CA1043413A - Implosion-resistant cathode ray tube with protective assembly for its face plate - Google Patents
Implosion-resistant cathode ray tube with protective assembly for its face plateInfo
- Publication number
- CA1043413A CA1043413A CA240,823A CA240823A CA1043413A CA 1043413 A CA1043413 A CA 1043413A CA 240823 A CA240823 A CA 240823A CA 1043413 A CA1043413 A CA 1043413A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- face plate
- cathode ray
- ray tube
- conductive
- panel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J29/00—Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J29/00—Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
- H01J29/86—Vessels; Containers; Vacuum locks
- H01J29/87—Arrangements for preventing or limiting effects of implosion of vessels or containers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J29/00—Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
- H01J29/92—Means forming part of the tube for the purpose of providing electrical connection to it
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J2229/00—Details of cathode ray tubes or electron beam tubes
- H01J2229/87—Means for avoiding vessel implosion
- H01J2229/875—Means substantially covering the output face, e.g. resin layers, protective panels
Landscapes
- Vessels, Lead-In Wires, Accessory Apparatuses For Cathode-Ray Tubes (AREA)
Abstract
IMPLOSION-RESISTANT CATHODE RAY TUBE WITH
PROTECTIVE ASSEMBLY FOR ITS FACE PLATE
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A cathode ray tube having a metal reinforcing band girdling its envelope adjacent the face plate is provided with a transparent protective panel which covers the face plate and is affixed to the latter by a transparent conductive layer of an adhesive resin filling a space therebetween, and one or more conductive connecting elements providing an electrically conductive connection between the transparent conductive layer and the reinforcing band which is grounded. The transparent panel and the transparent conductive layer cooperate to protect the face plate from damage that might cause implosion of the tube envelope, and the connection of the transparent conductive layer to ground ensures that the protective panel will not be electrified, whereby to eliminate any shock hazard from contact therewith.
PROTECTIVE ASSEMBLY FOR ITS FACE PLATE
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
A cathode ray tube having a metal reinforcing band girdling its envelope adjacent the face plate is provided with a transparent protective panel which covers the face plate and is affixed to the latter by a transparent conductive layer of an adhesive resin filling a space therebetween, and one or more conductive connecting elements providing an electrically conductive connection between the transparent conductive layer and the reinforcing band which is grounded. The transparent panel and the transparent conductive layer cooperate to protect the face plate from damage that might cause implosion of the tube envelope, and the connection of the transparent conductive layer to ground ensures that the protective panel will not be electrified, whereby to eliminate any shock hazard from contact therewith.
Description
~0434~3 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to cathode ray tubes, and more particularly is directed to improvements in such cathode ray tubes for reducing the risk of implosion thereof and electrical hazards.
Des~55Z5~55L5~ 1a~ r Art In order to reduce the risk of implosion of the envelope of a cathode ray tube which is usually made of glass, ~-various arrangements are employed for reinforcing the glass envelope, particularly at the face plate thereof. In one of the existing arrangements for reinforc~ng the glass envelope, a protective panel of a transparent plastic or safety glass covers the face plate and is bonded r~ fixed to the latter by means of a transparent adhesive resin, such as,a polyester resin, epoxy resin or the like, which is injected into a gap or space between the outer surface-of the face plate and the protective panel. However, when such a reinforced or implosion-resistant cathode ray tube is used in a television receiver .. .. . . . .
- .
or the like, there is still the danger or hazard of electrical shock if a viewer contacts the exposed surface of the protective panel at a time when the cathode ray tubè is in operation and ,, - ,, ~ , for a period of time following such operation.
Such electrical shock hazard results from the fact ~:f -that, during operation of the cath~ e ray tube, a high voltage of the order of 10 to 30 KV is applied, as an anode voltage, to a c~nduct~ve coating on the inner surface of the glass ' ,. . . . . .
10434~3 envelope. Such high voltage applied at the inside of the envelope causes an electrical charge to be developed on the outer surface of the envelope and such electric charge does not disappear during the period of operation of the cathode ray tube, as well as for a short time immediately after the operation of the cathode ray tube is discontinued. Therefore, if a viewer touches the outer surface of the face plate or of the previously ment~oned protective panel which is usually ~posed, there is the possibility of such person being subj~ctcd to an electrical shock. Since the degree or strength of the electrical shock thus received and its effect on the person being subjected thereto may vary from one individual to the -next on the basis of the physical characteristics of such ~ -- -individual, and further may vary in accordance with the temper- -ature and humidity of the environment in which the cathode ray -tube is located, it cannot be stated categorically that the -electrification of the outer surface of the envelope is dangerous -;
in all cases. However, there is no question that the electric - -shock that may be received as a result of such electrification is, in any event, a source of considerable d;scomfort to any - -- ..,, ..- .
adult subjected thereto. Further, the electric shock is dangerous or harmful if received by a young child or by an adult having a physical condition that makes such person particularly susceptible to damage from electrical shocks. As ~previously indicat~d, the electrical shock hazard is not elimin-ated by the provision of a protective panel disposed in front of the face plate of the tube envelope, as in an implosion-,,, , ,, .. . , , .. ; ," .", ..... ..
1~4~413 resistant cathode ray tube, as the electrical charge whichcreates the shock hazard may also be developed on the outer surface of the protective panel.
OBJECTS A~ SU~RY OF THE INVEl~TION -Aceordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an implosion-resistant cathode ray tube which is also free of the described electrical shock hazard, at least in respect to any portion of the cathode ray tube which is normally exposed in use.
Another object is to provide a cathode ray tube with a protective assembly for its face plate so as to reduce the ~ -risk of implosion of the tube envelope, and which further . -prevents the build-up of electrical charges on the exposed surface o~ such protecti~e assembly so as to eliminate the described shock hazard.
A further object is to provide a cathode ray tube in which a transparent protective panel covers the face plate of the tube envelope and is bonded.thereto by a transparent adhesive.layer therebetween for recucing the risk of implosion of the tube envelope, and in which the buildup o~ electrical charges on the exposed surface of the protective panel ls prevented for eliminating the previousl~ mentioned electrical -~hock hazard.
- In accordance with an aspect of this inveffi on, in an lmplosion-resistant cathode ray tube, as aoresaid, the trans- ~.
parent adhe8ive layer which bonds the transparent protective ~ -. .
~0434~ :
panel to the face plate for reducing the risk of implosion of the tube envelope is formed of a conductive material, and one or more conductive conn~cting elements are provided to rorm an electrically conduc,ive connect;on between the transparent, conductive adhesive layer and ground, whereby to prevent the build-up o~ electrical charges on the exposed outer surface of the protective panel.
In the case where the cathode ray tube is provided with the usual metal reinforcing band girdling its envelope adjacent the face plate, and which is conveniently connected . .
to ground, it is a feature of this invention to place each conductive connecting element in electrically conductive engagement with such reinforcing band. Further, when a flexible insulating tape is wound about the edge of the protective ..: . .:
panel and extends from the latter to at least the face plate portion of the tube envelope for closing the periphery of the ~!' '"'.. -.. ' space betw~en the protective panel and face plate and thereby preventing leakage of the transparent, conductive adhesive from such space, each conductive connecting element preferably ~ ;
includes a first portion which extends at the outside of the . .,~ .
flexible tape and between the latter and the reinforcing band, ;~
and a second portion extending at an ang~ to the first portion -and having a pointed contact piece for piercing the flexible ~pe and extending into the transparent cond~ctive adhesive - ;
between the protective panel and the face plate.
,:
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More particularly, there is provided a cathode ray tube comprising an envelope having a face plate, a conductive reinforcing band girdling said envelope adjacent said face plate, a transparent protective panel covering the outer surface of said face plate and being spaced from the latter, a transparent conductive material filling the space between said face plate and said panel to ~operate with the latter in protecting said face plate, and at least one conductive connecting element providing an electrically conductive connection bet~een said conductive material and said band.
The above, and other objects, features and advantages of the invention, will be apparent from the following description 5 'r -Sa-, . ,, , . , . : , . .. . .
~0434~3 of illustrative embodiments which is to be read in conjunction with the accompanying dra~ings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWIN~S
Fig. 1 is a side elevational view of an implosion-resistant cathode ray tube according to an embodiment of this invention, and in which the protective assembly for the face plate of the tube is shown in section;
Fig. 2 is an enlarged, fragmentary sectional view of a portion o an implosinn-resistant cathode ray tube according to another,embodiment of the invention; , Fig. 3 is a perspective view of a conductive connecting ~' element that may be employed in the implosion-resistant cathode ray tube of Fig. 2;
Figs. 4A and 48 are views similar to that of Fig. 3, but showing respective modified conductive connecting elements ' that may be used in cathode ray tubes according to this '' invention; ' ' Fig. 5 is a view similar to that of Fig. 2, but showing ,--' another embodiment of an implosion-resistant cathode ray tube according to the invention; and -' Fig. 6 is a perspective view of a conductive connecting element included in the protective assembly of the cathode ray ,~
tube shown on Fig. 5. , ~' ''..'.,' ~ .
-~
-6- ~ ' . .
.. , . ~
DESCRIPTIO~ OF THE PREFERRED EMBODI~lENrS
Referring initially to Fig. 1, it will be seen that an implosion-resistant cath~ e ray tube of the type to which ~e present invention is applied may comprise a tube envelope 1 having the usual neck portion lN from which a funnel-shaped or flaring portion lF extends, and a face plate 2 which is joined, at its periphery, to the edge or widest part of flaring portion lF at a mold-line or seam 8 therebetween. A transparent protective panel 3 of safety glass or suitably rigid plastic resin is disposed in front of face plate 2 so as to cover ~i the latter, and a gap or space between protective panel 3 and face plate 2 is filled with a layer or ~ody 4 of transparent adhesive resin by which protective panel 3 is secured to face --plate 2. Further, the cathode ray tube is ~hown to be provided with a metal reinforcing band 6 which girdles or encircles envelope 1 adjacent face plate 2 and particularly at the region of weld-line or seam 8. It will be apparent that the protective `
panel 3 and the adhesive layer 4 bonding the same to face plate 2 cooperate to protect the face plate from impacts that m~ght cause implosion of the tube envelope. ~-~
In accordance with the present invention, in the cathode ray tube as described above, the transparent adhesive resin ma~ing up the layer or body 4 has an electrically conduct- - ~ -ive material dispersed therein to such an extent as to sub-stantially reduce its electrical resistance without adversely affecting the transparency of the layer 4, and the resulting `
conductive transparent layer 4 is connected to ground. Thus, ''',..
-7- ~: ~
any electric charge that mightappear on the front surface of protective panel 3 by reason of electrification of the outer surface of face plate 2 is effectively transferred or drained off to ground through the grounded conductive layer 4.
Accordingly, with the cathode ray tube according to this inven-tion, a viewer may come in contact with protective panel 3 -without the risk of receiving an electric shock therefrom.
In the embodiment of the invention illustrated on Fig. 1, the connection of the conductive transparent layer 4 to ground is effected by means of at least one length or strip of ~etal tape 5, for example, of aluminum, which is bonded to a peripheral portion of face plate 2 so that one end portion -.
of metal tape 5 will extend into the gap or space between face - ...... -plate 2 and protective panel 3 whi~ is eventually filled with the conductive transparent.adhesive resin 4, while the other - .
end portion of tape 5 extends over weld-line or seam 8 so as to lie inside of metal reinforcing band 6 and make electrical contact with the latter when the metal band 6 is applied to .. ~
the tube. Further, the reinforcing metal band 6 is conveniently .: . -connected to ground, as shown, with the result that the ...
connection of the conductive transparent layer 4 to ground is effected through metal tape or strip 5 and metal reinforcing :-.-band 6. .
However, in producing a cathode ray tube with a protect-ive panel 3 fixed to its face plate 2 by the transparent .
adhesive layer 4, a flexible insulating tape 7 is usually wound . ~ ~
a~out the edge of protective panel 3 and extends from the latter . .
:,, 10~3413 over the periphery of face plate 2 beyond mold-l;ne or seam 8 for closing the periphery of the space or gap bet~een panel 3 and face plate 2 and thereby preventing leakage of the conductive, transparent adhesive resin 4 from such space or gap.
It will be apparent that insulating tape 7, as thus applied, would cover the metal tape or strip 5, and thus would prevent the electrical contact of metal tape 5 with the girdling reinforcing band 6. Accordingly, before applying the reinforcing band 6 to the tube envelope 1, the portion of insulating tape 7 which extends over mold-line or seam 8 must be peeled off or removed so as to expose at least a portion of metal tape or strip 5 for electrical contact with the metal reinforcing band 6 applied thereover. It will be realized th~t the peeling or removing of a portion of insulating tape 7 for exposing the underlying metal tape or strip 5 is a troublesome operation in producing a cathode ray tube according to the embodiment of this invention shown on Fig. 1.
Referring now to Fig. 2, it will be seen that, in another embodiment of this invention which avoids the above described problem associated with the production of the cathode ray tube shown on Fig. 1, an implosion-resistant cathode ray - -tube again includes a tube envelope hav~ng a face plate 11 '-which, on its inner surface, is coated with a phosphor screen 12, and an electrode 13 located within the tube envelope adjacent to phosphor screen 12 for determining the landing positions of electron beams on such phosphor screen. Once again, a transparent protective panel 14, for example, of safety glass, is located in front of face plate 11 so as to cover the latter, and a transparent, conductive adhesive resin is injected into the space or gap between protective panel 14 and face plate 11 so as to form a transparent, conductive layer 15 which bonds or fixes panel 14 to the face plate, and which, with panel 14, forms an implosion-resistant or protective assembly 16 for the face plate. As in the previously described embodiment, a flexible insulating tape 18, for example, a polyester tape with a thickness of about O.OSmm., is wound about the edge of protective panel 14 and extends from the latter -~
over the periphery of face plate 11 so as to cover the mold-line or seam 17 between the face plate and the remainder of the tube envelope, whereby to close the periphery of the space between panel 14 and face plate 11 and prevent leakage of the conductive adhesive resin during the injection of the latter into such space.
However, in the embodiment of Fig. 2, the portion of flexible insulating tape 18 extending over mold-line 17 remains in place when the usual metal reinforcing band 21 is . .
applied to the tube envelope so as to girdle the latter at the location of the mold-line 17. In order to permit the foregoing, the conductive connecti~n between transparent, ~ ;
conductive layer 15 and metal band 21 which is suitably connected~
to ground is effected by means of one or more conductive ~ -connecting elements 20. As shown, each of the conductive '', 10434~3 -;
connecting elements 20 is forrned of one or more su~ able metals and comprises a first band~ e portion 19 and a second portion extending from the band-like p~ tion 1~ at an angle to the latter and including a pointed contact piece 20B which is adapted to pierce the flexible insulating tape 18 and thus extend into the gap between face plate ll and protective panel 14 for electrically conductiv~ contact with the transparent, conductive layer 15 in such gap. As shown particularly on Fig.
3, each conductive connecting element 20 may further include a finger-like member 20A which is-spaced from and substantially ~rallel with contact piece 20B so as to cooperate with the latter in defining a generally U-shaped clip which grips the --peripheral portion of prote~.*e panel 14 when contact piece -20B pierces insulating tape 18 and extends into contact with ~
transparent, conductive layer 15. It will be understood that ~ -each conductive connecting element 20 is installed as shown on Fig. 2 after the adhesive resin has been injected into the ;~ ~
gap between face plate 11 and protective panel 14 so that the --band-like portion 19 of each connecting element 20 then extends --over insulating tape 18 beyond mold-line 17. Thus, when rein-forcing metal band 21 is applied to the tube, the band-like portion 19 of each connecting element 20 extends between insulating tape 18 and metal band 21 so as to be in intimate ;-;
or electrically conductive contact with the latter.
The above described portions of each connecting element 20 can be formed integrally with each other or, as shown OQ Pig. 3, the generally U-shaped clip defined by finger-like "' 10434~3 member 20A and pointed contact piece 20B may be formed of a spring or resilient conductive metal to exert a gripping action on the periphery or protective panel 14, while the band-like portion 19 of the connecting element is formed of a relatively flexible conductive metal so as to conform readily to the contours at the inner surface of reinforcing band 21 when the latter is tightened about the tube envelope. Moreover, as shown on Fig. 3, the U-shaped clip defined by finger-like member 20A
and contact piece 20B may have tabs 20C struck from its bight portion and adapted to be upset after engagement in a llole . -:
at the adjacent end of band-like portion 19 for securing , together the several portions of element 20. ..
. Referring now to Fig. 4A, it will be seen that a. . ~.
conductive connecting -element 20' that may be used in place ~.. -of the connecting element 20 of Figs. 2 and 3 again includes a -band-like portion 19' and a generally L-shaped connecting piece .
20'B ha~ing one of its arms welded or otherwise secured to . -~
one end of band-like portion 19', while the other arm of the :~
L-shaped contact piece 20'B is pointed for piercing the flexible .~
insulating tape 18, as previously described. In the connecting -element 20', the pointed arm of L-shaped contact piece 20'B may, -as shown, enclose an obtuse angle with band-lil~ portion 19'. - -.
In the further modified connecting element 20" shown on Fig.
4B, the contact piece 20"B which is secured to an end portion - of band-like portion 19" includes an arm 20"b which extends substantially at right angles to the band-like portion 19" and .
has a:further angled pointed end 20'.'c.
-12- .-Referring now to Figs. 5 and 6, in which the parts of the cathode ray tube correspondm g to those described above with reference to Fig. 2 are identified by the same reference numerals, it will be seen that each conductive connecting ~element 22 provided for electrically connecting the transparent, conductive layer 15 with the metal reinforcing band 21 is of one-piece or integral consturction and is of generally Z-shaped .-configuration. More specifically, each connecting element 22 is shown to include a pointed contact piece or end portion 24 ~-.
extending inwardIy ~at a substantial angle from a middle or body portion 25, and an outwardly directed opposite end portion -.-26 having a bore or opening 23 therein. When installing each connecting element 22, the pointed contact piece 24 at one end is made to pierce the flexible insulating tape 18 so as .
to contact the transparent, conductive layer 15 between face plate 11 and protective panel 14 while the middle or body portion 25 extends rearwardly over the insulating tape 18. After such :
installatio~ of connecting element 22, the usual metal reinforc- -ing hand 21 is extended around the tube envelope so as to -.
engage and be in electrical contact with the body or middle : -portion 25 of each connecting element 22, while the end portion 26 of the latter extends outwardly in ~ack of band 21. Pref- .
erably, a number of the connecting elements 22 are applied to the cathode tube, for example, at the corners of face plate ll in the case where the latter is of substantially rectangular ~.
configuration, so that the bores or holes 23 of the connecting - .
element~.. 22 may.receive bolts, not shown, for mounting the . -'.' ', -13- ~
cathode ray tube on a chassis or the lil~e. I~en the connecting elements 22 are to perform the dual functions of establishing an electrical connection bet~een conductive layer 15 and the grounded reinforcing band 21 and of mounting the cathode ray :
tube on a chassis or the like, it is preferred that the ~- .
reinforcing band 21 be welded to the middle portions 25 of connecting elements 22.
In all of the above described embodiments of the invention, the adhesive resin which is used to form the trans-parent, conductivelayer 4 or 15 is preferably a non-saturated -polyester resin in which a metallic soap is dispersed or added so as to provide the adhesive resin with a resistance value of 106 to 108_rLcm. : --By way of example, a suitable conductive adhesive ~.
resin for use in a cathode ray tube according to this invention may have the following composition, in which the parts given :
are by weight~
Non-saturated polyester resin- 100 parts - -~
Fatty acid potassium - 0.2 to 1 parts Water - 0.2 to 1 parts Triethyleneglycol - 0.6 to 3 parts Methylethylketoneperoxide (hardening catalyst) -Ø1 to 1 parts Another example of a conductive adhesive resin that may be used in accordance with this invention is a non-saturated polyester resin to which there is addPd approximately 1 to 2%, by weight, o~ a heavy metallic soap containing potassic soap, -14- .
10~34~3 along with suitably rninor amounts of a metal chelate and a surface active agent.
It will be apparent that, in all of the described embod~ments of the invention, the protective assembly consisting of the protective panel 3 or 14 and the transparent, conductive :-layer 4 or 15 provided in front of the face plate 2 or 11 of the tube envelope serves to protect such face plate from impacts ~ .
so that an implosion accident of the cathode ray tube is.
prevented. Further, since the transparent, conductive layer 4 or 15 is grounded any electrical charge that might build-ùp ~.
on the outer surface of the protectivepanel 3 or 14, either during use of the cathode ray tube or immediately thereafter, .
is discharged to ground so that there is no dang~r of being .
subjected to an electrical shoc~ by contact with the protective panel. ~ .
It is further to be noted that, in the embodiments of the invention illustrated on Figs. 2-6, that is, ln those embodiments where each connecting element 20,20',20" or 22. :-is formed to pierce the flexible insulating tape 18 for electrical contact with the transparent~ conductive layer ~ -15, each such connecting element can be applied over the insulat- -ing tape 18 and is then electricar~ contacted by the reinforcing .~--metal band 21 without the need to peel or remove any portion;~ ~-of the insulating tape 18, whereby to simplify the assembling ;: .
of the cathode ray tu~e. Furthermore, when the contact piece. ~ :
20B of the connecting element 20 has a fingex~like member 20A
'"~' .
~ . ' 1043~3 associated therewith to form a clip which engages over the periphery of protective panel 14, as on Figs. 2 and 3, such clip stablizes the position of the respective connecting element 20 so that the latter will be properly located for engagement with the metal reinforcing band 21 when the latter is installed.
Although illustrative embodments of the invention have been described in detail herein with reference to the ; .
accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various changes and modifications may be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
' .,, ~
Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to cathode ray tubes, and more particularly is directed to improvements in such cathode ray tubes for reducing the risk of implosion thereof and electrical hazards.
Des~55Z5~55L5~ 1a~ r Art In order to reduce the risk of implosion of the envelope of a cathode ray tube which is usually made of glass, ~-various arrangements are employed for reinforcing the glass envelope, particularly at the face plate thereof. In one of the existing arrangements for reinforc~ng the glass envelope, a protective panel of a transparent plastic or safety glass covers the face plate and is bonded r~ fixed to the latter by means of a transparent adhesive resin, such as,a polyester resin, epoxy resin or the like, which is injected into a gap or space between the outer surface-of the face plate and the protective panel. However, when such a reinforced or implosion-resistant cathode ray tube is used in a television receiver .. .. . . . .
- .
or the like, there is still the danger or hazard of electrical shock if a viewer contacts the exposed surface of the protective panel at a time when the cathode ray tubè is in operation and ,, - ,, ~ , for a period of time following such operation.
Such electrical shock hazard results from the fact ~:f -that, during operation of the cath~ e ray tube, a high voltage of the order of 10 to 30 KV is applied, as an anode voltage, to a c~nduct~ve coating on the inner surface of the glass ' ,. . . . . .
10434~3 envelope. Such high voltage applied at the inside of the envelope causes an electrical charge to be developed on the outer surface of the envelope and such electric charge does not disappear during the period of operation of the cathode ray tube, as well as for a short time immediately after the operation of the cathode ray tube is discontinued. Therefore, if a viewer touches the outer surface of the face plate or of the previously ment~oned protective panel which is usually ~posed, there is the possibility of such person being subj~ctcd to an electrical shock. Since the degree or strength of the electrical shock thus received and its effect on the person being subjected thereto may vary from one individual to the -next on the basis of the physical characteristics of such ~ -- -individual, and further may vary in accordance with the temper- -ature and humidity of the environment in which the cathode ray -tube is located, it cannot be stated categorically that the -electrification of the outer surface of the envelope is dangerous -;
in all cases. However, there is no question that the electric - -shock that may be received as a result of such electrification is, in any event, a source of considerable d;scomfort to any - -- ..,, ..- .
adult subjected thereto. Further, the electric shock is dangerous or harmful if received by a young child or by an adult having a physical condition that makes such person particularly susceptible to damage from electrical shocks. As ~previously indicat~d, the electrical shock hazard is not elimin-ated by the provision of a protective panel disposed in front of the face plate of the tube envelope, as in an implosion-,,, , ,, .. . , , .. ; ," .", ..... ..
1~4~413 resistant cathode ray tube, as the electrical charge whichcreates the shock hazard may also be developed on the outer surface of the protective panel.
OBJECTS A~ SU~RY OF THE INVEl~TION -Aceordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an implosion-resistant cathode ray tube which is also free of the described electrical shock hazard, at least in respect to any portion of the cathode ray tube which is normally exposed in use.
Another object is to provide a cathode ray tube with a protective assembly for its face plate so as to reduce the ~ -risk of implosion of the tube envelope, and which further . -prevents the build-up of electrical charges on the exposed surface o~ such protecti~e assembly so as to eliminate the described shock hazard.
A further object is to provide a cathode ray tube in which a transparent protective panel covers the face plate of the tube envelope and is bonded.thereto by a transparent adhesive.layer therebetween for recucing the risk of implosion of the tube envelope, and in which the buildup o~ electrical charges on the exposed surface of the protective panel ls prevented for eliminating the previousl~ mentioned electrical -~hock hazard.
- In accordance with an aspect of this inveffi on, in an lmplosion-resistant cathode ray tube, as aoresaid, the trans- ~.
parent adhe8ive layer which bonds the transparent protective ~ -. .
~0434~ :
panel to the face plate for reducing the risk of implosion of the tube envelope is formed of a conductive material, and one or more conductive conn~cting elements are provided to rorm an electrically conduc,ive connect;on between the transparent, conductive adhesive layer and ground, whereby to prevent the build-up o~ electrical charges on the exposed outer surface of the protective panel.
In the case where the cathode ray tube is provided with the usual metal reinforcing band girdling its envelope adjacent the face plate, and which is conveniently connected . .
to ground, it is a feature of this invention to place each conductive connecting element in electrically conductive engagement with such reinforcing band. Further, when a flexible insulating tape is wound about the edge of the protective ..: . .:
panel and extends from the latter to at least the face plate portion of the tube envelope for closing the periphery of the ~!' '"'.. -.. ' space betw~en the protective panel and face plate and thereby preventing leakage of the transparent, conductive adhesive from such space, each conductive connecting element preferably ~ ;
includes a first portion which extends at the outside of the . .,~ .
flexible tape and between the latter and the reinforcing band, ;~
and a second portion extending at an ang~ to the first portion -and having a pointed contact piece for piercing the flexible ~pe and extending into the transparent cond~ctive adhesive - ;
between the protective panel and the face plate.
,:
.....
. . ' ':. .
-5~
'".';.,~
,', ', 1043413 :
More particularly, there is provided a cathode ray tube comprising an envelope having a face plate, a conductive reinforcing band girdling said envelope adjacent said face plate, a transparent protective panel covering the outer surface of said face plate and being spaced from the latter, a transparent conductive material filling the space between said face plate and said panel to ~operate with the latter in protecting said face plate, and at least one conductive connecting element providing an electrically conductive connection bet~een said conductive material and said band.
The above, and other objects, features and advantages of the invention, will be apparent from the following description 5 'r -Sa-, . ,, , . , . : , . .. . .
~0434~3 of illustrative embodiments which is to be read in conjunction with the accompanying dra~ings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWIN~S
Fig. 1 is a side elevational view of an implosion-resistant cathode ray tube according to an embodiment of this invention, and in which the protective assembly for the face plate of the tube is shown in section;
Fig. 2 is an enlarged, fragmentary sectional view of a portion o an implosinn-resistant cathode ray tube according to another,embodiment of the invention; , Fig. 3 is a perspective view of a conductive connecting ~' element that may be employed in the implosion-resistant cathode ray tube of Fig. 2;
Figs. 4A and 48 are views similar to that of Fig. 3, but showing respective modified conductive connecting elements ' that may be used in cathode ray tubes according to this '' invention; ' ' Fig. 5 is a view similar to that of Fig. 2, but showing ,--' another embodiment of an implosion-resistant cathode ray tube according to the invention; and -' Fig. 6 is a perspective view of a conductive connecting element included in the protective assembly of the cathode ray ,~
tube shown on Fig. 5. , ~' ''..'.,' ~ .
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.. , . ~
DESCRIPTIO~ OF THE PREFERRED EMBODI~lENrS
Referring initially to Fig. 1, it will be seen that an implosion-resistant cath~ e ray tube of the type to which ~e present invention is applied may comprise a tube envelope 1 having the usual neck portion lN from which a funnel-shaped or flaring portion lF extends, and a face plate 2 which is joined, at its periphery, to the edge or widest part of flaring portion lF at a mold-line or seam 8 therebetween. A transparent protective panel 3 of safety glass or suitably rigid plastic resin is disposed in front of face plate 2 so as to cover ~i the latter, and a gap or space between protective panel 3 and face plate 2 is filled with a layer or ~ody 4 of transparent adhesive resin by which protective panel 3 is secured to face --plate 2. Further, the cathode ray tube is ~hown to be provided with a metal reinforcing band 6 which girdles or encircles envelope 1 adjacent face plate 2 and particularly at the region of weld-line or seam 8. It will be apparent that the protective `
panel 3 and the adhesive layer 4 bonding the same to face plate 2 cooperate to protect the face plate from impacts that m~ght cause implosion of the tube envelope. ~-~
In accordance with the present invention, in the cathode ray tube as described above, the transparent adhesive resin ma~ing up the layer or body 4 has an electrically conduct- - ~ -ive material dispersed therein to such an extent as to sub-stantially reduce its electrical resistance without adversely affecting the transparency of the layer 4, and the resulting `
conductive transparent layer 4 is connected to ground. Thus, ''',..
-7- ~: ~
any electric charge that mightappear on the front surface of protective panel 3 by reason of electrification of the outer surface of face plate 2 is effectively transferred or drained off to ground through the grounded conductive layer 4.
Accordingly, with the cathode ray tube according to this inven-tion, a viewer may come in contact with protective panel 3 -without the risk of receiving an electric shock therefrom.
In the embodiment of the invention illustrated on Fig. 1, the connection of the conductive transparent layer 4 to ground is effected by means of at least one length or strip of ~etal tape 5, for example, of aluminum, which is bonded to a peripheral portion of face plate 2 so that one end portion -.
of metal tape 5 will extend into the gap or space between face - ...... -plate 2 and protective panel 3 whi~ is eventually filled with the conductive transparent.adhesive resin 4, while the other - .
end portion of tape 5 extends over weld-line or seam 8 so as to lie inside of metal reinforcing band 6 and make electrical contact with the latter when the metal band 6 is applied to .. ~
the tube. Further, the reinforcing metal band 6 is conveniently .: . -connected to ground, as shown, with the result that the ...
connection of the conductive transparent layer 4 to ground is effected through metal tape or strip 5 and metal reinforcing :-.-band 6. .
However, in producing a cathode ray tube with a protect-ive panel 3 fixed to its face plate 2 by the transparent .
adhesive layer 4, a flexible insulating tape 7 is usually wound . ~ ~
a~out the edge of protective panel 3 and extends from the latter . .
:,, 10~3413 over the periphery of face plate 2 beyond mold-l;ne or seam 8 for closing the periphery of the space or gap bet~een panel 3 and face plate 2 and thereby preventing leakage of the conductive, transparent adhesive resin 4 from such space or gap.
It will be apparent that insulating tape 7, as thus applied, would cover the metal tape or strip 5, and thus would prevent the electrical contact of metal tape 5 with the girdling reinforcing band 6. Accordingly, before applying the reinforcing band 6 to the tube envelope 1, the portion of insulating tape 7 which extends over mold-line or seam 8 must be peeled off or removed so as to expose at least a portion of metal tape or strip 5 for electrical contact with the metal reinforcing band 6 applied thereover. It will be realized th~t the peeling or removing of a portion of insulating tape 7 for exposing the underlying metal tape or strip 5 is a troublesome operation in producing a cathode ray tube according to the embodiment of this invention shown on Fig. 1.
Referring now to Fig. 2, it will be seen that, in another embodiment of this invention which avoids the above described problem associated with the production of the cathode ray tube shown on Fig. 1, an implosion-resistant cathode ray - -tube again includes a tube envelope hav~ng a face plate 11 '-which, on its inner surface, is coated with a phosphor screen 12, and an electrode 13 located within the tube envelope adjacent to phosphor screen 12 for determining the landing positions of electron beams on such phosphor screen. Once again, a transparent protective panel 14, for example, of safety glass, is located in front of face plate 11 so as to cover the latter, and a transparent, conductive adhesive resin is injected into the space or gap between protective panel 14 and face plate 11 so as to form a transparent, conductive layer 15 which bonds or fixes panel 14 to the face plate, and which, with panel 14, forms an implosion-resistant or protective assembly 16 for the face plate. As in the previously described embodiment, a flexible insulating tape 18, for example, a polyester tape with a thickness of about O.OSmm., is wound about the edge of protective panel 14 and extends from the latter -~
over the periphery of face plate 11 so as to cover the mold-line or seam 17 between the face plate and the remainder of the tube envelope, whereby to close the periphery of the space between panel 14 and face plate 11 and prevent leakage of the conductive adhesive resin during the injection of the latter into such space.
However, in the embodiment of Fig. 2, the portion of flexible insulating tape 18 extending over mold-line 17 remains in place when the usual metal reinforcing band 21 is . .
applied to the tube envelope so as to girdle the latter at the location of the mold-line 17. In order to permit the foregoing, the conductive connecti~n between transparent, ~ ;
conductive layer 15 and metal band 21 which is suitably connected~
to ground is effected by means of one or more conductive ~ -connecting elements 20. As shown, each of the conductive '', 10434~3 -;
connecting elements 20 is forrned of one or more su~ able metals and comprises a first band~ e portion 19 and a second portion extending from the band-like p~ tion 1~ at an angle to the latter and including a pointed contact piece 20B which is adapted to pierce the flexible insulating tape 18 and thus extend into the gap between face plate ll and protective panel 14 for electrically conductiv~ contact with the transparent, conductive layer 15 in such gap. As shown particularly on Fig.
3, each conductive connecting element 20 may further include a finger-like member 20A which is-spaced from and substantially ~rallel with contact piece 20B so as to cooperate with the latter in defining a generally U-shaped clip which grips the --peripheral portion of prote~.*e panel 14 when contact piece -20B pierces insulating tape 18 and extends into contact with ~
transparent, conductive layer 15. It will be understood that ~ -each conductive connecting element 20 is installed as shown on Fig. 2 after the adhesive resin has been injected into the ;~ ~
gap between face plate 11 and protective panel 14 so that the --band-like portion 19 of each connecting element 20 then extends --over insulating tape 18 beyond mold-line 17. Thus, when rein-forcing metal band 21 is applied to the tube, the band-like portion 19 of each connecting element 20 extends between insulating tape 18 and metal band 21 so as to be in intimate ;-;
or electrically conductive contact with the latter.
The above described portions of each connecting element 20 can be formed integrally with each other or, as shown OQ Pig. 3, the generally U-shaped clip defined by finger-like "' 10434~3 member 20A and pointed contact piece 20B may be formed of a spring or resilient conductive metal to exert a gripping action on the periphery or protective panel 14, while the band-like portion 19 of the connecting element is formed of a relatively flexible conductive metal so as to conform readily to the contours at the inner surface of reinforcing band 21 when the latter is tightened about the tube envelope. Moreover, as shown on Fig. 3, the U-shaped clip defined by finger-like member 20A
and contact piece 20B may have tabs 20C struck from its bight portion and adapted to be upset after engagement in a llole . -:
at the adjacent end of band-like portion 19 for securing , together the several portions of element 20. ..
. Referring now to Fig. 4A, it will be seen that a. . ~.
conductive connecting -element 20' that may be used in place ~.. -of the connecting element 20 of Figs. 2 and 3 again includes a -band-like portion 19' and a generally L-shaped connecting piece .
20'B ha~ing one of its arms welded or otherwise secured to . -~
one end of band-like portion 19', while the other arm of the :~
L-shaped contact piece 20'B is pointed for piercing the flexible .~
insulating tape 18, as previously described. In the connecting -element 20', the pointed arm of L-shaped contact piece 20'B may, -as shown, enclose an obtuse angle with band-lil~ portion 19'. - -.
In the further modified connecting element 20" shown on Fig.
4B, the contact piece 20"B which is secured to an end portion - of band-like portion 19" includes an arm 20"b which extends substantially at right angles to the band-like portion 19" and .
has a:further angled pointed end 20'.'c.
-12- .-Referring now to Figs. 5 and 6, in which the parts of the cathode ray tube correspondm g to those described above with reference to Fig. 2 are identified by the same reference numerals, it will be seen that each conductive connecting ~element 22 provided for electrically connecting the transparent, conductive layer 15 with the metal reinforcing band 21 is of one-piece or integral consturction and is of generally Z-shaped .-configuration. More specifically, each connecting element 22 is shown to include a pointed contact piece or end portion 24 ~-.
extending inwardIy ~at a substantial angle from a middle or body portion 25, and an outwardly directed opposite end portion -.-26 having a bore or opening 23 therein. When installing each connecting element 22, the pointed contact piece 24 at one end is made to pierce the flexible insulating tape 18 so as .
to contact the transparent, conductive layer 15 between face plate 11 and protective panel 14 while the middle or body portion 25 extends rearwardly over the insulating tape 18. After such :
installatio~ of connecting element 22, the usual metal reinforc- -ing hand 21 is extended around the tube envelope so as to -.
engage and be in electrical contact with the body or middle : -portion 25 of each connecting element 22, while the end portion 26 of the latter extends outwardly in ~ack of band 21. Pref- .
erably, a number of the connecting elements 22 are applied to the cathode tube, for example, at the corners of face plate ll in the case where the latter is of substantially rectangular ~.
configuration, so that the bores or holes 23 of the connecting - .
element~.. 22 may.receive bolts, not shown, for mounting the . -'.' ', -13- ~
cathode ray tube on a chassis or the lil~e. I~en the connecting elements 22 are to perform the dual functions of establishing an electrical connection bet~een conductive layer 15 and the grounded reinforcing band 21 and of mounting the cathode ray :
tube on a chassis or the like, it is preferred that the ~- .
reinforcing band 21 be welded to the middle portions 25 of connecting elements 22.
In all of the above described embodiments of the invention, the adhesive resin which is used to form the trans-parent, conductivelayer 4 or 15 is preferably a non-saturated -polyester resin in which a metallic soap is dispersed or added so as to provide the adhesive resin with a resistance value of 106 to 108_rLcm. : --By way of example, a suitable conductive adhesive ~.
resin for use in a cathode ray tube according to this invention may have the following composition, in which the parts given :
are by weight~
Non-saturated polyester resin- 100 parts - -~
Fatty acid potassium - 0.2 to 1 parts Water - 0.2 to 1 parts Triethyleneglycol - 0.6 to 3 parts Methylethylketoneperoxide (hardening catalyst) -Ø1 to 1 parts Another example of a conductive adhesive resin that may be used in accordance with this invention is a non-saturated polyester resin to which there is addPd approximately 1 to 2%, by weight, o~ a heavy metallic soap containing potassic soap, -14- .
10~34~3 along with suitably rninor amounts of a metal chelate and a surface active agent.
It will be apparent that, in all of the described embod~ments of the invention, the protective assembly consisting of the protective panel 3 or 14 and the transparent, conductive :-layer 4 or 15 provided in front of the face plate 2 or 11 of the tube envelope serves to protect such face plate from impacts ~ .
so that an implosion accident of the cathode ray tube is.
prevented. Further, since the transparent, conductive layer 4 or 15 is grounded any electrical charge that might build-ùp ~.
on the outer surface of the protectivepanel 3 or 14, either during use of the cathode ray tube or immediately thereafter, .
is discharged to ground so that there is no dang~r of being .
subjected to an electrical shoc~ by contact with the protective panel. ~ .
It is further to be noted that, in the embodiments of the invention illustrated on Figs. 2-6, that is, ln those embodiments where each connecting element 20,20',20" or 22. :-is formed to pierce the flexible insulating tape 18 for electrical contact with the transparent~ conductive layer ~ -15, each such connecting element can be applied over the insulat- -ing tape 18 and is then electricar~ contacted by the reinforcing .~--metal band 21 without the need to peel or remove any portion;~ ~-of the insulating tape 18, whereby to simplify the assembling ;: .
of the cathode ray tu~e. Furthermore, when the contact piece. ~ :
20B of the connecting element 20 has a fingex~like member 20A
'"~' .
~ . ' 1043~3 associated therewith to form a clip which engages over the periphery of protective panel 14, as on Figs. 2 and 3, such clip stablizes the position of the respective connecting element 20 so that the latter will be properly located for engagement with the metal reinforcing band 21 when the latter is installed.
Although illustrative embodments of the invention have been described in detail herein with reference to the ; .
accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various changes and modifications may be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
' .,, ~
Claims (7)
1. A cathode ray tube comprising an envelope having a face plate, a conductive reinforcing band girdling said envelope adjacent said face plate, a transparent protective panel covering the outer surface of said face plate and being spaced from the latter, a transparent conductive material filling the space between said face plate and said panel to cooperate with the latter in protecting said face plate, and at least one conductive connecting element providing an electrically conductive connection between said conductive material and said band.
2. A cathode ray tube according to claim 1; in which said conductive transparent material is an adhesive resin by which said panel is fixed to said face plate,
3. A cathode ray tube according to claim 2; in which said connecting element includes a first portion engaged with said band and a second portion extending from said first portion at an angle to the latter and projecting into said space for conductive contact with said resin therein.
4. A cathode ray tube according to claim 3; further comprising a flexible insulating tape wound about the edge of said panel and extending from the latter to at least said face plate for closing the periphery of said space between said panel and face plate and thereby preventing leakage of said adhesive resin from said space.
5. A cathode ray tube according to claim 4; in which said flexible tape extends between said band and the adjacent surface of said envelope, said first portion of the connecting element is interposed between said band and said flexible tape, and said second portion of the connecting element includes a pointed contact piece for piercing said flexible tape and extending into the resin in said space.
6. A cathode ray tube according to claim 5; in which said second portion of the connecting element further includes a finger-like member spaced from said contact piece in substantially parallel relation to the latter and cooperating with the contact piece to define a clip which grips the peripher-al portion of said panel.
7. A cathode ray tube according to claim 5; in which said first portion of the connecting element has said second portion extending from one of its ends and the other end of said first portion has a bore therein for mounting of the cathode ray tube.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1974152750U JPS5521264Y2 (en) | 1974-12-17 | 1974-12-17 | |
| JP5794475U JPS51137252U (en) | 1975-04-28 | 1975-04-28 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1043413A true CA1043413A (en) | 1978-11-28 |
Family
ID=26399035
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA240,823A Expired CA1043413A (en) | 1974-12-17 | 1975-12-01 | Implosion-resistant cathode ray tube with protective assembly for its face plate |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AT (1) | AT345907B (en) |
| AU (1) | AU500413B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1043413A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2556634C2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES443600A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2295558A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1513809A (en) |
| NL (1) | NL179955C (en) |
Families Citing this family (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4170027A (en) * | 1978-03-27 | 1979-10-02 | Gte Sylvania Incorporated | Implosion resistant cathode ray tube and fabricating process |
| US4222075A (en) * | 1978-09-12 | 1980-09-09 | Gte Products Corporation | Implosion-resistant cathode ray tube structure and fabrication process |
| US4329620A (en) * | 1979-02-23 | 1982-05-11 | Raytheon Company | Cathode ray tube with light transparent panel and adhesive therefor |
| JPS6322771Y2 (en) * | 1980-05-14 | 1988-06-22 | ||
| JPH0644455B2 (en) * | 1984-03-17 | 1994-06-08 | ソニー株式会社 | Cathode ray tube |
| US4563612A (en) * | 1984-06-25 | 1986-01-07 | Rca Corporation | Cathode-ray tube having antistatic silicate glare-reducing coating |
| EP0171233B1 (en) * | 1984-08-10 | 1990-07-18 | Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd. | Unsaturated polyester resin composition for treating cathode-ray tube |
| DE189315T1 (en) * | 1985-01-22 | 1987-02-05 | Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokio/Tokyo | COMPOSITION OF UNSATURED POLYESTER RESIN FOR TREATING CATHODE RAY TUBES. |
| JP2619382B2 (en) * | 1987-03-20 | 1997-06-11 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Cathode ray tube |
| JPH0722000B2 (en) * | 1988-09-20 | 1995-03-08 | 三菱電機株式会社 | Picture tube device |
| CA2029553A1 (en) * | 1989-11-30 | 1991-05-31 | Harry R. Swank | Shrink fit implosion protection band |
| EP0651423B1 (en) * | 1990-09-13 | 1998-03-04 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd. | Glass front-panel and cathode ray tube incorporating the same |
| DE69121497T2 (en) * | 1990-09-13 | 1997-02-20 | Nippon Sheet Glass Co Ltd | Glass faceplate for cathode ray tube and manufacturing process |
| GB2255441B (en) * | 1991-04-18 | 1995-06-21 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Cathode-ray tube having alternating electric field reduction device |
| MY114783A (en) * | 1995-04-24 | 2003-01-31 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Image display apparatus with flat screen |
| JP3085211B2 (en) * | 1996-09-26 | 2000-09-04 | ソニー株式会社 | Cathode ray tube and explosion-proof device |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1834106U (en) * | 1961-02-21 | 1961-07-06 | Loewe Opta Ag | HOLDING DEVICE FOR TELEVISION SCREEN SCREEN. |
| DE1163372B (en) * | 1961-03-11 | 1964-02-20 | Loewe Opta Ag | Implosion protection device for television picture tubes |
| US3614519A (en) * | 1967-12-18 | 1971-10-19 | Zenith Radio Corp | Cathode-ray tube magnetic shield |
-
1975
- 1975-12-01 CA CA240,823A patent/CA1043413A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-12-04 GB GB4987075A patent/GB1513809A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-12-12 AU AU87514/75A patent/AU500413B2/en not_active Expired
- 1975-12-16 DE DE19752556634 patent/DE2556634C2/en not_active Expired
- 1975-12-17 NL NL7514724A patent/NL179955C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-12-17 ES ES75443600A patent/ES443600A1/en not_active Expired
- 1975-12-17 FR FR7538603A patent/FR2295558A1/en active Granted
- 1975-12-17 AT AT960275A patent/AT345907B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AT345907B (en) | 1978-10-10 |
| AU8751475A (en) | 1977-06-16 |
| DE2556634A1 (en) | 1976-07-01 |
| AU500413B2 (en) | 1979-05-24 |
| ES443600A1 (en) | 1977-07-16 |
| FR2295558B1 (en) | 1980-08-08 |
| FR2295558A1 (en) | 1976-07-16 |
| NL179955B (en) | 1986-07-01 |
| DE2556634C2 (en) | 1986-02-20 |
| GB1513809A (en) | 1978-06-07 |
| ATA960275A (en) | 1978-02-15 |
| NL7514724A (en) | 1976-06-21 |
| NL179955C (en) | 1986-12-01 |
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