CA1047793A - Smoke density measuring apparatus - Google Patents
Smoke density measuring apparatusInfo
- Publication number
- CA1047793A CA1047793A CA227,320A CA227320A CA1047793A CA 1047793 A CA1047793 A CA 1047793A CA 227320 A CA227320 A CA 227320A CA 1047793 A CA1047793 A CA 1047793A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- waste gas
- filter paper
- pump
- smoke density
- programmer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/06—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions
- G01N15/0606—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions by collecting particles on a support
- G01N15/0618—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions by collecting particles on a support of the filter type
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE:
The invention relates to an automatic apparatus for determining the smoke density, characterized in that it comprises a programmer, a sampling pump having a uniform rectilinear motion by means of a geared motor, an electric valve automatically operated by said programmer for the discharge of the gases of said pump, a filter holder with geared motor for feeding auto-matically the filtering paper, an automatic beta-rays reading device and/or a decimal convertor for giving directly the smoke density value with significant decimals. The main characteristics of said apparatus are a constant volume of the gases sucked by the pump and a constant and automatic clamping of the filter used.
The invention relates to an automatic apparatus for determining the smoke density, characterized in that it comprises a programmer, a sampling pump having a uniform rectilinear motion by means of a geared motor, an electric valve automatically operated by said programmer for the discharge of the gases of said pump, a filter holder with geared motor for feeding auto-matically the filtering paper, an automatic beta-rays reading device and/or a decimal convertor for giving directly the smoke density value with significant decimals. The main characteristics of said apparatus are a constant volume of the gases sucked by the pump and a constant and automatic clamping of the filter used.
Description
1~47793 ; This invention relates to apparatus for automati-cally determining the smoke density, that is solids contents, of waste gas being released to the atmosphere.
In order to determine the smoke density of waste gases - from combustion processes, in particular flue gases from the combustion of fuel gas, to determine whether the content of solid particles exceeds a permitted value, it is usual to draw a portion of the waste gas through a filter device by means of a suction pump and to separate out solid unburnt matter from the waste gas. The separated matter, usually on a filter paper, is evaluated by a visual comparison method. For example the deposited soot spot is compared with a scale of spots of increasing grey tonality running from white to black and determined under identical conditions with gas flows of known smoke content.
Disadvantages of apparatus hitherto used have been the subjectiveness of sampling and reading, if determinations were carried out visually, the variations in sampling volumes due to various factors, including the temperature of the gases, the suction speed thereof, the duration of the time gaps between subsequent strokes of the pump, the atmospheric pressure which is different from place to place and from time to time, and the -impossibility of measuring very high smoke densities.
According to the present invention, there is provided apparatus for automatically determining the smoke density of waste gas from a combustion process, which comprises a programmer for controlling operation of other component parts of the appara-tus, a pump for withdrawing waste gas from a conduit through which it passes, in use, and comprising a piston having an associated motor means for effecting linear reciprocating travel of the piston, an electrically operated valve associated with said programmer for automatic operation thereby to achieve discharge of said gas from the pump, a filter holder having an associated geared motor for automatically feeding a filter paper across the path of travel of waste gas through the apparatus and means for automatically scanning filter paper from the apparatus and providing a record of the smoke density of the waste gas passed therethrough.
For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same can be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the accompanying drawings, showing a preferred embodiment, in which:
Figure 1 is a photograph showing, in elevation, one form of apparatus embodying the present invention; ~-Figure 2 shows in longitudinal section a filter holder : device for use in automatic apparatus embodying the present invention;
Figure 3 shows a transverse cross-section through the filter holder of Figure 2, and Figure 4 shows diagrammatically an automatic device for controlling the piston which forms part of apparatus embodying this invention.
Referring to Figure 1, a preferred form of apparatus ~mbodying this invention comprises a programmer 1 and geared motor 2 for operating a sampling pump 3, a servomotor 4 for the automatic control of the stroke of an electric valve 5 automati-cally operated by the programmer 1 for discharging the gases from pump 3, a holder 6 for filter paper, a geared motor 7 for :- the automatic feeding of filter paper into the holder 6 and an automatically operating beta-rays reading device 8. Pressure gauges (not shown) are provided upstream and downstream of the filter holder 6, in the region of the travel path of the filter paper.
device 9 contains elements for detecting temperature
In order to determine the smoke density of waste gases - from combustion processes, in particular flue gases from the combustion of fuel gas, to determine whether the content of solid particles exceeds a permitted value, it is usual to draw a portion of the waste gas through a filter device by means of a suction pump and to separate out solid unburnt matter from the waste gas. The separated matter, usually on a filter paper, is evaluated by a visual comparison method. For example the deposited soot spot is compared with a scale of spots of increasing grey tonality running from white to black and determined under identical conditions with gas flows of known smoke content.
Disadvantages of apparatus hitherto used have been the subjectiveness of sampling and reading, if determinations were carried out visually, the variations in sampling volumes due to various factors, including the temperature of the gases, the suction speed thereof, the duration of the time gaps between subsequent strokes of the pump, the atmospheric pressure which is different from place to place and from time to time, and the -impossibility of measuring very high smoke densities.
According to the present invention, there is provided apparatus for automatically determining the smoke density of waste gas from a combustion process, which comprises a programmer for controlling operation of other component parts of the appara-tus, a pump for withdrawing waste gas from a conduit through which it passes, in use, and comprising a piston having an associated motor means for effecting linear reciprocating travel of the piston, an electrically operated valve associated with said programmer for automatic operation thereby to achieve discharge of said gas from the pump, a filter holder having an associated geared motor for automatically feeding a filter paper across the path of travel of waste gas through the apparatus and means for automatically scanning filter paper from the apparatus and providing a record of the smoke density of the waste gas passed therethrough.
For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same can be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the accompanying drawings, showing a preferred embodiment, in which:
Figure 1 is a photograph showing, in elevation, one form of apparatus embodying the present invention; ~-Figure 2 shows in longitudinal section a filter holder : device for use in automatic apparatus embodying the present invention;
Figure 3 shows a transverse cross-section through the filter holder of Figure 2, and Figure 4 shows diagrammatically an automatic device for controlling the piston which forms part of apparatus embodying this invention.
Referring to Figure 1, a preferred form of apparatus ~mbodying this invention comprises a programmer 1 and geared motor 2 for operating a sampling pump 3, a servomotor 4 for the automatic control of the stroke of an electric valve 5 automati-cally operated by the programmer 1 for discharging the gases from pump 3, a holder 6 for filter paper, a geared motor 7 for :- the automatic feeding of filter paper into the holder 6 and an automatically operating beta-rays reading device 8. Pressure gauges (not shown) are provided upstream and downstream of the filter holder 6, in the region of the travel path of the filter paper.
device 9 contains elements for detecting temperature
- 2 -. . .
and pressure and electxonic circuits for correlating variations of temperature and pressure with the total sampling volume, in order to enable measurements to be obtained automatically.
Hence, with an apparatus according to this invention, it is possible to carry out one or more analyses by inserting in the programmer the number of piston strokes, the time period between subsequent samplings and the number of the required samples.
Referring next to Figure 2, there is shown a preferred form of filter holder for use in the apparatus embodying this invention. The filter hGlder comprises a casing 10 formed of a non-magnetisable material, a fixed part 11 closing one end of the holder, a mobile part consisting of two concentric elements 12 and 13, a spring 14 for connecting the elements 12 and 13, guide elements 15 preventing mobile parts 12 and 13 from rotating, a system for producing a magnetic field comprising a fixed part 16 and a mobile part 17, and a spring 18 for opening an electrical circuit which causes the magnetic field to be set up. The , arrangement and configuration of the parts of the holder are such as to provide clamping of filter paper travelling along path 19 (Figure 3) under constant pressure. The clamping acts uniformly on a sealing annular zone and does not cause any tensile or slip-Fing stress in the filter paper, unlike with filter holders in hitherto described apparatus. The electromagnetic control of the clamping enables clamping to be maintained automatically. The fixed part 11 and the element 12 each has axial bores at the intersection of which lies, in use, the filter paper and through which waste gas is passed in use.
Referring finally to Figure 4, suction pump 21 for drawing waste gas through the filter holder 6 of Figure 1 and discharging the gases from the interior of the pump comprises a three way electrically operated-valve 20 constructed to prevent return of gases to the filter paper and a piston 22 having a
and pressure and electxonic circuits for correlating variations of temperature and pressure with the total sampling volume, in order to enable measurements to be obtained automatically.
Hence, with an apparatus according to this invention, it is possible to carry out one or more analyses by inserting in the programmer the number of piston strokes, the time period between subsequent samplings and the number of the required samples.
Referring next to Figure 2, there is shown a preferred form of filter holder for use in the apparatus embodying this invention. The filter hGlder comprises a casing 10 formed of a non-magnetisable material, a fixed part 11 closing one end of the holder, a mobile part consisting of two concentric elements 12 and 13, a spring 14 for connecting the elements 12 and 13, guide elements 15 preventing mobile parts 12 and 13 from rotating, a system for producing a magnetic field comprising a fixed part 16 and a mobile part 17, and a spring 18 for opening an electrical circuit which causes the magnetic field to be set up. The , arrangement and configuration of the parts of the holder are such as to provide clamping of filter paper travelling along path 19 (Figure 3) under constant pressure. The clamping acts uniformly on a sealing annular zone and does not cause any tensile or slip-Fing stress in the filter paper, unlike with filter holders in hitherto described apparatus. The electromagnetic control of the clamping enables clamping to be maintained automatically. The fixed part 11 and the element 12 each has axial bores at the intersection of which lies, in use, the filter paper and through which waste gas is passed in use.
Referring finally to Figure 4, suction pump 21 for drawing waste gas through the filter holder 6 of Figure 1 and discharging the gases from the interior of the pump comprises a three way electrically operated-valve 20 constructed to prevent return of gases to the filter paper and a piston 22 having a
- 3 -$~
1~)47793 piston rod 23 and a rod head 24 by which the piston is dis-placed between a fixed stroke end position 25 and a stroke end position 26 which can be altered automatically to compensate for pressure and temperature variations by achieving a corresponding variation in the pump capacity.
Although not shown in the drawings, the filter holder 6 will comprise further elements which can be of conventional type for detecting variations in pressure in the gas impinging in the filter paper and affecting blackening of the filter paper and so enabling variation in the pump capacity to be achieved. The additional elements also provide a stop time for the apparatus, that is the time required for the pressure drop, caused by the filter, to reach zero.
It is clear from the foregoing that automatic regula-- tion of the stop time allows volumes of sampling gas to be obtained having a high degree of constancy. It is further clear, that completely automatic carrying out of a series of operations can be achieved with a single manual operation that is the operation required for inserting the number of measurements in the programmer. The logic sequence and the various compensations occur automatically by operation of the programmer. The reading of the filter paper from the filter holder by means of ~-rays obviates the need for the subjective intervention of an operator and allows an exact evaluation of spots having a high density;
evaluation is impossible optically in such a case.
The automatic apparatus forming the subject of this invention can be employed with recording equipment or digital calculators having print--out means for constantly recording smoke density, in the form of a direct numerical record.
1~)47793 piston rod 23 and a rod head 24 by which the piston is dis-placed between a fixed stroke end position 25 and a stroke end position 26 which can be altered automatically to compensate for pressure and temperature variations by achieving a corresponding variation in the pump capacity.
Although not shown in the drawings, the filter holder 6 will comprise further elements which can be of conventional type for detecting variations in pressure in the gas impinging in the filter paper and affecting blackening of the filter paper and so enabling variation in the pump capacity to be achieved. The additional elements also provide a stop time for the apparatus, that is the time required for the pressure drop, caused by the filter, to reach zero.
It is clear from the foregoing that automatic regula-- tion of the stop time allows volumes of sampling gas to be obtained having a high degree of constancy. It is further clear, that completely automatic carrying out of a series of operations can be achieved with a single manual operation that is the operation required for inserting the number of measurements in the programmer. The logic sequence and the various compensations occur automatically by operation of the programmer. The reading of the filter paper from the filter holder by means of ~-rays obviates the need for the subjective intervention of an operator and allows an exact evaluation of spots having a high density;
evaluation is impossible optically in such a case.
The automatic apparatus forming the subject of this invention can be employed with recording equipment or digital calculators having print--out means for constantly recording smoke density, in the form of a direct numerical record.
- 4 -~r - :
,
,
Claims (6)
1. Apparatus for automatically determining the smoke density of waste gas from a combustion process, which comprises a programmer for controlling operation of other component parts of the apparatus, a pump for withdrawing waste gas from a conduit through which it passes, in use, and comprising a piston having an associated motor means for effecting linear reciprocating travel of the piston, an electrically operated valve associated with said programmer for automatic operation thereby to achieve discharge of said gas from the pump, a filter holder having an associated motor means for automatically feeding a filter paper across the path of travel of waste gas, through the apparatus, and means for automatically scanning filter paper from the apparatus and providing a record of the smoke density of the waste gas passed therethrough.
2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the pump has an associated servomotor for regulating the piston stroke thereof with respect to pressure and temperature variations in the waste gas.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the electrically operated valve is adapted to compensate for pressure drop caused, in use, by the filter paper.
4. Apparatus as claimed in claims 1, 2 or 3, in which the filter holder comprises electromagnetically actuated means for holding the filter paper tautly while substantially free from tensile or slipping stresses while waste gas is passed thereto, and pressure gauge means upstream and downstream of the filter paper.
5. Apparatus as claimed in claims 1, 2 or 3, which comprises a source of .beta.-rays for scanning the filter paper and ascertaining the density of smoke incident thereon.
6. Apparatus as claimed in claims 1, 2 or 3, which comprises a digital convertor for converting to numeral data a scanned record of the waste gas smoke density.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT23012/74A IT1012689B (en) | 1974-05-21 | 1974-05-21 | AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT FOR DETERMINING THE FU MOSITA INDEX |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1047793A true CA1047793A (en) | 1979-02-06 |
Family
ID=11202863
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA227,320A Expired CA1047793A (en) | 1974-05-21 | 1975-05-20 | Smoke density measuring apparatus |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AT (1) | AT376802B (en) |
| BE (1) | BE829302A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1047793A (en) |
| CH (1) | CH592874A5 (en) |
| CS (1) | CS207561B2 (en) |
| DD (1) | DD118172A5 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2522256C3 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2272388B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1512424A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1012689B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7505837A (en) |
| YU (1) | YU40118B (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA753291B (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE411147B (en) * | 1978-04-24 | 1979-12-03 | Linder Ernst Carl A G | AIR Sampler ASPIRATOR |
| DE2948812A1 (en) * | 1978-04-24 | 1980-12-11 | E Linder | ASPIRATOR FOR AIR SAMPLING |
| DE3402747A1 (en) * | 1984-01-27 | 1985-08-08 | Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | DIESEL SMOKE MEASURING DEVICE |
| CN106370572A (en) * | 2016-09-08 | 2017-02-01 | 中国航空动力机械研究所 | Filter paper clamp head |
| CN216082225U (en) * | 2021-11-03 | 2022-03-18 | 中国气象科学研究院 | Electric valve type sampler |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD74370B (en) * | ||||
| FR1408903A (en) * | 1964-07-09 | 1965-08-20 | Inst Nat Rech Chimique | Dust concentration measuring device |
-
1974
- 1974-05-21 IT IT23012/74A patent/IT1012689B/en active
-
1975
- 1975-05-16 YU YU1265/75A patent/YU40118B/en unknown
- 1975-05-16 NL NL7505837A patent/NL7505837A/en active Search and Examination
- 1975-05-20 CA CA227,320A patent/CA1047793A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-05-20 CS CS753517A patent/CS207561B2/en unknown
- 1975-05-20 DE DE2522256A patent/DE2522256C3/en not_active Expired
- 1975-05-20 GB GB21656/75A patent/GB1512424A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-05-20 AT AT0381475A patent/AT376802B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-05-20 FR FR7515721A patent/FR2272388B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1975-05-21 CH CH649475A patent/CH592874A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-05-21 ZA ZA00753291A patent/ZA753291B/en unknown
- 1975-05-21 DD DD186156A patent/DD118172A5/xx unknown
- 1975-05-21 BE BE156544A patent/BE829302A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2522256C3 (en) | 1979-10-25 |
| ATA381475A (en) | 1984-05-15 |
| YU40118B (en) | 1985-08-31 |
| NL7505837A (en) | 1975-11-25 |
| GB1512424A (en) | 1978-06-01 |
| CH592874A5 (en) | 1977-11-15 |
| CS207561B2 (en) | 1981-08-31 |
| ZA753291B (en) | 1976-05-26 |
| DE2522256A1 (en) | 1975-11-27 |
| AT376802B (en) | 1985-01-10 |
| FR2272388B1 (en) | 1977-04-15 |
| YU126575A (en) | 1982-05-31 |
| BE829302A (en) | 1975-09-15 |
| DD118172A5 (en) | 1976-02-12 |
| FR2272388A1 (en) | 1975-12-19 |
| IT1012689B (en) | 1977-03-10 |
| DE2522256B2 (en) | 1979-03-01 |
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