CA2112906A1 - Control of condensation - Google Patents
Control of condensationInfo
- Publication number
- CA2112906A1 CA2112906A1 CA 2112906 CA2112906A CA2112906A1 CA 2112906 A1 CA2112906 A1 CA 2112906A1 CA 2112906 CA2112906 CA 2112906 CA 2112906 A CA2112906 A CA 2112906A CA 2112906 A1 CA2112906 A1 CA 2112906A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- water
- produce
- fibres
- sheet
- package
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D81/00—Containers, packaging elements, or packages, for contents presenting particular transport or storage problems, or adapted to be used for non-packaging purposes after removal of contents
- B65D81/24—Adaptations for preventing deterioration or decay of contents; Applications to the container or packaging material of food preservatives, fungicides, pesticides or animal repellants
- B65D81/26—Adaptations for preventing deterioration or decay of contents; Applications to the container or packaging material of food preservatives, fungicides, pesticides or animal repellants with provision for draining away, or absorbing, or removing by ventilation, fluids, e.g. exuded by contents; Applications of corrosion inhibitors or desiccators
- B65D81/264—Adaptations for preventing deterioration or decay of contents; Applications to the container or packaging material of food preservatives, fungicides, pesticides or animal repellants with provision for draining away, or absorbing, or removing by ventilation, fluids, e.g. exuded by contents; Applications of corrosion inhibitors or desiccators for absorbing liquids
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Packages (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention provides a packaging material and method for the control of condensation within packages of horticultural produce and other packages of products requiring high relative humidities. The packaging material comprises a sheet (10) which is impermeable to water in which a first side of the sheet is hydrophilic and is provided with fibres (14) capable of conducting water by capillary action. In preferred forms of the invention the fibres are brought into contact with a desiccant (18) or passed through the sheet material (10).
Description
2 :~ ~ 2 9 0 ~ PCr/AU92/0032~
CONq ROL OF CONDENSATION
Pield of the Tn~ntion The present invention re~a~es to a packaging material and method for the control of condensstion within packages of horticultural produce and other packages of other pxoducts requiring high relatiYe humidities. The packaging material and ~ethod of the present invention provide a means by which condensed water is transferred to the outside of the packag~ or into a sachet of de~iccant without substantially depleting the water vapour content of the atmosphere within the package.
Background of the Pre,sent Invention 1. The causes of condensation in packages requiring high xelative humidities.
Much of the freshness of horticultural produce, such as fruit, flowers and vegetab}es can be maintained by packaging it in polymer films. Thi~ keeps the relati~e humidity of the air in the package high, typically at 98%
or more of saturation. However, at a relati~e humidity of 98%, free water will condense where the temperature of any part of the package i8 about 0.2C degrees lower than the produce. In pxactice, it is difficult to avoid temperature gradients of this magnitude, either because of ' small fluctuations in the temperature of storage or because of~inadequate cooling of the produce before packing. ~Even when;produce is adequately cooled and temperature control is~ideal conde~sation may occur. This is because the produce itself produces heat in proportion to its rate of~respiration. Under equilibrium conditions, the produce will therefore be at a higher temperature than its surroundings. If the resulting temperature difference exceeds the diffexence between the produce temperature and the dew point, condensation will occur.
2. Harmful effects of condensation Condensation is harmful when it comes into contact W093/0110~ r~ O ~ PCT/AU92lO0325 with horticultural produce. Oxygen diffuses at a much slower rate through liquids than through ga~es. A~ a consequence, a film of condensed water on 60me part of the surface of horticultural produce can impede the supply of oxygen to that part. This may cau e a phy~iological stress to the produce, particularly if the surrounding atmosphere contains much less than the atmospheric level of oxygen, a~ is the case in modified atmosphere packaging. Solutes such as sugar~ and amino acids leak from the plant tissue into the condensate, e~pecially where microscopic wounds are present. Such solutes stimulate microorganisms to grow. The microorganisms further reduce the level of oxygen available to the horticultural produce. The overall effect of the condensation is to lower the resistance of the produce to invasion by pathogenic microorganisms.
CONq ROL OF CONDENSATION
Pield of the Tn~ntion The present invention re~a~es to a packaging material and method for the control of condensstion within packages of horticultural produce and other packages of other pxoducts requiring high relatiYe humidities. The packaging material and ~ethod of the present invention provide a means by which condensed water is transferred to the outside of the packag~ or into a sachet of de~iccant without substantially depleting the water vapour content of the atmosphere within the package.
Background of the Pre,sent Invention 1. The causes of condensation in packages requiring high xelative humidities.
Much of the freshness of horticultural produce, such as fruit, flowers and vegetab}es can be maintained by packaging it in polymer films. Thi~ keeps the relati~e humidity of the air in the package high, typically at 98%
or more of saturation. However, at a relati~e humidity of 98%, free water will condense where the temperature of any part of the package i8 about 0.2C degrees lower than the produce. In pxactice, it is difficult to avoid temperature gradients of this magnitude, either because of ' small fluctuations in the temperature of storage or because of~inadequate cooling of the produce before packing. ~Even when;produce is adequately cooled and temperature control is~ideal conde~sation may occur. This is because the produce itself produces heat in proportion to its rate of~respiration. Under equilibrium conditions, the produce will therefore be at a higher temperature than its surroundings. If the resulting temperature difference exceeds the diffexence between the produce temperature and the dew point, condensation will occur.
2. Harmful effects of condensation Condensation is harmful when it comes into contact W093/0110~ r~ O ~ PCT/AU92lO0325 with horticultural produce. Oxygen diffuses at a much slower rate through liquids than through ga~es. A~ a consequence, a film of condensed water on 60me part of the surface of horticultural produce can impede the supply of oxygen to that part. This may cau e a phy~iological stress to the produce, particularly if the surrounding atmosphere contains much less than the atmospheric level of oxygen, a~ is the case in modified atmosphere packaging. Solutes such as sugar~ and amino acids leak from the plant tissue into the condensate, e~pecially where microscopic wounds are present. Such solutes stimulate microorganisms to grow. The microorganisms further reduce the level of oxygen available to the horticultural produce. The overall effect of the condensation is to lower the resistance of the produce to invasion by pathogenic microorganisms.
3. Previous methods used to control condensation.
The most effective method currently used to control condensation in ho~ticultural packaging aims at cooling 2a the produce before packing. Then as long as the produce îs never warmer~than the package walls are, the dew point will not be reached and no water will condense.
Unfortunately this~ideal condition is often difficult to `~ ; achieve in practice. ; ~
~ A~second~method of control involves attempting to stop condensation;occurring by making the packaging material so permeable~to water vapour that it is more readily lost to the~exterior. This is done by perforating ~; the packaging with~small holes. A problem is that this ~eads to reduced~humidities within the package and increased~weight~loss from~the commodity. This method is not compatible with~modified atmospheric storage of .
commodities, because the holes in the packaging allow free diffusion of ~xygen in from the atmosphere. It does not work if the atmosphere of the storage room is very humid.
:~
' ;~
:
:
W093/01101 21~ 2~ PCT/AU92/00325 .
A third method is to place desiccants in the horticultural package within sachet~ that are freely permeable to water ~apour. A problem i~ that the differences in partial pressure for water vapour between the desiccant and other parts of the bag are small. This results in the transfer of water being diffusion limited and water is preferentially removed from the produce clo3est to the sachet. The local dehydration reduces the life and quality of the produce.
In contrast with the methods outlined above, the present invention allows condensation to be removed from packages without dehydrating the produce and without decreasing the relative humidity around the produce.
Summary of the Invention lS In a firfit aspect the present invention consists in a pack~ging material for use in packing produce, the packaging mater~al comprising a sheet which is impermeable to water characterised in that a first side of the sheet is hydrophilic and~is provided with fibres capable of conducting water;~by~capillary action.
In a second aspect the present invention ccnsists in a method of packing produce compri~ing wrapping the ~; produce in a sheet,~ characterised in that a first side of the sheet is hydrophilic and is provided with fibres capable of conducting water by capillary action.
; In a preferred~embodiment of the present invention the fibres pass~through~the sheet material.
~ In another preferred~embodiment of the present ;~ invention a desiccant is provided within the package and the fibres are bought into contact with the desiccant.
The fibres~may be composed of any of a number of materials provided~that they are capable of conducting ~; water by capillar~y action. Examples include cotton thread and the like, highly hydrophilic super absorbent polyemrs and polymers the sulphate of whichis highly hydrophilic.
::
WO93/01101 2 1 1 .~ J ~ ~3 PCT/AU92/00325 ~..
A variety of desiccants may be used in the present in~entio~. Any compound that is able to reduce the relative humidity of an environment below 98% can be used. Typical desiccants of this kind are ones made from minerals that ab~orb water such as silica gel, or salts such as sodium chloride. Organic msterials that absorb water such as sugars and other polyhydroxy compounds can be used~ Polymeric materials, such as water swellable gels and pol ~ inyl alcohol may al~o be used. The common feature of suitable desiccants is that they should be able to provide local environments with a relative humidity : lower than 98%.
In the e~bodiment where a desiccant is provided and there is no perforation of the sheet by the fibres, the packaging material and method of packaging of the present ~: invention may be used in modified atmosphere packages.
Detailed Description of the Invention In order that the nature of the present invention may ~: be more clearly understood, preferred forms thereof will now~be described with reference to some of the ~: accompanying drawings:-Figures 1, 2 and 3 show the set up and results of experiments to demonstrate the theory behind the pre~ent invention.
~:~ 25 Fi~ures 4, 5 and 6 show various embodiments of the : present invention.
In Fig. lA a glass bottle is shown that contains liquid water. The lid of the bottle îs pierced by a hole of diameter lmm. In Fig. B the weight of water lost through the hole to the atmosphere (relative humidity 55~, ~: temperature 21C):is plotted as a graph against time .~
: over 25 minutes. ~he result indicates that the loss of ~ater as vapour through the hole was too small to be mea~ured over the tLme scale u~ed.
~; 35 Fig. 2A ~hows a sLmilar set up except that a cotton WO93/01101 2 1l ~ g 0 6 PCT/AU92/0032 ~ewing thread has been passed from the liguid xeservoir through the hole fiO that liguid water may be transferred to the out~ide by capillary action and ~e evaporated there. Fig. 2B shows the plot of weight water 103t. ~n 5 this case, there was a constant rate of water loss through the cotton capillary of about 0.B micrograms per minute.
The principles demonstrated by Figs. l and 2 are u~ed in the invention described below. A material capable of conducting water by capillary action is used to transfer condensed water from a region in equilibrium with a high relative humidity of the gas phase or high water potential, to a region in equilibrium with a lower relative humidity of the gas phase, or lower water potential.
The setup in Fig. 3 i8 similar except that the ~ contact of the cotton thread with the water reservoir has : : been broken. The graph shows that this stops the transfer ~: of water.
The results of Figs. 1 to 3 illustrate how capillary flow along a wick can transfer water only when it is in contact with liquid:water. ~hi~ principle is uæed in the invention described bélow.:
::
One configur~tion of the invention is shown in Fig. 4. A package is made;of a material l0 that restricts 2~ water 108s from the~horticultural produce 12. ~he inner : ~surface~of the packaging materlal l0 is hydrophilic. ~hat is, water in contact with~the inner surface will spread and not form discrete:droplets. In addition, the inner surface of the packaging material is contacted by or lami~ated with fibres or threads 14 capable of conducting water by capillary;~action. An example of such a material is cotton thread. ~The material conducting water passes at a point Qr at several points through the packaging material 10, to be exposed on îts oute~ surface. In this : ~ 35 configuration of the in~entio~, the average relative : ~ ~
wog3/0l10~ 1 ~ 2 ~ ~ 6 PCT/AU92/00325 humidity outside the package is assumed to be substantially less than 98%, as is typical of refrigerated stores. Under these conditions, any condensation on the inner surface of the package spreads and i8 ab~orbed by cotton thread 14. It i8 transferred by capillary action to ~he outside of the package which is at a lower water potential and where it evaporates. Once the condensate has been totally removed in this way, there is no further transfer of liquid~water. Net transfer of water will be reduced to that through the gas phase. The rate at which this occurs is small and the produce is therefore not desiccated.
Fig. 5 shows a second configuration of the invention which is suitable for use in modified atmosphere packages. A package is made of a material 16 that restricts the transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water to and from the atmosphere surrounding horticultural produce 12. The inner surface of the material 16 i~
hydrophilic and is;contacted by or laminated with fibres or threadt 14 that are capable of conducting water by capillary action.~ ~A desiccant 18 is contained in a water-impermeable sachet~or pouch 20. The cotton thread 14 t~ae contacts the~inner surface of the packaging material pa~ses~through the wall of the desiccant sachet or pouch 20. Any condensate is conducted along the fibres or threads 14 to~the désiccant 18 where it evaporates.
When horticultural~produce 12 is placed within the package it can be sealed~hermetically to form a modified atmosphere package. In this case, the permeation of oxygen into the package is balanced by the respiratory use -of oxygen by the;horticultural produce. This balance is achieved at some reduced level of oxygen typically between 1 and 10%. In an analogous way, the level of carbon dioxide within the package is elevated, typically between 1 and 15%. This is achieved by the rate of respiratory WO 93/01101 2 11 2 ~ ~ ~ PCT/AU92/00325 production of carbon dioxide being equal to the rate of permeation of the carbon dioxide out of the package. A
substantial barrier to the permeation of ga~es is necessary for modified atmosphere packaging to work. This mean~ that holes to allow the exit of nny condensation water must not be pre~ent. This requirement is met by this configuration of the invention, as the water is removed by a desiccant within the package. Because the desiccant is contained within a package impermeable to water it does not dry out the produce.
Another configuration of the invention is shown in Fig. 6. It takes the form of a condensation control flake, in which a de~iccant 22 is sealed within two leaves of water impermeable polymer 24. Fibres or threads 26 are capable of tr~nsferring water by capillary action traverse the walls of impermeable polymer 24. Flakes made in this way may be scattered in packages where condensed water is likely to accumulate. The flakes will absorb any liquid water that they contact, but will not appreciably lower levels of relative humidity.
As can be seen from the above the packaging material :. ~
and method of the present invention provide a means by which produce may be~ packaged without dehydrstion o the produce. The packaging material and method of packaging ~;~ 25 of the present invention also substantially ameliorates the problem with~the prior art of water condensing on the surface of the horticultural produce.
; It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments ~; are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as strative and not restrictive.
~ ,...... .
: , ""'` -
The most effective method currently used to control condensation in ho~ticultural packaging aims at cooling 2a the produce before packing. Then as long as the produce îs never warmer~than the package walls are, the dew point will not be reached and no water will condense.
Unfortunately this~ideal condition is often difficult to `~ ; achieve in practice. ; ~
~ A~second~method of control involves attempting to stop condensation;occurring by making the packaging material so permeable~to water vapour that it is more readily lost to the~exterior. This is done by perforating ~; the packaging with~small holes. A problem is that this ~eads to reduced~humidities within the package and increased~weight~loss from~the commodity. This method is not compatible with~modified atmospheric storage of .
commodities, because the holes in the packaging allow free diffusion of ~xygen in from the atmosphere. It does not work if the atmosphere of the storage room is very humid.
:~
' ;~
:
:
W093/01101 21~ 2~ PCT/AU92/00325 .
A third method is to place desiccants in the horticultural package within sachet~ that are freely permeable to water ~apour. A problem i~ that the differences in partial pressure for water vapour between the desiccant and other parts of the bag are small. This results in the transfer of water being diffusion limited and water is preferentially removed from the produce clo3est to the sachet. The local dehydration reduces the life and quality of the produce.
In contrast with the methods outlined above, the present invention allows condensation to be removed from packages without dehydrating the produce and without decreasing the relative humidity around the produce.
Summary of the Invention lS In a firfit aspect the present invention consists in a pack~ging material for use in packing produce, the packaging mater~al comprising a sheet which is impermeable to water characterised in that a first side of the sheet is hydrophilic and~is provided with fibres capable of conducting water;~by~capillary action.
In a second aspect the present invention ccnsists in a method of packing produce compri~ing wrapping the ~; produce in a sheet,~ characterised in that a first side of the sheet is hydrophilic and is provided with fibres capable of conducting water by capillary action.
; In a preferred~embodiment of the present invention the fibres pass~through~the sheet material.
~ In another preferred~embodiment of the present ;~ invention a desiccant is provided within the package and the fibres are bought into contact with the desiccant.
The fibres~may be composed of any of a number of materials provided~that they are capable of conducting ~; water by capillar~y action. Examples include cotton thread and the like, highly hydrophilic super absorbent polyemrs and polymers the sulphate of whichis highly hydrophilic.
::
WO93/01101 2 1 1 .~ J ~ ~3 PCT/AU92/00325 ~..
A variety of desiccants may be used in the present in~entio~. Any compound that is able to reduce the relative humidity of an environment below 98% can be used. Typical desiccants of this kind are ones made from minerals that ab~orb water such as silica gel, or salts such as sodium chloride. Organic msterials that absorb water such as sugars and other polyhydroxy compounds can be used~ Polymeric materials, such as water swellable gels and pol ~ inyl alcohol may al~o be used. The common feature of suitable desiccants is that they should be able to provide local environments with a relative humidity : lower than 98%.
In the e~bodiment where a desiccant is provided and there is no perforation of the sheet by the fibres, the packaging material and method of packaging of the present ~: invention may be used in modified atmosphere packages.
Detailed Description of the Invention In order that the nature of the present invention may ~: be more clearly understood, preferred forms thereof will now~be described with reference to some of the ~: accompanying drawings:-Figures 1, 2 and 3 show the set up and results of experiments to demonstrate the theory behind the pre~ent invention.
~:~ 25 Fi~ures 4, 5 and 6 show various embodiments of the : present invention.
In Fig. lA a glass bottle is shown that contains liquid water. The lid of the bottle îs pierced by a hole of diameter lmm. In Fig. B the weight of water lost through the hole to the atmosphere (relative humidity 55~, ~: temperature 21C):is plotted as a graph against time .~
: over 25 minutes. ~he result indicates that the loss of ~ater as vapour through the hole was too small to be mea~ured over the tLme scale u~ed.
~; 35 Fig. 2A ~hows a sLmilar set up except that a cotton WO93/01101 2 1l ~ g 0 6 PCT/AU92/0032 ~ewing thread has been passed from the liguid xeservoir through the hole fiO that liguid water may be transferred to the out~ide by capillary action and ~e evaporated there. Fig. 2B shows the plot of weight water 103t. ~n 5 this case, there was a constant rate of water loss through the cotton capillary of about 0.B micrograms per minute.
The principles demonstrated by Figs. l and 2 are u~ed in the invention described below. A material capable of conducting water by capillary action is used to transfer condensed water from a region in equilibrium with a high relative humidity of the gas phase or high water potential, to a region in equilibrium with a lower relative humidity of the gas phase, or lower water potential.
The setup in Fig. 3 i8 similar except that the ~ contact of the cotton thread with the water reservoir has : : been broken. The graph shows that this stops the transfer ~: of water.
The results of Figs. 1 to 3 illustrate how capillary flow along a wick can transfer water only when it is in contact with liquid:water. ~hi~ principle is uæed in the invention described bélow.:
::
One configur~tion of the invention is shown in Fig. 4. A package is made;of a material l0 that restricts 2~ water 108s from the~horticultural produce 12. ~he inner : ~surface~of the packaging materlal l0 is hydrophilic. ~hat is, water in contact with~the inner surface will spread and not form discrete:droplets. In addition, the inner surface of the packaging material is contacted by or lami~ated with fibres or threads 14 capable of conducting water by capillary;~action. An example of such a material is cotton thread. ~The material conducting water passes at a point Qr at several points through the packaging material 10, to be exposed on îts oute~ surface. In this : ~ 35 configuration of the in~entio~, the average relative : ~ ~
wog3/0l10~ 1 ~ 2 ~ ~ 6 PCT/AU92/00325 humidity outside the package is assumed to be substantially less than 98%, as is typical of refrigerated stores. Under these conditions, any condensation on the inner surface of the package spreads and i8 ab~orbed by cotton thread 14. It i8 transferred by capillary action to ~he outside of the package which is at a lower water potential and where it evaporates. Once the condensate has been totally removed in this way, there is no further transfer of liquid~water. Net transfer of water will be reduced to that through the gas phase. The rate at which this occurs is small and the produce is therefore not desiccated.
Fig. 5 shows a second configuration of the invention which is suitable for use in modified atmosphere packages. A package is made of a material 16 that restricts the transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water to and from the atmosphere surrounding horticultural produce 12. The inner surface of the material 16 i~
hydrophilic and is;contacted by or laminated with fibres or threadt 14 that are capable of conducting water by capillary action.~ ~A desiccant 18 is contained in a water-impermeable sachet~or pouch 20. The cotton thread 14 t~ae contacts the~inner surface of the packaging material pa~ses~through the wall of the desiccant sachet or pouch 20. Any condensate is conducted along the fibres or threads 14 to~the désiccant 18 where it evaporates.
When horticultural~produce 12 is placed within the package it can be sealed~hermetically to form a modified atmosphere package. In this case, the permeation of oxygen into the package is balanced by the respiratory use -of oxygen by the;horticultural produce. This balance is achieved at some reduced level of oxygen typically between 1 and 10%. In an analogous way, the level of carbon dioxide within the package is elevated, typically between 1 and 15%. This is achieved by the rate of respiratory WO 93/01101 2 11 2 ~ ~ ~ PCT/AU92/00325 production of carbon dioxide being equal to the rate of permeation of the carbon dioxide out of the package. A
substantial barrier to the permeation of ga~es is necessary for modified atmosphere packaging to work. This mean~ that holes to allow the exit of nny condensation water must not be pre~ent. This requirement is met by this configuration of the invention, as the water is removed by a desiccant within the package. Because the desiccant is contained within a package impermeable to water it does not dry out the produce.
Another configuration of the invention is shown in Fig. 6. It takes the form of a condensation control flake, in which a de~iccant 22 is sealed within two leaves of water impermeable polymer 24. Fibres or threads 26 are capable of tr~nsferring water by capillary action traverse the walls of impermeable polymer 24. Flakes made in this way may be scattered in packages where condensed water is likely to accumulate. The flakes will absorb any liquid water that they contact, but will not appreciably lower levels of relative humidity.
As can be seen from the above the packaging material :. ~
and method of the present invention provide a means by which produce may be~ packaged without dehydrstion o the produce. The packaging material and method of packaging ~;~ 25 of the present invention also substantially ameliorates the problem with~the prior art of water condensing on the surface of the horticultural produce.
; It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments ~; are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as strative and not restrictive.
~ ,...... .
: , ""'` -
Claims (4)
1. A packaging material for use in packing produce, the packaging material comprising a sheet which is impermeable to water in which a first side of the sheet is hydrophilic and is provided with fibres capable of conducting water by capillary action, wherein the fibres either pass through the sheet material or are brought into contact with a desiccant provided within the package.
2. A packaging material as claimed in claim 1 in which the fibres are cotton threads.
3. A method of packing produce comprising wrapping the produce in a sheet in which a first side of the sheet is hydrophilic and is provided with fibres capable of conducting water by capillary action, wherein the fibres either pass through the sheet material or are brought into contact with a desiccant provided within the package.
4. A method as claimed in claim 3 in which the fibres are cotton threads.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AUPK709691 | 1991-07-05 | ||
| AUPK7096 | 1991-07-05 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2112906A1 true CA2112906A1 (en) | 1993-01-21 |
Family
ID=3775529
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2112906 Abandoned CA2112906A1 (en) | 1991-07-05 | 1992-07-02 | Control of condensation |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0592516A4 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH06508808A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2112906A1 (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ243440A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1993001101A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0655972B1 (en) * | 1992-08-06 | 2000-03-22 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Method of packaging horticultural produce |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4050463A (en) * | 1976-08-20 | 1977-09-27 | Colgate-Palmolive Company | Diapers |
| AU1862076A (en) * | 1976-10-13 | 1978-04-20 | Ici Ltd | Horticultural capilliary substrate |
| CA1127059A (en) * | 1979-07-09 | 1982-07-06 | Robert E. Erickson | Flexible absorbent laminates |
| AU517178B3 (en) * | 1980-06-18 | 1981-10-01 | O. Sylvester | Plant container |
| US4997082A (en) * | 1988-06-28 | 1991-03-05 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Humidistat |
-
1992
- 1992-07-02 JP JP5501837A patent/JPH06508808A/en active Pending
- 1992-07-02 CA CA 2112906 patent/CA2112906A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-07-02 EP EP92914173A patent/EP0592516A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1992-07-02 WO PCT/AU1992/000325 patent/WO1993001101A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1992-07-03 NZ NZ24344092A patent/NZ243440A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NZ243440A (en) | 1995-04-27 |
| EP0592516A4 (en) | 1995-11-22 |
| EP0592516A1 (en) | 1994-04-20 |
| JPH06508808A (en) | 1994-10-06 |
| WO1993001101A1 (en) | 1993-01-21 |
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