CA1330625C - Hydrometallurgical process for producing finely divided spherical metal powders - Google Patents
Hydrometallurgical process for producing finely divided spherical metal powdersInfo
- Publication number
- CA1330625C CA1330625C CA000567214A CA567214A CA1330625C CA 1330625 C CA1330625 C CA 1330625C CA 000567214 A CA000567214 A CA 000567214A CA 567214 A CA567214 A CA 567214A CA 1330625 C CA1330625 C CA 1330625C
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- particles
- process according
- particle size
- metal
- droplets
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/06—Metallic powder characterised by the shape of the particles
- B22F1/065—Spherical particles
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A process for producing finely divided spherical metal alloy powders comprises forming an aqueous mineral acid solution containing at least one metal, forming a metallic material from the solution, reducing the metallic material to metal powder particles, subjecting the metal powder particles to a high temperature zone to melt a portion of the particles to form droplets and cooling the droplets to form essentially spherical metal particles.
A process for producing finely divided spherical metal alloy powders comprises forming an aqueous mineral acid solution containing at least one metal, forming a metallic material from the solution, reducing the metallic material to metal powder particles, subjecting the metal powder particles to a high temperature zone to melt a portion of the particles to form droplets and cooling the droplets to form essentially spherical metal particles.
Description
133~3 PATENT
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the preparation o metal powders. More particularly it relates to the production of such powders having substantially spherical particles.
BACXG~OUND OF THE INV~NTION
U.S. Patent 3,663,667 discloses a process for prod~cing multimetal alloy powders. Thus, multimetal alloy powders are produced by a process wherein an agueous solution of at least- ~;~
two thermally reduci~le metallic compounds and water is formed, the solution is atomized into droplets having a droplet size below about 150 microns in a chamber that contains a heated gas whereby discrete solid particles are formed and the particles are thereafter heated in a reducing atmosphere and at temperatures from those sufficient to reduce said metallic compounds to temperature~ below the melting point of any of the metals in said alloy.
U.S. Patent 3,909,241 relates to free flowing powders which are produced by feeding agglomerates through a hiqh temperature ~ ~-. -~\. .
3 3 ~ ~ ! ~ 3 plasma reactor to cause at least partial melting of the particles and collectin~ the particles in a cooling chamber containing a protective gaseous atmosphere where the particles are solidified. In this patent the powders are used for plasma coating and the agglomerated raw materials are produced from slurries of metal powders and binders. ~oth the 3,663,667 and the 3,909,241 patents are assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.
In European Patent Application W08~02864 published August 2, 1984, also assigned to the assignee of this invention, there is disclosed a process for making ultra-fine powder by directing a stream of molten droplets at a repellent surface whereby the droplets are broken up and repelled and thereafter solidified as described therein. While there is a tendency for spherical particles to be formed after rebounding, it is stated that the molten portion may form elliptical shaped or elongated particles with rounded ends.
It is believed therefore that a relatively simple process which enables finely divided metal alloy powders to be hydrometallurgically produced from sources of the individual metals is an advancement in the art.
In accordance with one aspect of this invention there is provided a process for producing metal spherical particles.
The process comprises forming an aqueous solution containing at least one metal value, evaporatinq sufficient water to form a reducible metal material selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, metallic salts and mistures thereof, reducing the materials from the salt or o~ide to form metallic particles.
At least a portion of the metallic particles are entrained in a . .
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carrier gas and fed to a high temperature reaction zone. At least some of the particles are at least partially melted and upon solidification form spherical particles having an average particle size of less than about 20 micrometers. Particle size reduction can be performed on ~he reducible metal material or on the metallic particles prior to subsequent processing.
D~TAILS OF THE PREFERRED EMBO~IMENTS
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects, advantages, and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following disclosure and appended claims in connection with the foregoing description of some of the aspects of the invention.
While it is preferred to use metal powders as starting materials in the practice of this invention because such materials dissolve more readily than other forms of metals, however, use of the powders is not essential. Metallic salts that are soluble in water or in an aqueous mineral acid can be used. When alloys are desired, the metallic ratio of the various metals in the subsequently formed solids of the salts, oxides or hydrosides can be calculated based upon the raw material input or the solid can be sampled and analyzed for the metal ratio in the case of alloys being produced. The metal values can be dissolved in any water soluble acid. The acids can include the mineral acids as well as the orqanic acids such as acetic, formic and the like. Hydrochloric is especially preferred because of cost and availability.
After the metal sources are dissolved in the aqueous acid solution, the resulting solution can be subjected to sufficient heat to evaporate water. The metal compounds, for e~ample, the osides, hydrosides, sulfates, nitrates, chlorides, and the ~3~
like, will precipitate from the solution under certain pH
condi~ions. The solid materials can be separated from the resulting aqueous phase or the evaporation can be continued.
Continued evaporation results in forming particles of a residue consisting of the metallic compounds. In some instances, when the evaporation is done in air, the metal compounds may be the hydroxides, osides or mixtures of the mineral acid salts of the metals and the metal hydro~ides or osides. The residue may be agglomerated and contain oversized particles. The average particle size of the materials can be reduced in size, generally below about 20 micrometers by milling, grinding or by other conventional methods of particle size reduction.
After the particles are reduced to the desired size they are heated in a reducing atmosphere at a temperature above the reducing temperature of the salts but below the melting point of the metals in the particles. The temperature is sufficient to evolve any water of hydration and the anion. If hydrochloric acid is used and there is water of hydration present the resulting wet hydrochloric acid evolution is very corrosive thus appropriate materials of construction must be used. The temperatures employed are below the melting point of any of the metals therein but sufficiently high to reduce and leave only the cation portion of the original molecule. In most instances a temperature of at least about 500C is required to reduce the compounds. Temperatures below about 500C can cause insufficient reduction while temperatures above the melting point of the metal result in large fused agglomerates. If more than one metal is present the metals in the resulting multimetal particles can either be combined as intermetallics or as solid solutions of the various metal components. In any event there is a homogenous distribution throughout each particle of each of the metals. ~he particles ... .
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,n ~ r~, are generally irregular in shape. If agglomeration has occurred during the reduction step, particle size reduction by conventional milling, grinding and the like can be done to achieve a desired average particle size for e~ample less than about 20 micrometers with at least 50% being below about 20 micrometers.
In preparing the powders of the present invention, a high velocity stream of at least partially molten metal droplets is formed. Such a stream may be formed by any thermal spraying technique such as combustion spraying and plasma spraying.
Individual particles can be completely melted (which is the preferred process), however, in some instances surface melting sufficient to enable the subsequent formation of spherical particles from such partially melted particles is satisfactory. Typically, the velocity of the droplets is greater than about 100 meters per second, more typically greater than 250 meters per second. Velocities on the order of 900 meters per second or greater may be achieved under certain conditions which favor these speeds which may include spraying in a vacuum.
In the preferred process of the present invention, a powder is fed through a thermal spray apparatus. Feed powder is entrained in a carrier gas and then fed through a high temperature reactor. The temperature in the reactor is preferably above the melting point of the highest melting component of the metal powder and even more preferably considerably above the melting point of the highest melting component of the material to enable a relatively short residence time in the reaction zone.
The stream of dispersed entrained molten metal droplets may be produced by plasma-jet torch or gun apparatus of ,. .. ..
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conventional nature. In general, a source of metal powder is connected to a source of propellant gas. A means is provided to mix the gas with the powder and propel the gas with entrained powder through- a conduit communicating with a nozzle passage of the plasma spray apparatus. In the arc type apparatus, the entrained powder may be fed into a vortex chamber which communicates with and is coaxial with the nozzle passage which is bored centrally through the nozzle. In an arc type plasma apparatus, an electric arc is maintained between a~
interior wall of the nozzle passage and an electrode present in the passage. The electrode has a diameter smaller than the nozzle passage with which it is coasial to so that the gas is discharged from the nozzle in the form of a plasma jet. The current source is normally a DC source adapted to deliver very large currents at relatively low voltages. By adjusting the magnitude of the arc powder and the rate of gas flow, torch temperatures can range from 5500 degrees centigrade up to about 15,000 degrees centigrade. The apparatus generally must be adjusted in accordance with the melting point of the powders being sprayed and the gas employed. In general, the electrode may be retracted within the nozzle when lower melting powders are utilized with an inert gas such as nitrogen while the electrode may be more fully e~tended within the nozzle when higher melting powders are utilized with an inert gas such as argon.
In the induction type plasma spray apparatus, metal powder entrained in an inert gas is passed at a high velocity through a strong magnetic field so as to cause a voltage to be generated in the gas stream. The current source is adapted to deliver very high currents, on the order of 10,000 amperes, although the voltage may be relatively low such as 10 volts.
Such currents are required to ~enerate a very stronq direct magnetic field and create a plasma. Such plasma devices may F`
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~i .'.' ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ 2 `1 include additional means for aiding in the initation of a plasma generation, a cooling means for the torch in the form of annular chamber around the nozzle.
In the plasma process, a gas which is ionized in the torch regains its heat of ionization on e~iting the nozzle to create a highly intense flame. In general, the flow of gas through the plasma spray apparatus is effected at speeds at least approaching the speed of sound. The typical torch comprises a conduit means having a convergent portion which converges in a downstream direction to a throat. The convergent portion communicates with an adjacent outlet opening so that the discharge of plasma is effected out the outlet opening.
Other types of torches may be used such as an o~y-acetylene type having high pressure fuel gas flowing through the nozzle.
The powder may be introduced into the gas by an aspirating effect. The fuel is ignited at the nozzle outlet to provide a high temperature flame.
Preferably the powders utilized for the torch should be uniform in size and composition. A relatively narrow size distribution is desirable because, under set flame conditions, the largest particles may not melt completely, and the smallest particles may be heated to the vaporization point. Incomple~e melting is a detriment to the product uniformity, whereas vaporization and decomposition decreases process efficiency.
Typically, the size ranges for plasma feed powders of this invention are such that 80 percent of the particles fall within about a 15 micrometer diameter range.
The stream of entrained molten metal droplets which issues from the nozzle tends to e~pand outwardly so that the density of the droplets in the stream decreases as the distance from 1 ~ 3 ~ t 1~
the nozzle increases. Prior to impacting a surface, the stream typically passes through a gaseous atmosphere which solidifies and decreases the ve~ocity of the droplets. As the atmosphere approaches a vacuum, the cooling and velocity loss is diminished. It is desirable that the nozzle be positioned sufficiently distant from any surface so that the droplets remain in a droplet form duri~g cooling and solidification. If the nozzle is too close, the droplets may solidify after impact.
The stream of molten particles may be directed into a cooling fluid. The cooling fluid is typically disposed in a chamber which has an inlet to replenish the cooling fluid which is volatilized and heated by the molten particles and plasma gases. The fluid may be provided in liquid form and volatilized to the gaseous state during the rapid solidification process. The outlet is preferably in the form of a pressure relief valve. The vented gas may be pumped to a collection tank and reliquified for reuse.
The choice of the particle cooling fluid depends on the desired results. If large cooling capacity is needed, it may be desirable to provide a coolin~ fluid having a high thermal capacity. An inert cooling fluid which is non-flammable and nonreactive may be desirable if contamination of the product is a problem. In other cases, a reactive atmosphere may be desirable to modify the powder. Argon and nitrogen are preferable nonreactive cooling fluids. Hydrogen may be preferable in certain cases to reduce osides and protect from unwanted reactions. Liquid nitrogen may enhance nitride formation. If oside formation is desired, air, under selective osidizing conditions, is a suitable coolinq fluid.
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Since the melting plasmas are formed from many of the same gases, the melting system and cooling fluid may be selected to be compatible.
The cooling rate depends on the thermal conductivity of the cooling fluid and the molten particles to be cooled, the size of the stream to be cooled, the size of individual droplets, particle velocity and the temperature difference between the droplet and the coolin~ fluid. The cooling rate of the droplets is controlled by adjusting the above mentioned variables. The rate of cooling can be altered by adjusting the distance of the plasma from the liquid bath surface. The closer the nozzle to the surface of the bath, the more rapidly cooled the droplets.
Powder collection is conveniently accomplished by removing the collected powder from the bottom of the collection chamber. The cooling fluid may be evaporated or retained if desired to provide protection against o~idation or unwanted reactions.
The particle size of the spherical powders will be largely dependent upon the size of the feed into the high temperature reactor. Some densification occurs and the surface area is reduced thus the apparent particle size is reduced. The preferred form of particle size measurement is by micromergraphs, sedigraph or microtrac. A majority of the particles will be below about 20 micrometers or finer. The desired size will depend upon the use of the alloy. For example, in certain instances such as microcircuity applications e~tremely finely divided materials are desired such as less than about 3 micrometers.
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The powdered materials of this invention are essentially spherical particles which are essentially free of elliptical shaped material and essentially free of elongated particles having rounded ends, is shown in European Patent Application W08402864.
Spherical particles have an advantage over non-spherical particles in injection molding and pressing and sintering operations. The lower surface area of spherical particles as opposed to non-spherical particles of comparable size, makes spherical particles easier to mis with binders and easier to dewax.
To further illustrate this invention, the following non-limiting esample is presented. All parts, proportions and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
Example About 780 parts of iron powder and about 180 parts of nickel powder are dissolved in about 4000 parts of 10 N HCl using a glass lined agitated reactor. About 40 parts o molybdenum as a solution of ammonium molybdate are added to this.
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Ammonium hydro~ide is added to a pH of about 6.5 - 7.5.
The iron, nickel and molybdenum are precipitated as an intimate mi~ture of hydrosides. This misture is then evaporated to dryness. The mi2ture is then heated to about 350C in air for about 3 hours to remove the excess ammonium chloride. This mi~ture is then hammermilled to produce a powder having greater than 50% of the particles smaller than about S0 micrometers with no particles larger than about 100 micrometers. These milled particles are heated in a reducing atmosphere of H2 at a temperature of about 750C for about 3 hours. Finely divided particles containing 78% iron and 18%
nickel and 4% molybdenum are formed.
The Fe-Ni-Mo powder particles are entrained in an argon carrier gas. The particles are fed to a Metco 9MB plasma gun at a rate of about 10 pounds per hour. The gas is fed at the rate of about 6 cubic feet per hour. The plasma gas (Ar ~H2) is fed at the rate of about 70 cubic feet per hour.
The torch power is about 20 KW at about 50 volts and 400 amperes. The molten droplets esit into a chamber containing inert gas. The resulting powder contains two fractions, the major fraction consists of the spherical shaped resolidified particles. The minor fraction consists of particles having surfaces which have been partially melted and resolidified.
While there has been shown and described what are considered the preferfed embodiments of the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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.
. .
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to the preparation o metal powders. More particularly it relates to the production of such powders having substantially spherical particles.
BACXG~OUND OF THE INV~NTION
U.S. Patent 3,663,667 discloses a process for prod~cing multimetal alloy powders. Thus, multimetal alloy powders are produced by a process wherein an agueous solution of at least- ~;~
two thermally reduci~le metallic compounds and water is formed, the solution is atomized into droplets having a droplet size below about 150 microns in a chamber that contains a heated gas whereby discrete solid particles are formed and the particles are thereafter heated in a reducing atmosphere and at temperatures from those sufficient to reduce said metallic compounds to temperature~ below the melting point of any of the metals in said alloy.
U.S. Patent 3,909,241 relates to free flowing powders which are produced by feeding agglomerates through a hiqh temperature ~ ~-. -~\. .
3 3 ~ ~ ! ~ 3 plasma reactor to cause at least partial melting of the particles and collectin~ the particles in a cooling chamber containing a protective gaseous atmosphere where the particles are solidified. In this patent the powders are used for plasma coating and the agglomerated raw materials are produced from slurries of metal powders and binders. ~oth the 3,663,667 and the 3,909,241 patents are assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.
In European Patent Application W08~02864 published August 2, 1984, also assigned to the assignee of this invention, there is disclosed a process for making ultra-fine powder by directing a stream of molten droplets at a repellent surface whereby the droplets are broken up and repelled and thereafter solidified as described therein. While there is a tendency for spherical particles to be formed after rebounding, it is stated that the molten portion may form elliptical shaped or elongated particles with rounded ends.
It is believed therefore that a relatively simple process which enables finely divided metal alloy powders to be hydrometallurgically produced from sources of the individual metals is an advancement in the art.
In accordance with one aspect of this invention there is provided a process for producing metal spherical particles.
The process comprises forming an aqueous solution containing at least one metal value, evaporatinq sufficient water to form a reducible metal material selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, metallic salts and mistures thereof, reducing the materials from the salt or o~ide to form metallic particles.
At least a portion of the metallic particles are entrained in a . .
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., .
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carrier gas and fed to a high temperature reaction zone. At least some of the particles are at least partially melted and upon solidification form spherical particles having an average particle size of less than about 20 micrometers. Particle size reduction can be performed on ~he reducible metal material or on the metallic particles prior to subsequent processing.
D~TAILS OF THE PREFERRED EMBO~IMENTS
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects, advantages, and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following disclosure and appended claims in connection with the foregoing description of some of the aspects of the invention.
While it is preferred to use metal powders as starting materials in the practice of this invention because such materials dissolve more readily than other forms of metals, however, use of the powders is not essential. Metallic salts that are soluble in water or in an aqueous mineral acid can be used. When alloys are desired, the metallic ratio of the various metals in the subsequently formed solids of the salts, oxides or hydrosides can be calculated based upon the raw material input or the solid can be sampled and analyzed for the metal ratio in the case of alloys being produced. The metal values can be dissolved in any water soluble acid. The acids can include the mineral acids as well as the orqanic acids such as acetic, formic and the like. Hydrochloric is especially preferred because of cost and availability.
After the metal sources are dissolved in the aqueous acid solution, the resulting solution can be subjected to sufficient heat to evaporate water. The metal compounds, for e~ample, the osides, hydrosides, sulfates, nitrates, chlorides, and the ~3~
like, will precipitate from the solution under certain pH
condi~ions. The solid materials can be separated from the resulting aqueous phase or the evaporation can be continued.
Continued evaporation results in forming particles of a residue consisting of the metallic compounds. In some instances, when the evaporation is done in air, the metal compounds may be the hydroxides, osides or mixtures of the mineral acid salts of the metals and the metal hydro~ides or osides. The residue may be agglomerated and contain oversized particles. The average particle size of the materials can be reduced in size, generally below about 20 micrometers by milling, grinding or by other conventional methods of particle size reduction.
After the particles are reduced to the desired size they are heated in a reducing atmosphere at a temperature above the reducing temperature of the salts but below the melting point of the metals in the particles. The temperature is sufficient to evolve any water of hydration and the anion. If hydrochloric acid is used and there is water of hydration present the resulting wet hydrochloric acid evolution is very corrosive thus appropriate materials of construction must be used. The temperatures employed are below the melting point of any of the metals therein but sufficiently high to reduce and leave only the cation portion of the original molecule. In most instances a temperature of at least about 500C is required to reduce the compounds. Temperatures below about 500C can cause insufficient reduction while temperatures above the melting point of the metal result in large fused agglomerates. If more than one metal is present the metals in the resulting multimetal particles can either be combined as intermetallics or as solid solutions of the various metal components. In any event there is a homogenous distribution throughout each particle of each of the metals. ~he particles ... .
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,n ~ r~, are generally irregular in shape. If agglomeration has occurred during the reduction step, particle size reduction by conventional milling, grinding and the like can be done to achieve a desired average particle size for e~ample less than about 20 micrometers with at least 50% being below about 20 micrometers.
In preparing the powders of the present invention, a high velocity stream of at least partially molten metal droplets is formed. Such a stream may be formed by any thermal spraying technique such as combustion spraying and plasma spraying.
Individual particles can be completely melted (which is the preferred process), however, in some instances surface melting sufficient to enable the subsequent formation of spherical particles from such partially melted particles is satisfactory. Typically, the velocity of the droplets is greater than about 100 meters per second, more typically greater than 250 meters per second. Velocities on the order of 900 meters per second or greater may be achieved under certain conditions which favor these speeds which may include spraying in a vacuum.
In the preferred process of the present invention, a powder is fed through a thermal spray apparatus. Feed powder is entrained in a carrier gas and then fed through a high temperature reactor. The temperature in the reactor is preferably above the melting point of the highest melting component of the metal powder and even more preferably considerably above the melting point of the highest melting component of the material to enable a relatively short residence time in the reaction zone.
The stream of dispersed entrained molten metal droplets may be produced by plasma-jet torch or gun apparatus of ,. .. ..
~ ~ . ' , ,~ .
conventional nature. In general, a source of metal powder is connected to a source of propellant gas. A means is provided to mix the gas with the powder and propel the gas with entrained powder through- a conduit communicating with a nozzle passage of the plasma spray apparatus. In the arc type apparatus, the entrained powder may be fed into a vortex chamber which communicates with and is coaxial with the nozzle passage which is bored centrally through the nozzle. In an arc type plasma apparatus, an electric arc is maintained between a~
interior wall of the nozzle passage and an electrode present in the passage. The electrode has a diameter smaller than the nozzle passage with which it is coasial to so that the gas is discharged from the nozzle in the form of a plasma jet. The current source is normally a DC source adapted to deliver very large currents at relatively low voltages. By adjusting the magnitude of the arc powder and the rate of gas flow, torch temperatures can range from 5500 degrees centigrade up to about 15,000 degrees centigrade. The apparatus generally must be adjusted in accordance with the melting point of the powders being sprayed and the gas employed. In general, the electrode may be retracted within the nozzle when lower melting powders are utilized with an inert gas such as nitrogen while the electrode may be more fully e~tended within the nozzle when higher melting powders are utilized with an inert gas such as argon.
In the induction type plasma spray apparatus, metal powder entrained in an inert gas is passed at a high velocity through a strong magnetic field so as to cause a voltage to be generated in the gas stream. The current source is adapted to deliver very high currents, on the order of 10,000 amperes, although the voltage may be relatively low such as 10 volts.
Such currents are required to ~enerate a very stronq direct magnetic field and create a plasma. Such plasma devices may F`
h ~
~i .'.' ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ 2 `1 include additional means for aiding in the initation of a plasma generation, a cooling means for the torch in the form of annular chamber around the nozzle.
In the plasma process, a gas which is ionized in the torch regains its heat of ionization on e~iting the nozzle to create a highly intense flame. In general, the flow of gas through the plasma spray apparatus is effected at speeds at least approaching the speed of sound. The typical torch comprises a conduit means having a convergent portion which converges in a downstream direction to a throat. The convergent portion communicates with an adjacent outlet opening so that the discharge of plasma is effected out the outlet opening.
Other types of torches may be used such as an o~y-acetylene type having high pressure fuel gas flowing through the nozzle.
The powder may be introduced into the gas by an aspirating effect. The fuel is ignited at the nozzle outlet to provide a high temperature flame.
Preferably the powders utilized for the torch should be uniform in size and composition. A relatively narrow size distribution is desirable because, under set flame conditions, the largest particles may not melt completely, and the smallest particles may be heated to the vaporization point. Incomple~e melting is a detriment to the product uniformity, whereas vaporization and decomposition decreases process efficiency.
Typically, the size ranges for plasma feed powders of this invention are such that 80 percent of the particles fall within about a 15 micrometer diameter range.
The stream of entrained molten metal droplets which issues from the nozzle tends to e~pand outwardly so that the density of the droplets in the stream decreases as the distance from 1 ~ 3 ~ t 1~
the nozzle increases. Prior to impacting a surface, the stream typically passes through a gaseous atmosphere which solidifies and decreases the ve~ocity of the droplets. As the atmosphere approaches a vacuum, the cooling and velocity loss is diminished. It is desirable that the nozzle be positioned sufficiently distant from any surface so that the droplets remain in a droplet form duri~g cooling and solidification. If the nozzle is too close, the droplets may solidify after impact.
The stream of molten particles may be directed into a cooling fluid. The cooling fluid is typically disposed in a chamber which has an inlet to replenish the cooling fluid which is volatilized and heated by the molten particles and plasma gases. The fluid may be provided in liquid form and volatilized to the gaseous state during the rapid solidification process. The outlet is preferably in the form of a pressure relief valve. The vented gas may be pumped to a collection tank and reliquified for reuse.
The choice of the particle cooling fluid depends on the desired results. If large cooling capacity is needed, it may be desirable to provide a coolin~ fluid having a high thermal capacity. An inert cooling fluid which is non-flammable and nonreactive may be desirable if contamination of the product is a problem. In other cases, a reactive atmosphere may be desirable to modify the powder. Argon and nitrogen are preferable nonreactive cooling fluids. Hydrogen may be preferable in certain cases to reduce osides and protect from unwanted reactions. Liquid nitrogen may enhance nitride formation. If oside formation is desired, air, under selective osidizing conditions, is a suitable coolinq fluid.
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Since the melting plasmas are formed from many of the same gases, the melting system and cooling fluid may be selected to be compatible.
The cooling rate depends on the thermal conductivity of the cooling fluid and the molten particles to be cooled, the size of the stream to be cooled, the size of individual droplets, particle velocity and the temperature difference between the droplet and the coolin~ fluid. The cooling rate of the droplets is controlled by adjusting the above mentioned variables. The rate of cooling can be altered by adjusting the distance of the plasma from the liquid bath surface. The closer the nozzle to the surface of the bath, the more rapidly cooled the droplets.
Powder collection is conveniently accomplished by removing the collected powder from the bottom of the collection chamber. The cooling fluid may be evaporated or retained if desired to provide protection against o~idation or unwanted reactions.
The particle size of the spherical powders will be largely dependent upon the size of the feed into the high temperature reactor. Some densification occurs and the surface area is reduced thus the apparent particle size is reduced. The preferred form of particle size measurement is by micromergraphs, sedigraph or microtrac. A majority of the particles will be below about 20 micrometers or finer. The desired size will depend upon the use of the alloy. For example, in certain instances such as microcircuity applications e~tremely finely divided materials are desired such as less than about 3 micrometers.
~ . . . .
, . . ..... -133~
The powdered materials of this invention are essentially spherical particles which are essentially free of elliptical shaped material and essentially free of elongated particles having rounded ends, is shown in European Patent Application W08402864.
Spherical particles have an advantage over non-spherical particles in injection molding and pressing and sintering operations. The lower surface area of spherical particles as opposed to non-spherical particles of comparable size, makes spherical particles easier to mis with binders and easier to dewax.
To further illustrate this invention, the following non-limiting esample is presented. All parts, proportions and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
Example About 780 parts of iron powder and about 180 parts of nickel powder are dissolved in about 4000 parts of 10 N HCl using a glass lined agitated reactor. About 40 parts o molybdenum as a solution of ammonium molybdate are added to this.
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.
1 3 ~s ~
Ammonium hydro~ide is added to a pH of about 6.5 - 7.5.
The iron, nickel and molybdenum are precipitated as an intimate mi~ture of hydrosides. This misture is then evaporated to dryness. The mi2ture is then heated to about 350C in air for about 3 hours to remove the excess ammonium chloride. This mi~ture is then hammermilled to produce a powder having greater than 50% of the particles smaller than about S0 micrometers with no particles larger than about 100 micrometers. These milled particles are heated in a reducing atmosphere of H2 at a temperature of about 750C for about 3 hours. Finely divided particles containing 78% iron and 18%
nickel and 4% molybdenum are formed.
The Fe-Ni-Mo powder particles are entrained in an argon carrier gas. The particles are fed to a Metco 9MB plasma gun at a rate of about 10 pounds per hour. The gas is fed at the rate of about 6 cubic feet per hour. The plasma gas (Ar ~H2) is fed at the rate of about 70 cubic feet per hour.
The torch power is about 20 KW at about 50 volts and 400 amperes. The molten droplets esit into a chamber containing inert gas. The resulting powder contains two fractions, the major fraction consists of the spherical shaped resolidified particles. The minor fraction consists of particles having surfaces which have been partially melted and resolidified.
While there has been shown and described what are considered the preferfed embodiments of the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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Claims (11)
1. A process consisting essentially of, a) forming an aqueous solution containing at least one metal value, b) forming a reducible solid metallic material selected from the group consisting of salts of said metals, oxides of said metals, hydroxides of said metals and mixtures thereof from said solution, c) reducing said material to form metallic powder particles having an average particle size of below about 20 micrometers, d) entraining at least a portion of said particles in a carrier gas to form entrained particles, e) feeding said entrained particles and said carrier gas into a high temperature zone and maintaining said entrained particles in said zone for a sufficient time to melt at least about 50% by weight of said entrained particles, and to form droplets therefrom and f) cooling said droplets to form metal particles having essentially a spherical shape and an average particle size less than about 20 micrometers.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein said aqueous solution contains a water soluble acid.
3. A process according to claim 2 wherein said reducible solid material is formed by evaporation of the water from the solution.
4. A process according to claim 2 wherein said reducible solid material is formed by adjusting the pH of the solution to form a solid which is separated from the resulting aqueous phase.
5. A process according to claim 2 wherein said solution contains a mineral acid selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric acids.
6. A process according to claim 5 wherein said mineral acid is hydrochloric acid.
7. A process according to claim 1 wherein said material produced by step (b) is subjected to a particle size reduction step prior to the reduction step (c).
8. A process according to claim 1 wherein the powder particles from step (c) are subjected to a particle size reduction step prior to the entraining step (d).
9. A process according to claim 1 wherein said high temperature zone is created by a plasma torch.
10. A process according to claim 1 wherein said carrier gas is an inert gas.
11. A process according to claim 1 wherein essentially all of said entrained particles are melted.
R. WILLIAM WRAY & ASSOCIATES
PATENT AGENT FOR THE APPLICANT
R. WILLIAM WRAY & ASSOCIATES
PATENT AGENT FOR THE APPLICANT
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US5455787A | 1987-05-27 | 1987-05-27 | |
| US054,557 | 1987-05-27 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1330625C true CA1330625C (en) | 1994-07-12 |
Family
ID=21991929
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000567214A Expired - Fee Related CA1330625C (en) | 1987-05-27 | 1988-05-19 | Hydrometallurgical process for producing finely divided spherical metal powders |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0292798A3 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS63307203A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1330625C (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0692601B2 (en) * | 1988-04-08 | 1994-11-16 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | Method for producing iron-based spherical particles |
| US5173108A (en) * | 1989-03-21 | 1992-12-22 | Gte Products Corporation | Method for controlling the oxygen content in agglomerated molybdenum powders |
| EA202091131A1 (en) * | 2017-11-14 | 2020-08-12 | Пайродженизис Кэнада Инк. | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR OBTAINING FINE SPHERICAL POWDERS FROM COARSE AND ANGULAR POWDER SOURCE MATERIAL |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3663667A (en) * | 1970-02-13 | 1972-05-16 | Sylvania Electric Prod | Process for producing metal powders |
| US3974245A (en) * | 1973-12-17 | 1976-08-10 | Gte Sylvania Incorporated | Process for producing free flowing powder and product |
| GB2096176A (en) * | 1981-04-01 | 1982-10-13 | Nat Standard Co | Process for producing controlled density metal bodies |
| JPS58224103A (en) * | 1982-06-21 | 1983-12-26 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co Ltd | Production of fine copper powder |
| JPS5985804A (en) * | 1982-11-09 | 1984-05-17 | Shintou Bureetaa Kk | Spheroidal iron powder |
-
1988
- 1988-05-11 EP EP88107645A patent/EP0292798A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1988-05-19 CA CA000567214A patent/CA1330625C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-05-25 JP JP63126049A patent/JPS63307203A/en active Pending
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0292798A3 (en) | 1989-08-30 |
| EP0292798A2 (en) | 1988-11-30 |
| JPS63307203A (en) | 1988-12-14 |
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