CA1298393C - Remote sensing of bitumen froth in lagoons containing tar sands tailings - Google Patents
Remote sensing of bitumen froth in lagoons containing tar sands tailingsInfo
- Publication number
- CA1298393C CA1298393C CA000541351A CA541351A CA1298393C CA 1298393 C CA1298393 C CA 1298393C CA 000541351 A CA000541351 A CA 000541351A CA 541351 A CA541351 A CA 541351A CA 1298393 C CA1298393 C CA 1298393C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- bitumen
- lagoon
- acoustical
- location
- bitumen froth
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/04—Analysing solids
- G01N29/07—Analysing solids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B17/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
- G01B17/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations for measuring thickness
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
- G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
- G01N2291/028—Material parameters
- G01N2291/02854—Length, thickness
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Measurement Of Velocity Or Position Using Acoustic Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Submerged bitumen froth layers in tailings lagoons of tar sand processing plants are sensed and their thickness determined by means of acoustic echo sounding using an operating frequency of from about 5 to about 12 kHz.
Submerged bitumen froth layers in tailings lagoons of tar sand processing plants are sensed and their thickness determined by means of acoustic echo sounding using an operating frequency of from about 5 to about 12 kHz.
Description
REMOTE SENSING OF BITUMEN FROTH IN LAGOONS
CONTAINING TAR SANDS TAILINGS
This invention relates to a method of determining the location and thickness of bitumen froth submerged in the tailings lagoons of tar sands processing plants.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the processing of tar sands to extract bitumen and process it further to petroleum products, very large volumes of aqueous tailings are obtained which are discharged to very large lagoons. These aqueous tailings contain highly dispersed fine clay and silt particles and also significant amounts of bitumen froth which were not removed by the extraction process. Over time, the tailings sludge matures, causing the bitumen in the tailings discharged to the lagoon to coagulate to some extent and form an irregular layer of varying thickness suspended between the compressed higher density bottom sludge and the lower density upper aqueous layer.
It is, of course, desirable to recover the bitumen froth from the lagoon and if the location and thickness of the suspended bitumen is known, an appropriate pump can be used to remove it. The present invention enables the location and thickness of the bitumen layer to be rapidly determined and thus expedites the bitumen recovery process.
DISCUSSION OF PRIOR ART
The present method of determining the location and thickness of the bitumen layer is not entirely satisfactory. In the present practice, a torque bar, called a "T-bar", is manually used. This T-bar is a long, graduated pole with a cross bar at one end and an operator on a barge on the lagoon surface pushes the end of the T-bar having the cross bar into the water and twists the pole. As long as the T-bar is in the water, l~9~-~
little torque or resistance to twisting is observed, but when it hits the submerged bitumen layer a strong resistance to twisting is evident. When the pole is pushed all the way through the bitumen layer the resistance again becomes small. The operator can thus plot the location of bitumen masses in the lagoon by noting the depth of the T-bar when the resistance is observed and also noting planar coordinates on a map of the lagoon. To chart the lagoon for the submerged bitumen by this technique requires much effort and time and is not a satisfactory method.
It is known to measure concentration of hydrocarbons which have seeped into a body of water. For example, U.S. 3,747,405 discloses the use of a sampling device suspended in a body of water and the sampled water is pumped to an analyzing system to make measurements of the areal location, distances above the bottom and concentrations of the hydrocarbons from which data an areal map of the hydrocarbon location is made. U.S.
CONTAINING TAR SANDS TAILINGS
This invention relates to a method of determining the location and thickness of bitumen froth submerged in the tailings lagoons of tar sands processing plants.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In the processing of tar sands to extract bitumen and process it further to petroleum products, very large volumes of aqueous tailings are obtained which are discharged to very large lagoons. These aqueous tailings contain highly dispersed fine clay and silt particles and also significant amounts of bitumen froth which were not removed by the extraction process. Over time, the tailings sludge matures, causing the bitumen in the tailings discharged to the lagoon to coagulate to some extent and form an irregular layer of varying thickness suspended between the compressed higher density bottom sludge and the lower density upper aqueous layer.
It is, of course, desirable to recover the bitumen froth from the lagoon and if the location and thickness of the suspended bitumen is known, an appropriate pump can be used to remove it. The present invention enables the location and thickness of the bitumen layer to be rapidly determined and thus expedites the bitumen recovery process.
DISCUSSION OF PRIOR ART
The present method of determining the location and thickness of the bitumen layer is not entirely satisfactory. In the present practice, a torque bar, called a "T-bar", is manually used. This T-bar is a long, graduated pole with a cross bar at one end and an operator on a barge on the lagoon surface pushes the end of the T-bar having the cross bar into the water and twists the pole. As long as the T-bar is in the water, l~9~-~
little torque or resistance to twisting is observed, but when it hits the submerged bitumen layer a strong resistance to twisting is evident. When the pole is pushed all the way through the bitumen layer the resistance again becomes small. The operator can thus plot the location of bitumen masses in the lagoon by noting the depth of the T-bar when the resistance is observed and also noting planar coordinates on a map of the lagoon. To chart the lagoon for the submerged bitumen by this technique requires much effort and time and is not a satisfactory method.
It is known to measure concentration of hydrocarbons which have seeped into a body of water. For example, U.S. 3,747,405 discloses the use of a sampling device suspended in a body of water and the sampled water is pumped to an analyzing system to make measurements of the areal location, distances above the bottom and concentrations of the hydrocarbons from which data an areal map of the hydrocarbon location is made. U.S.
3,710,615 discloses the measuring of oil in water which occurs in small amounts from the discharge of oily water from ships in navigatable waters and acoustic echoes are employed for such measurement. No disclosure is known, however, for use of an acoustic echo technique to determine location and thickness of submerged bitumen in an aqueous lagoon.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In accord with this invention, submerged bitumen froth layers in tailingl lagoons are sensed and their thickness determined by aqueous or acoustic echo sounding (sonar), using an operating frequency between about 5 and about 12 kHz.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the sludge in a tailings lagoon, showing a barge using the sonar lZ9~ 3 technique for sensing the bitumen on the surface of the water.
Figure 2 shows a schematic for a typical sonar sounding system which may be used in the invention.
Fiqure 3 is a contour map plotted from the data obtained by the method of the invention.
Figure 4 is a recorded sonar scan of a lagoon containing bitumen.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The method of the invention is based on the observation that after tailings sludge has matured, the density of the bitumen froth (ca. 1.01) is intermediate between that of the recycle water (ca. 1.005) and that of the compressed sludge (ca. 1.2 to 1.3), the latter being composed mainly of water-silt-clay mixtures with small amounts of bitumen and other hydrocarbons suspended in it. As such, the bitumen froth layers, typically shown in Figure 1, are suspended between water and sludge. In the acoustic profiling system of the invention, sonic pulses are transmitted vertically through the lagoon via an appropriate energy source submerged in the water.
Boundaries across which acoustic material properties differ partially reflect transmitted pulses. The energy is then recorded and is displayed graphically to obtain a visual record of the submerged bitumen (see Figure 2).
In carrying out the method of the invention, the appropriate echo sounding apparatus is installed aboard a barge adapted to move slowly across the surface of the lagoon. The field procedure for the sonar survey is based on the "dead reckoning" principle, and consists of sailing the barge at constant engine power along parallel lines, across the width of the pond. The sonar record of each traverse is subsequently digitized at equidistant intervals and stored as individual data files in an appropriate computer system. Contour maps for top and ~"
129~3 bottom of the bitumen sheet (i.e. the bitumen profiles) are then constructed in a consistent manner by processing this data through the general surveying programming software. Isopach maps are then generated, and the volumes contained between these surfaces are calculated from the area and depth of the bitumen shown on the map.
In order to maintain consistent accuracy for the process of the invention, it is very important that a calibration procedure be used. This calibration technique will use, preferably, the T-bar discussed above to periodically determine the location and depth of the bitumen layer and correlate the results of such measurements with the acoustical data. The reason for such calibration is that the equipment responses may change with time, climate and mechanical aberrations, but by calibrating the acoustic data with a few T-bar measurements just prior to and/or during the process, a very accurate result of the bitumen depth and location in the lagoon is obtained.
The vertical scale for a seismic profile data display is in units of two-way travel time, or the time required for the transmitted pulses to travel to and from the reflecting interface. For echo sounders used in this invention, the only propagation medium for the sonic waves is water, and hence, the measured wave travel time can be directly expressed as a depth. Sonic velocity can be adjusted for different sound speeds in waters of different density and concentration of suspended materials.
The acoustical pulse which is used in the method of the invention will have a frequency of between about 5 and about 12 kHz. This range of frequency results from the need to have a resolution in the tailings pond of at least one foot and since the velocity of sound propagation is about 4760 ft. per second, the minimum , ~
1~983~P
acoustic frequency required is approximately 5 kHz (i.e., 4760 ft./sec. x 1 ft./cycle = 4760 Hz = 4.76 kHz).
Further, in order to employ a small-sized sounding device, a compact piezoelectric transducer should be employed.
The upper limit of the operating frequency is determined by siqnal attenuation which increases quasi-linearly with increasing frequency. Since the sound waves in this application are propagated through suspensions (recycle water and sludge) and a visco-elastic emulsion (bitumen froth), attenuation can be anticipated to be generally higher than usual. To overcome the attenuation in the water, bitumen froth and sludge in the lagoon, the frequency of the acoustic signal need be no greater than about 12 kHz and use of higher frequency would be a waste of energy. It is the differential acoustic properties of the water, bitumen froth and sludge layers that make it possible to obtain acoustic profiles of the system. It is clear from the above that, in view of the attenuation, acoustic signals will not penetrate far into the bottom sludge. Further, in addition to the contrasting sound velocity it is also very probable that gas accumulates at the bottom of the bitumen layer, hence providing an even better reflector and thus enhancing accuracy of the method.
A typically useful acoustical device for the method of the invention is a solid state sonar transceiver (Model 248E), manufactured by Edo Western Corporation supplied by Edo Canada, Ltd., Calgary, Alberta. This device is a versatile, compact shipboard transceiver featuring extremely low power consumption, reliable solid-state operation and operates within the required frequencies of about 5 to about 12 kHz. Further, it is compatible with precision recorders and with a wide variety of transducers. This transceiver is further characterized by having the following specifications:
Pulse length = short 0.3 milliseconds medium 5.0 milliseconds long 10.0 milliseconds Output impedance = 50, 100, 175, 250 Ohm Power output = 2000 watt Keying note = 1200 pulses per minute (generated by recorder) The transducer preferably used in the method of the invention will use piezoelectric EC-69 lead titanate zirconate having a resonant frequency of 12 kHz, an impedance at 12 kHz of 200 ohms, a maximum input power of 2000 watt and a beam width of 33 at 12 kHz.
EXAMPLE OF THE INVENTION
Reference is made to Figure 3 which is a contour map obtained by the invention. A barge on the northeast water's edge of the lagoon (not shown) traverses across the lagoon in an east to west direction using north (vertical) and east (horizontal) coordinates from a reference point to define the area of traverse. The coordinates may be in any units of distance as convenient, the units shown in Figure-3 being in feet from the reference point. As the barge moves across the lagoon the acoustic sensing apparatus on board as described above is operated and at some point after receiving the first few reflected signals (about 5 to 20), the apparatus is calibrated with a torque bar determination of the location and depth of the bitumen observed to be present. The barge then continues to make soundings and recordings of the reflected pulses. After completing the first crossing, the barge returns to the other side without soundings and after locating itself about 400 feet south of its starting place, again crosses the lagoon while making and recording the soundings. In this way, the entire lagoon is traversed and the results ''S~
~ ~, -` 129~3 obtained.
The data is obtained as a scan printout illustrated by Figure 4. The bottom of the transducer is at 41 and the top of the bitumen layer is at 42. The bottom of the bitumen layer is shown at 43 which is also the top of the sludge layer. The multiple echoes are shown as 44. The thickness between 42 and 43 represents the thickness of the bitumen layer. Thus, the distance measured in millimeters of a vertical line between 42A and 43A
represents the thickness (e.g., the amount) of the bitumen at this point. Furthermore, the position of each such point represents a specific point on the lagoon and by incrementally plotting these known points and connecting points of equal value the isopach map is obtained. The data obtained is plotted graphically to obtain the isopach (contour map) of the bitumen layers in the lagoon as can be seen from Figure 3. The isopach lines show the depth in feet of the bitumen at the locations defined by the north and east position points.
Where no isopach lines appear there is only water, no bitumen being present. The amount of the bitumen at locations between the isopach lines is readily estimated by interpolation.
In view of the above it is clear that the method of the invention enables bitumen reserves in a waste lagoon to be calculated by determining from a moving barge equipped with the appropriate acoustic instruments, the thickness and aerial distribution (e.g., the location) of such layered bitumen. In addition, movements in these layers can be quickly, accurately, and inexpensively monitored so that bitumen recovery facilities can be properly located, and moved, if need be. A primary advantage of this method is that it provides a continuous read-out, compared to the discrete sampling previously used, in addition to the high speed at which it can be , .
lZ~8393 performed. With this technique, it is also possible to monitor the change in geometric properties of these layers, as they respond to the bitumen recovery operation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In accord with this invention, submerged bitumen froth layers in tailingl lagoons are sensed and their thickness determined by aqueous or acoustic echo sounding (sonar), using an operating frequency between about 5 and about 12 kHz.
DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the sludge in a tailings lagoon, showing a barge using the sonar lZ9~ 3 technique for sensing the bitumen on the surface of the water.
Figure 2 shows a schematic for a typical sonar sounding system which may be used in the invention.
Fiqure 3 is a contour map plotted from the data obtained by the method of the invention.
Figure 4 is a recorded sonar scan of a lagoon containing bitumen.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The method of the invention is based on the observation that after tailings sludge has matured, the density of the bitumen froth (ca. 1.01) is intermediate between that of the recycle water (ca. 1.005) and that of the compressed sludge (ca. 1.2 to 1.3), the latter being composed mainly of water-silt-clay mixtures with small amounts of bitumen and other hydrocarbons suspended in it. As such, the bitumen froth layers, typically shown in Figure 1, are suspended between water and sludge. In the acoustic profiling system of the invention, sonic pulses are transmitted vertically through the lagoon via an appropriate energy source submerged in the water.
Boundaries across which acoustic material properties differ partially reflect transmitted pulses. The energy is then recorded and is displayed graphically to obtain a visual record of the submerged bitumen (see Figure 2).
In carrying out the method of the invention, the appropriate echo sounding apparatus is installed aboard a barge adapted to move slowly across the surface of the lagoon. The field procedure for the sonar survey is based on the "dead reckoning" principle, and consists of sailing the barge at constant engine power along parallel lines, across the width of the pond. The sonar record of each traverse is subsequently digitized at equidistant intervals and stored as individual data files in an appropriate computer system. Contour maps for top and ~"
129~3 bottom of the bitumen sheet (i.e. the bitumen profiles) are then constructed in a consistent manner by processing this data through the general surveying programming software. Isopach maps are then generated, and the volumes contained between these surfaces are calculated from the area and depth of the bitumen shown on the map.
In order to maintain consistent accuracy for the process of the invention, it is very important that a calibration procedure be used. This calibration technique will use, preferably, the T-bar discussed above to periodically determine the location and depth of the bitumen layer and correlate the results of such measurements with the acoustical data. The reason for such calibration is that the equipment responses may change with time, climate and mechanical aberrations, but by calibrating the acoustic data with a few T-bar measurements just prior to and/or during the process, a very accurate result of the bitumen depth and location in the lagoon is obtained.
The vertical scale for a seismic profile data display is in units of two-way travel time, or the time required for the transmitted pulses to travel to and from the reflecting interface. For echo sounders used in this invention, the only propagation medium for the sonic waves is water, and hence, the measured wave travel time can be directly expressed as a depth. Sonic velocity can be adjusted for different sound speeds in waters of different density and concentration of suspended materials.
The acoustical pulse which is used in the method of the invention will have a frequency of between about 5 and about 12 kHz. This range of frequency results from the need to have a resolution in the tailings pond of at least one foot and since the velocity of sound propagation is about 4760 ft. per second, the minimum , ~
1~983~P
acoustic frequency required is approximately 5 kHz (i.e., 4760 ft./sec. x 1 ft./cycle = 4760 Hz = 4.76 kHz).
Further, in order to employ a small-sized sounding device, a compact piezoelectric transducer should be employed.
The upper limit of the operating frequency is determined by siqnal attenuation which increases quasi-linearly with increasing frequency. Since the sound waves in this application are propagated through suspensions (recycle water and sludge) and a visco-elastic emulsion (bitumen froth), attenuation can be anticipated to be generally higher than usual. To overcome the attenuation in the water, bitumen froth and sludge in the lagoon, the frequency of the acoustic signal need be no greater than about 12 kHz and use of higher frequency would be a waste of energy. It is the differential acoustic properties of the water, bitumen froth and sludge layers that make it possible to obtain acoustic profiles of the system. It is clear from the above that, in view of the attenuation, acoustic signals will not penetrate far into the bottom sludge. Further, in addition to the contrasting sound velocity it is also very probable that gas accumulates at the bottom of the bitumen layer, hence providing an even better reflector and thus enhancing accuracy of the method.
A typically useful acoustical device for the method of the invention is a solid state sonar transceiver (Model 248E), manufactured by Edo Western Corporation supplied by Edo Canada, Ltd., Calgary, Alberta. This device is a versatile, compact shipboard transceiver featuring extremely low power consumption, reliable solid-state operation and operates within the required frequencies of about 5 to about 12 kHz. Further, it is compatible with precision recorders and with a wide variety of transducers. This transceiver is further characterized by having the following specifications:
Pulse length = short 0.3 milliseconds medium 5.0 milliseconds long 10.0 milliseconds Output impedance = 50, 100, 175, 250 Ohm Power output = 2000 watt Keying note = 1200 pulses per minute (generated by recorder) The transducer preferably used in the method of the invention will use piezoelectric EC-69 lead titanate zirconate having a resonant frequency of 12 kHz, an impedance at 12 kHz of 200 ohms, a maximum input power of 2000 watt and a beam width of 33 at 12 kHz.
EXAMPLE OF THE INVENTION
Reference is made to Figure 3 which is a contour map obtained by the invention. A barge on the northeast water's edge of the lagoon (not shown) traverses across the lagoon in an east to west direction using north (vertical) and east (horizontal) coordinates from a reference point to define the area of traverse. The coordinates may be in any units of distance as convenient, the units shown in Figure-3 being in feet from the reference point. As the barge moves across the lagoon the acoustic sensing apparatus on board as described above is operated and at some point after receiving the first few reflected signals (about 5 to 20), the apparatus is calibrated with a torque bar determination of the location and depth of the bitumen observed to be present. The barge then continues to make soundings and recordings of the reflected pulses. After completing the first crossing, the barge returns to the other side without soundings and after locating itself about 400 feet south of its starting place, again crosses the lagoon while making and recording the soundings. In this way, the entire lagoon is traversed and the results ''S~
~ ~, -` 129~3 obtained.
The data is obtained as a scan printout illustrated by Figure 4. The bottom of the transducer is at 41 and the top of the bitumen layer is at 42. The bottom of the bitumen layer is shown at 43 which is also the top of the sludge layer. The multiple echoes are shown as 44. The thickness between 42 and 43 represents the thickness of the bitumen layer. Thus, the distance measured in millimeters of a vertical line between 42A and 43A
represents the thickness (e.g., the amount) of the bitumen at this point. Furthermore, the position of each such point represents a specific point on the lagoon and by incrementally plotting these known points and connecting points of equal value the isopach map is obtained. The data obtained is plotted graphically to obtain the isopach (contour map) of the bitumen layers in the lagoon as can be seen from Figure 3. The isopach lines show the depth in feet of the bitumen at the locations defined by the north and east position points.
Where no isopach lines appear there is only water, no bitumen being present. The amount of the bitumen at locations between the isopach lines is readily estimated by interpolation.
In view of the above it is clear that the method of the invention enables bitumen reserves in a waste lagoon to be calculated by determining from a moving barge equipped with the appropriate acoustic instruments, the thickness and aerial distribution (e.g., the location) of such layered bitumen. In addition, movements in these layers can be quickly, accurately, and inexpensively monitored so that bitumen recovery facilities can be properly located, and moved, if need be. A primary advantage of this method is that it provides a continuous read-out, compared to the discrete sampling previously used, in addition to the high speed at which it can be , .
lZ~8393 performed. With this technique, it is also possible to monitor the change in geometric properties of these layers, as they respond to the bitumen recovery operation.
Claims (3)
1. A method of determining the location and thickness of bitumen froth submerged in the tailings lagoons of a tar sands processing plant which comprises transmitting acoustical pulses vertically through the lagoon from a vessel traversing said lagoon in parallel lines and at spaced apart distances, said acoustical pulses having a frequency of between about 5 and 12 kHz, calibrating the acoustical data with measurements of location and depth of said bitumen froth and constructing contour maps from said calibrated acoustical data for the top and bottom profiles of the bitumen determined by said acoustical pulses.
2. The method of Claim 1 wherein the calibration measure-ments are made with a torque bar.
3. A method of determining the location and thickness of bitumen froth submerged in the tailings lagoons of a tar sands processing plant which comprises transmitting acoustical pulses vertically through the lagoon from a vessel traversing said lagoon in parallel lines and at spaced apart distances, said acoustical pulses having a frequency of between about 5 and 12 kHz, calibrating the acoustical data with torque bar measure-ments of location and depth of said bitumen froth, constructing contour maps from said calibrated acoustical data for the top and bottom profiles of the bitumen determined by said acoustical pulses and calculating the volume of said bitumen containing between said upper and lower bitumen profile.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000541351A CA1298393C (en) | 1987-07-06 | 1987-07-06 | Remote sensing of bitumen froth in lagoons containing tar sands tailings |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000541351A CA1298393C (en) | 1987-07-06 | 1987-07-06 | Remote sensing of bitumen froth in lagoons containing tar sands tailings |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1298393C true CA1298393C (en) | 1992-03-31 |
Family
ID=4136033
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000541351A Expired - Fee Related CA1298393C (en) | 1987-07-06 | 1987-07-06 | Remote sensing of bitumen froth in lagoons containing tar sands tailings |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1298393C (en) |
-
1987
- 1987-07-06 CA CA000541351A patent/CA1298393C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Shirley et al. | Shear‐wave measurements in laboratory sediments | |
| US3791200A (en) | Fluid pollution monitoring apparatus and method | |
| EP0787307B1 (en) | Sludge topography measurement in oil tanks | |
| EP2299292B1 (en) | Scanning apparatus and method | |
| EP0624253A1 (en) | Feature location and display apparatus | |
| Klein et al. | Acquisition and inversion of dispersive seismic waves in shallow marine environments | |
| US4170144A (en) | Material scanning apparatus | |
| RU2182318C2 (en) | Method of measurement of acoustic supersonic wave velocity in rock pieces | |
| Carbó | Wave reflection from a transitional layer between the seawater and the bottom | |
| Bennett et al. | Geoacoustic and geological characterization of surficial marine sediments by in situ probe and remote sensing techniques | |
| CA1298393C (en) | Remote sensing of bitumen froth in lagoons containing tar sands tailings | |
| Ballard et al. | Development of a system for in situ measurements of geoacoustic properties during sediment coring | |
| Kozaczka et al. | Processing data on sea bottom structure obtained by means of the parametric sounding | |
| Armitage | The use of low-frequency Rayleigh waves to detect gauge corner cracking in railway lines | |
| Grelowska et al. | Gdansk Bay sea bed sounding and classification of its results | |
| Carbó et al. | The effect of temperature on sound wave absorption in a sediment layer | |
| Grelowska et al. | Acoustic imaging of selected areas of gdansk bay with the aid of parametric echosounder and side-scan sonar | |
| CN100456046C (en) | Acoustic method and system for measuring multi-metal nodule ore in sea bottom | |
| Kermabon et al. | Acoustic and other physical properties of deep-sea sediments in the Tyrrhenian Abyssal Plain | |
| US4044606A (en) | Sensing thickness of a thin body disposed between two diverse surfaces | |
| US3744013A (en) | Method for searching a medium | |
| GB1599067A (en) | Ultrasonic testing | |
| Tegowski et al. | Nonlinear acoustical methods in the detection of gassy sediments | |
| Berkson et al. | A side-scan sonar investigation of small-scale features on the floor of southern Lake Michigan | |
| McCann et al. | Acoustic reflectors in the surface layers of deep sea sediments |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MKLA | Lapsed |