CA1121134A - Process for the continuous manufacture of metallic anodes from molten metal - Google Patents
Process for the continuous manufacture of metallic anodes from molten metalInfo
- Publication number
- CA1121134A CA1121134A CA000316218A CA316218A CA1121134A CA 1121134 A CA1121134 A CA 1121134A CA 000316218 A CA000316218 A CA 000316218A CA 316218 A CA316218 A CA 316218A CA 1121134 A CA1121134 A CA 1121134A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- strip
- anodes
- metallic
- molten metal
- cutting
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
- B22D11/0605—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars formed by two belts, e.g. Hazelett-process
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/12—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ
- B22D11/126—Accessories for subsequent treating or working cast stock in situ for cutting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/14—Plants for continuous casting
- B22D11/148—Safety arrangements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D25/00—Special casting characterised by the nature of the product
- B22D25/02—Special casting characterised by the nature of the product by its peculiarity of shape; of works of art
- B22D25/04—Casting metal electric battery plates or the like
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
- Arc Welding In General (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A process and apparatus are disclosed for continuously manufacturing metallic anodes from molten metal. The process comprises continuously casting the molten metal in an inclined moulding cavity formed by two movable belts and by two movable side dams so as to produce a metallic strip, and by cutting the hot strip, when it has left the moulding cavity, with at least one plasma torch along a profile such that anodes with a low waste coefficient and without deformation are obtained (figure 1). This process allows the production of anodes made of very impure copper whereas conventional processes are limited to the production of anodes of relatively pure copper.
A process and apparatus are disclosed for continuously manufacturing metallic anodes from molten metal. The process comprises continuously casting the molten metal in an inclined moulding cavity formed by two movable belts and by two movable side dams so as to produce a metallic strip, and by cutting the hot strip, when it has left the moulding cavity, with at least one plasma torch along a profile such that anodes with a low waste coefficient and without deformation are obtained (figure 1). This process allows the production of anodes made of very impure copper whereas conventional processes are limited to the production of anodes of relatively pure copper.
Description
13~
The present invention relates to a process for the continuous manufacture of metallic anodes from molten metal, particularly rom impure molten copper, in which molten metal is continuously cast in an inclined moulding cavity formed by two movable belts and by two movable side dams, so as to produce a metallic strip, and the strip, while still hot, is cut when it has left the moulding cavity, so as to produce anodes. These anodes may or may not be provided with suspensipn elements.
Such processes have already been described in United States Patents N 3.504.429 and N 3.860.057, Brit. Pat. N 1.325.625 and German published Pat. Appl. N 2.250.792. In these known processes, the strip is cut with a shear or a press. ~one of these known processes allows the manufacture of anodes with an outline such as the one obtained by the conventional method of casting anodes in separate moulds mounted on a casting wheel. The anodes produced by said conventional process have a thickness of some 40 to 50 mm. Their form is well known to the specialists; especially their upper profile is characteristic, and this form is such that the part of the anode that is not immersed during the electro-refining is reduced to the minimum consistent with the stability of the anode. Anodes produced by said conventional process are sufficiently flat as to all~w a minimum distance between electrodes in the electro-refining bath without risk of short-circuits. These three requirements (thickness, specific upper profile and flatness) cannot joi~tly be met by the above mentioned known processes. On .
the one hand, the maximum thickness of the anodes produced by these known processes is about 28 mm, when cut with shears, and only 15 mm when cut by press. On the other ha~d the shear cut does not permit the obtention of the above meneioned upper profile without deforming the anode and thus harming its flatness.
~ These known processes present thus the drawback to produce anodes wi~h a high waste coefficient (25 to 35 %), said waste coefficient being the ~..~1 :. ~
' :.
llZ~134 fraction in percent by weight, of the anode that has to be remelted after electro-refining. These known processes present also the drawback that a storage loop has to be foreseen between the casting device and the cutting device. Within said storage loop, the cast metal is subjected to a rather strong bending, to which very impure copper, such as copper with a high lead content, cannot resist. The use of these known processes is thus limited to the production of anodes of relatively pure copper.
The main object of the present invention is to provide a process of the above mentioned type, which allows the production of anodes with a low waste coefficient and without deformations. Another object of the present invention is to provide such a process, which allows the production of anodes made of very impure copper.
According to the process of the present invention, the metallic strip is cut with at least one plasma torch along a profile such that anodes with 8 low waste coefficient are obtained, i.e. anodes the fraction of which that is not immersed during electro-refining is substantially reduced to the minimum consistent with the stability of the anode. ~Anyone skilled in the art is able to de~ermine such a profile.
By using a plasma torch as a cutting~means, it is possible to produce copper anodes with a thickness of between 40 and 50 mm, provided the strip .
is cut when its temperature is stilI about at least 800 C. The plasma torch is then advantageously fed by a source of at least about 1,000 a~p;
.
otherwise, there is a risk of leaving burrs and, even, of producing reweldings in the cut.
The number of plasma torches to be used depends of course upon the wished production speed. When several plasma torches are used, it is ~ `
.
advantageous to let them work in parallel.
To facilitate the cutting operation and the further handling of the lZ~.~39~
produced anodes, it is advisable to bring the strip leaving the inclined moulding cavity, into a horizontal position before it i9 cut. The strip i9 then guidPd into said horizontal posi~ion, along a slightly curved path.
When producing copper anodes, the maximum curvature of this path is advantageously lower than 0.083 m 1 (the maximum curvature of a curve is the reciprocal of the ràdius of the most curved part of said curve);
otherwise cracks could appear in the copper strip as it travels along said path, copper, and especially copper with a high lead content (0.05 - -0.2 2 Pb), being very brittle when hot. For the same reason it is advisable to support the strip along said path.
The invention also relates.~o an apparatus for carrying out the above defined process.. This apparatus comprises, in a known manner, a continuous casting machine provided with an inclined moulding.cavity formed by two , movable belts and two movable side dams, and a machine for cutting the cast metal, and is characterized in that the machine for cutting the cast metal comprises at least o~e plasma torch and means for guiding this torch along said profile.
The following description of three modes of carrying out the process of the invention, given by way of non limitative examples and illustrated by the accompanying schematic drawings, will aid the better understanding of the process of the invention and its~advantages.
- In the accompanying drawings :
figure.l is a schematic vèrtical and longitudinal section: of an . apparatus in action for the production of anodes according to the process of thè invention, this apparatus comprising essentially a - casting machine, a device for guiding the cast strip and a cutting machine;
figure 2 represents on a larger scale a cross-section taken on line ~-A
.
.
' 121~34~
across the mould of the casting machine of figure l;
figure 3 represents on a larger scale a schematic drawing of a part of a side dam of the casting machine of figure 1, utilized in a . first mode of carrying out the process of the invention;
figure 4 represents on a larger scale a schematic drawing of a part of a side dam of the casting machine of figure 1, utilized in a second mote of carrying out the process of the invention;
i figure 5 represents on a larger scale a schematic drawing of a part of a side dam of the casting machine of figure 1, utilized in a third mode of carrying out the process of the invention;
figure 6 is a plan view of the cast strip leaving the casting machine of figure 1, which has been equipped with side dams of the type represe~ted in figure 3;
figure 7 is a.plan view of tha cast strip leaving the casting machine of figure 1, which has been equipped with side dams of the type represented in figure 4;
figure 8 is a plan view of the cast strip leaving ~he caseing machine of : figure l, which has been equipped with side dams of the type represented in figure 5;
figure 9: is a diagram of the cyclic movement of a plasma torch that makes part of the cutting machine of figure 1;
- . :
figure 10 is a plan view of the strip of figure 6 cut into anodes;
figure ll is a plan view of the strip of figure 7 cut into anodes;
:-: :
figure 12 is a plan view of the strip of figure 8 cut into anodes;
figure 13 represents a detailet lateral view of the cutting machine of figure 1, this cutting machine comprising essentially a car~iage bearing two plasma torches a~d a roller:conveyor supporting the:
~trip to ~e cut - ~
: ' : '.
figure 14 i9 a cros~-section taken along the line B-B of figure 13;
figure 15 is an enlarged axial section of a roller of the conveyor of figure 13;
figure 16 is a cross-section taken along the line C-C of figure 15;
figure 17 is a mvre detailed view of the carriage of figure 13;
figure 18 is a plan view of the carriage of figure 17; and figure l9 is a cross-section taken along line D-D of figure 17.
Referring now to fig. 1 and 2, an apparatus 1 for carrying out the process of the invention comprises a twin-belt casting machine 2 in which liquid metal is fed in 3 ant from which a metallic strip 4 emerges in 5.
The apparatus 1 also comprises a device 6 for supporting and guiding strip 4, constituted by a series of free ~otating rolls 7, a device 8 for sprinkling strip 4 lea~ing the casting machine 2 with a cooling liquid, a cutting machine 9 provided with two plasma torches 10 working in parallel, for cutting strip 4 into anodes 11, and a pair of pinch-rolls 12 for regulating the travelling speed of strip 4 in cutting machine 9. Device 8 may be omitted, if operating conditions are such that strip 4 leaves casting machine 2 at a sufficiently low temperature.
The moulding cavity 13 of casting machine 2 is rormed by two endless m~tallic belts i4 and 15, revolving respectively around pulleys 16, 17 and 18, 19 in the direction shown by the arrows, and cooled by means known per ~ ~;
se and not represented and by two side dams 20 and 21, each formed bg a large number of slotted blocks 22 strung on a endless metallic strap, not represented on the figure. As belts 14 and 15 are revolved, the side dams 20 and 21 revolve with them.
Referring now to figures 3 to 8, in a first mode of carrging out the process of the invention, use is made of straight sidè dams 20 and 21 , ~:
, ' 13~
(figure 3) so as to produce a metallic strip 4 with straight side edges (figure 6).
In a second mode of carrying out the process of the invention, use is mate of side dams 20 and 21 provided with recesses 23 (figure 4) such as for example those described in detail in the above mentioned USP 3.860.057, so a~ to produce a metallic strip 4 provided with laterally projecting lugs 24 (figure 7).
In a third mode of carrying out the process of the inve~tion, use is made of side dams 20 and 21 provided with projections 25 (.figure 5) such as for example those described in detail in the above mentioned USP 3.860.057, 80 as to produce a metallic strip 4 provided with lateral recesses 26 (figure 8j.
. ~n cutting machine 9, which will be further described in detail, each of th~ plasma torches 10 performs a four-stroke cyclic movement such as schematically represented in figure 9, where the arrow shows the direction of the movement of strip 4, the first and third stroke corresponding each to a cutting of strip 4 by the plasma torch, either accord~ng to profile 27 .
of.figure 10, or profila 28 of figure 11, or profile 29 of figure 12, and the second and fourth stroke corresponding to the return of the torch respectively to an intermediate starting position and to the original ~ starting.position. The cutting is performed at constant speed : the torch : - ia guided, as it will be further described in detail, by mea~s of a guiding device along profiles 27, 28 or 29, said guiding device being mounted on a ~ carriage that follows strip 4 during the cutting operation. Use is made of :~ powerful torches, which are fed by a source of at least 1,000 amp.
In the first mode o carrying o.ut the process of the invention are thus obtained anodes 11 which have still to be provided with recesses 26' ` and a suspension device such as for example those described in above : . :
mentioned USP 3.5Q4.429, before their immersion in an electro-refining bath. Anodes 11 ob~ained by the second mode have a pair of lugs 24, and are ready for immersion in an electro-refining bath. Anodes 11 obtained by the third mote have a pair of recesses 26, but have still to be provided with a suspension device such as for example described in above mentioned USP 3.504.429 before their i~mersion in an electro-refining bath. It i9 of course also possible to produce anodes provided with lugs, and with recesse~ just beneath said lugs, by using side dams presenting recesses followed immediately by projections. The three above described modes of carrying out the process of the invention produce anodes having a low waste coefficient and being free of deformstions.
Cutting machine 9 and its working will now be described in detail, by reference to figures 13 to 19~
Cutting machine 9 (see figure 13) comprises essentially a torch bearing carriage 30 and a roller conveyor 31. The metallic strip 4 to be cut, for instance a strip with lugs 24, i~ supported by the rollers 32 of conveyor 31 and moves in the direction of arrow X. The rollers 32 are connected to two endless chains 33 passing around two toothed wheels 34 and 34'. The two driving toothed wheels 34 rotate in the direction of arrow Y
whereby driving the endless chains 33 and the rollërs 32.
Conveyor 31 is mounted in a frame 35, the two upper longitudinal sides of which support two rails 36 (see figure 14j. Torch bearing carriage 30 carried by two pairs of wheels 37 and 38 can travel on rails 36 with a backward and forward motion.
Figures 15 and 16 show an enlarged view of rollers 32 carrying the metallic strip 4. As this metall;c strip may be at a temperature of between 800 and 850C when it reaches the cutting machine 9, it is necessary to cool the rollers wbich support it. To this purpose, the : -.
' ~ ~
`` llZ~34 rollers 32 are provided with side apertures 39, through which a cooling liquid 40, for example water, may be introduced into the space comprised between the axle and ~he exterior cylinder of the roller. Figure 14 shows how the rollers 32 after they have left the hot metallic strlp 4 at the end of the conveyor 31, dip into a tank of cooling water 41 placed under the conveyor. The rollers 32 are carried by transversal bars 42, both ends of which are fastened to the links of chains 33. Chains 33 are of commercial type. The two driving pinions 34 around which pass the endless chains 33, are driven by a not represented direct current motor with manual or automatic control. A regular control of the travelling speed of conveyor 31 is necessary when the chsin pitch is not an exact submultiple of the .
distance between two consecutive snode lugs 24. In that case indeed, the two plasma torches 10 which, when the metallic strip 4 is belng cut, should each be behind an anode lug 24 and in the middle of the distance separating two consecutive rollers 32, would, at each cutting, come progressively .
closer to these rollers-with the risk of damaging them during the cutting.
The travelling speed of the metallic strip 4 on conveyor 3I is controlled by pinch-rolls 12 (see figure 1) whose function is to prevent conveyor 31 from exerting an accidental traction of braking on metallic strip 4 travelling towards cutting machine 9; the result of such a traction would be a stretching of the metallic strip and could even be its rupture, while a braking would causè ~he formation of à loop in the mètallic strip 4 which could result in the apparition of cracks in said strip or even in its rupture. When the plasma torches 10 are getting closer to the rollers 32, a slight change of the travelling speed of conveyor 31 versus the travelling speed of metallic strip 4, is sufficient to remove the plasma torches lO
sufficiently from the rollers 3 90 as to avoid any dæmage to said rollers.
In order to protect torch bearing carriage 30, against the radiant lZ~3~
heat of metallic strip 4, said carriage 30 i9 separated from metallic strip 4 by a pro~ective screen 43 fastened to the carriage. Said screen 43 is constituted by a hollow box in which circulates a cooling liquid introduced through an inlet 44 (figure 18) and which leaves the box trough an outlet 45. Screen 43 is also provided with two transversal shaped slots 46 which allow the passage and the transversal travelling of the plasma torches 10 during the cutting of the metallic strip. Screen 43 is also provided at its rear with two rece~ses 47 (figure 18) which allow the passage of two levers 48, carrying two coupling clutches 49 which are part of a coupling device 50 mounted at the rear of torch bearing carriage 30 (figures 17 and 18).
As mentioned above, torch bearin8 carriage 30 travels on two rails 36 mounted on frame 35 along conveyor 5, and is carried by two pairs of wheels 37 and 38 of which only wheels 37 are driving. Said driving wheels 37 are mounted on an axle 51 in two bearings 52 (figure 18) at the front of the carriage, while the two back wheels 38 arè each mounted free on a shaft 53 in a bearing 54. An electric motor 55 drives the two fron~ wheels 37 by means of pinions 56 and coupling 56 and brings the torch bearing carriage 10 back to its starting position after the cutting operation for example by means of a not represented relay. During the entire cutting operation of an anode torch bearing carriage 10 is coupled to the metallic strip 4 being cut, by means of coupling device 50 mounted at its rear and as a result travels at the same speed as the metallic strip 4 in the direction of arrow ~ (figurè 13). The straight motion of carriage 30 on rails 36 is ensured by four guide rollers 58 (figure 18) resting against the external side of rails 36.
The two plasma torches 10, the lower end of which is located a few mm above metallic strip 4, are carried by arms 59 fastened to the two ends of l34 an upper table 60 which can glide over two longi~udinal shafts 61 which are parallel to rails 36 and which allow a backward and forward motion of table 60 in a direction parallel to rails 36. The two shafts 61 are fastened to a lower table 62 which can glide over two transversal shafts 63, which are perpendicular to rails 36 and which allow a backward and forward motion o lower table 62 in a direction perpendicular to rails 36. The two transver-sal shafts 63 are carried by two supports 64 mounted on torch bearing carriage 30.
During the anode. cutting operation, the two plasma torches.10 travel along a path the profile of which is identical to profile 28 ~figure 11).
Said travelling i9 controlled by a guide rod 65 mounted on a ball-bearing in upper table 60 which carries the two plasma torches 10.
Guide rod 65 travels by rotating in a guide slot 66 which has profile 28 and which is connected to the frame of torch bearing carriage 30.
During the transversal travelling of lower table 62 on transversal shafts 63,. guide rod 66 and thus aIso the two plasma torches 10 which are connected to it, travel according to the prodile.of guide ~lot 66. The bottom of guide slot 66 is provided with holes 67 allowing the evacuation of dirt such as lubricant residue, thus freeing the way for guide rod 65.
The transversal travelling of lower table 62 on shafts 63 is controlled by a not'represented electric motor, located on said table 62 and which drives a pinion 68 (figure 17) mounted at the. Iower end of a shaft 69. The teeth of pinion 68 engage with the teeth a fixed linear rack 70 disposed transversally on torch bearing carriage 30. During its rotation toothed wheel 68 travels along rack 70, dragging with it the lower table 62, which glides over the two transversal shafts 63, and guide rod 65 which travels along guide slot 66, so that the'two plasma torches 10 connecced'to guide rod 65 travel along a path which is identical to that of guide rod 65.
3~
Conveyor 31 is provided beneath the cutting ~one, with a cooling tank 71 (figure 14) loca~ed under rollers 32 which support the metallic strip 4. A cooling liquid, the purpose of which is to precipitate the metal vapors formed during the cutting, is brought into tank 71, by means of two contuits 72 and 72' provided with a 3eries of small apertures.
Conduit 72' sprays or pulverises water directly under metallic strip 4, while the water brought by conduit 72 flows over a weir 73 and the inclined bottom of cooling tank 71 toward a gutter 74, dragging with it scalas and _~
oxidized metal particles formed during the cutting operation. The fumes formed during the cutting operation are evacuated through stack 75.
During the cutting of the anodes, the torch bearing carriage 30 is coupled to metallic strip 4 and travels with it. The coupIing is realized by means of two clutches 49 located at the rear of torch bearing carriage 30, as mentioned above. Clutches 49 which are supported by two arms 76, which themselves are connected to two levers 4~, pass through recesses 47 made in cooling screen 43. These clutches 49 which are simultaneously driven by a pneumatic or an hydraulic cylinder 77, grip the side edges of metallic strip 4 when plasma torches 10 are in cutting positlon and release the metallic strip when the cutting of two anodes is finished, thus freeing torch bearing carriage 30 which is then brought back in its cutting position by means of electric motor 55. To avoid a too violent jar at the moment Oe the coupling to the =etallic strip, torch bearing carriage 30 may be progressively accelerated by means of motor 55, in the travelling direction of metallic strip 4; in this case the clutches grip the metallic strip when the speeds of both the torch bearing carriage and~the metallic strip are nearly equal.
.
At the beginning of a cueting cycle the two torches come to stand behind an anode lug 24 (figure 13). The detectio~ of the lug is effectuated . ' . : ' , for example by means of a detecting cell.
The linear travelling speed of the driving pinion 68 along rack 70 can be regulated by means of a not represented thyristor device. By varying this speed in a suitable way, it is possible to obtain a constant cutting speed along the non linear path of guiding rod 65.
The anodeq 11 which have been cut, leave the cutting zone, still carried by rollers 32 of conveyor 31 and arrive at an evacuatlon zone located at the end of conveyor 31, where they are lifted one by one and evacuated by means of a known and not represented device.
'. ' ~=plc .~ . , The above described second mode of carrying out the process of the invention is used for making copper anodes. The casting machine is a Hazelett type M 23 machine. The length of the moulding cavity is 256 cm, its heigth 4 cm, and its width is 91.1 cm at the places where the body of the strip is moulded, and 117 cm where the lugs of the strip are moulded.
The moulding cavity has a downwards inclination of 9. The distance between exit of the moulding cavity and entry of the cutting machine is 5 =. The maximum curvature to which the cast strip is submitted on its way from the moulding cavity to the entry of the cutting machine is 0.05 m 1.
Tha casting speed is approximately 4 m/min. The surface of the copper strip emerging from the moulding cavity, has a temperature of about 1,010C. Thè emerg~ng strip is cooled by direct contact with water so that its surface has a temperature of about 850 C, when it reaches the cutting machine.
The utilized plasma torches are commercialized under the trade-mark Plasmapak M200 by the firm Ther~al Dynamics represented in Belgium by the firm Arcos. The tGrches are fed by a source of l,OS0 amp. The cutting is performed at the speed of 320 cm/min. and yields a perfect cut tit should be noted that the same torch can cut a strip of cold copper of the same thickness with a speed of only 30 cm/min.). Commercial anodes are ehus obtained. For the production of anodes intended for the fabrication of starting sheets the same operating method is used, with the exce~tion that the height of the moulding cavity is fixed at 4.5 cm and its width at 9S cm at the places where the body of the strip is moulded.
The present invention relates to a process for the continuous manufacture of metallic anodes from molten metal, particularly rom impure molten copper, in which molten metal is continuously cast in an inclined moulding cavity formed by two movable belts and by two movable side dams, so as to produce a metallic strip, and the strip, while still hot, is cut when it has left the moulding cavity, so as to produce anodes. These anodes may or may not be provided with suspensipn elements.
Such processes have already been described in United States Patents N 3.504.429 and N 3.860.057, Brit. Pat. N 1.325.625 and German published Pat. Appl. N 2.250.792. In these known processes, the strip is cut with a shear or a press. ~one of these known processes allows the manufacture of anodes with an outline such as the one obtained by the conventional method of casting anodes in separate moulds mounted on a casting wheel. The anodes produced by said conventional process have a thickness of some 40 to 50 mm. Their form is well known to the specialists; especially their upper profile is characteristic, and this form is such that the part of the anode that is not immersed during the electro-refining is reduced to the minimum consistent with the stability of the anode. Anodes produced by said conventional process are sufficiently flat as to all~w a minimum distance between electrodes in the electro-refining bath without risk of short-circuits. These three requirements (thickness, specific upper profile and flatness) cannot joi~tly be met by the above mentioned known processes. On .
the one hand, the maximum thickness of the anodes produced by these known processes is about 28 mm, when cut with shears, and only 15 mm when cut by press. On the other ha~d the shear cut does not permit the obtention of the above meneioned upper profile without deforming the anode and thus harming its flatness.
~ These known processes present thus the drawback to produce anodes wi~h a high waste coefficient (25 to 35 %), said waste coefficient being the ~..~1 :. ~
' :.
llZ~134 fraction in percent by weight, of the anode that has to be remelted after electro-refining. These known processes present also the drawback that a storage loop has to be foreseen between the casting device and the cutting device. Within said storage loop, the cast metal is subjected to a rather strong bending, to which very impure copper, such as copper with a high lead content, cannot resist. The use of these known processes is thus limited to the production of anodes of relatively pure copper.
The main object of the present invention is to provide a process of the above mentioned type, which allows the production of anodes with a low waste coefficient and without deformations. Another object of the present invention is to provide such a process, which allows the production of anodes made of very impure copper.
According to the process of the present invention, the metallic strip is cut with at least one plasma torch along a profile such that anodes with 8 low waste coefficient are obtained, i.e. anodes the fraction of which that is not immersed during electro-refining is substantially reduced to the minimum consistent with the stability of the anode. ~Anyone skilled in the art is able to de~ermine such a profile.
By using a plasma torch as a cutting~means, it is possible to produce copper anodes with a thickness of between 40 and 50 mm, provided the strip .
is cut when its temperature is stilI about at least 800 C. The plasma torch is then advantageously fed by a source of at least about 1,000 a~p;
.
otherwise, there is a risk of leaving burrs and, even, of producing reweldings in the cut.
The number of plasma torches to be used depends of course upon the wished production speed. When several plasma torches are used, it is ~ `
.
advantageous to let them work in parallel.
To facilitate the cutting operation and the further handling of the lZ~.~39~
produced anodes, it is advisable to bring the strip leaving the inclined moulding cavity, into a horizontal position before it i9 cut. The strip i9 then guidPd into said horizontal posi~ion, along a slightly curved path.
When producing copper anodes, the maximum curvature of this path is advantageously lower than 0.083 m 1 (the maximum curvature of a curve is the reciprocal of the ràdius of the most curved part of said curve);
otherwise cracks could appear in the copper strip as it travels along said path, copper, and especially copper with a high lead content (0.05 - -0.2 2 Pb), being very brittle when hot. For the same reason it is advisable to support the strip along said path.
The invention also relates.~o an apparatus for carrying out the above defined process.. This apparatus comprises, in a known manner, a continuous casting machine provided with an inclined moulding.cavity formed by two , movable belts and two movable side dams, and a machine for cutting the cast metal, and is characterized in that the machine for cutting the cast metal comprises at least o~e plasma torch and means for guiding this torch along said profile.
The following description of three modes of carrying out the process of the invention, given by way of non limitative examples and illustrated by the accompanying schematic drawings, will aid the better understanding of the process of the invention and its~advantages.
- In the accompanying drawings :
figure.l is a schematic vèrtical and longitudinal section: of an . apparatus in action for the production of anodes according to the process of thè invention, this apparatus comprising essentially a - casting machine, a device for guiding the cast strip and a cutting machine;
figure 2 represents on a larger scale a cross-section taken on line ~-A
.
.
' 121~34~
across the mould of the casting machine of figure l;
figure 3 represents on a larger scale a schematic drawing of a part of a side dam of the casting machine of figure 1, utilized in a . first mode of carrying out the process of the invention;
figure 4 represents on a larger scale a schematic drawing of a part of a side dam of the casting machine of figure 1, utilized in a second mote of carrying out the process of the invention;
i figure 5 represents on a larger scale a schematic drawing of a part of a side dam of the casting machine of figure 1, utilized in a third mode of carrying out the process of the invention;
figure 6 is a plan view of the cast strip leaving the casting machine of figure 1, which has been equipped with side dams of the type represe~ted in figure 3;
figure 7 is a.plan view of tha cast strip leaving the casting machine of figure 1, which has been equipped with side dams of the type represented in figure 4;
figure 8 is a plan view of the cast strip leaving ~he caseing machine of : figure l, which has been equipped with side dams of the type represented in figure 5;
figure 9: is a diagram of the cyclic movement of a plasma torch that makes part of the cutting machine of figure 1;
- . :
figure 10 is a plan view of the strip of figure 6 cut into anodes;
figure ll is a plan view of the strip of figure 7 cut into anodes;
:-: :
figure 12 is a plan view of the strip of figure 8 cut into anodes;
figure 13 represents a detailet lateral view of the cutting machine of figure 1, this cutting machine comprising essentially a car~iage bearing two plasma torches a~d a roller:conveyor supporting the:
~trip to ~e cut - ~
: ' : '.
figure 14 i9 a cros~-section taken along the line B-B of figure 13;
figure 15 is an enlarged axial section of a roller of the conveyor of figure 13;
figure 16 is a cross-section taken along the line C-C of figure 15;
figure 17 is a mvre detailed view of the carriage of figure 13;
figure 18 is a plan view of the carriage of figure 17; and figure l9 is a cross-section taken along line D-D of figure 17.
Referring now to fig. 1 and 2, an apparatus 1 for carrying out the process of the invention comprises a twin-belt casting machine 2 in which liquid metal is fed in 3 ant from which a metallic strip 4 emerges in 5.
The apparatus 1 also comprises a device 6 for supporting and guiding strip 4, constituted by a series of free ~otating rolls 7, a device 8 for sprinkling strip 4 lea~ing the casting machine 2 with a cooling liquid, a cutting machine 9 provided with two plasma torches 10 working in parallel, for cutting strip 4 into anodes 11, and a pair of pinch-rolls 12 for regulating the travelling speed of strip 4 in cutting machine 9. Device 8 may be omitted, if operating conditions are such that strip 4 leaves casting machine 2 at a sufficiently low temperature.
The moulding cavity 13 of casting machine 2 is rormed by two endless m~tallic belts i4 and 15, revolving respectively around pulleys 16, 17 and 18, 19 in the direction shown by the arrows, and cooled by means known per ~ ~;
se and not represented and by two side dams 20 and 21, each formed bg a large number of slotted blocks 22 strung on a endless metallic strap, not represented on the figure. As belts 14 and 15 are revolved, the side dams 20 and 21 revolve with them.
Referring now to figures 3 to 8, in a first mode of carrging out the process of the invention, use is made of straight sidè dams 20 and 21 , ~:
, ' 13~
(figure 3) so as to produce a metallic strip 4 with straight side edges (figure 6).
In a second mode of carrying out the process of the invention, use is mate of side dams 20 and 21 provided with recesses 23 (figure 4) such as for example those described in detail in the above mentioned USP 3.860.057, so a~ to produce a metallic strip 4 provided with laterally projecting lugs 24 (figure 7).
In a third mode of carrying out the process of the inve~tion, use is made of side dams 20 and 21 provided with projections 25 (.figure 5) such as for example those described in detail in the above mentioned USP 3.860.057, 80 as to produce a metallic strip 4 provided with lateral recesses 26 (figure 8j.
. ~n cutting machine 9, which will be further described in detail, each of th~ plasma torches 10 performs a four-stroke cyclic movement such as schematically represented in figure 9, where the arrow shows the direction of the movement of strip 4, the first and third stroke corresponding each to a cutting of strip 4 by the plasma torch, either accord~ng to profile 27 .
of.figure 10, or profila 28 of figure 11, or profile 29 of figure 12, and the second and fourth stroke corresponding to the return of the torch respectively to an intermediate starting position and to the original ~ starting.position. The cutting is performed at constant speed : the torch : - ia guided, as it will be further described in detail, by mea~s of a guiding device along profiles 27, 28 or 29, said guiding device being mounted on a ~ carriage that follows strip 4 during the cutting operation. Use is made of :~ powerful torches, which are fed by a source of at least 1,000 amp.
In the first mode o carrying o.ut the process of the invention are thus obtained anodes 11 which have still to be provided with recesses 26' ` and a suspension device such as for example those described in above : . :
mentioned USP 3.5Q4.429, before their immersion in an electro-refining bath. Anodes 11 ob~ained by the second mode have a pair of lugs 24, and are ready for immersion in an electro-refining bath. Anodes 11 obtained by the third mote have a pair of recesses 26, but have still to be provided with a suspension device such as for example described in above mentioned USP 3.504.429 before their i~mersion in an electro-refining bath. It i9 of course also possible to produce anodes provided with lugs, and with recesse~ just beneath said lugs, by using side dams presenting recesses followed immediately by projections. The three above described modes of carrying out the process of the invention produce anodes having a low waste coefficient and being free of deformstions.
Cutting machine 9 and its working will now be described in detail, by reference to figures 13 to 19~
Cutting machine 9 (see figure 13) comprises essentially a torch bearing carriage 30 and a roller conveyor 31. The metallic strip 4 to be cut, for instance a strip with lugs 24, i~ supported by the rollers 32 of conveyor 31 and moves in the direction of arrow X. The rollers 32 are connected to two endless chains 33 passing around two toothed wheels 34 and 34'. The two driving toothed wheels 34 rotate in the direction of arrow Y
whereby driving the endless chains 33 and the rollërs 32.
Conveyor 31 is mounted in a frame 35, the two upper longitudinal sides of which support two rails 36 (see figure 14j. Torch bearing carriage 30 carried by two pairs of wheels 37 and 38 can travel on rails 36 with a backward and forward motion.
Figures 15 and 16 show an enlarged view of rollers 32 carrying the metallic strip 4. As this metall;c strip may be at a temperature of between 800 and 850C when it reaches the cutting machine 9, it is necessary to cool the rollers wbich support it. To this purpose, the : -.
' ~ ~
`` llZ~34 rollers 32 are provided with side apertures 39, through which a cooling liquid 40, for example water, may be introduced into the space comprised between the axle and ~he exterior cylinder of the roller. Figure 14 shows how the rollers 32 after they have left the hot metallic strlp 4 at the end of the conveyor 31, dip into a tank of cooling water 41 placed under the conveyor. The rollers 32 are carried by transversal bars 42, both ends of which are fastened to the links of chains 33. Chains 33 are of commercial type. The two driving pinions 34 around which pass the endless chains 33, are driven by a not represented direct current motor with manual or automatic control. A regular control of the travelling speed of conveyor 31 is necessary when the chsin pitch is not an exact submultiple of the .
distance between two consecutive snode lugs 24. In that case indeed, the two plasma torches 10 which, when the metallic strip 4 is belng cut, should each be behind an anode lug 24 and in the middle of the distance separating two consecutive rollers 32, would, at each cutting, come progressively .
closer to these rollers-with the risk of damaging them during the cutting.
The travelling speed of the metallic strip 4 on conveyor 3I is controlled by pinch-rolls 12 (see figure 1) whose function is to prevent conveyor 31 from exerting an accidental traction of braking on metallic strip 4 travelling towards cutting machine 9; the result of such a traction would be a stretching of the metallic strip and could even be its rupture, while a braking would causè ~he formation of à loop in the mètallic strip 4 which could result in the apparition of cracks in said strip or even in its rupture. When the plasma torches 10 are getting closer to the rollers 32, a slight change of the travelling speed of conveyor 31 versus the travelling speed of metallic strip 4, is sufficient to remove the plasma torches lO
sufficiently from the rollers 3 90 as to avoid any dæmage to said rollers.
In order to protect torch bearing carriage 30, against the radiant lZ~3~
heat of metallic strip 4, said carriage 30 i9 separated from metallic strip 4 by a pro~ective screen 43 fastened to the carriage. Said screen 43 is constituted by a hollow box in which circulates a cooling liquid introduced through an inlet 44 (figure 18) and which leaves the box trough an outlet 45. Screen 43 is also provided with two transversal shaped slots 46 which allow the passage and the transversal travelling of the plasma torches 10 during the cutting of the metallic strip. Screen 43 is also provided at its rear with two rece~ses 47 (figure 18) which allow the passage of two levers 48, carrying two coupling clutches 49 which are part of a coupling device 50 mounted at the rear of torch bearing carriage 30 (figures 17 and 18).
As mentioned above, torch bearin8 carriage 30 travels on two rails 36 mounted on frame 35 along conveyor 5, and is carried by two pairs of wheels 37 and 38 of which only wheels 37 are driving. Said driving wheels 37 are mounted on an axle 51 in two bearings 52 (figure 18) at the front of the carriage, while the two back wheels 38 arè each mounted free on a shaft 53 in a bearing 54. An electric motor 55 drives the two fron~ wheels 37 by means of pinions 56 and coupling 56 and brings the torch bearing carriage 10 back to its starting position after the cutting operation for example by means of a not represented relay. During the entire cutting operation of an anode torch bearing carriage 10 is coupled to the metallic strip 4 being cut, by means of coupling device 50 mounted at its rear and as a result travels at the same speed as the metallic strip 4 in the direction of arrow ~ (figurè 13). The straight motion of carriage 30 on rails 36 is ensured by four guide rollers 58 (figure 18) resting against the external side of rails 36.
The two plasma torches 10, the lower end of which is located a few mm above metallic strip 4, are carried by arms 59 fastened to the two ends of l34 an upper table 60 which can glide over two longi~udinal shafts 61 which are parallel to rails 36 and which allow a backward and forward motion of table 60 in a direction parallel to rails 36. The two shafts 61 are fastened to a lower table 62 which can glide over two transversal shafts 63, which are perpendicular to rails 36 and which allow a backward and forward motion o lower table 62 in a direction perpendicular to rails 36. The two transver-sal shafts 63 are carried by two supports 64 mounted on torch bearing carriage 30.
During the anode. cutting operation, the two plasma torches.10 travel along a path the profile of which is identical to profile 28 ~figure 11).
Said travelling i9 controlled by a guide rod 65 mounted on a ball-bearing in upper table 60 which carries the two plasma torches 10.
Guide rod 65 travels by rotating in a guide slot 66 which has profile 28 and which is connected to the frame of torch bearing carriage 30.
During the transversal travelling of lower table 62 on transversal shafts 63,. guide rod 66 and thus aIso the two plasma torches 10 which are connected to it, travel according to the prodile.of guide ~lot 66. The bottom of guide slot 66 is provided with holes 67 allowing the evacuation of dirt such as lubricant residue, thus freeing the way for guide rod 65.
The transversal travelling of lower table 62 on shafts 63 is controlled by a not'represented electric motor, located on said table 62 and which drives a pinion 68 (figure 17) mounted at the. Iower end of a shaft 69. The teeth of pinion 68 engage with the teeth a fixed linear rack 70 disposed transversally on torch bearing carriage 30. During its rotation toothed wheel 68 travels along rack 70, dragging with it the lower table 62, which glides over the two transversal shafts 63, and guide rod 65 which travels along guide slot 66, so that the'two plasma torches 10 connecced'to guide rod 65 travel along a path which is identical to that of guide rod 65.
3~
Conveyor 31 is provided beneath the cutting ~one, with a cooling tank 71 (figure 14) loca~ed under rollers 32 which support the metallic strip 4. A cooling liquid, the purpose of which is to precipitate the metal vapors formed during the cutting, is brought into tank 71, by means of two contuits 72 and 72' provided with a 3eries of small apertures.
Conduit 72' sprays or pulverises water directly under metallic strip 4, while the water brought by conduit 72 flows over a weir 73 and the inclined bottom of cooling tank 71 toward a gutter 74, dragging with it scalas and _~
oxidized metal particles formed during the cutting operation. The fumes formed during the cutting operation are evacuated through stack 75.
During the cutting of the anodes, the torch bearing carriage 30 is coupled to metallic strip 4 and travels with it. The coupIing is realized by means of two clutches 49 located at the rear of torch bearing carriage 30, as mentioned above. Clutches 49 which are supported by two arms 76, which themselves are connected to two levers 4~, pass through recesses 47 made in cooling screen 43. These clutches 49 which are simultaneously driven by a pneumatic or an hydraulic cylinder 77, grip the side edges of metallic strip 4 when plasma torches 10 are in cutting positlon and release the metallic strip when the cutting of two anodes is finished, thus freeing torch bearing carriage 30 which is then brought back in its cutting position by means of electric motor 55. To avoid a too violent jar at the moment Oe the coupling to the =etallic strip, torch bearing carriage 30 may be progressively accelerated by means of motor 55, in the travelling direction of metallic strip 4; in this case the clutches grip the metallic strip when the speeds of both the torch bearing carriage and~the metallic strip are nearly equal.
.
At the beginning of a cueting cycle the two torches come to stand behind an anode lug 24 (figure 13). The detectio~ of the lug is effectuated . ' . : ' , for example by means of a detecting cell.
The linear travelling speed of the driving pinion 68 along rack 70 can be regulated by means of a not represented thyristor device. By varying this speed in a suitable way, it is possible to obtain a constant cutting speed along the non linear path of guiding rod 65.
The anodeq 11 which have been cut, leave the cutting zone, still carried by rollers 32 of conveyor 31 and arrive at an evacuatlon zone located at the end of conveyor 31, where they are lifted one by one and evacuated by means of a known and not represented device.
'. ' ~=plc .~ . , The above described second mode of carrying out the process of the invention is used for making copper anodes. The casting machine is a Hazelett type M 23 machine. The length of the moulding cavity is 256 cm, its heigth 4 cm, and its width is 91.1 cm at the places where the body of the strip is moulded, and 117 cm where the lugs of the strip are moulded.
The moulding cavity has a downwards inclination of 9. The distance between exit of the moulding cavity and entry of the cutting machine is 5 =. The maximum curvature to which the cast strip is submitted on its way from the moulding cavity to the entry of the cutting machine is 0.05 m 1.
Tha casting speed is approximately 4 m/min. The surface of the copper strip emerging from the moulding cavity, has a temperature of about 1,010C. Thè emerg~ng strip is cooled by direct contact with water so that its surface has a temperature of about 850 C, when it reaches the cutting machine.
The utilized plasma torches are commercialized under the trade-mark Plasmapak M200 by the firm Ther~al Dynamics represented in Belgium by the firm Arcos. The tGrches are fed by a source of l,OS0 amp. The cutting is performed at the speed of 320 cm/min. and yields a perfect cut tit should be noted that the same torch can cut a strip of cold copper of the same thickness with a speed of only 30 cm/min.). Commercial anodes are ehus obtained. For the production of anodes intended for the fabrication of starting sheets the same operating method is used, with the exce~tion that the height of the moulding cavity is fixed at 4.5 cm and its width at 9S cm at the places where the body of the strip is moulded.
Claims (9)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A process for the continuous manufacture of metallic anodes from molten metal, in which the molten metal is continuously cast in an inclined moulding cavity formed by two movable belts and by two movable side dams separating said belts so as to produce a metallic strip, and the strip, while still hot, is cut when it has left the moulding cavity so as to produce anodes, said process being characterized in that the metallic strip is cut with at least one plasma torch along a profile such that anodes with a low waste coefficient are obtained.
2. A process according to claim 1, characterized in that impure copper is used as the molten metal.
3. A process according to claim 2, characterised in that the cast metallic strip has a thickness between 40 and 50 mm and the strip is cut, while its temperature is still at least about 800°C.
4. A process according to claim 3, characterized in that the plasma torch is fed by a source of at least about 1,000 amp.
5. A process according to any of claims 2, 3 and 4, characterized in that the strip leaving the moulding cavity is guided into a horizontal position along a curved path, the maximum curvature of which is lower than 0.083 m and the strip is cut into anodes while it is in the horizontal position.
6. A process according to any of claims 2, 3 and 4, characterized in that straight side dams are used.
7. A process according to any of claims 2, 3 and 4, characterized in that side dams presenting recesses are used.
8. A process according to any of claims 2, 3 and 4, characterized in that side dams provided with projections are used.
9. An apparatus for the continuous manufacture of metallic anodes from molten metal according to the process of claim 1, comprising a continuous casting machine provided with an inclined moulding cavity formed by two movable belts and two movable side dams, and a machine for cutting the cast metal, said apparatus being characterized in that the machine for cutting the cast metal comprises at least one plasma torch and means for guiding this torch along said profile.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA377,651A CA1133850A (en) | 1977-11-16 | 1981-05-14 | Flat anode having low waste coefficient |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| LU78531 | 1977-11-16 | ||
| LU78531A LU78531A1 (en) | 1977-11-16 | 1977-11-16 | CONTINUOUS MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF METAL ANODES FROM MELTED METAL |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1121134A true CA1121134A (en) | 1982-04-06 |
Family
ID=19728773
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000316218A Expired CA1121134A (en) | 1977-11-16 | 1978-11-14 | Process for the continuous manufacture of metallic anodes from molten metal |
Country Status (16)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5481104A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU516953B2 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE871981A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1121134A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2848133A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES475072A1 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI783455A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2409109A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2008005B (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1109701B (en) |
| LU (1) | LU78531A1 (en) |
| PL (1) | PL210943A1 (en) |
| SE (1) | SE7811788L (en) |
| YU (1) | YU42294B (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA786420B (en) |
| ZM (1) | ZM9678A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3444689A1 (en) * | 1984-12-07 | 1986-01-16 | Fried. Krupp Gmbh, 4300 Essen | GUIDE DEVICE ON THE CASTING BELTS OF A DOUBLE-STRAND CASTING CHOCOLATE |
| JPH01174924A (en) * | 1987-12-29 | 1989-07-11 | Toto Ltd | Temperature sensor |
| GB2366531B (en) * | 2000-09-11 | 2004-08-11 | Daido Metal Co | Method and apparatus for continuous casting of aluminum bearing alloy |
| DE10222178B4 (en) * | 2002-05-18 | 2012-01-12 | Aurubis Ag | Method for producing a mold and apparatus for casting anodes |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3349471A (en) * | 1964-09-25 | 1967-10-31 | Southwire Company Inc | Method for producing a continuous length of copper rod from molten copper metal |
| GB1067297A (en) * | 1965-02-04 | 1967-05-03 | British Copper Refiners Ltd | Improvements in or relating to the electrolytic refining of copper |
| DE1236304B (en) * | 1965-07-16 | 1967-03-09 | Messer Griesheim Gmbh | Roller table on flying cutting devices |
| DE1639325A1 (en) * | 1968-02-08 | 1971-02-04 | Montedison Spa | Versatile plasma jet generator and process for its manufacture |
| US3707764A (en) * | 1970-04-01 | 1973-01-02 | Kennecott Copper Corp | A wholly integral anode for electrolytic refining of metals |
| JPS5312891B2 (en) * | 1972-01-10 | 1978-05-06 | ||
| GB1429927A (en) * | 1972-03-10 | 1976-03-31 | Garlick T W | Continuous casting of anodes |
| FR2349387A1 (en) * | 1976-04-30 | 1977-11-25 | Somafer Sa | Flame cutting thick steel prods., esp. continuously cast slabs - using burner underneath slab to obtain clean cut |
-
1977
- 1977-11-16 LU LU78531A patent/LU78531A1/en unknown
-
1978
- 1978-11-06 DE DE19782848133 patent/DE2848133A1/en active Granted
- 1978-11-09 ZM ZM96/78A patent/ZM9678A1/en unknown
- 1978-11-13 FI FI783455A patent/FI783455A/en unknown
- 1978-11-14 FR FR7832117A patent/FR2409109A1/en active Granted
- 1978-11-14 CA CA000316218A patent/CA1121134A/en not_active Expired
- 1978-11-14 BE BE2057411A patent/BE871981A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-11-14 ES ES475072A patent/ES475072A1/en not_active Expired
- 1978-11-15 PL PL21094378A patent/PL210943A1/en unknown
- 1978-11-15 AU AU41624/78A patent/AU516953B2/en not_active Expired
- 1978-11-15 ZA ZA786420A patent/ZA786420B/en unknown
- 1978-11-15 GB GB7844630A patent/GB2008005B/en not_active Expired
- 1978-11-15 SE SE7811788A patent/SE7811788L/en unknown
- 1978-11-15 IT IT69607/78A patent/IT1109701B/en active
- 1978-11-15 JP JP14092478A patent/JPS5481104A/en active Granted
- 1978-11-16 YU YU2671/78A patent/YU42294B/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2848133C2 (en) | 1988-09-22 |
| FI783455A (en) | 1979-05-17 |
| JPS5481104A (en) | 1979-06-28 |
| BE871981A (en) | 1979-05-14 |
| GB2008005A (en) | 1979-05-31 |
| ES475072A1 (en) | 1979-12-01 |
| LU78531A1 (en) | 1979-06-13 |
| GB2008005B (en) | 1982-03-24 |
| FR2409109A1 (en) | 1979-06-15 |
| AU4162478A (en) | 1979-05-24 |
| FR2409109B1 (en) | 1983-08-26 |
| YU42294B (en) | 1988-08-31 |
| SE7811788L (en) | 1979-05-17 |
| JPS6218631B2 (en) | 1987-04-23 |
| YU267178A (en) | 1983-01-21 |
| ZA786420B (en) | 1980-06-25 |
| DE2848133A1 (en) | 1979-05-17 |
| PL210943A1 (en) | 1979-07-30 |
| IT7869607A0 (en) | 1978-11-15 |
| IT1109701B (en) | 1985-12-23 |
| ZM9678A1 (en) | 1980-10-21 |
| AU516953B2 (en) | 1981-07-02 |
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