CA1132906A - Low volume equine anthelmintic feed additive - Google Patents
Low volume equine anthelmintic feed additiveInfo
- Publication number
- CA1132906A CA1132906A CA328,625A CA328625A CA1132906A CA 1132906 A CA1132906 A CA 1132906A CA 328625 A CA328625 A CA 328625A CA 1132906 A CA1132906 A CA 1132906A
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- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- paste
- feed additive
- anthelmintic
- equine
- anthelmintic compound
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
Equine feed additive comprising particles of an equine anthelmintic compound having an effective dosage rate at or less than about 20 mg/kg of body weight dispersed in an inert liquid carrier, the amount of anthelmintic in the dispersion being sufficient to assure a paste-like consistency.
Equine feed additive comprising particles of an equine anthelmintic compound having an effective dosage rate at or less than about 20 mg/kg of body weight dispersed in an inert liquid carrier, the amount of anthelmintic in the dispersion being sufficient to assure a paste-like consistency.
Description
ll~Z906 This invention is concerned generally with equine parasiticidal paste formulations and specifically with an equine paste-like drug prepara-tion which is anthelmintically effective at very low paste volumes and especially useful as a feed additive.
Equine parasiticidal preparations in paste form have been disclosed in United States Patent No. 3,746,490 to Marsland (resin-based paste formula-tion of the liquid dimethyl-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate or DDVP) and more recently in our Canadian patent application Serial No. 314,340 (paste formulation of trichlorfon particles dispersed in mineral oil). The advantages of using an equine parasiticide in paste-like form are described in detail in United States Patent No. 3,74S,490. In general, that form permits the introduction (e.g. via syringe) of the active agent directly into the mouth of the horse. In the case of boticidally effective preparations, a significant portion of the paste can adhere to the inner portions of the mouth, thus making the paste formulation especially effective in the destruction of first instar bot larvae inside the mouth. In time, the active agent is fully swallowed and introduced into the stomach and intestines to result in both direct and systemic killing of 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar bot larvae and, depending on the active agent, several species of endoparasitic worms.
Another advantage of using such parasiticides in a paste form is that the paste can be used as a feed additive which, in general, tends to adhere to grain feeds, thereby tending to assure ingestion. In this applica-tion, however, it would be very desirable to disguise or hide the additive in the feed as much as possible to make it less easy to detect and avoid during the feeding. In the past, the volumes of such feed additive pastes have been undesirably high and unpalatable when added to the feed. Feed, as used herein, refers to the grain portion of a horse's food ration. Although ~,,~,.
.
relatively high potency equine anthelmintic pastes are known and used for direct application into a horse's mouth or stomach, we are unaware of the use of such pastes as low volume feed additives~
We have now found that by using high potency equine anthelmintics having an effective dosage rate of about 20 or less mg per kilogram of horse body weight in a paste-like composition, there is provided a more effective paste which can be used in ultra low volumes especially useful as a feed additive. The low volume effectiveness of our paste ~e.g. less than 20 grams of paste per 1000 lb horse weight) also permits manufacturing economies in that the paste formulation requires as low as one sixth the overall volume of conventional equine anthelmintic pastes.
Accordingly, the invention provides an equine feed additive comprising an anthelmintically effective amount of particles of an equine anthelmintic compound selected from the group consisting of febental, cambendazole, mebandazole, fendbendazole, oxyfendazole, albendazole, oxybendazole or pyrantel, having an effective dosage of about 20 mg or less per kg of body weight dispersed in an inert liquid carrier, the amount of anthelmintic compound in the dispersion being sufficient to assure a paste-like consistency in the composition. In a preferred embodiment, the inert liquid carrier is water. Conventional stabilizers and preservatives may be added. An especially preferred low volume anthelmintic paste comprises particles of febantel, about 5 microns or less in size, dispersed in enough water to make a 40 to 50% by weight paste. The febantel is especially preferred, having a potency such that as little as about 6 mg/kg of active ingredient is anthelmintically effective in a horse.
As disclosed in our Canadian patent application Serial No.
314,340, a common equine parasiticide such as trichlorfon has a potency such that its dosage rate is about 35 to 40 mg/kg of horse body weight. Unlike
Equine parasiticidal preparations in paste form have been disclosed in United States Patent No. 3,746,490 to Marsland (resin-based paste formula-tion of the liquid dimethyl-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate or DDVP) and more recently in our Canadian patent application Serial No. 314,340 (paste formulation of trichlorfon particles dispersed in mineral oil). The advantages of using an equine parasiticide in paste-like form are described in detail in United States Patent No. 3,74S,490. In general, that form permits the introduction (e.g. via syringe) of the active agent directly into the mouth of the horse. In the case of boticidally effective preparations, a significant portion of the paste can adhere to the inner portions of the mouth, thus making the paste formulation especially effective in the destruction of first instar bot larvae inside the mouth. In time, the active agent is fully swallowed and introduced into the stomach and intestines to result in both direct and systemic killing of 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar bot larvae and, depending on the active agent, several species of endoparasitic worms.
Another advantage of using such parasiticides in a paste form is that the paste can be used as a feed additive which, in general, tends to adhere to grain feeds, thereby tending to assure ingestion. In this applica-tion, however, it would be very desirable to disguise or hide the additive in the feed as much as possible to make it less easy to detect and avoid during the feeding. In the past, the volumes of such feed additive pastes have been undesirably high and unpalatable when added to the feed. Feed, as used herein, refers to the grain portion of a horse's food ration. Although ~,,~,.
.
relatively high potency equine anthelmintic pastes are known and used for direct application into a horse's mouth or stomach, we are unaware of the use of such pastes as low volume feed additives~
We have now found that by using high potency equine anthelmintics having an effective dosage rate of about 20 or less mg per kilogram of horse body weight in a paste-like composition, there is provided a more effective paste which can be used in ultra low volumes especially useful as a feed additive. The low volume effectiveness of our paste ~e.g. less than 20 grams of paste per 1000 lb horse weight) also permits manufacturing economies in that the paste formulation requires as low as one sixth the overall volume of conventional equine anthelmintic pastes.
Accordingly, the invention provides an equine feed additive comprising an anthelmintically effective amount of particles of an equine anthelmintic compound selected from the group consisting of febental, cambendazole, mebandazole, fendbendazole, oxyfendazole, albendazole, oxybendazole or pyrantel, having an effective dosage of about 20 mg or less per kg of body weight dispersed in an inert liquid carrier, the amount of anthelmintic compound in the dispersion being sufficient to assure a paste-like consistency in the composition. In a preferred embodiment, the inert liquid carrier is water. Conventional stabilizers and preservatives may be added. An especially preferred low volume anthelmintic paste comprises particles of febantel, about 5 microns or less in size, dispersed in enough water to make a 40 to 50% by weight paste. The febantel is especially preferred, having a potency such that as little as about 6 mg/kg of active ingredient is anthelmintically effective in a horse.
As disclosed in our Canadian patent application Serial No.
314,340, a common equine parasiticide such as trichlorfon has a potency such that its dosage rate is about 35 to 40 mg/kg of horse body weight. Unlike
- 2 -:) , . ., ,, ~
' ~ ' : ' :: . : ~ .
, il;~Z906 pastes made from such parasiticides, the paste of the present invention utilizes an anthelmintic having a potency such that it is effective at amounts of less than one half that previously used in a paste. Depending on the potency of the specific anthelmintic used in our paste formulation, the paste volume may be as low as one-sixth of that previously used. This ultra low volume is believed to be the lowest volume dosaee for any known anthel-mintic paste. Whereas traditional anthelmintic paste formulations required the volume of a 30-40 gram syringe for a 1,000 lbs. dose, some of the low volume pastes of this disclosure permit up to six such doses in a similar syringe.
Examples of equine anthelmintic compounds which can be used in preparing the pastes of this invention are shown in Table I.
TABLE I
AnthelminticEffective dosage (mg/kg) febantel 6 cambendazole 20 mebendazole 8.8 fenbendazole 5-10 oxyfendazole <15 albendazole <10 oxybendazole <15 pyrantel <20 Although the primary requirement for the anthelmintically active agents needed for the paste of this invention is a relatively high potency on a per weight basis (i.e. 20 or less mg per kg of horse body weight), it can also be appreciated that the physical properties of the anthelmintic compound must be such that it is capable of forming a paste or paste-like composition when mixed with an essentially inert pharmaceutically acceptable ' : ,, .; :. . . :
~: ., :
.. : - : :
,, ~ , : , ll;~Z906 liquid carrier such as distilled water. As used herein, the terms paste or paste-like refer to a soft, semi-solid material consisting of a fluid medium that contains a substantially insoluble solid dispersed phase. Ideally, the paste is tacky and readily adheres to conventional equine feeds (e.g. grain, etc.). This stickiness, in combination with the ultra low volume of the paste, allows it to be easily disguised in the grain portion of a horse's feed ration and a horse is unable to separate the paste from the grain. With conventional feed additive formulations (e.g. powders, granules, high volume liquids, etc.), the anthelmintic tends to separate from the grain and thus much of it is avoided by the eating horse. This stickiness is also thought to be responsible for the very unexpected results found when the anthelmintic effect of paste as a feed additive was compared with an orally administered (via syringe) paste. These results are shown below.
The inert liquid carrier may be any pharmaceutically acceptable liquid which permits the formation of a paste with particles of the anthel-mintic without adverse effect on the active agent OT the horse. To form an effective paste, the active anthelmintic should be substantially insoluble in the liquid carrier and be in a particulate form (e.g. about 5 microns or less in particle size) which permits the convenient forming of a paste as defined above.
To hold the paste as a pH range which enhances stability of the active agent/paste, various buffers may be used. For example, since the preferred anthelmintic of this invention (febantel) tends to be more stable in an acid range of pH 5.2 to 5.8, a citric acid-sodium citrate buffer system can be conveniently used. In addition, conventional preservatives (e.g.
sodium benzoate) as well as thickeners (e.g. a microcellulose such as Avicel*
RC 591) may be incorporated into the paste. A surfactant or wetting agent such as Tween 80* as well as palatability enhancing, freeze-lowering and *Trade Mark ~13Z906 smoothing substances (e.g. sorbitol glycerine, etc.) may be added as desired.
It is thought that the respective choices and amounts of these and other commonly used substances are well within the skill of one involved in for-mulating anthelmintic preparations.
The preparation and use of a specific paste formulation are given below by way of example. Once prepared, the paste may be thoroughly mixed as a feed additive with grain, the amount of paste vis-a-vis the grain ration depending on the anthelmintic potency (e.g. total mg of anthelmintic per ke of horse body weight) needed in a feeding or series of feedings to be anthel-mintically effective.
In the example below, we used our preferred anthelmintically active agent consisting of particles (about 90% at about 5 microns or less in size) of febantel dispersed in water to a paste-like consistency.
Fenbantel is a non-proprietary name proposed to the United States Adopted Names Council for a compound having a molecular formula of C20 H22 N4 6 S. The Chemical Abstracts Index Name is Dimethyl [[2-[methoxy-acetyl) amino] -4-(phenylthio) phenyl] carboimidoyl] bis [carbamate].
Fenbantel is a substituted phenylguanidine and the manufacture and use of it (in aqueous suspensions) and similar compounds are described in detail in 20 United States Patents Nos. 3,993,682 and 4,032,655, both to H. Kolling et al.
Although the above patents describe the use of the various phenylguanidines in aqueous suspensions, we are unaware of any suggestions of their use as an equine anthelmintic paste formulation.
Example Pre~aration of low volume Paste A paste having the following ingredients was prepared:
: : . : : . :
- ~ , : . : - . :: - -11~2906 TABLF_II
Ingredients Percent (w/w) 1. Febantel (> 98% pure, drug grade, micronized) 45.500 2. Citric Acid, U.S.P. anhydrous 0.045
' ~ ' : ' :: . : ~ .
, il;~Z906 pastes made from such parasiticides, the paste of the present invention utilizes an anthelmintic having a potency such that it is effective at amounts of less than one half that previously used in a paste. Depending on the potency of the specific anthelmintic used in our paste formulation, the paste volume may be as low as one-sixth of that previously used. This ultra low volume is believed to be the lowest volume dosaee for any known anthel-mintic paste. Whereas traditional anthelmintic paste formulations required the volume of a 30-40 gram syringe for a 1,000 lbs. dose, some of the low volume pastes of this disclosure permit up to six such doses in a similar syringe.
Examples of equine anthelmintic compounds which can be used in preparing the pastes of this invention are shown in Table I.
TABLE I
AnthelminticEffective dosage (mg/kg) febantel 6 cambendazole 20 mebendazole 8.8 fenbendazole 5-10 oxyfendazole <15 albendazole <10 oxybendazole <15 pyrantel <20 Although the primary requirement for the anthelmintically active agents needed for the paste of this invention is a relatively high potency on a per weight basis (i.e. 20 or less mg per kg of horse body weight), it can also be appreciated that the physical properties of the anthelmintic compound must be such that it is capable of forming a paste or paste-like composition when mixed with an essentially inert pharmaceutically acceptable ' : ,, .; :. . . :
~: ., :
.. : - : :
,, ~ , : , ll;~Z906 liquid carrier such as distilled water. As used herein, the terms paste or paste-like refer to a soft, semi-solid material consisting of a fluid medium that contains a substantially insoluble solid dispersed phase. Ideally, the paste is tacky and readily adheres to conventional equine feeds (e.g. grain, etc.). This stickiness, in combination with the ultra low volume of the paste, allows it to be easily disguised in the grain portion of a horse's feed ration and a horse is unable to separate the paste from the grain. With conventional feed additive formulations (e.g. powders, granules, high volume liquids, etc.), the anthelmintic tends to separate from the grain and thus much of it is avoided by the eating horse. This stickiness is also thought to be responsible for the very unexpected results found when the anthelmintic effect of paste as a feed additive was compared with an orally administered (via syringe) paste. These results are shown below.
The inert liquid carrier may be any pharmaceutically acceptable liquid which permits the formation of a paste with particles of the anthel-mintic without adverse effect on the active agent OT the horse. To form an effective paste, the active anthelmintic should be substantially insoluble in the liquid carrier and be in a particulate form (e.g. about 5 microns or less in particle size) which permits the convenient forming of a paste as defined above.
To hold the paste as a pH range which enhances stability of the active agent/paste, various buffers may be used. For example, since the preferred anthelmintic of this invention (febantel) tends to be more stable in an acid range of pH 5.2 to 5.8, a citric acid-sodium citrate buffer system can be conveniently used. In addition, conventional preservatives (e.g.
sodium benzoate) as well as thickeners (e.g. a microcellulose such as Avicel*
RC 591) may be incorporated into the paste. A surfactant or wetting agent such as Tween 80* as well as palatability enhancing, freeze-lowering and *Trade Mark ~13Z906 smoothing substances (e.g. sorbitol glycerine, etc.) may be added as desired.
It is thought that the respective choices and amounts of these and other commonly used substances are well within the skill of one involved in for-mulating anthelmintic preparations.
The preparation and use of a specific paste formulation are given below by way of example. Once prepared, the paste may be thoroughly mixed as a feed additive with grain, the amount of paste vis-a-vis the grain ration depending on the anthelmintic potency (e.g. total mg of anthelmintic per ke of horse body weight) needed in a feeding or series of feedings to be anthel-mintically effective.
In the example below, we used our preferred anthelmintically active agent consisting of particles (about 90% at about 5 microns or less in size) of febantel dispersed in water to a paste-like consistency.
Fenbantel is a non-proprietary name proposed to the United States Adopted Names Council for a compound having a molecular formula of C20 H22 N4 6 S. The Chemical Abstracts Index Name is Dimethyl [[2-[methoxy-acetyl) amino] -4-(phenylthio) phenyl] carboimidoyl] bis [carbamate].
Fenbantel is a substituted phenylguanidine and the manufacture and use of it (in aqueous suspensions) and similar compounds are described in detail in 20 United States Patents Nos. 3,993,682 and 4,032,655, both to H. Kolling et al.
Although the above patents describe the use of the various phenylguanidines in aqueous suspensions, we are unaware of any suggestions of their use as an equine anthelmintic paste formulation.
Example Pre~aration of low volume Paste A paste having the following ingredients was prepared:
: : . : : . :
- ~ , : . : - . :: - -11~2906 TABLF_II
Ingredients Percent (w/w) 1. Febantel (> 98% pure, drug grade, micronized) 45.500 2. Citric Acid, U.S.P. anhydrous 0.045
3. Sodium Citrate, U.S.P. 0.205
4. Sodium Benzoate, U.S.P. 0.100
5. Microcellulose (Avicel RC 591), N.F. 1.000
6. Surfactant (Tween 80 U.S.P., liquid) 0.500
7. Sorbitol 70% U.S.P. Solution 20.000
8. Glycerine U.S.P. (99.5% pure) 14.500
9. Distilled water (hot, 160 F. min.) 15.150
10. Distilled water (hot, 160 F. min.)3.000 The following preparation steps were used:
a. While mixing, slowly add item 5 to item 9.
b. Mix until homogeneous (homogenize if necessary).
c. Add items 7 and 8 and mix well.
d. Separately dissolve items 2, 3, and then 4 in item 10.
e. Add item 6 and mix well.
f. Slowly add, while mixing, item 1.
g. Mix well.
h. Pass through ointment mill.
i. Remix, being careful not to aerate.
The final product is referred to as a febantel 45.5% paste. The resulting paste was then fed to 11 horses as a feed additive (e.g. paste mixed with the grain ration of each horse, the amount of the 45.5% paste depending on horse body weight and the anthelmintically effective dosage rate of 6 mg per kg). The paste was also given per os (e.g. via syringe) at the 6 mg/kg dosage rate to 14 horses and both groups of horses were then ' , ' ' ~: ~
' , : . ; : ' ll;~Z906 examined for anthelmintic effects. The results are summarized in Table III
below.
TABLE III
Anthelmintic Activity of 45.5%
Febantel Paste in Horses Large Strongyle No. HorsesS. vulgaris S.edentatusS. equinus Per os 14 100% 100% 96%
Feed 11 100% 100% 100%
Ascarids Small Pinworms No. Horses(mature) Strongyles (mature) Per os 14 100% 97% 100%
Feed 11 100% 99% 100%
As can be seen the paste used as a feed additive was more effica-cious (more active) than the paste administered per os. It is thought that the reason for this is that, because the paste of the example represents a very low volume in the feed, there is a better distribution of paste in the gastrointestinal tract because it is adhered to the grain particles and the grain (e.g. oats, oats and cracked corn, commercial horse feeds, etc.) aids in the distribution, causing the drug to come in contact with more parasites than when given alone. The above results indicate that the ultra low volume paste of this disclosure is more anthelmintically active as a feed additive (e.g. mixed with grain) than when administered intra orally. Thus, the paste, since it is not boticidally effective anyway, is preferably given as a feed additive in combination with a horse's grain ration.
Palatability Studies In a further set of experiments the paste of the above example was used as a feed additive at twice the effective rate (12 g per 1000 lbs of .:
,, ' ,. ' ~ ' ~ ,, ~
.
,.
, :
ll~Z906 horse body wei~ht) and offered to 3 mares in their grain ration for 188consecutive days. Out of a total of 561l offerings, the grain was refused on only 7 occasions, thus indicating exceptional palatability for the ultra low volume feed additive.
Given this disclosure, it is thought that variations will become apparent to those skilled in the field of this invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the above example should be construed as illustrative only and that the scope of this invention should be limited only by the following claims.
:
a. While mixing, slowly add item 5 to item 9.
b. Mix until homogeneous (homogenize if necessary).
c. Add items 7 and 8 and mix well.
d. Separately dissolve items 2, 3, and then 4 in item 10.
e. Add item 6 and mix well.
f. Slowly add, while mixing, item 1.
g. Mix well.
h. Pass through ointment mill.
i. Remix, being careful not to aerate.
The final product is referred to as a febantel 45.5% paste. The resulting paste was then fed to 11 horses as a feed additive (e.g. paste mixed with the grain ration of each horse, the amount of the 45.5% paste depending on horse body weight and the anthelmintically effective dosage rate of 6 mg per kg). The paste was also given per os (e.g. via syringe) at the 6 mg/kg dosage rate to 14 horses and both groups of horses were then ' , ' ' ~: ~
' , : . ; : ' ll;~Z906 examined for anthelmintic effects. The results are summarized in Table III
below.
TABLE III
Anthelmintic Activity of 45.5%
Febantel Paste in Horses Large Strongyle No. HorsesS. vulgaris S.edentatusS. equinus Per os 14 100% 100% 96%
Feed 11 100% 100% 100%
Ascarids Small Pinworms No. Horses(mature) Strongyles (mature) Per os 14 100% 97% 100%
Feed 11 100% 99% 100%
As can be seen the paste used as a feed additive was more effica-cious (more active) than the paste administered per os. It is thought that the reason for this is that, because the paste of the example represents a very low volume in the feed, there is a better distribution of paste in the gastrointestinal tract because it is adhered to the grain particles and the grain (e.g. oats, oats and cracked corn, commercial horse feeds, etc.) aids in the distribution, causing the drug to come in contact with more parasites than when given alone. The above results indicate that the ultra low volume paste of this disclosure is more anthelmintically active as a feed additive (e.g. mixed with grain) than when administered intra orally. Thus, the paste, since it is not boticidally effective anyway, is preferably given as a feed additive in combination with a horse's grain ration.
Palatability Studies In a further set of experiments the paste of the above example was used as a feed additive at twice the effective rate (12 g per 1000 lbs of .:
,, ' ,. ' ~ ' ~ ,, ~
.
,.
, :
ll~Z906 horse body wei~ht) and offered to 3 mares in their grain ration for 188consecutive days. Out of a total of 561l offerings, the grain was refused on only 7 occasions, thus indicating exceptional palatability for the ultra low volume feed additive.
Given this disclosure, it is thought that variations will become apparent to those skilled in the field of this invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the above example should be construed as illustrative only and that the scope of this invention should be limited only by the following claims.
:
Claims (8)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. An equine feed additive comprising an anthelmintically effective amount of particles of an equine anthelmintic compound selected from the group consisting of febental, cambendazole, mebandazole, fendbendazole, oxyfendazole, albendazole, oxybendazole or pyrantel, having an effective dosage of about 20 mg or less per kg of body weight dispersed in an inert liquid carrier, the amount of anthelmintic compound in the dispersion being sufficient to assure a paste-like consistency in the composition.
2. The feed additive of claim 1 wherein the inert liquid carrier is water.
3. The feed additive of claim 1 wherein the anthelmintic compound has an average particle size of about or less than 5 microns.
4. The feed additive of claim 1 wherein the anthelmintic compound has an effective dosage rate of about 6 mg/kg body weight
5. The feed additive of claim 4 wherein the anthelmintic compound is febantel.
6. The feed additive of claim 5 wherein the inert liquid carrier is water.
7. The feed additive of claim 6 wherein a buffer system is included to maintain the pH of the paste within the range of about 5.2 to about 5.8.
8. The feed additive of claim 7 wherein the buffer system is a citric acid-sodium citrate buffer system.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US92385378A | 1978-07-12 | 1978-07-12 | |
| US923,853 | 1978-07-12 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1132906A true CA1132906A (en) | 1982-10-05 |
Family
ID=25449359
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA328,625A Expired CA1132906A (en) | 1978-07-12 | 1979-05-29 | Low volume equine anthelmintic feed additive |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1132906A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0236118A2 (en) * | 1986-03-04 | 1987-09-09 | Pfizer Inc. | Method for controlling Strongylus infections in equines |
| US5861142A (en) * | 1996-03-25 | 1999-01-19 | Schick; Mary Pichler | Method for promoting hair, nail, and skin keratinization |
-
1979
- 1979-05-29 CA CA328,625A patent/CA1132906A/en not_active Expired
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0236118A2 (en) * | 1986-03-04 | 1987-09-09 | Pfizer Inc. | Method for controlling Strongylus infections in equines |
| EP0236118A3 (en) * | 1986-03-04 | 1989-06-14 | Pfizer Inc. | Method for controlling strongylus infections in equines |
| US5861142A (en) * | 1996-03-25 | 1999-01-19 | Schick; Mary Pichler | Method for promoting hair, nail, and skin keratinization |
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