CA1144647A - Method for measuring yarn shrinkage and crimp development - Google Patents
Method for measuring yarn shrinkage and crimp developmentInfo
- Publication number
- CA1144647A CA1144647A CA000355918A CA355918A CA1144647A CA 1144647 A CA1144647 A CA 1144647A CA 000355918 A CA000355918 A CA 000355918A CA 355918 A CA355918 A CA 355918A CA 1144647 A CA1144647 A CA 1144647A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- yarn
- tension
- zone
- crimp
- loop
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002932 luster Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009183 running Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/36—Textiles
- G01N33/365—Filiform textiles, e.g. yarns
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B7/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
- G01B7/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
- G01B7/04—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring length, width or thickness specially adapted for measuring length or width of objects while moving
- G01B7/042—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring length, width or thickness specially adapted for measuring length or width of objects while moving for measuring length
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
Abstract
TITLE
METHOD FOR MEASURING YARN
SHRINKAGE AND CRIMP DEVELOPMENT
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A method for measuring continuously shrinkage and crimp development in a long continuous sample of yarn involves the steps providing a zero-tension loop, applying a standard tension, then developing crimp in a single downward pass through a hot air chamber providing a second zero-tension loop and thereafter retensioning it. The shrinkage and crimp development is calculated from differential speeds of rolls advancing the yarn.
METHOD FOR MEASURING YARN
SHRINKAGE AND CRIMP DEVELOPMENT
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A method for measuring continuously shrinkage and crimp development in a long continuous sample of yarn involves the steps providing a zero-tension loop, applying a standard tension, then developing crimp in a single downward pass through a hot air chamber providing a second zero-tension loop and thereafter retensioning it. The shrinkage and crimp development is calculated from differential speeds of rolls advancing the yarn.
Description
li44647 TITLE
METHOD FOR MEASURING YARN
SHRINKAGE AND CRIMP DEVELOPMENT
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention concerns a method for measuring continuously shrinkage and crimp development of a run-ning yarn sample.
BACKGROUND OF THE INYENTION
Automatic-instruments for measuring certain properties of yarns automatically on the run are known.
However, properties such as shrinkage and crimp develop-ment in yarns which develop crimp upon heating at low tension are qllite sensitive to the tension under which such crimp is developed and measured. A considerable amount of the shrinkage or crimp development in such yarns becomes evident only at very low tensions, such as are encountered in a pile carpet when the fabric is dyed at elevated temperature where the pile yarn may be under zero tension while being agitated in the dye bath. The conventional method of forming skeins and measuring their length before and after crimp development during zero-tension tumbling allows for full retraction, but this method is not continuous or automatic.
Automatic instruments used for measuring shrink-age or crimp development in such yarns, such as described by M. J. Denton in USP 3,72~,137 and by C. M. Langkammerer in Chemiefasern _ , 41-49(1971) Jan., have kept the yarn under controlled low tension during heating and measur-ing of properties. In such cases the yarn is unable to develop the same amount of shrinkage or crimp which the yarn undergoes in normal fabric processing, and there-fore the measurement does not reflect conditions of actual use. Variations in yarn properties which may cause undesirable appearance, such as configurational dye streaks in fabrics, thus may not be detected when DC-20~3A
1~4~647 such properties are measured with an instrument which maintains substantial tension on the yarn. This is particularly true of yarns which have a low degree of shrinkage or crimp and which are desired for high-luster 5 fabrics.
The traditional way of beginning a measurement is to place the yarn under a standard tension using one of a variety of known tensioning devices, as described for example in USP 3,726,137 to Denton and 3,762,220 to 10 Gusack. However, such tensioners are usually affected by variations in tensio~ caused by varying drag on the yarn as it comes off a package, tension being low when the yarn is feedlng from the near end of the package and higher as it feeds from the farther end. Yarn defects 1~ may cause tension plucks as yarn slides over them. Such tension variations may be magnified by conventional ten-sioning systems, or at least are not eliminated by them.
SUMMARY OF THE INYENTION
An improved method of measurement of yarn 20 shrinkage and crimp development has now been developed to obtain reliable bulk and other useful yarn data which permits use of long continuous sample length at increased yarn speed with excellent precision. The method involves the steps of advancing the yarn from a source through a 25 tension zone, a heating zone and an elongation zone in a system that regulates the speed of the rolls advancing ~he yarn through the above-mentioned zones. Property measurements are determined from the ratio of roll speeds as will be detailed later. The improvement involves 30 maintaining the yarn in a zero-tension zone by means of a free-hanging loop as it passes from the source to the tension zone and passing the yarn downward through the heating zone into another zero-tension zone by means of a second free-hang~ng loop prior to entering the 35 elongation zone.
~144647 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The drawing is a schematic diagram of the method of this in~ention.
DETAILED DESCRTPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to the drawing, yarn 10 is taken from package 12 by driven rolls 14 with associated nip roll 15 to prevent slippage of the yarn. Yarn 10 then passes downward in a free-hanging loop and up to driven 10 rolls 16 with associated nip roll 17. Rolls 16 are driven at constant speed, and the length of the loop between rolls 14 and 16 is controlled by a noncontacting control system 18 such as photoelectric cells to sense the position of the loop, which in turn controls the 15 speed of rolls 14 to maintain the length of the loop between an upper and lower limit. The yarn then passes over pulleys 20 and 21 having low friction bearings, between which is positioned tensioner pully 19 hanging on the loop of yarn and having weight 22 to provide a 20 standardized tension such as 0.1 grams per denier.
Different values of weight 22 are provided for different deniers of yarn. An optlcal system (not shown) senses the position of pulley 19 and controls the speed of roll 23 to maintain pulley 19 at the desired position.
25 Yarn 10 then passes over free-running roll 24 and enters heating chamber 26 supplied with hot air ~from a source not illustrated) at accurately regulated temperature and flow rate. As the yarn passes downward through heating chamber 26, hot air flows outwardly through both yarn 30 entrance 25 and yarn exit 27 to prevent ambient air from entering the chamber. The flow rate of the hot air is adjusted to maintain a slight tension on the yarn within chamber 26 due to fluid drag as the hot air exits. This outward flow also removes the cold air which is entrained 35 with the yarn entering at entrance 25 and prevents ambient air from entering upward at exit 27 through convection. Yarn lQ leaving exit 27 proceeds downward in a second free-hanging loop then upward to driven rolls 28 which are controlled by a noncontacting device 5 30, for example photoelectric cells, to maintain the loop length within an upper and lower limit. The yarn cools to approximately ambient temperature during its travel from exit 27 to rolls 28. Yarn 10 then passes over free-running pulleys 32 and 34 between which is 10 positioned tensioner pulley 36 with weight 38, the position of which is controlled by a system (not shown) which senses the position of pulley 36 and controls the speed of rolls 40. Yarn 10 then enters aspirator 42 which deposits it in a waste container such as 44.
The free-hanging loop between rolls 14 and 16 isolates the measuring system from tension differences due to removing yarn from package 12. This also elimi-nates any elasticity effects so that the tension applied by tensioner pulley 19 and weight 22 will provide a more 20 accurate base for measuring subsequent behavior of the yarn. The heating of the yarn in chamber 26 takes place under only the weight of the yarn loop and the slight drag produced by the outflowing hot air, but this yarn is then able to retract completely while still 25 hot as it leaves exit 27 and approaches zero tension at the bottom of the second free-hanging loop where even the effect of its own weight is minimized.
The speeds of rolls 16, 23, 28 and 40 are obtained by photoelectric devices which count the teeth 30 of a gear attached to each roll shaft. These pulses are fed into a computer which calculates one or more properties and displays the results on a panel and/or prints the results through a teletype or similar devices (not shown). Three typical measurements which may be 35 made are:
il4464'7 (1) ~ Bulk Crimp Elongation =
(speed of rolls 40)-(speed of rolls 28) x 100 ~speed o ro s 28
METHOD FOR MEASURING YARN
SHRINKAGE AND CRIMP DEVELOPMENT
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention concerns a method for measuring continuously shrinkage and crimp development of a run-ning yarn sample.
BACKGROUND OF THE INYENTION
Automatic-instruments for measuring certain properties of yarns automatically on the run are known.
However, properties such as shrinkage and crimp develop-ment in yarns which develop crimp upon heating at low tension are qllite sensitive to the tension under which such crimp is developed and measured. A considerable amount of the shrinkage or crimp development in such yarns becomes evident only at very low tensions, such as are encountered in a pile carpet when the fabric is dyed at elevated temperature where the pile yarn may be under zero tension while being agitated in the dye bath. The conventional method of forming skeins and measuring their length before and after crimp development during zero-tension tumbling allows for full retraction, but this method is not continuous or automatic.
Automatic instruments used for measuring shrink-age or crimp development in such yarns, such as described by M. J. Denton in USP 3,72~,137 and by C. M. Langkammerer in Chemiefasern _ , 41-49(1971) Jan., have kept the yarn under controlled low tension during heating and measur-ing of properties. In such cases the yarn is unable to develop the same amount of shrinkage or crimp which the yarn undergoes in normal fabric processing, and there-fore the measurement does not reflect conditions of actual use. Variations in yarn properties which may cause undesirable appearance, such as configurational dye streaks in fabrics, thus may not be detected when DC-20~3A
1~4~647 such properties are measured with an instrument which maintains substantial tension on the yarn. This is particularly true of yarns which have a low degree of shrinkage or crimp and which are desired for high-luster 5 fabrics.
The traditional way of beginning a measurement is to place the yarn under a standard tension using one of a variety of known tensioning devices, as described for example in USP 3,726,137 to Denton and 3,762,220 to 10 Gusack. However, such tensioners are usually affected by variations in tensio~ caused by varying drag on the yarn as it comes off a package, tension being low when the yarn is feedlng from the near end of the package and higher as it feeds from the farther end. Yarn defects 1~ may cause tension plucks as yarn slides over them. Such tension variations may be magnified by conventional ten-sioning systems, or at least are not eliminated by them.
SUMMARY OF THE INYENTION
An improved method of measurement of yarn 20 shrinkage and crimp development has now been developed to obtain reliable bulk and other useful yarn data which permits use of long continuous sample length at increased yarn speed with excellent precision. The method involves the steps of advancing the yarn from a source through a 25 tension zone, a heating zone and an elongation zone in a system that regulates the speed of the rolls advancing ~he yarn through the above-mentioned zones. Property measurements are determined from the ratio of roll speeds as will be detailed later. The improvement involves 30 maintaining the yarn in a zero-tension zone by means of a free-hanging loop as it passes from the source to the tension zone and passing the yarn downward through the heating zone into another zero-tension zone by means of a second free-hang~ng loop prior to entering the 35 elongation zone.
~144647 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The drawing is a schematic diagram of the method of this in~ention.
DETAILED DESCRTPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to the drawing, yarn 10 is taken from package 12 by driven rolls 14 with associated nip roll 15 to prevent slippage of the yarn. Yarn 10 then passes downward in a free-hanging loop and up to driven 10 rolls 16 with associated nip roll 17. Rolls 16 are driven at constant speed, and the length of the loop between rolls 14 and 16 is controlled by a noncontacting control system 18 such as photoelectric cells to sense the position of the loop, which in turn controls the 15 speed of rolls 14 to maintain the length of the loop between an upper and lower limit. The yarn then passes over pulleys 20 and 21 having low friction bearings, between which is positioned tensioner pully 19 hanging on the loop of yarn and having weight 22 to provide a 20 standardized tension such as 0.1 grams per denier.
Different values of weight 22 are provided for different deniers of yarn. An optlcal system (not shown) senses the position of pulley 19 and controls the speed of roll 23 to maintain pulley 19 at the desired position.
25 Yarn 10 then passes over free-running roll 24 and enters heating chamber 26 supplied with hot air ~from a source not illustrated) at accurately regulated temperature and flow rate. As the yarn passes downward through heating chamber 26, hot air flows outwardly through both yarn 30 entrance 25 and yarn exit 27 to prevent ambient air from entering the chamber. The flow rate of the hot air is adjusted to maintain a slight tension on the yarn within chamber 26 due to fluid drag as the hot air exits. This outward flow also removes the cold air which is entrained 35 with the yarn entering at entrance 25 and prevents ambient air from entering upward at exit 27 through convection. Yarn lQ leaving exit 27 proceeds downward in a second free-hanging loop then upward to driven rolls 28 which are controlled by a noncontacting device 5 30, for example photoelectric cells, to maintain the loop length within an upper and lower limit. The yarn cools to approximately ambient temperature during its travel from exit 27 to rolls 28. Yarn 10 then passes over free-running pulleys 32 and 34 between which is 10 positioned tensioner pulley 36 with weight 38, the position of which is controlled by a system (not shown) which senses the position of pulley 36 and controls the speed of rolls 40. Yarn 10 then enters aspirator 42 which deposits it in a waste container such as 44.
The free-hanging loop between rolls 14 and 16 isolates the measuring system from tension differences due to removing yarn from package 12. This also elimi-nates any elasticity effects so that the tension applied by tensioner pulley 19 and weight 22 will provide a more 20 accurate base for measuring subsequent behavior of the yarn. The heating of the yarn in chamber 26 takes place under only the weight of the yarn loop and the slight drag produced by the outflowing hot air, but this yarn is then able to retract completely while still 25 hot as it leaves exit 27 and approaches zero tension at the bottom of the second free-hanging loop where even the effect of its own weight is minimized.
The speeds of rolls 16, 23, 28 and 40 are obtained by photoelectric devices which count the teeth 30 of a gear attached to each roll shaft. These pulses are fed into a computer which calculates one or more properties and displays the results on a panel and/or prints the results through a teletype or similar devices (not shown). Three typical measurements which may be 35 made are:
il4464'7 (1) ~ Bulk Crimp Elongation =
(speed of rolls 40)-(speed of rolls 28) x 100 ~speed o ro s 28
(2) % Residual Crimp Elongation =
(speed of rolls 23)-(speed of rolls 16) x 10 ~spee o ro s
(speed of rolls 23)-(speed of rolls 16) x 10 ~spee o ro s
(3) ~ Fiber Shrinkage =
(speed of rolls 23)-(speed of rolls 40) x 100 (speed of rolls 23) For most purposes the measurement reported is the average value for a preset length of sample. How-ever, the computer may also be programmed to report variations of a property within the given sample length.
The hot air within heating chamber 26 is pref-15 erably dry because the addition of moisture in the form of steam is more difficult to control accurately and may cause condensation problems outside the chamber. The flow rate of hot air through and out of heating chamber 26 should be no less than that required to maintain an 20 outward flow of hot air at both yarn entrance 25 and yarn exit 27. Higher flows may be desirable for opening large yarn bundles to thoroughly heat all filaments and provide sufficient agitation for all filaments to develop crimp. However, high flow rates also impose more tension 25 on the yarn during the heating process. Flow rates should not exceed a value which reduces the measured crimp elongation and shrinkage significantly.
The various zero-tension and high-tension zones on the instrument both before and after bulking 30 can.acco~moda~e additional detecting devices to measure luster, denier, denier uniformity, initial modulus and so forth.
The improved instrument of the invention is able to measure crimp and shrinkage parameters over the 35 full range of commercial interest including the low values which are most difficult. The faster analysis time means that more or longer samples may be measured to give more accurate averages or alternately that variations along the end of a yarn may be determined 5 quickly.
The measurement error of the present device has been found to be only about 10 to 1 5D/D of the total variance compared to 60-70DID measurement error for the skein method.
(speed of rolls 23)-(speed of rolls 40) x 100 (speed of rolls 23) For most purposes the measurement reported is the average value for a preset length of sample. How-ever, the computer may also be programmed to report variations of a property within the given sample length.
The hot air within heating chamber 26 is pref-15 erably dry because the addition of moisture in the form of steam is more difficult to control accurately and may cause condensation problems outside the chamber. The flow rate of hot air through and out of heating chamber 26 should be no less than that required to maintain an 20 outward flow of hot air at both yarn entrance 25 and yarn exit 27. Higher flows may be desirable for opening large yarn bundles to thoroughly heat all filaments and provide sufficient agitation for all filaments to develop crimp. However, high flow rates also impose more tension 25 on the yarn during the heating process. Flow rates should not exceed a value which reduces the measured crimp elongation and shrinkage significantly.
The various zero-tension and high-tension zones on the instrument both before and after bulking 30 can.acco~moda~e additional detecting devices to measure luster, denier, denier uniformity, initial modulus and so forth.
The improved instrument of the invention is able to measure crimp and shrinkage parameters over the 35 full range of commercial interest including the low values which are most difficult. The faster analysis time means that more or longer samples may be measured to give more accurate averages or alternately that variations along the end of a yarn may be determined 5 quickly.
The measurement error of the present device has been found to be only about 10 to 1 5D/D of the total variance compared to 60-70DID measurement error for the skein method.
Claims
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
In a method for measuring continuously shrinkage and crimp development in yarns which develop crimp upon heating under low tension and wherein the yarn is advanced by driven rolls from a yarn source to a first tension zone, through a heating zone to a second tension zone and then through an elongation zone, whereby shrink-age and crimp development are determined in a measuring system from ratios of driven roll speeds; the improvement comprising: advancing said yarn downwardly in a free-hanging loop as it passes from said source to said first tension zone while maintaining zero tension in the yarn of said loop by noncontacting means sensing the length of the free-hanging loop and in turn controlling the speed of the driven rolls near the yarn source whereby tension differences in the yarn due to removing the yarn from the source are isolated from the measuring system, passing the yarn downward through said heating zone into a second free-hanging loop while maintaining zero tension in the yarn in said second loop by a second noncontacting means sensing the length of the second free-hanging loop and in turn controlling the speed of driven rolls in the second tension zone whereby the yarn is able to retract completely prior to entering the elongation zone, and cooling the yarn while passing upward to the second tension zone.
In a method for measuring continuously shrinkage and crimp development in yarns which develop crimp upon heating under low tension and wherein the yarn is advanced by driven rolls from a yarn source to a first tension zone, through a heating zone to a second tension zone and then through an elongation zone, whereby shrink-age and crimp development are determined in a measuring system from ratios of driven roll speeds; the improvement comprising: advancing said yarn downwardly in a free-hanging loop as it passes from said source to said first tension zone while maintaining zero tension in the yarn of said loop by noncontacting means sensing the length of the free-hanging loop and in turn controlling the speed of the driven rolls near the yarn source whereby tension differences in the yarn due to removing the yarn from the source are isolated from the measuring system, passing the yarn downward through said heating zone into a second free-hanging loop while maintaining zero tension in the yarn in said second loop by a second noncontacting means sensing the length of the second free-hanging loop and in turn controlling the speed of driven rolls in the second tension zone whereby the yarn is able to retract completely prior to entering the elongation zone, and cooling the yarn while passing upward to the second tension zone.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US5694779A | 1979-07-12 | 1979-07-12 | |
| US056,947 | 1979-07-12 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1144647A true CA1144647A (en) | 1983-04-12 |
Family
ID=22007562
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000355918A Expired CA1144647A (en) | 1979-07-12 | 1980-07-10 | Method for measuring yarn shrinkage and crimp development |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AT (1) | AT391558B (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1144647A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH648670A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3026194A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2469319C1 (en) * | 2011-06-03 | 2012-12-10 | Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Ивановская государственная текстильная академия" (ИГТА) | Method to define crimp (shrinkage) of threads in fabric |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3416883A1 (en) * | 1984-05-08 | 1985-11-14 | Robert Prof. Dr.-Ing. 7760 Radolfzell Massen | METHOD AND ARRANGEMENT FOR CONTINUOUS CONTACTLESS MEASUREMENT OF THE 2-DIMENSIONAL SHRINKAGE OF KNITWEAR |
| GB8629597D0 (en) * | 1986-12-11 | 1987-01-21 | Rieter Scragg Ltd | Yarn quality monitoring apparatus |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT348649B (en) * | 1975-09-08 | 1979-02-26 | Chemiefaser Lenzing Ag | DEVICE FOR CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF RIPPLY OR DERIMPLEMENT OF TEXTURED YARN |
| DE2617019C3 (en) * | 1976-04-17 | 1986-05-07 | Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen | Device for determining the crimp on running cables of synthetic textile threads |
-
1980
- 1980-07-07 CH CH5178/80A patent/CH648670A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1980-07-10 CA CA000355918A patent/CA1144647A/en not_active Expired
- 1980-07-10 DE DE19803026194 patent/DE3026194A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1980-07-11 AT AT363380A patent/AT391558B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2469319C1 (en) * | 2011-06-03 | 2012-12-10 | Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Ивановская государственная текстильная академия" (ИГТА) | Method to define crimp (shrinkage) of threads in fabric |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ATA363380A (en) | 1990-04-15 |
| CH648670A5 (en) | 1985-03-29 |
| AT391558B (en) | 1990-10-25 |
| DE3026194A1 (en) | 1981-02-12 |
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