CA2041516A1 - Fountain solution for offset printing - Google Patents
Fountain solution for offset printingInfo
- Publication number
- CA2041516A1 CA2041516A1 CA002041516A CA2041516A CA2041516A1 CA 2041516 A1 CA2041516 A1 CA 2041516A1 CA 002041516 A CA002041516 A CA 002041516A CA 2041516 A CA2041516 A CA 2041516A CA 2041516 A1 CA2041516 A1 CA 2041516A1
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- fountain solution
- water
- weight
- concentration
- ready
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41N—PRINTING PLATES OR FOILS; MATERIALS FOR SURFACES USED IN PRINTING MACHINES FOR PRINTING, INKING, DAMPING, OR THE LIKE; PREPARING SUCH SURFACES FOR USE AND CONSERVING THEM
- B41N3/00—Preparing for use and conserving printing surfaces
- B41N3/08—Damping; Neutralising or similar differentiation treatments for lithographic printing formes; Gumming or finishing solutions, fountain solutions, correction or deletion fluids, or on-press development
Landscapes
- Printing Plates And Materials Therefor (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
- Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Absorbent Articles And Supports Therefor (AREA)
- Inking, Control Or Cleaning Of Printing Machines (AREA)
Abstract
Abstract of the Disclosure A fountain solution and a fountain solution concentrate for use in offset printing are disclosed. The ready-to-use solution comprises 0.001 to 0.08% by weight of at least one alkanol or alkenol or of an alkanediol or alkenediol having 5 to 15 carbon atoms, which has been converted with ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide into polyether structures having 3 to 12 ethylene oxide units and/or propylene oxide units.
Description
.
FOUNTAIN SOLUTION FOR OFFSET PRINTING
Back~round of the Invention The present invention relates to a fountain solution and a fountain solution concentrate for use in offset printing.
In offset printing, plates and foils of metal, usually of aluminum, or of paper or ; synthetics, which have a hydrophilic surface in the non-printing areas and an oleophilic layer in the image areas or printing areas, are clamped to a printing cylinder. The hydrophilic and oleophilic areas are located in one plane, in a process known as planographic printing. For printing, in addition to the ink, which is oil-based, a so-salled fountain solution is required which maintains the image-free areas hydrophilic, so that the ink is accepted only by the oleophilic image areas and transferred via the rubber blanket to the paper.
In the simplest case, water or dilute acid can ~e used as the fountain solution. In this case, however, it is difficult to maintain the ink/water 2 0 ~1~16 balance. Difficulties arise on printing, for exampler by ink being transferred to the non-image areas, a phenomenon known as scumming, or by the paper being over-moistened, which results in - 5 consequential damage such as press stops, poor drying and waviness of the printing paper.
To improve printing~ substances are usually added to the fountain solution which are intended, for example, to optimizP the pH and the compatibility with the printing ink and to counteract interference which can be caused by the regionally differing water, the paper or by microorganisms.
In addition to buffer mixtures which are intended to regulate the pH, additives for keeping the printing plate moist are especially used. In addition, che~ate formers, organic solvents, preservatives, occasionally surfactants, corrosion inhibitors and antifoams are used.
Nowadays, isopropanol in a concentration from 8 to 20% by volume is widely added to tha fountain solution. This addition e:Efects a lowering of the surface tension and a reduction in water transfer.
The results are a more brilli~nt printed image and less thorough moistening of the printed paper. The advantages of the use of isopropanol are to be compared with the followiny disadvantages:
- ready evaporation and ignitability of the isopropanol used for dilution, - pollution of the breathing air, and - high costs caused by the large quantity required in use.
Attempts have therefore been made to replace isopropanol.
In US 3,877,372, the use of a solution of butylglycol, hexylene glycol and ethylene glycol in conjunction with a silicone/glycol copolymer and an antifoam is described. However, butylglycol is not toxicologically safe.
US 4,234,443 discloses a powder which is to be used in aqueous solution as a fountain solution.
It is prepared from phosphate, metasilicate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate and dialkylpoly-siloxane, as well as reaction products of alkylphenol or aliphatic alcohols with ethyl~ne oxide in a molar ratio of l:9 to 1:50. However, the aqueous solution of this powder shows an alkaline reaction, a property which can adversely affect the positive printing plate layers which are alkali soluble under the action of light. A fountain solution working in the alkaline pH range requires more isopropanol or an appropriate su~stitute, in order to maintain the water absorption within a range favorable for printing (Braun, American Ink Maker, 1985, Fig. 16). A further disadvantage of the powder described is that reaction products of alkylphenol with ethylene oxide are not adequately biodegradable.
EP 336,673 describes a fountain solution for offset printing which, in addition to other surface-active agents such as anionic or nonionic agents, contains 0.1 to 5% by weight of a monohydric alcohol or diol of alkanes or alkenes, to which 1 to 10 mol of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide per mol have 2 ~ 4 ~
- been added. A preferred embodiment of this fountain solution comprises not less than 1% by weight of the surface-active agent. The disadvantage of this fountain solution is that the surface-active agent in the disclosed quantity cannot be incorporated into a concentrate. Solutions more concentrated than the ready-to-use solution exhibit undesirable effects, such as insolubility of the surfactant due to the very high concentration thereof that would be present in a fountain solution concen-trate~ Therefore, either a relatively expensive two-stage preparation method must be applied by the user, or ready-to-use solutions, i.e., solu-tions which have already been diluted to the end concentration, must be marketed, and this means transporting a hundred times the quantity.
Summary of the Invention It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a fo-mtain solution which is marketed as a liquid concentrate and is diluted merely by addition of water to give a ready-to-use fountain solution, which does not require isopropanol as a further aclditive, and in which the application values with respect to surface tension and water consumption are not inferior as compared with the state of the art.
These and other objects according to the invention are provided by a fountain solution for offset printing comprising water containing about 0.001 to 0.08% by weight of at least one polyether surfactant selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated and propoxylated alkanols, alkenols, 2 ~
alkanediols and alkenediols having 5 to 15 carbon atoms, the polyether surfactant having 3 to 12 units selected from the group consistlng of ethylene oxide units and propylene oxide units. A fountain solution concentrate is also provided, which can be diluted with water to produce a ready-to-use fountain solution. It comprises water containing the polyether surfactant in a concentration that is 30 to lOO times, preferably 40 to 70 times, the concentration of a ready-to-use fountain solution.
A method of preparing a fountain solution is also provided according to the invention, which comprises the steps of providing a fountain solution concentrate; and diluting the fountain solution concentrate with an amount of water that is 30 to 100 times, preferably 40 to 70 times, the amount of water contained in the concentrate.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examp:Les, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments According to the present invention, a ready-39 to-use fountain solution comprises about 0.001 to 2~51~
0.08~ by weight, preferably about 0.003 to 0.05% by weight, of at least one alkanol or alkenol or of an alkanediol or alkenediol having 5 to 15 carbon atoms, which has been converted into a polyether structure having 3 to 12, especially 6 to 8, ethylene oxide units and/or propylene oxide units.
The surfactant has the advantage that, even in th~ low concentration according to the invention, it causes a surface tension of about 30 to 45 mN/m in the fountain solution, which is achievable only at a concentration of 3 to 20% by weight when isopropanol is used.
It is completely surprising that the fountain solution according to the invention, as compared with fountain solutions according to EP 336,673, shows comparable values with regard to the surface tension, in spite of the lower concentration of the surfactant, and at the same time displays substantially better ~alues in water absorption and better behavior on the printing press in the scum cycle test. The lower concentration of the ready-to-use solution means that the fountain solution can be marketed and transported in a concentrated form, and then diluted by the user.
Both straight-chain and branched alkanols and alkenols or alkanediols and alkenediols can be used.
Preferred compounds include n-pentanol, 2-methylbutanol, 1-penten-3-olj 1-hexanol, 3-hexanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-ethylbutanol, 5-hexen-1-ol, 1-heptanol, heptenol, n-octanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-ethylhexanol, nonanol, 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol, n-decanol, decenol, sec.-undecanol, substituted and 2 ~ 6 unsubstltuted cyclohexanol, 1,5-pentanediol, 2,4-pentanediol, 2,5-hexanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 2,4-heptanediol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol,2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol,1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, cyclopentane-1,2-diol, cyclohexane-1,2~diol, dodecanol and dodecenol.
Alkanols and alkanediols are particularly preferred and, among these, alkanols having 10 to 15 carbon atoms are especially preferred.
The surfactants according to the invention contain polyether structures having 3 to 12 ethylene oxide units and/or propylene oxide units. These surfactants are prepared by adding 3 to 12 and especially 6 to 8 mol units of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide per mol of alcohol. When both ethylene oxide and propylene oxide are to be reacted with the alcohol, they are preferably employed in an equimolar ratio. In this case, the mole fraction of the individual components is 3 to 6 mol.
; 20 It is also possible to use mixtures of two or more surfactants in the fountain solution according i to the invention. In some cases, it is advantageous additionally to use cationic surfactants.
Furthermore, the fountain solution according to the invention can contain small quantities of solvents of low volatility having a boiling point above about 100C and a flash point above about 21C, which favorably affect the water absorption in the ink, for example, methylpyrrolidone, glycol ethers, alcohols or lactones.
As protective film-formers and viscosity control agents, the fountain solution can contain 2 ~ 6 conventional water-soluble polymers such as polyglycols, polyacrylic compounds such as polyacrylamides, polyacrylic acid and copolymers thereof, polyvinyl alcohols and derivatives ther~of, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum arabic, starch, dextrine and cellulose ethers. In the ready-to-use fountain solution, the water-soluble polymers are present in concentrations from about 0.001 to 5% ~y weight, preferably about 0.005 to 1% by weight.
To adjust the pH range in the fountain solution according to the invention to ~ to 6, especially to about 5, organic acids and/or salts thereof and other usual buffer mixtures are used.
Citric acid, acetic acid, sxalic acid, malonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid and the like may be mentioned as organic acids. If th~ acids are used as such, the desired pH is ad~usted to the range indicated above by an addition of al~ali, especially NaOH, or by addition of phosphates, especially trisodium phosphate.
The fountain solution according to the inventi~n can also contain humectants, which form a moisture film on the plate and thus ensure rapid re-moistening after a press stop. These include, in particular, glycerol, sugar alcohols, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentanediol, hexanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol and/or tripropylene glycol. The compounds can be present in the fountain solution in a concentration of preferably up to about 1~ by weight.
- 2~5~
Chelate formers can also be added to the fountain solution. Organic amines are particularly preferred. However, their presence in the fountain solution is not essential to the invention.
Usually, the fountain solution can contain chelate formers in concentrations from about 0.001 to 0.5%
by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 0.2% by weight.
Other conventional additives include preservatives such as the biocides ~Mycostabil (Druckservice Heliocolor), ~Piror P 840 (Gockel &
Co. G~bH, Munichj or ~FMl (made by Riedel de Haen, Seelze) for prevention of the growth of fungi, bacteria and algae. Dyes and antifoams can also be added.
To obtain a ready-to-use fountain solution, the constituents in the indicated quantities are made up with water to 100% by weight. The total hardness of the water can hexe range from 1 to 40, and especially from 8 to 25 German hardness. The carbonate hardness of the added water is especially 3 to 20 German hardness.
- The fountain solution concentrate contains the particular constituents in concentrations which correspond to about 30 to 100 times and preferably about 40 to 70 times the values indicated in the present description. This concentrate is then diluted by the user with water of the quality indicated above to give the ready-to~use fountain solution.
The examples which follow are intended to explain the invention in more detail, with~ut having a restricting effect. In these examples, the g:cm3 _g_ 2 ~
ratio is the same as that of parts by weight (p.b.w.) to parts by volume (p.b.v.).
In the examples, the particular fountain solution is tested by reference to several measured parameters: The surface t_nsion (detachment method) provides information on the extent of the effect of the surfactant.
The water consumption on the printing press also provides information on the property of the surfactant. With optimum effectiveness, the least possible water is transferred to the paper, and consequently the consumption is reduced.
The scum cycle test provides information on the cleaning action of the fountain solution. In this test, the water supplied during printing is turned off and printing is continued until the plate has been blocked with ink. Water is then added again and the number of sheets is determined, after which the print is again perfectly clean. This is a relative comparison.
The water absorption test is carried out in accordance with "Surland, TAGA PROCEEDINGS, 1983"
and provides numerical information on the printing behavior. The data are reliable only if the same ink is used. In the present examples, the LITHO-SET-SE blacX ink No. 50-940100-6 from Sieqwerk is used. This again is a relative comparison. If other inks are used, all the values can be lower or higher.
~` -10-2 ~
Example 1 An electrolytically grained and anodized aluminum foil is coated with a solution of:
2.17 p.b.w. of 4~ dimethylbenzyl)-phenyl - 5 1,2-naphthoquinone-diazide-4- sulfonate, 1.02 p.b.w. of the esterification product of 1 mol of 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-dinaphthylmethane and 2 mol of 1,2-naphthoquinone-diazide-5-sulfochloride, 0.37 p.b.w. of 1,2-naphthoquinone-diazide-4-sulfochloride, 0.10 p.b.w. of crystal violet and s.so p.b.w. of a cresol/formaldehyde novolak having a softening range from 112 to 118C in 43 p.~.v. of tetrahydrofuran, p.b.v. of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and 9 p.b.v. of butyl acetate ; and dried. The light-sensitive material obtained is exposed under a photographic, positive original which, inter alia, contains a 21-step step wedge with density increments of 0.15. The exposure time is selected such that step 9 is fully covered. The plate is developed with a 5% aqueous sodium metasilicate solution, rinsed well, fixed with acid and used for printing in a Heidelberger GTO-VP
2 ~
printing press with an alcohol fountain unit. The printing ink used is K+E black 185 W (BASF).
The fountain solution used is a mixture of 0.004 p.b.w. of ethoxylated decyl alcohol having 7 ethylene oxide units, 0.002 p.b.w. of an ethoxylated and propoxylated C~0/C~2-alcohol (4 ethoxy units and 4 propoxy units), 0.002 p.b.w. of dialkyldimethylammonium chloride (alkyl <10 carbon atoms), 0.~6 p.b.w. of citrlc acid, 0.2 p.b.w. of dipropylene glycol, 0.06 p.b.w. of N-methylpyrrolidone, 0.06 p.b.w. of preservative, and 15sufficient NaOH to adjust the pH to 5.0 and sufficient water of a total hardness of 17 . German hardness and a carbonate hardness of 11 German hardness to make up the fountain solution to 100 parts by weight.
The surface tension is determined to be 36 mN/m, the water consumption is determined to be 69%
(Comparison Example 14) as compared with a : conventional fountain solution with 20% added isopropanol as 100%, the sheet number up to clean running (scum cycle test) is determined to be 120 sheets and the water absorption is determined to be 38%.
2 ~
Exam~les 2 to 9 The following fountain solutions are used for printing from a printing plate made up according to Example 1. The fountain solution compositions and results are compiled in Table 1.
Table 1 . . . _ _ _ ~ . _ l Elumpb No. rD u in 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 .: prubr~ hl) __ _ l Flh~yl-led dr~rl ~hohol (7 EOI 0.0040.002 _ 0.008 _ 0.0015 0.037 Elh~rblod dr~cyl Irchol (2 EO) . 0.004 .0 004 . 0.004 .
_ _ Elh~rbled nd Pr~rl-lod C~JCI~.
0 1 ~Ircbol (4 EO ~4PO) o.r~o2 . o.r~o3 . . . 0.008 0.013 _ _ _ Dbl}yl~noni~m chlorido ~CclO)0.002 _ . 0.008 0.013 Ciuic ~cid 0.160.16 0.016 0.16 OH 6 O. l o 0.16 0.16 Diproprbnr. ;~rcol 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.l 0.
N-Melbrlprnolid~ 0.06 0.06 0.06 _ _-~djwlod wilb N~Oil or l ~iium phl phle lo i pH: 4.9 5.0 5.3 5.2 4.95.3 5.1 5.1 ~ .. ~ _ ¦ M.(b up ~o 100 p rb br 2 0 1 ~oi~h wilh ~or Or i Ir~ rr~ or 17-Cermlm h-ldnc-~ ~d c rbrn lc hrdro o8 I l - (icnr~u !I-rdre r _ __ _ __ _ 2 5 1 su~r.O~ ~ion (d~4~r~ melhod) mNlm 38 32 33 30 45 32 45 30 W~le~ ~ump ior. oo 3 I ~ p u~ pn~
I r~od wllh I Cempnri~co Er mpb 14 (~ 1001~ 71 ~ 71 ~ ' . 90%83 i _' I
Scum rycb lul: cb a ¦ runr~ng ~hor rrurnbor Or 3 5 I '~`' . , ,o _ ,oo _ 107 _ 120 _ ¦ W~lor ~b~ion (fb~cnrmed wilh bbc~
oibcl pTinlmg r~ m~b I br Sb~crl~ No. 50 4 0 1 940100-6)36~: 39~ 37!~ 43% 38% 3~3~ 3S9~ 4 . _ _ . _ _ _ _ = _ _ _ - 2~51~
Example lo The procedure followed is as in Example 1.
The fountain solution used is a solution prepared ` from:
0.02 p.b.w. of ethoxylated decyl alcohol, 0.16 p.b.w. of citric acid, 0.06 p.b.w. of Piror P 840, 0.3 p.b.w. of dipropylene glycol, 0.06 p.b.w. of N-methylpyrrolidone, and 0.02 p.b.w. of poLyglycol 600 by dissolution in deionized water, so that 100 parts by weight result after adjustment of the pH to 5.
The solution has a surface tension of 39.5 mN/m. Perfect prints are obtained in the printing press. As compared with Comparison Example 14, the water consumption is reduced. The water absorption of the LITHO-SET-SE black printing ink no. 50 940 100-6 is reduced to 33% as compared with Comparison ;` Example 13, a represenl:ative of isopropanol-- 20 containing fountain solutions, whereby a brilliant print with well-covered fu:Ll tones is produced.
Comparison Example 11 The procedure followed is as in Example 1, with the exception that a surfactant is omitted. A
value of 65 mN/m is determined for the surface tension. The water consumption on the printing press as compared with Example 14 is 100%, i.e., the 2 ~ ?7 16 water consumption cannot be reduced with a fountain `~ solution without surfactant. The scum cycle test gives a sheet number of 150, after which perfect prints can again be obtained. The water absorption is greater than 45%. This clearly demonstrates the improvement due to the surfactants according to the invention.
Comparison Example 12 The procedure followed is the same as in Example 1, but with the proviso that, in place of 0.004 part by weight of the ethoxylated decyl alcohol (7 E0) used therein, l.0 part by weight is employed in accordance with EP 336,673.
As a result, a surface tension of 27 mN/m is ob~ained, a value which is not significantly lower than that in Example 1, in which a surfactant quantity smaller by powers of 10 is employed. The water consumption was not determined, since the image was still not clean after lO0 prints; there was very pronounced scumming, i.e., no useful print was obtained. The same phenomenon is found in the scum cycle test; scumming is still present even after consumption of more than 150 sheets.
comparison Example 13 In this example, the fountain solution used is a mixture of 10 parts by weight of isopropanol, 0.16 part by weight of citric acid and 0.02 part by weight of polyglycol 600. The solution is made up 2 ~
.
to 100 parts by weight with water of a total hardness of 17 German hardness and a carbonate hardness of 11~ German hardness and adjusted with - NaOH to pH 5Ø
This solution has a surface tension of 36.5 mN/m. The LITHO~SET-SE black printing ink made by Siegwerk absorbs 37% of this fountain solution. The fountain solution according to the invention has properties comparable with those of isopropanol but, in addition, also has the advantages described.
Comparison Example 14 In this example, the fountain solution used is a mixture of 20 parts by weight of isopropanol, 0.16 part by weight of citric acid and 0.15 part by weight of glycerol. The solution is made up to 100 parts by weight with water of a total hardness of 30O German hardness and a carbonate hardness of 14 German hardness and adjusted with NaOH to pH 5Ø
This fountain solution serves as a reference example with isopropanol for the printing tests on the Heidelberger GTO-VP. The water consumption is set equal to 100~. The number of sheets up to clean running is 100. With respect to the water consumption, this example shows disadvantages as compared with those according to the invention.
FOUNTAIN SOLUTION FOR OFFSET PRINTING
Back~round of the Invention The present invention relates to a fountain solution and a fountain solution concentrate for use in offset printing.
In offset printing, plates and foils of metal, usually of aluminum, or of paper or ; synthetics, which have a hydrophilic surface in the non-printing areas and an oleophilic layer in the image areas or printing areas, are clamped to a printing cylinder. The hydrophilic and oleophilic areas are located in one plane, in a process known as planographic printing. For printing, in addition to the ink, which is oil-based, a so-salled fountain solution is required which maintains the image-free areas hydrophilic, so that the ink is accepted only by the oleophilic image areas and transferred via the rubber blanket to the paper.
In the simplest case, water or dilute acid can ~e used as the fountain solution. In this case, however, it is difficult to maintain the ink/water 2 0 ~1~16 balance. Difficulties arise on printing, for exampler by ink being transferred to the non-image areas, a phenomenon known as scumming, or by the paper being over-moistened, which results in - 5 consequential damage such as press stops, poor drying and waviness of the printing paper.
To improve printing~ substances are usually added to the fountain solution which are intended, for example, to optimizP the pH and the compatibility with the printing ink and to counteract interference which can be caused by the regionally differing water, the paper or by microorganisms.
In addition to buffer mixtures which are intended to regulate the pH, additives for keeping the printing plate moist are especially used. In addition, che~ate formers, organic solvents, preservatives, occasionally surfactants, corrosion inhibitors and antifoams are used.
Nowadays, isopropanol in a concentration from 8 to 20% by volume is widely added to tha fountain solution. This addition e:Efects a lowering of the surface tension and a reduction in water transfer.
The results are a more brilli~nt printed image and less thorough moistening of the printed paper. The advantages of the use of isopropanol are to be compared with the followiny disadvantages:
- ready evaporation and ignitability of the isopropanol used for dilution, - pollution of the breathing air, and - high costs caused by the large quantity required in use.
Attempts have therefore been made to replace isopropanol.
In US 3,877,372, the use of a solution of butylglycol, hexylene glycol and ethylene glycol in conjunction with a silicone/glycol copolymer and an antifoam is described. However, butylglycol is not toxicologically safe.
US 4,234,443 discloses a powder which is to be used in aqueous solution as a fountain solution.
It is prepared from phosphate, metasilicate, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate and dialkylpoly-siloxane, as well as reaction products of alkylphenol or aliphatic alcohols with ethyl~ne oxide in a molar ratio of l:9 to 1:50. However, the aqueous solution of this powder shows an alkaline reaction, a property which can adversely affect the positive printing plate layers which are alkali soluble under the action of light. A fountain solution working in the alkaline pH range requires more isopropanol or an appropriate su~stitute, in order to maintain the water absorption within a range favorable for printing (Braun, American Ink Maker, 1985, Fig. 16). A further disadvantage of the powder described is that reaction products of alkylphenol with ethylene oxide are not adequately biodegradable.
EP 336,673 describes a fountain solution for offset printing which, in addition to other surface-active agents such as anionic or nonionic agents, contains 0.1 to 5% by weight of a monohydric alcohol or diol of alkanes or alkenes, to which 1 to 10 mol of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide per mol have 2 ~ 4 ~
- been added. A preferred embodiment of this fountain solution comprises not less than 1% by weight of the surface-active agent. The disadvantage of this fountain solution is that the surface-active agent in the disclosed quantity cannot be incorporated into a concentrate. Solutions more concentrated than the ready-to-use solution exhibit undesirable effects, such as insolubility of the surfactant due to the very high concentration thereof that would be present in a fountain solution concen-trate~ Therefore, either a relatively expensive two-stage preparation method must be applied by the user, or ready-to-use solutions, i.e., solu-tions which have already been diluted to the end concentration, must be marketed, and this means transporting a hundred times the quantity.
Summary of the Invention It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a fo-mtain solution which is marketed as a liquid concentrate and is diluted merely by addition of water to give a ready-to-use fountain solution, which does not require isopropanol as a further aclditive, and in which the application values with respect to surface tension and water consumption are not inferior as compared with the state of the art.
These and other objects according to the invention are provided by a fountain solution for offset printing comprising water containing about 0.001 to 0.08% by weight of at least one polyether surfactant selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated and propoxylated alkanols, alkenols, 2 ~
alkanediols and alkenediols having 5 to 15 carbon atoms, the polyether surfactant having 3 to 12 units selected from the group consistlng of ethylene oxide units and propylene oxide units. A fountain solution concentrate is also provided, which can be diluted with water to produce a ready-to-use fountain solution. It comprises water containing the polyether surfactant in a concentration that is 30 to lOO times, preferably 40 to 70 times, the concentration of a ready-to-use fountain solution.
A method of preparing a fountain solution is also provided according to the invention, which comprises the steps of providing a fountain solution concentrate; and diluting the fountain solution concentrate with an amount of water that is 30 to 100 times, preferably 40 to 70 times, the amount of water contained in the concentrate.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examp:Les, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments According to the present invention, a ready-39 to-use fountain solution comprises about 0.001 to 2~51~
0.08~ by weight, preferably about 0.003 to 0.05% by weight, of at least one alkanol or alkenol or of an alkanediol or alkenediol having 5 to 15 carbon atoms, which has been converted into a polyether structure having 3 to 12, especially 6 to 8, ethylene oxide units and/or propylene oxide units.
The surfactant has the advantage that, even in th~ low concentration according to the invention, it causes a surface tension of about 30 to 45 mN/m in the fountain solution, which is achievable only at a concentration of 3 to 20% by weight when isopropanol is used.
It is completely surprising that the fountain solution according to the invention, as compared with fountain solutions according to EP 336,673, shows comparable values with regard to the surface tension, in spite of the lower concentration of the surfactant, and at the same time displays substantially better ~alues in water absorption and better behavior on the printing press in the scum cycle test. The lower concentration of the ready-to-use solution means that the fountain solution can be marketed and transported in a concentrated form, and then diluted by the user.
Both straight-chain and branched alkanols and alkenols or alkanediols and alkenediols can be used.
Preferred compounds include n-pentanol, 2-methylbutanol, 1-penten-3-olj 1-hexanol, 3-hexanol, 4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-ethylbutanol, 5-hexen-1-ol, 1-heptanol, heptenol, n-octanol, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-ethylhexanol, nonanol, 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol, n-decanol, decenol, sec.-undecanol, substituted and 2 ~ 6 unsubstltuted cyclohexanol, 1,5-pentanediol, 2,4-pentanediol, 2,5-hexanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 2,4-heptanediol, 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol,2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol,1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, cyclopentane-1,2-diol, cyclohexane-1,2~diol, dodecanol and dodecenol.
Alkanols and alkanediols are particularly preferred and, among these, alkanols having 10 to 15 carbon atoms are especially preferred.
The surfactants according to the invention contain polyether structures having 3 to 12 ethylene oxide units and/or propylene oxide units. These surfactants are prepared by adding 3 to 12 and especially 6 to 8 mol units of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide per mol of alcohol. When both ethylene oxide and propylene oxide are to be reacted with the alcohol, they are preferably employed in an equimolar ratio. In this case, the mole fraction of the individual components is 3 to 6 mol.
; 20 It is also possible to use mixtures of two or more surfactants in the fountain solution according i to the invention. In some cases, it is advantageous additionally to use cationic surfactants.
Furthermore, the fountain solution according to the invention can contain small quantities of solvents of low volatility having a boiling point above about 100C and a flash point above about 21C, which favorably affect the water absorption in the ink, for example, methylpyrrolidone, glycol ethers, alcohols or lactones.
As protective film-formers and viscosity control agents, the fountain solution can contain 2 ~ 6 conventional water-soluble polymers such as polyglycols, polyacrylic compounds such as polyacrylamides, polyacrylic acid and copolymers thereof, polyvinyl alcohols and derivatives ther~of, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum arabic, starch, dextrine and cellulose ethers. In the ready-to-use fountain solution, the water-soluble polymers are present in concentrations from about 0.001 to 5% ~y weight, preferably about 0.005 to 1% by weight.
To adjust the pH range in the fountain solution according to the invention to ~ to 6, especially to about 5, organic acids and/or salts thereof and other usual buffer mixtures are used.
Citric acid, acetic acid, sxalic acid, malonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid and the like may be mentioned as organic acids. If th~ acids are used as such, the desired pH is ad~usted to the range indicated above by an addition of al~ali, especially NaOH, or by addition of phosphates, especially trisodium phosphate.
The fountain solution according to the inventi~n can also contain humectants, which form a moisture film on the plate and thus ensure rapid re-moistening after a press stop. These include, in particular, glycerol, sugar alcohols, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, pentanediol, hexanediol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol and/or tripropylene glycol. The compounds can be present in the fountain solution in a concentration of preferably up to about 1~ by weight.
- 2~5~
Chelate formers can also be added to the fountain solution. Organic amines are particularly preferred. However, their presence in the fountain solution is not essential to the invention.
Usually, the fountain solution can contain chelate formers in concentrations from about 0.001 to 0.5%
by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 0.2% by weight.
Other conventional additives include preservatives such as the biocides ~Mycostabil (Druckservice Heliocolor), ~Piror P 840 (Gockel &
Co. G~bH, Munichj or ~FMl (made by Riedel de Haen, Seelze) for prevention of the growth of fungi, bacteria and algae. Dyes and antifoams can also be added.
To obtain a ready-to-use fountain solution, the constituents in the indicated quantities are made up with water to 100% by weight. The total hardness of the water can hexe range from 1 to 40, and especially from 8 to 25 German hardness. The carbonate hardness of the added water is especially 3 to 20 German hardness.
- The fountain solution concentrate contains the particular constituents in concentrations which correspond to about 30 to 100 times and preferably about 40 to 70 times the values indicated in the present description. This concentrate is then diluted by the user with water of the quality indicated above to give the ready-to~use fountain solution.
The examples which follow are intended to explain the invention in more detail, with~ut having a restricting effect. In these examples, the g:cm3 _g_ 2 ~
ratio is the same as that of parts by weight (p.b.w.) to parts by volume (p.b.v.).
In the examples, the particular fountain solution is tested by reference to several measured parameters: The surface t_nsion (detachment method) provides information on the extent of the effect of the surfactant.
The water consumption on the printing press also provides information on the property of the surfactant. With optimum effectiveness, the least possible water is transferred to the paper, and consequently the consumption is reduced.
The scum cycle test provides information on the cleaning action of the fountain solution. In this test, the water supplied during printing is turned off and printing is continued until the plate has been blocked with ink. Water is then added again and the number of sheets is determined, after which the print is again perfectly clean. This is a relative comparison.
The water absorption test is carried out in accordance with "Surland, TAGA PROCEEDINGS, 1983"
and provides numerical information on the printing behavior. The data are reliable only if the same ink is used. In the present examples, the LITHO-SET-SE blacX ink No. 50-940100-6 from Sieqwerk is used. This again is a relative comparison. If other inks are used, all the values can be lower or higher.
~` -10-2 ~
Example 1 An electrolytically grained and anodized aluminum foil is coated with a solution of:
2.17 p.b.w. of 4~ dimethylbenzyl)-phenyl - 5 1,2-naphthoquinone-diazide-4- sulfonate, 1.02 p.b.w. of the esterification product of 1 mol of 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-dinaphthylmethane and 2 mol of 1,2-naphthoquinone-diazide-5-sulfochloride, 0.37 p.b.w. of 1,2-naphthoquinone-diazide-4-sulfochloride, 0.10 p.b.w. of crystal violet and s.so p.b.w. of a cresol/formaldehyde novolak having a softening range from 112 to 118C in 43 p.~.v. of tetrahydrofuran, p.b.v. of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, and 9 p.b.v. of butyl acetate ; and dried. The light-sensitive material obtained is exposed under a photographic, positive original which, inter alia, contains a 21-step step wedge with density increments of 0.15. The exposure time is selected such that step 9 is fully covered. The plate is developed with a 5% aqueous sodium metasilicate solution, rinsed well, fixed with acid and used for printing in a Heidelberger GTO-VP
2 ~
printing press with an alcohol fountain unit. The printing ink used is K+E black 185 W (BASF).
The fountain solution used is a mixture of 0.004 p.b.w. of ethoxylated decyl alcohol having 7 ethylene oxide units, 0.002 p.b.w. of an ethoxylated and propoxylated C~0/C~2-alcohol (4 ethoxy units and 4 propoxy units), 0.002 p.b.w. of dialkyldimethylammonium chloride (alkyl <10 carbon atoms), 0.~6 p.b.w. of citrlc acid, 0.2 p.b.w. of dipropylene glycol, 0.06 p.b.w. of N-methylpyrrolidone, 0.06 p.b.w. of preservative, and 15sufficient NaOH to adjust the pH to 5.0 and sufficient water of a total hardness of 17 . German hardness and a carbonate hardness of 11 German hardness to make up the fountain solution to 100 parts by weight.
The surface tension is determined to be 36 mN/m, the water consumption is determined to be 69%
(Comparison Example 14) as compared with a : conventional fountain solution with 20% added isopropanol as 100%, the sheet number up to clean running (scum cycle test) is determined to be 120 sheets and the water absorption is determined to be 38%.
2 ~
Exam~les 2 to 9 The following fountain solutions are used for printing from a printing plate made up according to Example 1. The fountain solution compositions and results are compiled in Table 1.
Table 1 . . . _ _ _ ~ . _ l Elumpb No. rD u in 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 .: prubr~ hl) __ _ l Flh~yl-led dr~rl ~hohol (7 EOI 0.0040.002 _ 0.008 _ 0.0015 0.037 Elh~rblod dr~cyl Irchol (2 EO) . 0.004 .0 004 . 0.004 .
_ _ Elh~rbled nd Pr~rl-lod C~JCI~.
0 1 ~Ircbol (4 EO ~4PO) o.r~o2 . o.r~o3 . . . 0.008 0.013 _ _ _ Dbl}yl~noni~m chlorido ~CclO)0.002 _ . 0.008 0.013 Ciuic ~cid 0.160.16 0.016 0.16 OH 6 O. l o 0.16 0.16 Diproprbnr. ;~rcol 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.l 0.
N-Melbrlprnolid~ 0.06 0.06 0.06 _ _-~djwlod wilb N~Oil or l ~iium phl phle lo i pH: 4.9 5.0 5.3 5.2 4.95.3 5.1 5.1 ~ .. ~ _ ¦ M.(b up ~o 100 p rb br 2 0 1 ~oi~h wilh ~or Or i Ir~ rr~ or 17-Cermlm h-ldnc-~ ~d c rbrn lc hrdro o8 I l - (icnr~u !I-rdre r _ __ _ __ _ 2 5 1 su~r.O~ ~ion (d~4~r~ melhod) mNlm 38 32 33 30 45 32 45 30 W~le~ ~ump ior. oo 3 I ~ p u~ pn~
I r~od wllh I Cempnri~co Er mpb 14 (~ 1001~ 71 ~ 71 ~ ' . 90%83 i _' I
Scum rycb lul: cb a ¦ runr~ng ~hor rrurnbor Or 3 5 I '~`' . , ,o _ ,oo _ 107 _ 120 _ ¦ W~lor ~b~ion (fb~cnrmed wilh bbc~
oibcl pTinlmg r~ m~b I br Sb~crl~ No. 50 4 0 1 940100-6)36~: 39~ 37!~ 43% 38% 3~3~ 3S9~ 4 . _ _ . _ _ _ _ = _ _ _ - 2~51~
Example lo The procedure followed is as in Example 1.
The fountain solution used is a solution prepared ` from:
0.02 p.b.w. of ethoxylated decyl alcohol, 0.16 p.b.w. of citric acid, 0.06 p.b.w. of Piror P 840, 0.3 p.b.w. of dipropylene glycol, 0.06 p.b.w. of N-methylpyrrolidone, and 0.02 p.b.w. of poLyglycol 600 by dissolution in deionized water, so that 100 parts by weight result after adjustment of the pH to 5.
The solution has a surface tension of 39.5 mN/m. Perfect prints are obtained in the printing press. As compared with Comparison Example 14, the water consumption is reduced. The water absorption of the LITHO-SET-SE black printing ink no. 50 940 100-6 is reduced to 33% as compared with Comparison ;` Example 13, a represenl:ative of isopropanol-- 20 containing fountain solutions, whereby a brilliant print with well-covered fu:Ll tones is produced.
Comparison Example 11 The procedure followed is as in Example 1, with the exception that a surfactant is omitted. A
value of 65 mN/m is determined for the surface tension. The water consumption on the printing press as compared with Example 14 is 100%, i.e., the 2 ~ ?7 16 water consumption cannot be reduced with a fountain `~ solution without surfactant. The scum cycle test gives a sheet number of 150, after which perfect prints can again be obtained. The water absorption is greater than 45%. This clearly demonstrates the improvement due to the surfactants according to the invention.
Comparison Example 12 The procedure followed is the same as in Example 1, but with the proviso that, in place of 0.004 part by weight of the ethoxylated decyl alcohol (7 E0) used therein, l.0 part by weight is employed in accordance with EP 336,673.
As a result, a surface tension of 27 mN/m is ob~ained, a value which is not significantly lower than that in Example 1, in which a surfactant quantity smaller by powers of 10 is employed. The water consumption was not determined, since the image was still not clean after lO0 prints; there was very pronounced scumming, i.e., no useful print was obtained. The same phenomenon is found in the scum cycle test; scumming is still present even after consumption of more than 150 sheets.
comparison Example 13 In this example, the fountain solution used is a mixture of 10 parts by weight of isopropanol, 0.16 part by weight of citric acid and 0.02 part by weight of polyglycol 600. The solution is made up 2 ~
.
to 100 parts by weight with water of a total hardness of 17 German hardness and a carbonate hardness of 11~ German hardness and adjusted with - NaOH to pH 5Ø
This solution has a surface tension of 36.5 mN/m. The LITHO~SET-SE black printing ink made by Siegwerk absorbs 37% of this fountain solution. The fountain solution according to the invention has properties comparable with those of isopropanol but, in addition, also has the advantages described.
Comparison Example 14 In this example, the fountain solution used is a mixture of 20 parts by weight of isopropanol, 0.16 part by weight of citric acid and 0.15 part by weight of glycerol. The solution is made up to 100 parts by weight with water of a total hardness of 30O German hardness and a carbonate hardness of 14 German hardness and adjusted with NaOH to pH 5Ø
This fountain solution serves as a reference example with isopropanol for the printing tests on the Heidelberger GTO-VP. The water consumption is set equal to 100~. The number of sheets up to clean running is 100. With respect to the water consumption, this example shows disadvantages as compared with those according to the invention.
Claims (15)
1. A fountain solution for offset printing comprising water containing about 0.001 to 0.08% by weight of at least one polyether surfactant selected from the group consisting of ethoxylated and propoxylated alkanols, alkenols, alkanediols and alkenediols having 5 to 15 carbon atoms, the polyether surfactant having 3 to 12 units selected from the group consisting of ethylene oxide units and propylene oxide units.
2. A fountain solution as claimed in claim 1, comprising 0.003 to 0.05% by weight of said polyether surfactant.
3. A fountain solution as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polyether surfactant contains 6 to 8 units of at least one of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.
4. A fountain solution as claimed in claim 1, additionally comprising a water soluble organic solvent having a boiling point above about 100°C and a flash point above about 21°C.
5. A fountain solution as claimed in claim 4, wherein the organic solvent is present in a concentration of about 0.005 to 0.7% by weight in the fountain solution.
6. A fountain solution as claimed in claim 4, wherein the organic solvent is present in a concentration of about 0.01 to 0.3% by weight in the fountain solution.
7. A fountain solution as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pH is between 4 and 6.
8. A fountain solution as claimed in claim 1, additionally comprising a humectant in a concentration of up to about 1% by weight.
9. A fountain solution as claimed in claim 1, additionally comprising at least one additive selected from the group consisting of water-soluble polymers, corrosion inhibitors, chelate formers, preservatives, dyes and antifoams.
10. A fountain solution concentrate that can be diluted with water to produce a ready-to-use fountain solution, comprising water containing the polyether surfactant recited in claim 1 in a concentration that is 30 to 100 times the concentration of a ready-to-use fountain solution containing about 0.001 to 0.08% by weight of the polyether surfactant.
11. A fountain solution concentrate that can be diluted with water to produce a ready-to-use fountain solution, comprising water containing the polyether surfactant recited in claim 1 in a concentration that is 40 to 70 times the concentration of a ready-to-use fountain solution containing about 0.001 to 0.08% by weight of the polyether surfactant.
12. A fountain solution concentrate that can be diluted with water to produce a ready-to-use fountain solution, comprising water containing the polyether surfactant recited in claim 2 in a concentration that is 30 to 100 times the concentration of a ready-to-use fountain solution containing about 0.003 to 0.05% by weight of the polyether surfactant.
13. A fountain solution concentrate that can be diluted with water to produce a ready-to-use fountain solution, comprising water containing the polyether surfactant recited in claim 2 in a concentration that is 40 to 70 times the concentration of a ready-to-use fountain solution containing about 0.003 to 0.05% by weight of the polyether surfactant.
14. A method of preparing a fountain solution, comprising the steps of:
providing a fountain solution concentrate;
and diluting the fountain solution concentrate with an amount of water that is 30 to 100 times the amount of water contained in the concentrate.
providing a fountain solution concentrate;
and diluting the fountain solution concentrate with an amount of water that is 30 to 100 times the amount of water contained in the concentrate.
15. A method as claimed in claim 18, wherein the amount of water is 40 to 70 times the amount of water contained in the concentrate.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEP4014960.9 | 1990-05-10 | ||
| DE4014960A DE4014960A1 (en) | 1990-05-10 | 1990-05-10 | DAMPENER FOR OFFSET PRINTING |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2041516A1 true CA2041516A1 (en) | 1991-11-11 |
Family
ID=6406087
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002041516A Abandoned CA2041516A1 (en) | 1990-05-10 | 1991-04-30 | Fountain solution for offset printing |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0456074B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH05139068A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR910019804A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE120409T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU7645191A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9101912A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2041516A1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE4014960A1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK0456074T3 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI101614B (en) |
| NO (1) | NO911803L (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4220550A1 (en) * | 1991-07-04 | 1993-01-14 | Hostmann Steinberg Gmbh | FUMENT LIQUID CONCENTRATE AND FUMENT LIQUID AND THEIR USE IN THE OFFSET PRINTING PROCESS |
| JP3107939B2 (en) * | 1993-01-26 | 2000-11-13 | 三菱製紙株式会社 | Humidifying liquid composition for lithographic printing plates |
| US5714302A (en) * | 1993-01-26 | 1998-02-03 | Mitsubishi Paper Mills Limited | Method of printing with using lithographic printing plate made by silver complex diffusion transfer process and using dampening composition containing nonionic surface active agent |
| JP3381372B2 (en) * | 1994-04-08 | 2003-02-24 | 東洋インキ製造株式会社 | Dampening solution for lithographic printing and printing method |
| JP3318447B2 (en) * | 1994-11-10 | 2002-08-26 | 富士写真フイルム株式会社 | A fountain solution composition for lithographic printing |
| JP3692220B2 (en) * | 1997-09-03 | 2005-09-07 | 富士写真フイルム株式会社 | Dampening solution composition for lithographic printing plates |
| JP3482561B2 (en) * | 2001-05-22 | 2003-12-22 | 株式会社サンライズカンパニー | Proper water and dampening water for offset printing |
| WO2007097169A1 (en) * | 2006-02-24 | 2007-08-30 | Konica Minolta Medical & Graphic, Inc. | Lithographic printing plate material, method for manufacturing the same, and printing method |
| EP2042338A3 (en) | 2007-09-26 | 2010-03-10 | Fujifilm Corporation | Fountain solution composition for lithographic printing and heatset offset rotary printing process |
| JP6930520B2 (en) * | 2018-12-27 | 2021-09-01 | 東洋インキＳｃホールディングス株式会社 | A dampening water composition for lithographic printing and a method for producing printed matter |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4214531A (en) * | 1975-04-07 | 1980-07-29 | The Dow Chemical Company | Method of treating image-bearing lithographic plates |
| US4234443A (en) * | 1978-03-24 | 1980-11-18 | Michael A. Canale | Composition and a method useful for making a fountain solution for lithographic printing operations |
| CA1329719C (en) * | 1987-07-31 | 1994-05-24 | Tadao Toyama | Lithographic printing plate and method of treating the same |
| DE68913576T2 (en) * | 1988-04-07 | 1994-06-16 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Composition for fountain solution for flat printing and fountain additive. |
-
1990
- 1990-05-10 DE DE4014960A patent/DE4014960A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1991
- 1991-04-29 DE DE59105027T patent/DE59105027D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-04-29 AT AT91106919T patent/ATE120409T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-04-29 EP EP91106919A patent/EP0456074B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1991-04-29 DK DK91106919.3T patent/DK0456074T3/en active
- 1991-04-30 CA CA002041516A patent/CA2041516A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-05-08 NO NO91911803A patent/NO911803L/en unknown
- 1991-05-08 KR KR1019910007400A patent/KR910019804A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-05-08 FI FI912224A patent/FI101614B/en active
- 1991-05-09 AU AU76451/91A patent/AU7645191A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-05-09 BR BR919101912A patent/BR9101912A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-05-10 JP JP3135750A patent/JPH05139068A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU7645191A (en) | 1991-11-14 |
| NO911803L (en) | 1991-11-11 |
| FI101614B1 (en) | 1998-07-31 |
| FI912224A0 (en) | 1991-05-08 |
| DE4014960A1 (en) | 1991-11-14 |
| DK0456074T3 (en) | 1995-08-28 |
| KR910019804A (en) | 1991-12-19 |
| EP0456074A2 (en) | 1991-11-13 |
| EP0456074A3 (en) | 1992-07-29 |
| FI912224A (en) | 1991-11-11 |
| EP0456074B1 (en) | 1995-03-29 |
| BR9101912A (en) | 1991-12-17 |
| JPH05139068A (en) | 1993-06-08 |
| NO911803D0 (en) | 1991-05-08 |
| FI101614B (en) | 1998-07-31 |
| DE59105027D1 (en) | 1995-05-04 |
| ATE120409T1 (en) | 1995-04-15 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Discontinued |