CA1313610C - Process for producing frogs of railway switches - Google Patents
Process for producing frogs of railway switchesInfo
- Publication number
- CA1313610C CA1313610C CA000548950A CA548950A CA1313610C CA 1313610 C CA1313610 C CA 1313610C CA 000548950 A CA000548950 A CA 000548950A CA 548950 A CA548950 A CA 548950A CA 1313610 C CA1313610 C CA 1313610C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- wheels
- travelled
- steel
- frogs
- surface layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B7/00—Switches; Crossings
- E01B7/10—Frogs
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/06—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating by means of high energy impulses, e.g. magnetic energy
- B23K20/08—Explosive welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
- B23K15/0046—Welding
- B23K15/0086—Welding welding for purposes other than joining, e.g. built-up welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K15/00—Electron-beam welding or cutting
- B23K15/0046—Welding
- B23K15/0093—Welding characterised by the properties of the materials to be welded
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B7/00—Switches; Crossings
- E01B7/10—Frogs
- E01B7/12—Fixed frogs made of one part or composite
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Welding Or Cutting Using Electron Beams (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Slide Fasteners, Snap Fasteners, And Hook Fasteners (AREA)
- Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)
- Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Pens And Brushes (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Studio Circuits (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
- Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
- Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
- Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
- Butt Welding And Welding Of Specific Article (AREA)
- Ultra Sonic Daignosis Equipment (AREA)
- Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
- Railway Tracks (AREA)
- Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
- Surgical Instruments (AREA)
- Scissors And Nippers (AREA)
- Socks And Pantyhose (AREA)
- Debarking, Splitting, And Disintegration Of Timber (AREA)
- Mechanical Pencils And Projecting And Retracting Systems Therefor, And Multi-System Writing Instruments (AREA)
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
- Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)
- Traffic Control Systems (AREA)
- Suspension Of Electric Lines Or Cables (AREA)
- Pinball Game Machines (AREA)
Abstract
A b s t r a c t In a process for producing frogs of railway switches or rail pieces located in the area of switches which is hit by the wheels comprising a highly wear-resistent surface layer, which is travelled upon by the wheels, of an age-hardening steel of the composition C 0.01 to 0.05 % Al 0 to 0.2 %
Si 0.01 to 0.2 % B 0 to 0.1 %
Mn 0.01 to 0.2 % Zr 0 to 0.1 %, Co 0 to 15 %
Mo 1.5 to 6 %
Ni 7 to 20 %
Ti 0.1 to 1 %
Cr 0 to 13 %
the surface layer to be travelled upon by the wheels is applied by explosion plating or electron beam welding or roll plating onto a base body of a well weldable steel, in particular a steel comprising not more than 0.24 % C, not more than 0.04 % P and S, respectively, not more than 0.65 % Si and not more than 1.7 % Mn.
Si 0.01 to 0.2 % B 0 to 0.1 %
Mn 0.01 to 0.2 % Zr 0 to 0.1 %, Co 0 to 15 %
Mo 1.5 to 6 %
Ni 7 to 20 %
Ti 0.1 to 1 %
Cr 0 to 13 %
the surface layer to be travelled upon by the wheels is applied by explosion plating or electron beam welding or roll plating onto a base body of a well weldable steel, in particular a steel comprising not more than 0.24 % C, not more than 0.04 % P and S, respectively, not more than 0.65 % Si and not more than 1.7 % Mn.
Description
PROCESS FOR PRODUCING FROGS OF ~AILWAY SWI~CHES
BACKGROVND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention The invention refers to a process for producing frogs of railway switches or rail pieces located in the area of switches which is hit by the wheels, in which process a highly wear-resistent surface layer, which is travelled upon by the wheels, of an age hardening steel of the composition C 0.01 to 0,05 ~ Al O to 0~2 %
Si 0.01 to 0,2 % B O to 0~1 %
Mn 0,01 to 0~2 ~ Zr O to 0-1 %
Co O to 15 %
Mo 1O5 to 6 %
Ni 7 to 20 %
Ti 0.~ to 1 %
Cr O to 13 %
is applied onto a base body of well weldable steel.
Description of the Prior Art From EP-A-105 864 there have already become known frogs, in particular frog tips of a steel for railway crossings or railway switches, the tip of which or, respectively, their surface layer to be travelled upon by the wheels consists of the above-mentioned age-hardening steel. The stress exerted ~, .
on frog tips is particularly high when the wheel travels from the wing rail onto the frog tip and increases to an uncomparatively high degree with increasing axle load and, above all, with increasing travelling speeds, so that con-siderable deformations may occur at the frog tip, whichdeformations considerably reduce the life-time of the frog.
The material proposed in said EP-A was, according to this EP-A~applied by building-up welding onto a base body of a standardized rail steel. The production of the whole frog from such a highly wear-resistent steel is relatively expensive and the use of composite materials in combination with such a wear-resistent layer within the area of the gap over which pass the wheels, or, respectively, in the frog tip provides the possibility to connect without problems by welding at the connecting areas the base materials and, respectively, the standardized rail steel. Connecting the base materials by welding can be performed without special precautions by means of electrical flash butt welding machines. On account of the material of the wear-resistent layer having, according to this known process for pro-ducing such frogs, been produced by building-up welding onto the base body of standardized rail steel, there resulted still the difficulty that no homogenous thermal connection could be obtained without simultaneQusl~ reducing the quality. Application of weax-resistent materials by buildin~--up weldinghas always as a consequence interming~ing with the base material and thus th~ formation of a m~re or less distinct zone of inhomogeneities formed on account of the process. The advantages of the materials used for the wear-resistent layer can thus not fully be utilized when working according to the known process for build-up welding.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
. . _ The invention now aims at providing a process of the initially mentioned type, which allowSto connect the material for the running surface with the base body homogeneously according to a thermal process, for thus increasing the quality of the frog. In particular, the formation of an inhomogenous boundary layer between the different materials of the frog piece or rail piece shall be avoided. For solving this task, the process according to the invention essentially consists in that the surface layer travelled 15 upon by the wheels is applied by explosion plating or electron beam welding or mill plating onto the base body of well weldable steel, in particular a base body containing ~ 0,24 % C, ~0~04 % P and, respectively, S, ~ 0~65 % Si and ~1.7 % Mn. The explosion plating is a principally known technology for connecting equal or different materials along a metal surface. In the explosion plating process~
the connection results by a high pressure acting during a short time interval, whereby the metal surfaces are brQught one relative to the other into distances of atomic dimen-25 sions by plastic deformation. AS a rule, the melting tempera-ture is not attained within the binding zone and therefor it is also spoken of a pressure welding process. The explosion plating process ~rovides the possibility to connect also metals~which would give rise to the formation of brittle phases in case of fusion welding. When selecting the material, proposed according to the invention, for the wear-resistent layer, an intermingling zone is avoided when applying the explosion plating process and the advantages with respect to the wear-resistance of the running surface being travelled upon by wheels are reliably obtained.
Analoguous considerations apply for the mill plating.
The material selected for the wear-resistent layer fulfills the premises required for electron beam welding proposed as an alternative. Only materials of relatively low carbon content may be applied as a layer by el~ctron beam welding and the use of the initially mentioned material for the wear-resistent layer provides the premises required for this purpose. Also when applying electron beam welding there results an only very thin connecting layer, so that inhomogeneities are substantially avoided. In both cases, there remains a base body of well weldable steel, so that frogs can be welded to connecting rails without difficulties.
Such frogs are, in contrast to known materials for frogs of particularly high wear resistance such as austenitic manganese steel as well as highly upgraded low-alloy steels, easily weldable with connecting rails and can thus be used without difficulties in the consistently welded track of the modern railroad track. In comparison thereto, welding of the austenitic manganese steel and also of the frog tips of quenched and annealed low alloy steels with rail steels requires on account of the limited welding properties of such steels special precautions,which are relatively expensive.
A further improvement of the homogeneity of the thermal connection between the material used for the layer being travelled upon by the wheels and the base member can be obtained, if, after having applied the layers to be travelled upon by the wheels and in particular after having applied said layer by electron beam welding, an aging is effected at temperatures from 350 to 450 C, in particular 400 C. At temperatures of 400 C, there results the additional advantage that simultaneously the gap filling welding bead is stress-annealed, noting that the base material itself is included within the group of well weldable materials.
By means of the mentioned processes/there can be applied in a preferred manner running surfaces having a thickness of 12 to 25 mm, in particular 15 to 20 mm.
As a whole, there is thus provided a frog and, respectively, a wing rail~in which a well weldable base material of a favourable price is combined with a layer consisting of an extremely wear-resistent material and having a small volume and thus also a low weight to a composite material which can be used within the area to be travelled upon by the wheels and being subjected to the highest stress. Thus it becomes possible to produce at favourable costs high-quality frogs which can without further precautions be used for welding consistent rail tracks.
In particular when using for applying the wear-resistent layers and, respectively, the surfaces to be travelled upon by the wheels the explosion plating process~one can do with a rela-tively low layer thickness of 15 mm, whereas the thicknesses applied in the electron beam welding process are approximately 20 mm for providing to a certain degree for a fire loss. When usin~ the electron beam welding process, there has primarily to be considered the upper limit of 0.03 ~ carbon. This upper limit is of no importance when using the explosion plating process.
BACKGROVND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention The invention refers to a process for producing frogs of railway switches or rail pieces located in the area of switches which is hit by the wheels, in which process a highly wear-resistent surface layer, which is travelled upon by the wheels, of an age hardening steel of the composition C 0.01 to 0,05 ~ Al O to 0~2 %
Si 0.01 to 0,2 % B O to 0~1 %
Mn 0,01 to 0~2 ~ Zr O to 0-1 %
Co O to 15 %
Mo 1O5 to 6 %
Ni 7 to 20 %
Ti 0.~ to 1 %
Cr O to 13 %
is applied onto a base body of well weldable steel.
Description of the Prior Art From EP-A-105 864 there have already become known frogs, in particular frog tips of a steel for railway crossings or railway switches, the tip of which or, respectively, their surface layer to be travelled upon by the wheels consists of the above-mentioned age-hardening steel. The stress exerted ~, .
on frog tips is particularly high when the wheel travels from the wing rail onto the frog tip and increases to an uncomparatively high degree with increasing axle load and, above all, with increasing travelling speeds, so that con-siderable deformations may occur at the frog tip, whichdeformations considerably reduce the life-time of the frog.
The material proposed in said EP-A was, according to this EP-A~applied by building-up welding onto a base body of a standardized rail steel. The production of the whole frog from such a highly wear-resistent steel is relatively expensive and the use of composite materials in combination with such a wear-resistent layer within the area of the gap over which pass the wheels, or, respectively, in the frog tip provides the possibility to connect without problems by welding at the connecting areas the base materials and, respectively, the standardized rail steel. Connecting the base materials by welding can be performed without special precautions by means of electrical flash butt welding machines. On account of the material of the wear-resistent layer having, according to this known process for pro-ducing such frogs, been produced by building-up welding onto the base body of standardized rail steel, there resulted still the difficulty that no homogenous thermal connection could be obtained without simultaneQusl~ reducing the quality. Application of weax-resistent materials by buildin~--up weldinghas always as a consequence interming~ing with the base material and thus th~ formation of a m~re or less distinct zone of inhomogeneities formed on account of the process. The advantages of the materials used for the wear-resistent layer can thus not fully be utilized when working according to the known process for build-up welding.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
. . _ The invention now aims at providing a process of the initially mentioned type, which allowSto connect the material for the running surface with the base body homogeneously according to a thermal process, for thus increasing the quality of the frog. In particular, the formation of an inhomogenous boundary layer between the different materials of the frog piece or rail piece shall be avoided. For solving this task, the process according to the invention essentially consists in that the surface layer travelled 15 upon by the wheels is applied by explosion plating or electron beam welding or mill plating onto the base body of well weldable steel, in particular a base body containing ~ 0,24 % C, ~0~04 % P and, respectively, S, ~ 0~65 % Si and ~1.7 % Mn. The explosion plating is a principally known technology for connecting equal or different materials along a metal surface. In the explosion plating process~
the connection results by a high pressure acting during a short time interval, whereby the metal surfaces are brQught one relative to the other into distances of atomic dimen-25 sions by plastic deformation. AS a rule, the melting tempera-ture is not attained within the binding zone and therefor it is also spoken of a pressure welding process. The explosion plating process ~rovides the possibility to connect also metals~which would give rise to the formation of brittle phases in case of fusion welding. When selecting the material, proposed according to the invention, for the wear-resistent layer, an intermingling zone is avoided when applying the explosion plating process and the advantages with respect to the wear-resistance of the running surface being travelled upon by wheels are reliably obtained.
Analoguous considerations apply for the mill plating.
The material selected for the wear-resistent layer fulfills the premises required for electron beam welding proposed as an alternative. Only materials of relatively low carbon content may be applied as a layer by el~ctron beam welding and the use of the initially mentioned material for the wear-resistent layer provides the premises required for this purpose. Also when applying electron beam welding there results an only very thin connecting layer, so that inhomogeneities are substantially avoided. In both cases, there remains a base body of well weldable steel, so that frogs can be welded to connecting rails without difficulties.
Such frogs are, in contrast to known materials for frogs of particularly high wear resistance such as austenitic manganese steel as well as highly upgraded low-alloy steels, easily weldable with connecting rails and can thus be used without difficulties in the consistently welded track of the modern railroad track. In comparison thereto, welding of the austenitic manganese steel and also of the frog tips of quenched and annealed low alloy steels with rail steels requires on account of the limited welding properties of such steels special precautions,which are relatively expensive.
A further improvement of the homogeneity of the thermal connection between the material used for the layer being travelled upon by the wheels and the base member can be obtained, if, after having applied the layers to be travelled upon by the wheels and in particular after having applied said layer by electron beam welding, an aging is effected at temperatures from 350 to 450 C, in particular 400 C. At temperatures of 400 C, there results the additional advantage that simultaneously the gap filling welding bead is stress-annealed, noting that the base material itself is included within the group of well weldable materials.
By means of the mentioned processes/there can be applied in a preferred manner running surfaces having a thickness of 12 to 25 mm, in particular 15 to 20 mm.
As a whole, there is thus provided a frog and, respectively, a wing rail~in which a well weldable base material of a favourable price is combined with a layer consisting of an extremely wear-resistent material and having a small volume and thus also a low weight to a composite material which can be used within the area to be travelled upon by the wheels and being subjected to the highest stress. Thus it becomes possible to produce at favourable costs high-quality frogs which can without further precautions be used for welding consistent rail tracks.
In particular when using for applying the wear-resistent layers and, respectively, the surfaces to be travelled upon by the wheels the explosion plating process~one can do with a rela-tively low layer thickness of 15 mm, whereas the thicknesses applied in the electron beam welding process are approximately 20 mm for providing to a certain degree for a fire loss. When usin~ the electron beam welding process, there has primarily to be considered the upper limit of 0.03 ~ carbon. This upper limit is of no importance when using the explosion plating process.
Claims (3)
1. Process for producing frogs of railway switches or rail pieces located in the area of switches which is hit by the wheels, in which process a highly wear-resistent surface layer, which is travelled upon by the wheels,of an age--hardening steel of the composition C 0.01 to 0,05 % A 0 to 0.2 %
Si 0.01 to 0.2 % B 0 to 0.1 %
Mn 0.01 to 0.2 % Zr 0 to 0.1 %
Co 0 to 15 %
Mo 1.5 to 6 %
Ni 7 to 20 %
Ti 0.1 to 1 %
Cr 0 to 13 %
is applied onto a base body of well weldable steel, characterized in that the surface layer travelled upon by the wheels is applied by explosion plating or electron beam welding or roll plating onto the base body of well weldable steel, in particular a base body containing ?0.24 % C, ?0,04 % P and, respectively, S, ? 0.65 % Si and 1.7 % Mn.
Si 0.01 to 0.2 % B 0 to 0.1 %
Mn 0.01 to 0.2 % Zr 0 to 0.1 %
Co 0 to 15 %
Mo 1.5 to 6 %
Ni 7 to 20 %
Ti 0.1 to 1 %
Cr 0 to 13 %
is applied onto a base body of well weldable steel, characterized in that the surface layer travelled upon by the wheels is applied by explosion plating or electron beam welding or roll plating onto the base body of well weldable steel, in particular a base body containing ?0.24 % C, ?0,04 % P and, respectively, S, ? 0.65 % Si and 1.7 % Mn.
2. Process as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that, after having applied the surface layer to be travelled upon by the wheels and in particular after having applied said layer by electron beam welding, aging is effected at temperatures of 350 to 450 °C, in particular at 400 °C.
3. Process as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the surface layer to be travelled upon by the wheels is applied in a thickness of 12 to 25 mm, in particular 15 to 20 mm.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATA2873/86 | 1986-10-29 | ||
| AT0287386A AT387049B (en) | 1986-10-29 | 1986-10-29 | METHOD FOR PRODUCING SOFT HEART PIECES |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1313610C true CA1313610C (en) | 1993-02-16 |
Family
ID=3541660
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000548950A Expired - Fee Related CA1313610C (en) | 1986-10-29 | 1987-10-09 | Process for producing frogs of railway switches |
Country Status (24)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0269603B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS63119992A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR920004548B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1005860B (en) |
| AT (2) | AT387049B (en) |
| AU (1) | AU600316B2 (en) |
| BG (1) | BG49502A3 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8705751A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1313610C (en) |
| DD (1) | DD263482A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3767982D1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK165912C (en) |
| EG (1) | EG18351A (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2021396B3 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI88518C (en) |
| GR (1) | GR3001829T3 (en) |
| IN (1) | IN167787B (en) |
| MA (1) | MA21090A1 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO167714C (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ221943A (en) |
| PL (1) | PL268345A1 (en) |
| PT (1) | PT85959B (en) |
| TN (1) | TNSN87119A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA877690B (en) |
Families Citing this family (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU653436B2 (en) * | 1991-10-09 | 1994-09-29 | Eric Sydney Murdoch Mcleod | Railway switch blade carrier |
| FR2700344B1 (en) * | 1993-01-08 | 1995-03-31 | Cogifer | Method for manufacturing an element of railway track apparatus and element resulting therefrom. |
| FR2737739B1 (en) * | 1995-08-10 | 1997-10-24 | Cogifer | MOBILE POINT OF CROSSING HEART FOR VERY LONG LENGTH TRACK APPARATUS, INCORPORATED IN LONG WELDED RAILS |
| DE19621018C1 (en) * | 1996-05-24 | 1997-10-16 | Butzbacher Weichenbau Gmbh | Rail track component e.g. frog with layered structure |
| DE19621017C1 (en) * | 1996-05-24 | 1998-01-08 | Butzbacher Weichenbau Gmbh | Process for the production of a track superstructure and track superstructure |
| DE19721818A1 (en) * | 1997-05-26 | 1998-12-10 | Schreck Mieves Gmbh | Wear resistant rail points component |
| DE10159516C5 (en) * | 2001-06-05 | 2010-08-05 | Josch Strahlschweißtechnik GmbH | Method for producing a rigid frog point |
| SE531483C2 (en) * | 2005-12-07 | 2009-04-21 | Sandvik Intellectual Property | String for musical instruments including precipitation hardening stainless steel |
| CN102409265B (en) * | 2011-10-31 | 2013-06-26 | 芜湖山桥铁路器材有限公司 | Alloy steel for rail frog |
| CN102825434B (en) * | 2012-09-24 | 2015-07-15 | 济钢集团有限公司 | Manufacturing method of compound anti-wearing steel plate |
| CN106167871A (en) * | 2016-07-08 | 2016-11-30 | 四川六合锻造股份有限公司 | A kind of rustless steel foundry alloy material and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BE548761A (en) * | 1955-07-06 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| GB1342582A (en) * | 1970-03-20 | 1974-01-03 | British Steel Corp | Rail steel |
| DE2363391A1 (en) * | 1973-12-20 | 1975-06-26 | Krupp Gmbh | Rail to copper conductor welder - employs explosion weld in rubber sealed block to give electrical connection |
| AT374846B (en) * | 1982-09-15 | 1984-06-12 | Voest Alpine Ag | HEART PIECE, IN PARTICULAR HEART PIECE TIP, FOR RAIL CROSSINGS OR SWITCHES, AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
| JPS60226901A (en) * | 1984-04-24 | 1985-11-12 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | Rail excellent in durability |
-
1986
- 1986-10-29 AT AT0287386A patent/AT387049B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1987
- 1987-09-25 IN IN766/CAL/87A patent/IN167787B/en unknown
- 1987-09-25 NZ NZ221943A patent/NZ221943A/en unknown
- 1987-10-09 CA CA000548950A patent/CA1313610C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-10-13 ZA ZA877690A patent/ZA877690B/en unknown
- 1987-10-14 EG EG592/87A patent/EG18351A/en active
- 1987-10-15 AU AU79787/87A patent/AU600316B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1987-10-20 PT PT85959A patent/PT85959B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-10-21 DE DE8787890232T patent/DE3767982D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-21 PL PL1987268345A patent/PL268345A1/en unknown
- 1987-10-21 AT AT87890232T patent/ATE60725T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-10-21 EP EP87890232A patent/EP0269603B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-21 ES ES87890232T patent/ES2021396B3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-26 BG BG81529A patent/BG49502A3/en unknown
- 1987-10-26 MA MA21331A patent/MA21090A1/en unknown
- 1987-10-26 DD DD87308278A patent/DD263482A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-10-28 JP JP62270519A patent/JPS63119992A/en active Pending
- 1987-10-28 CN CN87107554.7A patent/CN1005860B/en not_active Expired
- 1987-10-28 NO NO874501A patent/NO167714C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-10-28 FI FI874752A patent/FI88518C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-10-28 BR BR8705751A patent/BR8705751A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-10-28 DK DK565687A patent/DK165912C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-10-29 KR KR1019870011991A patent/KR920004548B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-10-29 TN TNTNSN87119A patent/TNSN87119A1/en unknown
-
1991
- 1991-04-23 GR GR91400514T patent/GR3001829T3/en unknown
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