward the dummy target position SZ (projectile body position WK5). The projectile body then forms the dummy target SZ, where the missile FK strikes the dummy target.
Both individually as well as in arbitrary combination, the features of the invention disclosed in the above specification, in the drawing as well as15 in the claims, can be critical for the realization of the various embodiments of the invention.
RADIATION, AGAINST MISSILES
The invention relates to a method for protecting an object that emits radiation against missiles that are equipped with intelligent homing heads.
More particularly, it relates to a method in which a dummy target cloud of higher radiation capacity than the object is created from a dispersal of a projectile body 5 that has been fired from the object or from the object's proximity.
This method has been particularly applied to protect ships that emit infrared radiation against missiles equipped with a variety of scanning, imaging, correlating and/or spectrally-filtering intelligent homing heads.
Such a method, for example protecting S-boats from missiles 10 armed with infrared homing heads, forms the basis of the invention disclosed in German Published Application 34 21 734 A1 and European Letters Patent 0 240 819 B1. It exploits the functioning of the homing heads on missiles in the following way: the homing heads have optics that have a comparatively large aperture angle at the beginning of what is referred to as the 'seek phase', which 15 usually begins at a range of approximately 10 to 15 kilometres from an object.
For example, the homing heads can cover a seek region having an azimuth of approximately 3000 to 5000 metres and an elevation of approximately 300 to -- 500 metres. After recognizing the object, the homing head locks onto the object during the course of the continued flight of the missile, this being referred to as 20 'lock-on'. After lock-on, the angle of view of the optics of the homing head diminishes greatly both in azimuth and in elevation. At a range of approximately5 to 8 kilometres, at which the lock-on to the object usually commences, the area covered by the seek window of the homing head only amounts to about 100 metres in azimuth and about 50 metres in elevation. Until impact this area 25 continually reduces in size. An infrared diversionary dummy target cloud can therefore only be a distance of about 40 metres to 50 metres to the side of the radiation centre of the object, and only about 25 metres to 30 metres above the object, if it is to be acquired by the already-diminished angle of view of the 21~8~1 optics of the homing head. Additionally, the dummy target cloud must comprise a significantly higher infrared radiation capacity than the actual object.
The traditional method, however, has the disadvantage that a diverting effect, and thus protection, does not exist during the time between the - 5 firing of a projectile that is to become the dummy target cloud and the actual formation of that target cloud. Over and above this, a spatial distance is established between the firing location and the effective location (dispersal point) that is accompanied by more stringent demands for the positioning of the dummy target in the field of view of the homing head -- particularly, in the seduction case following lock-on --; otherwise, the desired diverting effect is not realized.
German Patent 33 26 884 C2 discloses a method wherein a shielding effect is created in the infrared region by a projectile body that develops a hot aerosol a short time after being fired. This is a shielding or smokescreen method that provides no possibility of leading a homing head already locked-in to the object away from the object.
German AS 10 96 805, German Letters Patent 258 538 and German Patent 34 21 734 A1 disclose shells that emit energy effective in the infrared range during flight; however, no teachings of the diverting or homing heads can be found therein.
~- The invention has an object of improving the - dummy target effectiveness of the of the previous methods in that a homing head locked onto an object to be protected can be reliably diverted away from the object.
This object is achieved by including a radiation means in the projectile body, and activating that radiation means upon launch of the projectile body. The radiation means radiates an energy form corresponding to that of the later dummy target in an intensity relevant for the homing head, beginning immediately after the launch and lasting until the energy form of the dummy target has been built up to an intensity relevant for the homing head.
It can be provided that the radiation means radiates continuously, or in a clocked fashion. Further ones of the projectile bodies may be launched at a temporal and/or spatial offset, with the radiation means on the further projectile bodies being activated and the projectile bodies being subsequently dispersed such that a chain of further, successive dummy target clouds arises.
Each cloud propagates from the respectively-preceding cloud. The clouds are connected by energy emission trails relevant for the homing head and caused by the respective radiation means.
The radiation means in the invention can comprise a pyrotechnical assembly, for example a gas generator, a flare assembly or a rocket engine.
The invention is based on a surprising perception that a provisional dummy target irradiates the rest of the object to be protected, and is identified by the homing head upon launch of the projectile body as being generated in the silhouette of the object to be protected itself. The provisional dummy target, which is generated with the radiation means that is immediately activated, decisively improves the defence efficiency of the known methods. After generation of the provisional dummy target, the homing head no longer "sees"
the rest of the object to be protected, but only sees the provisional dummy target. As the projectile body moves away from the object to be protected, the homing head follows the provisional dummy target -- formed like tracer ammunition by the radiation means -- which then moves out of the silhouette of the object to be protected and is reliably diverted into the later, ultimate dummy target. A diversion of the homing head can thus also ensue when the dummy target blooms outside of the field of view of the homing head, for example due to faulty positioning. A simplification of the self-defence system thereby derives, whereby the protective effect takes effect immediately after the launch.
The inventive method is set forth in greater detail below with reference to the accompanying Figure 1, which shows the sequence of steps of the inventive method with reference to a homing head approaching an object.
As Figure 1 shows, a guided missile FK armed with an infrared homing has located a ship S and first approaches the ship S on a flight path F1.At a time when the missile FK has already locked onto the ship S, a projectile body is launched from a position WK1 in a direction toward the position of a 216083~
dummy target SZ; the projectile body is launched along a launch path WB
proceeding from the ship S to be protected. A rocket engine, radiating continuous heat similar to tracer ammunition, has already been fired in the position WK1 with the launch of the projectile body; as a result thereof, the ship 5 S is already irradiated for the infrared homing head of the missile FK upon launch of the projectile body in the position WK1. Consequently, the missile FK
already draws a bead thereon in the projectile body position WK1, and then continuously alters its flight path from F1 to F2, F3, F4 and F5 as the projectile body continuously moves through the positions WK2, WK3 and WK4 along the 10 flight path WB in the direction toward the dummy target position SZ (projectile body position WK5). The projectile body then forms the dummy target SZ, where the missile FK strikes the dummy target.
Both individually as well as in arbitrary combination, the features of the invention disclosed in the above specification, in the drawing as well as15 in the claims, can be critical for the realization of the various embodiments of the invention.
Claims (11)
1. A method for protecting an object emitting radiation against a missile that is equipped with an intelligent homing head for sensing the radiation, comprising the steps of:
launching a projectile body loaded with a combustible projectile means from a launcher means installed on the object or in the proximity thereof;and, dispersing the projectile body and simultaneously igniting and distributing the projectile means next to a target in a region of homing optics of the homing head, a dummy target cloud thereby being formed having a higher radiation capacity than the object;
wherein, between the steps of launching the projectile body and dispersing the projectile body, there is interposed the further step of:
activating a radiation means on the projectile body immediately after launching that body, the radiation means radiating an energy form corresponding to the energy form from the later dummy target cloud in an intensity relevant for the homing head, the radiation means continuing to operate until radiation from the dummy target cloud has built to an intensity relevant for the homing head.
launching a projectile body loaded with a combustible projectile means from a launcher means installed on the object or in the proximity thereof;and, dispersing the projectile body and simultaneously igniting and distributing the projectile means next to a target in a region of homing optics of the homing head, a dummy target cloud thereby being formed having a higher radiation capacity than the object;
wherein, between the steps of launching the projectile body and dispersing the projectile body, there is interposed the further step of:
activating a radiation means on the projectile body immediately after launching that body, the radiation means radiating an energy form corresponding to the energy form from the later dummy target cloud in an intensity relevant for the homing head, the radiation means continuing to operate until radiation from the dummy target cloud has built to an intensity relevant for the homing head.
2. A method as in claim 1, wherein the target is a ship.
3. A method as in claim 1, wherein the radiation is infrared radiation.
4. A method as in claim 1, wherein the target is a ship and the radiation is infrared radiation.
5. A method as in claim 1, wherein the homing head is capable of performing at least one of the processes of scanning, imaging, correlating and spectrally-filtering.
6. A method as in claim 1, wherein the target is a ship, the radiation is infrared radiation, and the homing head is capable of performing atleast one of the processes of scanning, imaging, correlating and spectrally-filtering.
7. A method as in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, wherein the radiation means radiates continuously.
8. A method as in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, wherein the radiation means radiates in clocked fashion.
9. A method as in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, wherein the steps of the respective claim are repeated for the launching of further projectile bodies at a temporal and/or spatial offset, the radiation means on the further projectile bodies being activated and the projectile bodies being subsequently dispersed such that a chain of further, successive dummy target clouds arises, each propagating from the respectively-preceding dummy target cloud, the dummy target clouds being connected by energy emission trails relevant for the homing head and caused by the respective radiation means.
10. A method as in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, wherein the steps of the respective claim are repeated for the launching of further projectile bodies at a temporal and/or spatial offset, the radiation means on the further projectile bodies being activated and the projectile bodies being subsequently dispersed such that a chain of further, successive dummy target clouds arises, each propagating from the respectively-preceding dummy target cloud, the dummy target clouds being connected by energy emission trails relevant for the homing head and caused by the respective radiation means, and wherein the respective radiation means radiate continuously.
11. A method as in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, wherein the steps of the respective claim are repeated for the launching of further projectile bodies at a temporal and/or spatial offset, the radiation means on the further projectile bodies being activated and the projectile bodies being subsequently dispersed such that a chain of further, successive dummy target clouds arises, each propagating from the respectively-preceding dummy target cloud, the dummy target clouds being connected by energy emission trails relevant for the homing head and caused by the respective radiation means, and wherein the respective radiation means radiate in clocked fashion.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE4437729A DE4437729C1 (en) | 1994-10-21 | 1994-10-21 | Method for protecting objects emitting IR radiation, in particular ships, against missiles |
| DEP4437729.0-15 | 1994-10-21 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2160831A1 true CA2160831A1 (en) | 1996-04-22 |
Family
ID=6531417
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002160831A Abandoned CA2160831A1 (en) | 1994-10-21 | 1995-10-18 | Method for protecting objects, especially ships, that emit a radiation, particularly infrared radiation, against missiles |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0708305B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH08226792A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU695538B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2160831A1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE4437729C1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK0708305T3 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2107276T3 (en) |
| TW (1) | TW396133B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104134009A (en) * | 2014-08-11 | 2014-11-05 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Blinding grenade radiation energy numerical simulation system and method |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL121276A (en) * | 1997-07-10 | 2000-01-31 | Israel Military Ind | Decoy flare |
| DE10119970B4 (en) * | 2001-04-24 | 2005-06-30 | Blohm + Voss Gmbh | Method for detecting a ship signature |
| DE10346001B4 (en) * | 2003-10-02 | 2006-01-26 | Buck Neue Technologien Gmbh | Device for protecting ships from end-phase guided missiles |
| DE102005035251A1 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2007-02-01 | Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh | Method and device for deception of infrared, radar and dual mode guided missile |
| DE102006017107A1 (en) | 2006-04-10 | 2007-10-11 | Oerlikon Contraves Ag | Protective device for a stationary and/or mobile radar to protect from anti-radiation missile attack comprises a decoy body or emitter formed as passive bodies radiated by a radar and reflecting the beams from the body |
| CN102213566A (en) * | 2010-04-02 | 2011-10-12 | 倪明旺 | Symmetrical modulation ballistic guidance device |
| CN109405651B (en) * | 2018-11-16 | 2021-01-26 | 南京理工大学 | Intelligent profiling bait with controllable infrared radiation characteristic |
| CN111896932B (en) * | 2020-07-09 | 2022-08-16 | 南京理工大学 | Method for extracting target to be attacked by using sweep missile-borne single-line laser radar |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE258538C (en) * | ||||
| CH369984A (en) * | 1958-09-20 | 1963-06-15 | Bofors Ab | Rocket motor with flare |
| US3150848A (en) * | 1961-06-28 | 1964-09-29 | Samuel E Lager | Method of decoying a missile from its intended target |
| FR2050724A5 (en) * | 1969-06-23 | 1971-04-02 | France Etat | |
| FR2560371B1 (en) * | 1982-07-27 | 1989-03-31 | France Etat Armement | PROCESS OF OCCULTATION OF VISIBLE AND INFRARED RADIATION AND SMOKE AMMUNITION IMPLEMENTING THIS PROCESS |
| DE3421734A1 (en) * | 1984-06-12 | 1985-12-12 | Buck Chemisch-Technische Werke GmbH & Co, 7347 Bad Überkingen | METHOD FOR PROTECTING INFRARED RADIATING DESTINATIONS, ESPECIALLY SHIPS, FROM AIRCRAFT EQUIPPED WITH INFRARED STEERING HEADS |
| US4612579A (en) * | 1985-06-03 | 1986-09-16 | Rca Corporation | Time-division-multiplex clocking of multiple-charge-tunnel CCD structures, such as line-transfer CCD imagers |
| DE3612183A1 (en) * | 1986-04-11 | 1987-10-22 | Wegmann & Co | METHOD FOR DEFLECTING FLIGHT BODIES STEERED BY RADAR AND / OR INFRARED RADIATION, ESPECIALLY FOR THE PROTECTION OF SEA SHIPS AND SHIPPING APPLICATIONS, AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE METHOD |
| US5074216A (en) * | 1987-09-03 | 1991-12-24 | Loral Corporation | Infrared signature enhancement decoy |
-
1994
- 1994-10-21 DE DE4437729A patent/DE4437729C1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-10-12 DK DK95116101.7T patent/DK0708305T3/en active
- 1995-10-12 EP EP95116101A patent/EP0708305B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-10-12 DE DE59500641T patent/DE59500641D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-10-12 ES ES95116101T patent/ES2107276T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-10-17 TW TW084110886A patent/TW396133B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-10-18 CA CA002160831A patent/CA2160831A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-10-20 JP JP7273003A patent/JPH08226792A/en active Pending
- 1995-10-20 AU AU34370/95A patent/AU695538B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104134009A (en) * | 2014-08-11 | 2014-11-05 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Blinding grenade radiation energy numerical simulation system and method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU695538B2 (en) | 1998-08-13 |
| TW396133B (en) | 2000-07-01 |
| DE4437729C1 (en) | 1996-04-25 |
| AU3437095A (en) | 1996-05-02 |
| DE59500641D1 (en) | 1997-10-16 |
| DK0708305T3 (en) | 1998-05-04 |
| EP0708305A2 (en) | 1996-04-24 |
| ES2107276T3 (en) | 1997-11-16 |
| EP0708305A3 (en) | 1996-10-16 |
| JPH08226792A (en) | 1996-09-03 |
| EP0708305B1 (en) | 1997-09-10 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| FZDE | Dead |