CA1313539C - Nerve fiber stimulation using plural equally active electrodes - Google Patents
Nerve fiber stimulation using plural equally active electrodesInfo
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- CA1313539C CA1313539C CA000557236A CA557236A CA1313539C CA 1313539 C CA1313539 C CA 1313539C CA 000557236 A CA000557236 A CA 000557236A CA 557236 A CA557236 A CA 557236A CA 1313539 C CA1313539 C CA 1313539C
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Abstract
NERVE FIBER STIMULATION
USING PLURAL EQUALLY ACTIVE ELECTRODES
Abstract of the Disclosure Nerve fiber stimulation is disclosed to substantially increase the activity of the then selected nerve fibers, with optimization being achieved through utilization of electrical pulses that are caused to occur in a predetermined pattern with respect to polarity, spacing, frequency and duration so as to interact with the electro-neurophysiological characteristics of the particular nerve fibers then to be electrically stimulated. Bi-phased pulse pairs are repeatedly generated and applied to the nerve fibers to be stimulated through plural active electrodes with the first pulse of each applied pulse pair being a positive polarity pulse causing the nerve to be set into the refractory period, while the second pulse of each applied pulse pair is a negative polarity pulse that is made to occur substantially at the end of the refractory period for the particular nerve fibers then being stimulated to thereby excite those nerve fibers, and the pulse pairs are repeated at a rate based upon the timewise occurrence of the enhanced excitability condition of the nerve fibers then being stimulated.
A
By stimulation of each of a plurality of electrodes using positive/negative pulse pairs, all electrodes can be made substantially equally active.
A
USING PLURAL EQUALLY ACTIVE ELECTRODES
Abstract of the Disclosure Nerve fiber stimulation is disclosed to substantially increase the activity of the then selected nerve fibers, with optimization being achieved through utilization of electrical pulses that are caused to occur in a predetermined pattern with respect to polarity, spacing, frequency and duration so as to interact with the electro-neurophysiological characteristics of the particular nerve fibers then to be electrically stimulated. Bi-phased pulse pairs are repeatedly generated and applied to the nerve fibers to be stimulated through plural active electrodes with the first pulse of each applied pulse pair being a positive polarity pulse causing the nerve to be set into the refractory period, while the second pulse of each applied pulse pair is a negative polarity pulse that is made to occur substantially at the end of the refractory period for the particular nerve fibers then being stimulated to thereby excite those nerve fibers, and the pulse pairs are repeated at a rate based upon the timewise occurrence of the enhanced excitability condition of the nerve fibers then being stimulated.
A
By stimulation of each of a plurality of electrodes using positive/negative pulse pairs, all electrodes can be made substantially equally active.
A
Description
13l3539 NERVE FIBER STIMULATION
USING PLURAL EQUALLY ACTIVE ELECTRODES
Field of the Invention This invention relates to electrical nerve fiber stimulation, and, more particularly, relates to nerve fiber stimulation using plural active electrodes having bi-phased electrical pulse pairs applied thereto.
Background of the Invention It has heretofore been common to electrically stimulate nerves for various therapeutic purposes, and medical practitioners have heretofore used electrical stimulation for stimulating muscle activity, relieving pain, and producing sensation, among other therapeutic purposes.
The sequence of effects produced by electrical stimulation, as its intensity is increased, is known to generally follow a pattern of a perception of an electrical sensation (usually tingling), an increase in sensation, fasciculation muscle contraction, pain, and then injury in the form of electrical burns or cardiac arrhythmias.
While therapeutic effects often occur while stimulation is applied with a continuous intensity below that necessary to produce muscle contraction it should be remembered that exceptions do occur to the general effect pattern such as, fol ¦
, ~'' ~.~,'. ' 'r ~
example, when a DC current is applied and slowly increased in intensity, muscle contraction cannot be obtained, though the other effects occur in the same order.
Electrical stimulation has been attempted and/or realized through use of a wide variety of electrical waveforms and these waveforms have ranged from a purely DC (galvanic) current or voltage to many different combinations of electrical pulses of various shapes and durations. While at least some such waveforms have provided some degree of desirable effect, the results achieved have been random with no clear understanding of how optimization might, or could, be achieved.
As brought out hereinabove, stimulation has also been made to occur with many different types of pulses, and pulse pairs that include both positive and negative pulses have heretofore been suggested (see, for example, U.S. Patent Numbers 2,375,575, 3,946,745, 4,237,899, and 4,256,116).
While these patents suggest that bi-phased pulse pairs can be utilized for therapeutic purposes, there is no teaching in these patents of devices or methods that are shown to optimize stimulation. Such optimization is important, however, to achieve results with minimum power and maximum effect on functions of the body controlled by the fibers specifically .. 131353q stimulated. In addition, there is no apparent teaching in these patents of using bi-phased pulse pairs to stimulate plural actiYe electrodes.
In addition reference may be made to the parent United States case, now U.S. Patent No. 4,640,286, and applicant's copending Canadian Patent Application Serial No. 557,359, filed January 26, 1988 and entitled NERVE FIBER STIMULATION USING
SYMMETRICAL BIPHASIC WAVEFORM APPLIED THROUGH PLURAL EQUALLY
ACTIVE ELECTRODES.
Summary of the Invention This invention provides apparatus and method for nerve fiber stimulation using plural active electrodes having bi-phased pulses coupled thereto to enhance achievement of optimization of nerve fiber stimulation to thereby increase the overall activity of the nerve fibers then being stimulated. The bi-phased pulse pairs utilized have the pulses of each pair separated by a distance, in time, comparable to the refractory period for the particular kinds of nerve fibers then being stimulated, with the frequency of repetition and pulse duration being selected to further enhance stimulation. By application of pulse pairs to each of a plurality of electrodes so that the first pulse is positive 1 31 353q and the second negative, the plurality of electrodes can be made substantially equally active.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a method and device for providing optimized electrical stimulation through plural aclive electrodes to preselected nerve fibers having known refractory periods and enhanced excitability conditions that occur during known periods following the occurrence of an action potential, with the device including generating means for generating a series of output pulse groups with each group including at least first and second pulses of positive and negative polarity, respectively, and with the first pulse occurring timewise before the second pulse, the first and second pulses of each pulse group being spaced from one another a distance, in time, substantially equal to that of the known refractory period of the preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated, each pulse group of the series of pulse groups occurring so as to be timewise spaced from each adjacent pulse group a distance not substantially greater than the timewise occurrence of the enhanced excitability condition of the preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated and having a pulse of negative polarity that occurs timewise prior to the first pulse of the immediately succeeding pulse group withla timewise spacing therebetween substantially equal to that of the known refractory period of the preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated, and further including first and second electrodes and coupling means connected with the generating means and the first and second electrodes to apply the series of output pulse groups to the preselected nerve fibers through the first electrode and to apply the series of output pulse groups in inverted polarity to the preselected nerve fibers through the second electrode, whereby an applied pulse of positive polarity of each pulse group sets the preselected nerve fibers, and so that a later occurring applied pulse of negative polarity of the pulse groups occurs substantially at the end of the refractory period to excite the preselected nerve fibers, with the first and second electrodes thereby both being made active to optimize stimulation of the preselected nerve fibers and thereby substantially increase the activity thereof.
With this and other objects in view, which will become apparent to one skilled in the art as the description proceeds, this invention resides in the novel construction, combination, arrangement of parts and method substantially as hereinafter described, and more particularly defined by the appended claims, it being understood tha~t changes in the . .'~
1 31 353~
precise embodiment of the herein disclosed invention are meant to be included as come within the scope of the claims.
Brief Descri~tion of the Drawinqs The accompanying drawings illustrate a complete embodiment of the invention according to the best mode so far devised for the practical application of the principles thereof, and in which:
FIGURE 1 is a block and schematic diagram of apparatus active at a working electrode for optimizing electrical stimulation of nerve fibers;
FIGURE 2 is a typical representation of bi-phased pulse pairs utilizable in this invention;
FIGURE 3 is a block and schematic diagram of a microcomputer controlled nerve stimulator that can be used for optimizing electrical stimulation of nerve fibers in the same manner as does the apparatus shown in FIGURE l;
FIGURE 4 is a flow chart for the microcomputer program of the microcomputer shown in FIGURE 3;
FIGURE 5 is a generalized graph illustrating a single nerve fiber firing;
FIGURE 6 is a generalized graph illustrating the relative excitability of a neuron with respect to time after firing has occurred;
,~
~ ~ k FIGURE 7 is a typical bell shaped curve depicting the electrical stimulation effects on a typical nerve fiber;
FIGURE 8 is a typical bell shaped curve depicting the cumulative effect of frequency and pulse duration on the stimulating effect shown in FIGURE 7;
FIGURE 9 is a block and schematic diagram of apparatus according to this invention useful for providing interleaved pulse pairs as well as plural pulse pairs suitable for application, with proper pulse spacing, to a plurality of electrodes so that all such electrodes are substantially equally active;
FIGURE 10 is a typical representation of interleaved pulse pairs useful to stimulate a plurality of different types of nerve fibers; and FIGURES llA and llB illustrate a typical application of pulse pairs to each electrode of dual electrodes so that said dual electrodes are made substantially equally active.
DescriPtion of the Invention An apparatus useful for producing a bi-phased pulse pair is shown by the generalized block diagram of FIGURE 1.
As shown in FIGURE 1, apparatus 12 includes oscillator 14 that provides an input signal to one shot multivibrator 16 to trigger the multivibrator at a leading edge of the input . ~ .
131353q signal from oscillator 14. The Q output from one shot multivibrator 16 is coupled through amplifier 18 to one side of primary winding 20 of transformer 22, while the Q output from one shot multivibrator 16 i5 coupled as an input to one shot multivibrator 24 with a leading edge of this input signal triggering multivibrator 24.
The Q output from one shot multivibrator 24 is coupled to one shot multivibrator 26 with a trailing edge of this input signal triggering multivibrator 26. The output from one shot multivibrator 26 is coupled through amplifier 28 to the other side of primary winding 20 of transformer 22.
The output taken from secondary winding 30 of transformer 22 is a series of pulse pairs which are coupled to electrodes 31 and 32 (as indicated in FIGURE 1) for noninvasive application of the pulse pairs to the nerve fibers then selected for stimulation. Typical bi-phased pulse pairs produced at the output (from secondary winding 30 as shown in FIGURE l) are shown in FIGURE 2, with the pulses being spaced, in time, by a distance equal to that of the refractory period in order to optimize performance, as brought out more fully hereinafter.
While not specifically illustrated, it is to be realized that additional channels can be addedlby adding additional ,~
7~
.~
131353q amplifiers comparable to amplifiers 18 and 20 and connecting these amplifiers to outputs through a transformer, such as transformer 22, for each pair of amplifiers with each amplifier being driven by one shots 16 and 26 as illustrated in FIGURE 1.
An alternate embodiment 34 of apparatus useful for providing the required pulse pairs is shown as a microcomputer controlled nerve stimulator in FIGURE 3. As shown, microcomputer 36 is caused to provide positive output pulses which are coupled through switch 38 to one side of primary winding 40 of transformer 42, and is caused to provide negative output pulses which are coupled through switch 44 to the other side of primary winding 40 of transformer 42. A
flow chart for the microcomputer program for microcomputer 36 is shown in FIGURE 4.
Switches 38 and 44 are controlled by analog constant current and intensity control 46, having a potentiometer 48 connected therewith, and allow switching of polarity sequences between the electrodes connected with the output from the device to thus achieve optimum stimulation under both electrodes alternately. The output from the device is coupled from secondary winding 50 to electrodes (such as electrodes 31 . and 32 as shown in FIGURE 9) for noninvasive application of .,, 1: ' ' ''~' ;
131353q the pulse pair to the nerve fiber then selected for stimulation.
The bi-phased pulse pair provided operates in the same manner as does the bi-phased pulse pair provided by the device as shown in FIGURE 1, with the pulses being likewise spaced, in time, by a distance equal to that of the refractory period in order to optimize performance, as brought out more fully hereinafter.
To understand optimization of stimulation according to this invention, the nature and function of nerve fibers should first be understood. Individual nerve cells are called neurons and are contained in cable-like bundles in the nervous tissue called nerves. The individual nerve fibers comprise a portion of a nerve cell extending from the nerve cell body to its end point where the activity for which that neuron is responsible is either detected by the neuron or influenced by the neuron. In peripheral nerves (i.e., those not contained in the spine or skull or in the autonomic nervous system), nerve fibers extend from the spinal cord as a continuous filament to the point where they interact with other tissue.
Nerve fibers conduct information in much the same manner as does a cable, and generally carry information in binary form. The number of nerve pulses per unit time determines the i , 131353~
degree of activity since each nerve pulse for a given nerve fiber is identical (for practical purposes) to every other pulse relayed by that fiber.
The electrical activity of nerve fibers can be generalized, for purposes as set forth herein, as shown in the graphs of FIGURES 5 and 6. A generalized graph of voltage over time of a single nerve firing is shown in FIGURE 5. It should be noted that the graph is drawn with voltage increasingly negative as it is drawn upward on the graph, as is the custom in neuroscience.
The various depicted portions of the graph of FIGURE 5 which are considered important to understanding the invention are as follows:
Action Potential is the firing of the neuron caused by either natural or artificial stimulation of the nerve;
Absolute Refractory Period is a period of time when the nerve cannot be caused to fire (i.e., to produce a second pulse), regardless of how strongly it is stimulated, and this period of time sets the upper limit on the frequency or the rate that the neuron can fire; and Relative Refractory Period is a period of time wherein a stronger than normal stimulus is required to fire, or excite, the nerve, with the strength or intensity of the stimulus ~.~7i g~
" ~
required to stimulate the nerve fiber diminishing over time until it reaches a minimum when the fiber has reached its resting potential, and the relative refractory period can contribute to setting the upper limit of the expectation tfiring) rate of the neuron, depending upon stimulus intensity.
FIGURE 6 depicts a graph of the relative excitability of the A alpha motor neuron (i.e., ease with which the neuron can be stimulated to fire) with respect to time after a previous action potential (firing). It should be noted that the peak occurs at about 6 msec when the fiber is hyperexcitable (i.e., refires or produces a second action potential with the least stimulus).
Neurons may be classified by their fiber diameters and the activity for which they are responsible. When so classified, six basic groups are preferably formed (other groupings are occasionally used, but this grouping is convenient for understanding the invention). The time length which the neuron remains within the periods graphed in FIGURES
5 and 6 are different for each class of neurons. The fiber class, specific function, size diameter, conduction velocity (CV), refractory period time (RP), and peak hyperexcitability time (HE) for five groups are set forth in Table I as follows-'i~' . 'r ,' ~
-~
1 31 353~
TABLE I
NERVE FIBER CHARACTERISTICS
_ FIBER A alpha A beta A gamma C
Function MOTOR MOTOR SENSORY MOTOR PAIN &
FASTMEDIUM SLOW AUTONOMIC
TWITCHTWITCH l TWITCH
SIZE DIA. 17 15 13 8 <1.3 ~MICRO-METERS) CV M/SEC 80-9o 60-70 50-60 10-40 .7-2.3 .12 MSEC5 MSEC 6 MSEC 1.1 MSEC 1.8 MSEC
HE 2 MSEC2.5 MSEC 2.5 MSEC 4 MSEC 4.5 MSEC
Nerves contain a mixture of the above-listed fibers with large numbers of each type of fiber being normally included in the nerve. The effect of electrical stimulation is increased by increasing the frequency with which the stimulus is able to fire the individual fibers (as noted previously) as well as increasing the total number of individual fibers of the same class which are excited simultaneously.
For a more complete explanation of the foregoing, the following references can be utilized: Roger Warwick and Peter L. Williams, GRAY'S ANATOMY, 35th British Edition (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company), multiple citations;
Verrnon B. Mountcastle, MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, 14th ed. (St.
;i, . ~ ;
- ' ~
1 31 353~
Louis, Toronto, London: The C.V. Mosby Company), vol 1 and 2, multiple citations; and Percival P. Newman, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, (New York: SP Medical & Scientific Books) multiple citations.
This invention utilizes the foregoing to enhance and optimize the therapeutic benefit of electrical stimulation.
For simplicity of explanation, the inve~tion is described hereinafter with respect to application to a particular type of nerve fiber (sensory) to produce maximum sensation (i.e., to stimulate sensory neurons) and is to be considered as an example of the overall invention. Every other type of neuron is susceptible to the same factors (as set forth hereinafter) except that the time periods are different (but still specific) for each class of neuron.
The important factors and their apparent result on the sensory neurons are as follows:
1) A positive pulse applied to the nerve is believed to set the nerve fibers of the sensory neurons into a condition similar to the refractory period (this pulse is important because it apparently causes a large number of fibers to be synchronized at the same time into the same state or period, thereby causing them to return to the hyperexcitability condition simultaneously);
, ~
USING PLURAL EQUALLY ACTIVE ELECTRODES
Field of the Invention This invention relates to electrical nerve fiber stimulation, and, more particularly, relates to nerve fiber stimulation using plural active electrodes having bi-phased electrical pulse pairs applied thereto.
Background of the Invention It has heretofore been common to electrically stimulate nerves for various therapeutic purposes, and medical practitioners have heretofore used electrical stimulation for stimulating muscle activity, relieving pain, and producing sensation, among other therapeutic purposes.
The sequence of effects produced by electrical stimulation, as its intensity is increased, is known to generally follow a pattern of a perception of an electrical sensation (usually tingling), an increase in sensation, fasciculation muscle contraction, pain, and then injury in the form of electrical burns or cardiac arrhythmias.
While therapeutic effects often occur while stimulation is applied with a continuous intensity below that necessary to produce muscle contraction it should be remembered that exceptions do occur to the general effect pattern such as, fol ¦
, ~'' ~.~,'. ' 'r ~
example, when a DC current is applied and slowly increased in intensity, muscle contraction cannot be obtained, though the other effects occur in the same order.
Electrical stimulation has been attempted and/or realized through use of a wide variety of electrical waveforms and these waveforms have ranged from a purely DC (galvanic) current or voltage to many different combinations of electrical pulses of various shapes and durations. While at least some such waveforms have provided some degree of desirable effect, the results achieved have been random with no clear understanding of how optimization might, or could, be achieved.
As brought out hereinabove, stimulation has also been made to occur with many different types of pulses, and pulse pairs that include both positive and negative pulses have heretofore been suggested (see, for example, U.S. Patent Numbers 2,375,575, 3,946,745, 4,237,899, and 4,256,116).
While these patents suggest that bi-phased pulse pairs can be utilized for therapeutic purposes, there is no teaching in these patents of devices or methods that are shown to optimize stimulation. Such optimization is important, however, to achieve results with minimum power and maximum effect on functions of the body controlled by the fibers specifically .. 131353q stimulated. In addition, there is no apparent teaching in these patents of using bi-phased pulse pairs to stimulate plural actiYe electrodes.
In addition reference may be made to the parent United States case, now U.S. Patent No. 4,640,286, and applicant's copending Canadian Patent Application Serial No. 557,359, filed January 26, 1988 and entitled NERVE FIBER STIMULATION USING
SYMMETRICAL BIPHASIC WAVEFORM APPLIED THROUGH PLURAL EQUALLY
ACTIVE ELECTRODES.
Summary of the Invention This invention provides apparatus and method for nerve fiber stimulation using plural active electrodes having bi-phased pulses coupled thereto to enhance achievement of optimization of nerve fiber stimulation to thereby increase the overall activity of the nerve fibers then being stimulated. The bi-phased pulse pairs utilized have the pulses of each pair separated by a distance, in time, comparable to the refractory period for the particular kinds of nerve fibers then being stimulated, with the frequency of repetition and pulse duration being selected to further enhance stimulation. By application of pulse pairs to each of a plurality of electrodes so that the first pulse is positive 1 31 353q and the second negative, the plurality of electrodes can be made substantially equally active.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a method and device for providing optimized electrical stimulation through plural aclive electrodes to preselected nerve fibers having known refractory periods and enhanced excitability conditions that occur during known periods following the occurrence of an action potential, with the device including generating means for generating a series of output pulse groups with each group including at least first and second pulses of positive and negative polarity, respectively, and with the first pulse occurring timewise before the second pulse, the first and second pulses of each pulse group being spaced from one another a distance, in time, substantially equal to that of the known refractory period of the preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated, each pulse group of the series of pulse groups occurring so as to be timewise spaced from each adjacent pulse group a distance not substantially greater than the timewise occurrence of the enhanced excitability condition of the preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated and having a pulse of negative polarity that occurs timewise prior to the first pulse of the immediately succeeding pulse group withla timewise spacing therebetween substantially equal to that of the known refractory period of the preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated, and further including first and second electrodes and coupling means connected with the generating means and the first and second electrodes to apply the series of output pulse groups to the preselected nerve fibers through the first electrode and to apply the series of output pulse groups in inverted polarity to the preselected nerve fibers through the second electrode, whereby an applied pulse of positive polarity of each pulse group sets the preselected nerve fibers, and so that a later occurring applied pulse of negative polarity of the pulse groups occurs substantially at the end of the refractory period to excite the preselected nerve fibers, with the first and second electrodes thereby both being made active to optimize stimulation of the preselected nerve fibers and thereby substantially increase the activity thereof.
With this and other objects in view, which will become apparent to one skilled in the art as the description proceeds, this invention resides in the novel construction, combination, arrangement of parts and method substantially as hereinafter described, and more particularly defined by the appended claims, it being understood tha~t changes in the . .'~
1 31 353~
precise embodiment of the herein disclosed invention are meant to be included as come within the scope of the claims.
Brief Descri~tion of the Drawinqs The accompanying drawings illustrate a complete embodiment of the invention according to the best mode so far devised for the practical application of the principles thereof, and in which:
FIGURE 1 is a block and schematic diagram of apparatus active at a working electrode for optimizing electrical stimulation of nerve fibers;
FIGURE 2 is a typical representation of bi-phased pulse pairs utilizable in this invention;
FIGURE 3 is a block and schematic diagram of a microcomputer controlled nerve stimulator that can be used for optimizing electrical stimulation of nerve fibers in the same manner as does the apparatus shown in FIGURE l;
FIGURE 4 is a flow chart for the microcomputer program of the microcomputer shown in FIGURE 3;
FIGURE 5 is a generalized graph illustrating a single nerve fiber firing;
FIGURE 6 is a generalized graph illustrating the relative excitability of a neuron with respect to time after firing has occurred;
,~
~ ~ k FIGURE 7 is a typical bell shaped curve depicting the electrical stimulation effects on a typical nerve fiber;
FIGURE 8 is a typical bell shaped curve depicting the cumulative effect of frequency and pulse duration on the stimulating effect shown in FIGURE 7;
FIGURE 9 is a block and schematic diagram of apparatus according to this invention useful for providing interleaved pulse pairs as well as plural pulse pairs suitable for application, with proper pulse spacing, to a plurality of electrodes so that all such electrodes are substantially equally active;
FIGURE 10 is a typical representation of interleaved pulse pairs useful to stimulate a plurality of different types of nerve fibers; and FIGURES llA and llB illustrate a typical application of pulse pairs to each electrode of dual electrodes so that said dual electrodes are made substantially equally active.
DescriPtion of the Invention An apparatus useful for producing a bi-phased pulse pair is shown by the generalized block diagram of FIGURE 1.
As shown in FIGURE 1, apparatus 12 includes oscillator 14 that provides an input signal to one shot multivibrator 16 to trigger the multivibrator at a leading edge of the input . ~ .
131353q signal from oscillator 14. The Q output from one shot multivibrator 16 is coupled through amplifier 18 to one side of primary winding 20 of transformer 22, while the Q output from one shot multivibrator 16 i5 coupled as an input to one shot multivibrator 24 with a leading edge of this input signal triggering multivibrator 24.
The Q output from one shot multivibrator 24 is coupled to one shot multivibrator 26 with a trailing edge of this input signal triggering multivibrator 26. The output from one shot multivibrator 26 is coupled through amplifier 28 to the other side of primary winding 20 of transformer 22.
The output taken from secondary winding 30 of transformer 22 is a series of pulse pairs which are coupled to electrodes 31 and 32 (as indicated in FIGURE 1) for noninvasive application of the pulse pairs to the nerve fibers then selected for stimulation. Typical bi-phased pulse pairs produced at the output (from secondary winding 30 as shown in FIGURE l) are shown in FIGURE 2, with the pulses being spaced, in time, by a distance equal to that of the refractory period in order to optimize performance, as brought out more fully hereinafter.
While not specifically illustrated, it is to be realized that additional channels can be addedlby adding additional ,~
7~
.~
131353q amplifiers comparable to amplifiers 18 and 20 and connecting these amplifiers to outputs through a transformer, such as transformer 22, for each pair of amplifiers with each amplifier being driven by one shots 16 and 26 as illustrated in FIGURE 1.
An alternate embodiment 34 of apparatus useful for providing the required pulse pairs is shown as a microcomputer controlled nerve stimulator in FIGURE 3. As shown, microcomputer 36 is caused to provide positive output pulses which are coupled through switch 38 to one side of primary winding 40 of transformer 42, and is caused to provide negative output pulses which are coupled through switch 44 to the other side of primary winding 40 of transformer 42. A
flow chart for the microcomputer program for microcomputer 36 is shown in FIGURE 4.
Switches 38 and 44 are controlled by analog constant current and intensity control 46, having a potentiometer 48 connected therewith, and allow switching of polarity sequences between the electrodes connected with the output from the device to thus achieve optimum stimulation under both electrodes alternately. The output from the device is coupled from secondary winding 50 to electrodes (such as electrodes 31 . and 32 as shown in FIGURE 9) for noninvasive application of .,, 1: ' ' ''~' ;
131353q the pulse pair to the nerve fiber then selected for stimulation.
The bi-phased pulse pair provided operates in the same manner as does the bi-phased pulse pair provided by the device as shown in FIGURE 1, with the pulses being likewise spaced, in time, by a distance equal to that of the refractory period in order to optimize performance, as brought out more fully hereinafter.
To understand optimization of stimulation according to this invention, the nature and function of nerve fibers should first be understood. Individual nerve cells are called neurons and are contained in cable-like bundles in the nervous tissue called nerves. The individual nerve fibers comprise a portion of a nerve cell extending from the nerve cell body to its end point where the activity for which that neuron is responsible is either detected by the neuron or influenced by the neuron. In peripheral nerves (i.e., those not contained in the spine or skull or in the autonomic nervous system), nerve fibers extend from the spinal cord as a continuous filament to the point where they interact with other tissue.
Nerve fibers conduct information in much the same manner as does a cable, and generally carry information in binary form. The number of nerve pulses per unit time determines the i , 131353~
degree of activity since each nerve pulse for a given nerve fiber is identical (for practical purposes) to every other pulse relayed by that fiber.
The electrical activity of nerve fibers can be generalized, for purposes as set forth herein, as shown in the graphs of FIGURES 5 and 6. A generalized graph of voltage over time of a single nerve firing is shown in FIGURE 5. It should be noted that the graph is drawn with voltage increasingly negative as it is drawn upward on the graph, as is the custom in neuroscience.
The various depicted portions of the graph of FIGURE 5 which are considered important to understanding the invention are as follows:
Action Potential is the firing of the neuron caused by either natural or artificial stimulation of the nerve;
Absolute Refractory Period is a period of time when the nerve cannot be caused to fire (i.e., to produce a second pulse), regardless of how strongly it is stimulated, and this period of time sets the upper limit on the frequency or the rate that the neuron can fire; and Relative Refractory Period is a period of time wherein a stronger than normal stimulus is required to fire, or excite, the nerve, with the strength or intensity of the stimulus ~.~7i g~
" ~
required to stimulate the nerve fiber diminishing over time until it reaches a minimum when the fiber has reached its resting potential, and the relative refractory period can contribute to setting the upper limit of the expectation tfiring) rate of the neuron, depending upon stimulus intensity.
FIGURE 6 depicts a graph of the relative excitability of the A alpha motor neuron (i.e., ease with which the neuron can be stimulated to fire) with respect to time after a previous action potential (firing). It should be noted that the peak occurs at about 6 msec when the fiber is hyperexcitable (i.e., refires or produces a second action potential with the least stimulus).
Neurons may be classified by their fiber diameters and the activity for which they are responsible. When so classified, six basic groups are preferably formed (other groupings are occasionally used, but this grouping is convenient for understanding the invention). The time length which the neuron remains within the periods graphed in FIGURES
5 and 6 are different for each class of neurons. The fiber class, specific function, size diameter, conduction velocity (CV), refractory period time (RP), and peak hyperexcitability time (HE) for five groups are set forth in Table I as follows-'i~' . 'r ,' ~
-~
1 31 353~
TABLE I
NERVE FIBER CHARACTERISTICS
_ FIBER A alpha A beta A gamma C
Function MOTOR MOTOR SENSORY MOTOR PAIN &
FASTMEDIUM SLOW AUTONOMIC
TWITCHTWITCH l TWITCH
SIZE DIA. 17 15 13 8 <1.3 ~MICRO-METERS) CV M/SEC 80-9o 60-70 50-60 10-40 .7-2.3 .12 MSEC5 MSEC 6 MSEC 1.1 MSEC 1.8 MSEC
HE 2 MSEC2.5 MSEC 2.5 MSEC 4 MSEC 4.5 MSEC
Nerves contain a mixture of the above-listed fibers with large numbers of each type of fiber being normally included in the nerve. The effect of electrical stimulation is increased by increasing the frequency with which the stimulus is able to fire the individual fibers (as noted previously) as well as increasing the total number of individual fibers of the same class which are excited simultaneously.
For a more complete explanation of the foregoing, the following references can be utilized: Roger Warwick and Peter L. Williams, GRAY'S ANATOMY, 35th British Edition (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company), multiple citations;
Verrnon B. Mountcastle, MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, 14th ed. (St.
;i, . ~ ;
- ' ~
1 31 353~
Louis, Toronto, London: The C.V. Mosby Company), vol 1 and 2, multiple citations; and Percival P. Newman, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, (New York: SP Medical & Scientific Books) multiple citations.
This invention utilizes the foregoing to enhance and optimize the therapeutic benefit of electrical stimulation.
For simplicity of explanation, the inve~tion is described hereinafter with respect to application to a particular type of nerve fiber (sensory) to produce maximum sensation (i.e., to stimulate sensory neurons) and is to be considered as an example of the overall invention. Every other type of neuron is susceptible to the same factors (as set forth hereinafter) except that the time periods are different (but still specific) for each class of neuron.
The important factors and their apparent result on the sensory neurons are as follows:
1) A positive pulse applied to the nerve is believed to set the nerve fibers of the sensory neurons into a condition similar to the refractory period (this pulse is important because it apparently causes a large number of fibers to be synchronized at the same time into the same state or period, thereby causing them to return to the hyperexcitability condition simultaneously);
, ~
2) A negative pulse thereafter applied to the nerve 600 microseconds (plus or minus 50 microseconds) later excites the nerve fibers of the sensory neurons (a negative pulse has been found to provide better stimulation of the action potential, and the negative pulse is timed to arrive just as the sensory fibers leave the refractory period so that the time interval between the pulses of the pulse pair is therefore the same as the time interval of the refractory period - if applied earlier, fewer sensory fibers are excited because they are in the relative refractory period and, therefore, are harder to excite);
3) A positive pulse (of the next pulse pair) applied to the nerve 2500 microseconds (plus or minus 300 microseconds) after the first positive pulse is believed to again set the nerve fibers of the sensory neurons into a condition similar to the refractory period (this time interval coincides with both the maximum firing rate of a neuron and the time of peak relative excitability and establishes the maximum frequency of repetition);
4) The width of the pulses is maximized at 50 microseconds (plus or minus 15 microseconds) with the pulse shape or waveform (for example, rise time and or fall time) being unimportant, and pulse amplitude and duration being t .
1 3 1 353q preferably the same for both the positive and negative pulses of the pulse pair with no improvement in the effect of electrical stimulation being noted when made different.
As each factor (listed hereinabove) is adjusted through the time period specified, an apparent bell shaped increase occurs in the effect of the electrical stimulation produced.
This effect is very pronounced for each factor and is cumulative as each factor is added. A graph of the apparent effects and resulting stimulation are shown typically in FIGURES 7 and 8.
Pulses of either positive or negative polarity can be inserted between the paired pulses described above without varying the increased effect noted when the pulses of the pulse pair are applied in proper polarity at the proper time intervals as brought out hereinabove. Such additional pulses do not affect the increased stimulation (including the enhanced stimulation as above described) unless included close in time to the second pulse of the pulse pair, in which case they arrive during the relative refractory period and, apparently then reduce the synchronization of the fibers.
This result is predictable because nerve fibers in the absolute refractory period cannot be affected by stimulus of any magnitude insufficient to damage the neuron.
Similar but different time dependent factors are described for each class of fibers. For example, the time periods as set forth above for listed factors 2 through 4, are, respectively, 120 microseconds (plus or minus 20 microseconds), 2,000 microseconds (plus or minus 300 microseconds) and 50 microseconds (plus~or minus 15 microseconds) for fast twitch motor nerves, and are, respectively, 1,800 microseconds (plus or minus 300 microseconds) 4,500 microseconds (plus or minus 600 microseconds) and 50 microseconds (plus or minus 15 microseconds) for pain reduction neurons.
It should be noted from Table I above that each class of nerve fibers has a range of fiber diameters, and since the time periods of the nerve action potential sequence is dependent upon fiber diameter, a slight modification of time between pulses by modulating the time between pulses and rate will optimally excite still more fibers in a given class of neurons.
Apparatus for achieving interleaved bi-phased pulses to effect optimized stimulation of a plurality of nerve fibers is shown in FIGURE 9. As shown, apparatus 54 is similar to that of the apparatus shown in FIGURE 1, except that the 0 output of one shot multivibrator 26 is coupleb through isolation .1 v diode 56 to amplifier 28, and the Q output of multivibrator 26 is coupled to one shot multivibrator 58 with a leading edge of this input signal to multivibrator 58 triggering the multivibrator. The Q output from one shot multivibrator 58 is applied to one shot multivibrator 60 with a trailing edge of the input triggering multivibrator 60. The Q output of multivibrator 60 is then coupled through isolation diode 62 to amplifier 28, and the input of amplifier 28 is also connected with ground through resistor 64, as indicated in FIGURE 9.
This results in a series of pulses being produced at the output of the device (i.e., at secondary winding 30 which is connected with electrodes 31 and 32 as indicated in FIGURE 9), which pulses constitute a plurality of pulse pairs (each of which pairs includes the positive pulse and one negative pulse) that are interleaved, as shown in FIGURE 10.
Thus, for example, a first pulse pair consists of the positive pulse and the first to occur negative pulse, as shown in FIGURE 10, and these pulses are spaced, in time, a distance equal to the refractory period of a first preselected group of nerve fibers, while a second pulse pair consists of the positive pulse and the second to occur negative pulse, as shown in FIGURE 10, and these pulses are spaced, in time, a ,1 ; ~ t . ~
131353q distance equal to the refractory period of a second preselected group of nerve fibers.
If the first selected nerve fibers are, for e~ample, motor nerve fibers, and the second preselected nerve fibers are sensory neurons, then the positive pulse and the first occurring negative pulse are separated, in time, a distance of about 120 microseconds, while the positive pulse and the second occurring negative pulse are separated, in time,- a distance of about 600 microseconds to meet the refractory period spacings needed to optimize stimulation of both groups of nerve fibers.
While not specifically shown, it should also be realized that additional pulse pairs could be provided in the same manner as set forth hereinabove so that additional groups of selected nerve fibers can also be simultaneously optimally stimulated.
It has also been found that a plurality of electrodes can be made substantially equally active (as opposed to only a working electrode being active as depicted in the apparatus shown in FIGURE 1) to thereby enhance the overall optimization of stimulation. It should be remembered that with conventional electrical stimulation, it is normal for one electrode of each electrode pair to be ~elatively inactive.
.
Th~refore, additional channels have heretofore been required in order to gain plurally active electrodes, but this has also meant that additional relatively inactive electrodes were also required. In this invention, however, all electrodes are made equally active and even when utilizing additional channels, all electrodes are still equally active The dual electrodes 31 and 32 shown in FIGURE 9 can be made substantially equally active by generating, by means of the apparatus shown in FIGURE 9, a waveform, as typically shown in FIGURE llA, and applying this waveform to one electrode, with the mirror, or inverted, image of this waveform, as typically shown in FIGURE llB, being applied to the other electrode.
As indicated in FIGURE llA, the first pulse (a positive pulse) is applied to a first electrode to set the nerve fibers ti.e., is applied to electrode 31, for example, as shown in FIGURE 9), and a second pulse (a negative pulse) is later applied to the first electrode after a time period substantially equal to that of the known refractory period to excite the nerve fibers (the illustration of FIGURE 11 illustrates optimization for pain so that the spacing between the first and second pulses is about 1.8 milliseconds with the next positive pulse then occurring atla time based upon the ,~
enhanced excitability condition of the nerve fibers to be stimulated - for pain, the maximum hyperexcitability condition occurs about 4.5 ms after the applied positive pulse). Thus, each pulse group of a series of pulse groups will occur so as to be timewise spaced from each adjacent pulse group a distance not substantially greater than~the timewise occurrence of said enhanced excitability condition of the preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated.
As indicated in FIGURE llB, the second electrode of a dual electrode pair (i.e., electrode 32, for example as shown in FIGURE 9) will have applied thereto the mirror, or inverted, waveform of that applied to a working electrode, and therefore will have a negative pulse applied when the first electrode (i.e., electrode 31, for example), has a positive pulse applied thereto. This applied negative pulse does not set the nerve fibers through the second electrode (and hence no later occurring inverted and applied negative pulse will excite the nerve fibers).
However, a negative pulse that occurs later is inverted to a positive pulse to set the nerve fibers so that a later inverted and applied negative pulse can excite the nerve fibers. Specifically, as shown in FIGURE llA, by inserting a second negative pulse (spaced about o!s ms from the first ,~
~ '' '.' ,',;~",;' ' I
131353q negative pulse for pain as indicated in FIGURE llA), the inverted waveform applied to the second electrode causes the resulting second positive pulse to set the nerve ~ibers so that a later occurring negative pulse (i.e., the inverted positive pulse occurring during the next succeeding pulse group occurrence, as shown in FIGURE llA) excites the nerve fibers at the second electrode if the pulse spacing therebetween is made substantially equal to the known refractory period (i.e., 1.8 ms for pain, as indicated in FIGURE llB).
While the second negative pulse inserted closely adjacent to the first negative pulse in the waveform shown in FIGURE
llA does not adversely affect performance of the pulses applied to the first electrode (after a nerve fires, the nerve ignores pulses for an interval thereafter as brought out above), this pulse does provide proper spacing for optimizing stimulation under the second electrode (both as to spacing of the pulses and the repeative occurrences of the pulse groups) so that the result is that both electrodes are made substantially e~ually active.
By thus making each of the electrodes active, pain relief, for example, can be provided under each electrode and ,1 1 .. .. ~ , , ;';
131~53q therefore more area or areas of the body can be treated with fewer outside channels and fewer electrodes.
In operation under one electrode, optimization of stimulation has been found to be use~ul in connection with human subjects. Thirty six normal subjects and eight chronlc pain patients were studied to determine the effects of an electrical waveform which was designed to optimize the effects of stimulation on specific neuronal fibers. The waveform was adjusted to apply electrical pulses of the correct polarity, timed to the refractory period of specific nerve fibers.
Substantial increases in the effect of electrical stimulation of sensory, motor (A alpha, beta, and gamma) and pain control fibers (apparently C fibers) was noted. Facilitative stimulation of small diameter nerve fibers has also been demonstrated to improve the effects of electrical stimulation to manage pain in seven of eight patients with chronic cervical, back and head pain.
Twenty three females and thirteen males were tested for subjective assessment of optimal time periods for time between pulses, pulse repetition rate, and pulse width in accordance with this invention. All twenty three females reported cumulative peaking in the effects of electrical stimulation of all three variables.
'; " ' ., . -One male subject did not find a peaking effect for time between pulses for cutaneous sensory fibers. No attempt was made to locate maxima for the other two time dependent variables with this individual because the subject was obviously uncomfortable with the electrical sensation. This individual did produce results consistent with the group for motor fibers. One other male subject was unable to detect a peaking effect associated with time between pulses for motor fibers. This individual produced results for all other parameters which were consistent with the group.
The peaking effects for time between pulses and rate were substantially equal to the refractory period and the maximum firing rate of the selected fibers, respectively. The peaking effect produced by optimum pulse width was extremely consistent in the experimental group and was the same independent of the nerve fiber stimulated. The reason for the peak associated with pulse width is unknown. Results were, however, consistent between individuals.
The seven of eight chronic pain patients have retested several times when their pain returned. During each test an effort was made to determine optimum time periods for each variable for pain relief. Thus far, these time periods appear to equal the refractory period (1.8 milliseconds) for small ~313539 diameter fibers. It should be remembered that the stimulation is facilitative and since the stimulus is almost imperceptible it seems clear that the fibers stimulated are not pain fibers.
After each test the pain patients report that they are virtually pain free for two to four days.
While not extensively tested, it has been demonstrated that enhanced optimization of stimulation can be achieved by using plural active electrodes as set forth herein.
Therefore, as can be appreciated from the foregoing, this invention provides improved apparatus and method for achieving optimization of electrical stimulation of nerve fibers of the human body using bi-phased pulses applied through plural active electrodes.
t
1 3 1 353q preferably the same for both the positive and negative pulses of the pulse pair with no improvement in the effect of electrical stimulation being noted when made different.
As each factor (listed hereinabove) is adjusted through the time period specified, an apparent bell shaped increase occurs in the effect of the electrical stimulation produced.
This effect is very pronounced for each factor and is cumulative as each factor is added. A graph of the apparent effects and resulting stimulation are shown typically in FIGURES 7 and 8.
Pulses of either positive or negative polarity can be inserted between the paired pulses described above without varying the increased effect noted when the pulses of the pulse pair are applied in proper polarity at the proper time intervals as brought out hereinabove. Such additional pulses do not affect the increased stimulation (including the enhanced stimulation as above described) unless included close in time to the second pulse of the pulse pair, in which case they arrive during the relative refractory period and, apparently then reduce the synchronization of the fibers.
This result is predictable because nerve fibers in the absolute refractory period cannot be affected by stimulus of any magnitude insufficient to damage the neuron.
Similar but different time dependent factors are described for each class of fibers. For example, the time periods as set forth above for listed factors 2 through 4, are, respectively, 120 microseconds (plus or minus 20 microseconds), 2,000 microseconds (plus or minus 300 microseconds) and 50 microseconds (plus~or minus 15 microseconds) for fast twitch motor nerves, and are, respectively, 1,800 microseconds (plus or minus 300 microseconds) 4,500 microseconds (plus or minus 600 microseconds) and 50 microseconds (plus or minus 15 microseconds) for pain reduction neurons.
It should be noted from Table I above that each class of nerve fibers has a range of fiber diameters, and since the time periods of the nerve action potential sequence is dependent upon fiber diameter, a slight modification of time between pulses by modulating the time between pulses and rate will optimally excite still more fibers in a given class of neurons.
Apparatus for achieving interleaved bi-phased pulses to effect optimized stimulation of a plurality of nerve fibers is shown in FIGURE 9. As shown, apparatus 54 is similar to that of the apparatus shown in FIGURE 1, except that the 0 output of one shot multivibrator 26 is coupleb through isolation .1 v diode 56 to amplifier 28, and the Q output of multivibrator 26 is coupled to one shot multivibrator 58 with a leading edge of this input signal to multivibrator 58 triggering the multivibrator. The Q output from one shot multivibrator 58 is applied to one shot multivibrator 60 with a trailing edge of the input triggering multivibrator 60. The Q output of multivibrator 60 is then coupled through isolation diode 62 to amplifier 28, and the input of amplifier 28 is also connected with ground through resistor 64, as indicated in FIGURE 9.
This results in a series of pulses being produced at the output of the device (i.e., at secondary winding 30 which is connected with electrodes 31 and 32 as indicated in FIGURE 9), which pulses constitute a plurality of pulse pairs (each of which pairs includes the positive pulse and one negative pulse) that are interleaved, as shown in FIGURE 10.
Thus, for example, a first pulse pair consists of the positive pulse and the first to occur negative pulse, as shown in FIGURE 10, and these pulses are spaced, in time, a distance equal to the refractory period of a first preselected group of nerve fibers, while a second pulse pair consists of the positive pulse and the second to occur negative pulse, as shown in FIGURE 10, and these pulses are spaced, in time, a ,1 ; ~ t . ~
131353q distance equal to the refractory period of a second preselected group of nerve fibers.
If the first selected nerve fibers are, for e~ample, motor nerve fibers, and the second preselected nerve fibers are sensory neurons, then the positive pulse and the first occurring negative pulse are separated, in time, a distance of about 120 microseconds, while the positive pulse and the second occurring negative pulse are separated, in time,- a distance of about 600 microseconds to meet the refractory period spacings needed to optimize stimulation of both groups of nerve fibers.
While not specifically shown, it should also be realized that additional pulse pairs could be provided in the same manner as set forth hereinabove so that additional groups of selected nerve fibers can also be simultaneously optimally stimulated.
It has also been found that a plurality of electrodes can be made substantially equally active (as opposed to only a working electrode being active as depicted in the apparatus shown in FIGURE 1) to thereby enhance the overall optimization of stimulation. It should be remembered that with conventional electrical stimulation, it is normal for one electrode of each electrode pair to be ~elatively inactive.
.
Th~refore, additional channels have heretofore been required in order to gain plurally active electrodes, but this has also meant that additional relatively inactive electrodes were also required. In this invention, however, all electrodes are made equally active and even when utilizing additional channels, all electrodes are still equally active The dual electrodes 31 and 32 shown in FIGURE 9 can be made substantially equally active by generating, by means of the apparatus shown in FIGURE 9, a waveform, as typically shown in FIGURE llA, and applying this waveform to one electrode, with the mirror, or inverted, image of this waveform, as typically shown in FIGURE llB, being applied to the other electrode.
As indicated in FIGURE llA, the first pulse (a positive pulse) is applied to a first electrode to set the nerve fibers ti.e., is applied to electrode 31, for example, as shown in FIGURE 9), and a second pulse (a negative pulse) is later applied to the first electrode after a time period substantially equal to that of the known refractory period to excite the nerve fibers (the illustration of FIGURE 11 illustrates optimization for pain so that the spacing between the first and second pulses is about 1.8 milliseconds with the next positive pulse then occurring atla time based upon the ,~
enhanced excitability condition of the nerve fibers to be stimulated - for pain, the maximum hyperexcitability condition occurs about 4.5 ms after the applied positive pulse). Thus, each pulse group of a series of pulse groups will occur so as to be timewise spaced from each adjacent pulse group a distance not substantially greater than~the timewise occurrence of said enhanced excitability condition of the preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated.
As indicated in FIGURE llB, the second electrode of a dual electrode pair (i.e., electrode 32, for example as shown in FIGURE 9) will have applied thereto the mirror, or inverted, waveform of that applied to a working electrode, and therefore will have a negative pulse applied when the first electrode (i.e., electrode 31, for example), has a positive pulse applied thereto. This applied negative pulse does not set the nerve fibers through the second electrode (and hence no later occurring inverted and applied negative pulse will excite the nerve fibers).
However, a negative pulse that occurs later is inverted to a positive pulse to set the nerve fibers so that a later inverted and applied negative pulse can excite the nerve fibers. Specifically, as shown in FIGURE llA, by inserting a second negative pulse (spaced about o!s ms from the first ,~
~ '' '.' ,',;~",;' ' I
131353q negative pulse for pain as indicated in FIGURE llA), the inverted waveform applied to the second electrode causes the resulting second positive pulse to set the nerve ~ibers so that a later occurring negative pulse (i.e., the inverted positive pulse occurring during the next succeeding pulse group occurrence, as shown in FIGURE llA) excites the nerve fibers at the second electrode if the pulse spacing therebetween is made substantially equal to the known refractory period (i.e., 1.8 ms for pain, as indicated in FIGURE llB).
While the second negative pulse inserted closely adjacent to the first negative pulse in the waveform shown in FIGURE
llA does not adversely affect performance of the pulses applied to the first electrode (after a nerve fires, the nerve ignores pulses for an interval thereafter as brought out above), this pulse does provide proper spacing for optimizing stimulation under the second electrode (both as to spacing of the pulses and the repeative occurrences of the pulse groups) so that the result is that both electrodes are made substantially e~ually active.
By thus making each of the electrodes active, pain relief, for example, can be provided under each electrode and ,1 1 .. .. ~ , , ;';
131~53q therefore more area or areas of the body can be treated with fewer outside channels and fewer electrodes.
In operation under one electrode, optimization of stimulation has been found to be use~ul in connection with human subjects. Thirty six normal subjects and eight chronlc pain patients were studied to determine the effects of an electrical waveform which was designed to optimize the effects of stimulation on specific neuronal fibers. The waveform was adjusted to apply electrical pulses of the correct polarity, timed to the refractory period of specific nerve fibers.
Substantial increases in the effect of electrical stimulation of sensory, motor (A alpha, beta, and gamma) and pain control fibers (apparently C fibers) was noted. Facilitative stimulation of small diameter nerve fibers has also been demonstrated to improve the effects of electrical stimulation to manage pain in seven of eight patients with chronic cervical, back and head pain.
Twenty three females and thirteen males were tested for subjective assessment of optimal time periods for time between pulses, pulse repetition rate, and pulse width in accordance with this invention. All twenty three females reported cumulative peaking in the effects of electrical stimulation of all three variables.
'; " ' ., . -One male subject did not find a peaking effect for time between pulses for cutaneous sensory fibers. No attempt was made to locate maxima for the other two time dependent variables with this individual because the subject was obviously uncomfortable with the electrical sensation. This individual did produce results consistent with the group for motor fibers. One other male subject was unable to detect a peaking effect associated with time between pulses for motor fibers. This individual produced results for all other parameters which were consistent with the group.
The peaking effects for time between pulses and rate were substantially equal to the refractory period and the maximum firing rate of the selected fibers, respectively. The peaking effect produced by optimum pulse width was extremely consistent in the experimental group and was the same independent of the nerve fiber stimulated. The reason for the peak associated with pulse width is unknown. Results were, however, consistent between individuals.
The seven of eight chronic pain patients have retested several times when their pain returned. During each test an effort was made to determine optimum time periods for each variable for pain relief. Thus far, these time periods appear to equal the refractory period (1.8 milliseconds) for small ~313539 diameter fibers. It should be remembered that the stimulation is facilitative and since the stimulus is almost imperceptible it seems clear that the fibers stimulated are not pain fibers.
After each test the pain patients report that they are virtually pain free for two to four days.
While not extensively tested, it has been demonstrated that enhanced optimization of stimulation can be achieved by using plural active electrodes as set forth herein.
Therefore, as can be appreciated from the foregoing, this invention provides improved apparatus and method for achieving optimization of electrical stimulation of nerve fibers of the human body using bi-phased pulses applied through plural active electrodes.
t
Claims (16)
1. A device for providing optimized electrical stim-ulation through plural active electrodes to preselected nerve fibers having known refractory periods and enhanced excitability conditions that occur during known periods following the occurrence of an action potential, said device comprising:
generating means for generating a series of output pulse groups with each said group including at least first and second pulses of positive and negative polarity, respectively, and with said first pulse occurring timewise before said second pulse, said first and second pulses of each said pulse group being spaced from one another a distance, in time, substantially equal to that of the known refractory period of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated, each said pulse group of said series of pulse groups occurring so as to be timewise spaced from each adjacent pulse group a distance not substantially greater than the timewise occurrence of said enhanced excitability condition of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated and having a pulse of negative polarity that occurs timewise prior to the first pulse of the immediately succeeding pulse group with a timewise spacing therebetween substantially equal to that of the known refractory period of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated;
first and second electrodes; and coupling means connected with said generating means and said first and second electrodes to apply said series of output pulse groups to said preselected nerve fibers through said first electrode and to apply said series of output pulse groups in inverted polarity to said preselected nerve fibers through said second electrode, whereby an applied pulse of positive polarity of each said pulse group sets said preselected nerve fibers, and so that a later occurring applied pulse of negative polarity of said pulse groups occurs substantially at the end of said refractory period to excite said preselected nerve fibers, with said first and second electrodes thereby both being made active to optimize stimulation of said preselected nerve fibers and thereby substantially increase the activity thereof.
generating means for generating a series of output pulse groups with each said group including at least first and second pulses of positive and negative polarity, respectively, and with said first pulse occurring timewise before said second pulse, said first and second pulses of each said pulse group being spaced from one another a distance, in time, substantially equal to that of the known refractory period of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated, each said pulse group of said series of pulse groups occurring so as to be timewise spaced from each adjacent pulse group a distance not substantially greater than the timewise occurrence of said enhanced excitability condition of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated and having a pulse of negative polarity that occurs timewise prior to the first pulse of the immediately succeeding pulse group with a timewise spacing therebetween substantially equal to that of the known refractory period of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated;
first and second electrodes; and coupling means connected with said generating means and said first and second electrodes to apply said series of output pulse groups to said preselected nerve fibers through said first electrode and to apply said series of output pulse groups in inverted polarity to said preselected nerve fibers through said second electrode, whereby an applied pulse of positive polarity of each said pulse group sets said preselected nerve fibers, and so that a later occurring applied pulse of negative polarity of said pulse groups occurs substantially at the end of said refractory period to excite said preselected nerve fibers, with said first and second electrodes thereby both being made active to optimize stimulation of said preselected nerve fibers and thereby substantially increase the activity thereof.
2. The device of Claim 1 wherein said generating means generates a second negative pulse, which second negative pulse occurs timewise after said first named negative pulse in each said output pulse group.
3. The device of Claim 2 wherein said second negative pulse is spaced from said first negative pulse a distance such that said second negative pulse is spaced from the positive pulse in the immediately next occurring pulse group a distance substantially equal to that of the known refractory period of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated.
4. The device of Claim 1 wherein said preselected nerve fibers have a maximum hyperexcitability condition, and wherein said generating means includes means to provide said pulses of said series of pulse groups such that each corresponding pulse of each said output pulse group occurs with a timewise spacing therebetween substantially equal to that of the known time between said action potential and said maximum hyperexcitability condition of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated.
5. The device of Claim 1 wherein said generating means includes means providing for stimulation of at least one class of sensory, motor, pain control and autonomic nerve fibers, and wherein first and second electrodes are made substantially equally active to stimulate the nerve fibers then selected for stimulation.
6. The device of Claim 1 wherein said generating means includes means providing for stimulation of sensory neurons by causing a pulse spacing to occur between preselected pulses between about 550 and 650 microseconds, and wherein said coupling means causes application of a negative pulse to each of said first and second electrodes at a time between about 550 and 650 microseconds after occurrence of a positive pulse.
7. The device of Claim 6 wherein said generating means includes means for causing each said pulse group to be repeated at time intervals such that corresponding pulses are spaced between about 2200 to 2800 microseconds.
8. The device of Claim 1 wherein said generating means includes means providing for stimulation of pain reduction neurons by causing a pulse spacing between preselected pulses between about 1500 and 2100 microseconds, and wherein said coupling means causes application of a negative pulse to each of said first and second electrodes at a time between about 1500 and 2100 microseconds after occurrence of a positive pulse.
9. The device of Claim 8 wherein said generating means includes means for causing each said pulse group to be repeated at time intervals such that corresponding pulses are spaced between about 4200 to 4800 microseconds.
10. The device of Claim 1 wherein said generating means includes means providing for stimulation of fast twitch motor nerves by causing a pulse spacing to occur between preselected pulses between 100 microseconds and 140 microseconds, and wherein said coupling means causes application of a negative pulse to each of said first and second electrodes at a time between about 100 and 140 microseconds after occurrence of a positive pulse.
11. The device of Claim 10 wherein said generating means includes means for causing each said pulse group to be repeated at time intervals such that corresponding pulses are spaced between about 1700 to 2300 microseconds.
12. A device for providing optimized electrical stimulation through plural active electrodes to preselected nerve fibers having known refractory periods and enhanced excitability conditions that occur following the occurrence of an action potential, said device comprising:
generating means for generating a series of output pulse groups each having first, second and third pulses with said first pulse of each said pulse group being a positive polarity pulse and said second and third pulses of each said pulse group being negative polarity pulses, said first and second pulses of each said pulse group being spaced, in time, from one another a distance substantially equal to the known refractory period of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated, said second and third pulses of each said pulse group being also spaced, in time, from one another, and each said third pulse being spaced from said first pulse of the immediately subsequently occurring pulse group a distance, in time, substantially equal to the known refractory period of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated, with each pulse group also occurring so as to be timewise spaced from each adjacent pulse group a distance based upon the occurrence of said enhanced excitability condition of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated;
first and second electrodes; and coupling means connected with said generating means and said first and second electrodes to receive said pulses from said generating means and to apply said pulses through said first electrode to said preselected nerve fibers and to apply said pulses in inverted polarity through said second electrode to said preselected nerve fibers so that said first pulse of each said pulse group coupled through said first electrode sets said preselected nerve fibers with said second pulse of each said pulse group occurring substantially at the end of said refractory period for said preselected nerve fibers to excite said preselected nerve fibers, and so that said inverted third pulse of each said pulse group coupled through said second electrode sets said preselected nerve fibers with said inverted first pulse of each said exceeding pulse group occurring substantially at the end of said refractory period for said preselected nerve fibers to excite said nerve fibers, whereby said first and second electrodes are both made active to optimize stimulation of said preselected nerve fibers to increase the activity thereof.
generating means for generating a series of output pulse groups each having first, second and third pulses with said first pulse of each said pulse group being a positive polarity pulse and said second and third pulses of each said pulse group being negative polarity pulses, said first and second pulses of each said pulse group being spaced, in time, from one another a distance substantially equal to the known refractory period of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated, said second and third pulses of each said pulse group being also spaced, in time, from one another, and each said third pulse being spaced from said first pulse of the immediately subsequently occurring pulse group a distance, in time, substantially equal to the known refractory period of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated, with each pulse group also occurring so as to be timewise spaced from each adjacent pulse group a distance based upon the occurrence of said enhanced excitability condition of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated;
first and second electrodes; and coupling means connected with said generating means and said first and second electrodes to receive said pulses from said generating means and to apply said pulses through said first electrode to said preselected nerve fibers and to apply said pulses in inverted polarity through said second electrode to said preselected nerve fibers so that said first pulse of each said pulse group coupled through said first electrode sets said preselected nerve fibers with said second pulse of each said pulse group occurring substantially at the end of said refractory period for said preselected nerve fibers to excite said preselected nerve fibers, and so that said inverted third pulse of each said pulse group coupled through said second electrode sets said preselected nerve fibers with said inverted first pulse of each said exceeding pulse group occurring substantially at the end of said refractory period for said preselected nerve fibers to excite said nerve fibers, whereby said first and second electrodes are both made active to optimize stimulation of said preselected nerve fibers to increase the activity thereof.
13. A method for optimizing electrical stimulation through plural active electrodes of nerve fibers having predetermined refractory periods and enhanced excitability conditions that occur during known periods following the occurrence of an action potential, said method comprising:
generating a first pulse of positive polarity and applying said first pulse through a first electrode to nerve fibers to be electrically stimulated to thereby set said fibers;
generating a second pulse of negative polarity and applying said second pulse through said first electrode to said nerve fibers to be electrically stimulated to cause excitation thereof, with said second pulse being generated at a time subsequent to said first pulse that is substantially equal to that of the refractory period for said nerve fibers then to be stimulated;
repeatedly generating said first and second pulses with each occurrence of each of said first and second pulses being timewise spaced from each adjacent corresponding first and second pulses a distance not substantially greater than the timewise occurrence of said enhanced excitability condition of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated;
inverting a pulse of negative polarity to positive polarity and applying said resulting positive pulse through a second electrode to said nerve fibers to be electrally stimulated to thereby set said fibers;
inverting the positive pulse next occurring after said inverted pulse of negative polarity and applying the resulting negative pulse through said second electrode to said nerve fibers to be electrally stimulated to cause excitation thereof, with said resulting negative pulse being applied at a time subsequent to that of said resulting positive pulse applied through said second electrode with said time being substantially equal to that of said refractory period for said nerve fibers then to be stimulated.
generating a first pulse of positive polarity and applying said first pulse through a first electrode to nerve fibers to be electrically stimulated to thereby set said fibers;
generating a second pulse of negative polarity and applying said second pulse through said first electrode to said nerve fibers to be electrically stimulated to cause excitation thereof, with said second pulse being generated at a time subsequent to said first pulse that is substantially equal to that of the refractory period for said nerve fibers then to be stimulated;
repeatedly generating said first and second pulses with each occurrence of each of said first and second pulses being timewise spaced from each adjacent corresponding first and second pulses a distance not substantially greater than the timewise occurrence of said enhanced excitability condition of said preselected nerve fibers to be stimulated;
inverting a pulse of negative polarity to positive polarity and applying said resulting positive pulse through a second electrode to said nerve fibers to be electrally stimulated to thereby set said fibers;
inverting the positive pulse next occurring after said inverted pulse of negative polarity and applying the resulting negative pulse through said second electrode to said nerve fibers to be electrally stimulated to cause excitation thereof, with said resulting negative pulse being applied at a time subsequent to that of said resulting positive pulse applied through said second electrode with said time being substantially equal to that of said refractory period for said nerve fibers then to be stimulated.
14. The method of Claim 13 wherein said method includes repeatedly generating a third pulse in addition to generating said first and second pulses, with said third pulse being of negative polarity and occurring after said second pulse, and with said third pulse being inverted and said resulting positive pulse being applied through said second electrode to set said nerve fibers then to be stimulated.
15. The method of Claim 14 wherein said nerve fibers then to be stimulated have a maximum hyperexcitability condition, and wherein said first, second, and third pulses are repeatedly generated so that each corresponding pulse occurs with a timewise spacing therebetween substantially equal to that of the known time between said action potential and said maximum hyperexcitability condition of said nerve fibers then to be stimulated.
16. The method of Claim 13 wherein said pulses applied through said first and second electrodes stimulate at least one of sensory, motor, pain control, and autonomic fibers.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/009,927 US4803988A (en) | 1984-11-02 | 1987-02-02 | Nerve fiber stimulation using plural equally active electrodes |
| US009,927 | 1987-02-02 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1313539C true CA1313539C (en) | 1993-02-09 |
Family
ID=21740539
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000557236A Expired - Lifetime CA1313539C (en) | 1987-02-02 | 1988-01-25 | Nerve fiber stimulation using plural equally active electrodes |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1313539C (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113710311A (en) * | 2018-12-20 | 2021-11-26 | 加尔瓦尼生物电子有限公司 | Neurostimulation system |
-
1988
- 1988-01-25 CA CA000557236A patent/CA1313539C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113710311A (en) * | 2018-12-20 | 2021-11-26 | 加尔瓦尼生物电子有限公司 | Neurostimulation system |
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