CA1040457A - Flowing gas sampling tube with gas sensor - Google Patents
Flowing gas sampling tube with gas sensorInfo
- Publication number
- CA1040457A CA1040457A CA242,805A CA242805A CA1040457A CA 1040457 A CA1040457 A CA 1040457A CA 242805 A CA242805 A CA 242805A CA 1040457 A CA1040457 A CA 1040457A
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- tube
- gas
- source
- sampling
- furnace
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/406—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes
- G01N27/407—Cells and probes with solid electrolytes for investigating or analysing gases
- G01N27/4077—Means for protecting the electrolyte or the electrodes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/10—Devices for withdrawing samples in the liquid or fluent state
- G01N1/20—Devices for withdrawing samples in the liquid or fluent state for flowing or falling materials
- G01N1/2035—Devices for withdrawing samples in the liquid or fluent state for flowing or falling materials by deviating part of a fluid stream, e.g. by drawing-off or tapping
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
- G01N1/2247—Sampling from a flowing stream of gas
- G01N1/2258—Sampling from a flowing stream of gas in a stack or chimney
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/02—Devices for withdrawing samples
- G01N1/22—Devices for withdrawing samples in the gaseous state
- G01N1/24—Suction devices
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
This specification discloses a gas sampling device comprising a tube, an electrochemical cell type sensor sealingly supported within the tube, a heating furnace mounted on the tube and comprising a heat resistant tube slidably mounted on the sampling tube, said heat resistant tube acting as a former for an electrical winding which acts as the heat source of the furnace, said sampling tube being adapted for connection to a gas by-pass aspirator or other flowing gas source with its axis generally perpendicular to the direction of flow of gas and substantially vertical to ensure that the tube does not become blocked by particles in the gas stream being sampled. In one form, the sensor is located within one end of the tube while in another form the sensor projects through the wall of the tube and is transverse to the gas flow within the tube.
This specification discloses a gas sampling device comprising a tube, an electrochemical cell type sensor sealingly supported within the tube, a heating furnace mounted on the tube and comprising a heat resistant tube slidably mounted on the sampling tube, said heat resistant tube acting as a former for an electrical winding which acts as the heat source of the furnace, said sampling tube being adapted for connection to a gas by-pass aspirator or other flowing gas source with its axis generally perpendicular to the direction of flow of gas and substantially vertical to ensure that the tube does not become blocked by particles in the gas stream being sampled. In one form, the sensor is located within one end of the tube while in another form the sensor projects through the wall of the tube and is transverse to the gas flow within the tube.
Description
- , This invention relates to gas sampling devices and more particularly to gas sampling devices incorporating means for the analysis of at least one gas.
In the analysis of gaseous mixtures for net oxygen content it is known to aspirate or by-pass a sample of gas for analysis by a solid-state electrochemical sensor in a known temperature environment generated by an electric furnace. The disadvantages associated with small diameter aspirators (sample line blockage and aspirator failures) can be overcome by connecting a large diameter gas by-pass means to the source to be monitored. However, such by-pass means have the disadvantages that (1) the sensor is arranged in the gas flow and is therefore subject to particle deposition, damage and wear, and (2) a large furnace is required to heat the gas in the by-pass resulting in distortion of the by-pass pipe leading to gas sealing problems. Furthermore, since the furnace must surround the pipe, it is difficult to remove for maintenance.
The present invention therefore provides a gas sampling device comprising a sampling tube (as hereinbefore defined), said tube being open at one end and closed at the other end, means for sealingly supporting a gas sensor within said tube, sample heating furnace means surrounding said tube, said tube being adapted for external connection at said open end to a gas bypass, aspirator or other flowing gas source such that said tube is open to said gas source at said open end and the longitudinal axis of the tube is perpendicular or up ~ 30 from the perpen-dicular to the direction of flow of said flowing gas source to be sampled, whereby gas flows from said source into and along said tube and out of said open end of said tube back into said source.
~04Q457 The term "tube~ is intended to embrace a hollow body having a passage other than cylindrical in configuration although a cylindrical tube is preferred for practical reasons.
Preferably the tube is closed at one end by a sealing nut which sealingly supports said gas sensor while a connecting flange is secured at the other end of the tube.
-'~ Alternatively, the end of the tube is closed by a plate and the gas sensor passes through the wall of the tube so as to be transverse to the sample flow.
The furnace means preferably comprises a heat resistant tube which is a sliding fit with respect to said sampling tube, said heat resistant tube acting as a former for an electrical winding which acts as the heat source of'the furnace. Preferably, a thermocouple receiving tube is arranged between the winding and the heat resistant tube. The furnace means is preferably surrounded by an i insulation filled casing while the whole assembly is 'i protected by a loose cowling member having sufficient air space to promote adequate cooling of the device.
In use, the gas sampling device is connected to the source, e.g. a by-pass pipe, with the axis of the tube transverse, preferably vertical and perpendicular, to the direction of flow of gas. However, offsets of up to 30 can be tolerated. The gas flow creates eddies at the base :, .. . .
of the tube and the eddies cause the transfer of part of the gas flow into the tube and out again so that a continuously changing sample is presented to the sensor.
Since the sensor is not in the direct gas,stream it does not suffer the problems of direct impingement of solid particles. Furthermore, since the sample flow within the tube is slower than the gas flow in the source, the heating requirements of the furnace are far less onerous. Similarly, the detachable nature of the preferred furnace makes maintenance easy while the "stand-off" orientation of the tube allows easy access for maintenance and covering for protection from the working environment.
Preferred forms of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in 15 which: ', ; Figure 1 is a cross-sectional elevation of the sampling device attached to a by-pass or aspirator pipe, and Figure 2 is a similar cross-sectional elevation in a more schematic form of another sampling device having an alternative positioning of the sensor.
In the embodiment of Figure 1 the analyser comprises a tube 1 about 38 mm in diameter and 310 mm long attached as shown to a by-pass or aspirator pipe P., A gas sensor 2 is supported in a gas-tight manner by a gland nut 3 to which a heat sink 4 may be attached if required for dissipating heat from the nut 3.
-104~)457 The sensor 2 is a known electrochemical cell comprising a closed end oxygen ion conducting zirconia tube coated on both surfaces with platinum electrodes.
Since the outside surface is exposed to the sample gas and the inside surface exposed to the ambient air, the oxygen partial pressure of the sample gas can be calculated from the voltage generated by the cell making due allowance for the temperature of the cell measured by a thermocouple arranged in the cell.
~- 10 A gas sample heating furnace 5 comprising an alumina tube 6 around which is wound the furnace wiring element 7 is slidingly fitted over the tube 1. The element 7 also surrounds a small alumina tube for receiving a thermocouple (not shown) for monitoring the furnace , 15 temperature. The furnace 6 is enclosed by a casing 8 - filled with insulation I and which forms a~ assembly with the furnace 6. The assembly is held in place on the tube 1 by a collar 9 receiving a grub screw. Thus, by removing the heat sink 4 and the collar 9, the furnace/casing assembly may ~e readily slid off the tube 1 for servicing or replacement.
A cowling 10 surrounds the furnace assembly to protect the device against its working environment. The cowling lO has a loose fitting cap to facilitate adequate cooling of the furnace assembly.
'`
~ - 5 -16114~457 In use the tube 1 is attached such as by the fittings shown on the by-pass or aspirator pipe and part of the gas flowing therethrough is induced into the tube 1 by means of the eddies in the gas flow at the inside S surface of the pipe, as previously described. If desired, a sample scoop 11 comprising a rectangular gas flow disruptor may be arranged in the pipe near the opening to-the tube 1 to ensure that an adequate sample flows into the tube 1. In the tests conducted to date, it has been found that the device works well without the sample scoop.
The above described embodiment has been used with success on a 400 t/day limestone burning kiln. The kiln is heated with coke ovens gas and fuel oil and the analyser ;~ is mounted as illustrated in Figure 1 near one end of a 40 mm internal diameter pipe which penetrates about 2.5 m into the feed or back end of the kiln at the opposite end to the burners. The sample including lime dust is extracted using an air aspirator attached to the analyser end of the pipe and samples combustion products at the rate of about 100 litres/minute from a position inside the kiln, well removed from the open ring seal at the end of the kiln to avoid sample contamination by ingressed air. The sample is not filtered. The analyser responds to 90% of change in eight minutes. The analyser requires minimal maintenance -every three months and the main sample pipe requires cleaning ; 1~4V457 out every four weeks. The analyser does not have to be protected during this operation and no sample scoop is fitted.
In the alternative shown schematically in Fig. 2, S which alternative has been successfully used to monitor oxygen content in a pulverised fuel boiler, the sensor 2 -is arranged transversely to the flow of sample gas in the tube 1, the end of tube 1 being closed by a plate 12 as shown. The sensor 2 is housed in a tube 13 which passes through tube 1 with the top half of the portion passing `', through tube 1 cut away so that the lower portion 14 acts as a shield. In all other respects the sampling device is the same as in the previous embodiment.
In use,the main sample ~ipe P is connected between the waste lS heat recovery system and the inlet to the precipitator.
This 40 mm pipe has a large pressure drop along its length . .
ensuring high volume sample flow. The sample does not need conditioning and all the fly ash passes through the pipe with ~ the sample. The analyser is mounted at right angles to this - 20 pipe and requires minimum maintenance every twelve months.
The response time of the analyser to 98% of change is about - three minutes. A sample scoop 11 is fitted.
If desired, the plate 12 may be replaced by a plug ; having a fitting for the extraction of part of the sample from the tube 1 or for the introduction of a calibration ~ , ,, ~,:
-~(94~4S7 sample. Alternatively the fitting may be used to allow a small degree of aspiration of the sample in the tube 1 to speed the analyser response where this is justified.
The two forms of the invention described above have been thoroughly tested and the following table shows the response times obtained for different flow rates.
In each case the response time is to 98% of the change and the sample gas temperature was about 25C. The flow rate in the main sample pipe is measured at the base of the analyser.
TABLE
Response Flow Rate (Minutes) Fig. l Analyser Fig. 2 Analyser (litres/minute) (litres/m 8 lS0 325 , .
The response time to 90% of change is about half that to 98% at all flow rates. The fitting of a sample scoop reduces the response time of the Figure 2 analyser to about half that without the disruptor and the Figure 1 analyser to about two thirds that without the disruptor. This means that the response time of a Figure 1 analyser to 90%
of change with a flow disruptor in a sample gas flow at the base of the analyser of 450 litres per minute is about one minute.
1~4~457 ~ It will be appreciated that the above response times are relatively slow compared to other analysers.
However, the analyser is able to handle sample that other analysers cannot handle. Furthermore, the response times are generally compatible with high energy combustion systems. Blockages occur always (in the practical experience to date) in the main sample pipe which is easily ~ cleaned out without removal of the analyser.
,,. :
. .
:;
In the analysis of gaseous mixtures for net oxygen content it is known to aspirate or by-pass a sample of gas for analysis by a solid-state electrochemical sensor in a known temperature environment generated by an electric furnace. The disadvantages associated with small diameter aspirators (sample line blockage and aspirator failures) can be overcome by connecting a large diameter gas by-pass means to the source to be monitored. However, such by-pass means have the disadvantages that (1) the sensor is arranged in the gas flow and is therefore subject to particle deposition, damage and wear, and (2) a large furnace is required to heat the gas in the by-pass resulting in distortion of the by-pass pipe leading to gas sealing problems. Furthermore, since the furnace must surround the pipe, it is difficult to remove for maintenance.
The present invention therefore provides a gas sampling device comprising a sampling tube (as hereinbefore defined), said tube being open at one end and closed at the other end, means for sealingly supporting a gas sensor within said tube, sample heating furnace means surrounding said tube, said tube being adapted for external connection at said open end to a gas bypass, aspirator or other flowing gas source such that said tube is open to said gas source at said open end and the longitudinal axis of the tube is perpendicular or up ~ 30 from the perpen-dicular to the direction of flow of said flowing gas source to be sampled, whereby gas flows from said source into and along said tube and out of said open end of said tube back into said source.
~04Q457 The term "tube~ is intended to embrace a hollow body having a passage other than cylindrical in configuration although a cylindrical tube is preferred for practical reasons.
Preferably the tube is closed at one end by a sealing nut which sealingly supports said gas sensor while a connecting flange is secured at the other end of the tube.
-'~ Alternatively, the end of the tube is closed by a plate and the gas sensor passes through the wall of the tube so as to be transverse to the sample flow.
The furnace means preferably comprises a heat resistant tube which is a sliding fit with respect to said sampling tube, said heat resistant tube acting as a former for an electrical winding which acts as the heat source of'the furnace. Preferably, a thermocouple receiving tube is arranged between the winding and the heat resistant tube. The furnace means is preferably surrounded by an i insulation filled casing while the whole assembly is 'i protected by a loose cowling member having sufficient air space to promote adequate cooling of the device.
In use, the gas sampling device is connected to the source, e.g. a by-pass pipe, with the axis of the tube transverse, preferably vertical and perpendicular, to the direction of flow of gas. However, offsets of up to 30 can be tolerated. The gas flow creates eddies at the base :, .. . .
of the tube and the eddies cause the transfer of part of the gas flow into the tube and out again so that a continuously changing sample is presented to the sensor.
Since the sensor is not in the direct gas,stream it does not suffer the problems of direct impingement of solid particles. Furthermore, since the sample flow within the tube is slower than the gas flow in the source, the heating requirements of the furnace are far less onerous. Similarly, the detachable nature of the preferred furnace makes maintenance easy while the "stand-off" orientation of the tube allows easy access for maintenance and covering for protection from the working environment.
Preferred forms of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in 15 which: ', ; Figure 1 is a cross-sectional elevation of the sampling device attached to a by-pass or aspirator pipe, and Figure 2 is a similar cross-sectional elevation in a more schematic form of another sampling device having an alternative positioning of the sensor.
In the embodiment of Figure 1 the analyser comprises a tube 1 about 38 mm in diameter and 310 mm long attached as shown to a by-pass or aspirator pipe P., A gas sensor 2 is supported in a gas-tight manner by a gland nut 3 to which a heat sink 4 may be attached if required for dissipating heat from the nut 3.
-104~)457 The sensor 2 is a known electrochemical cell comprising a closed end oxygen ion conducting zirconia tube coated on both surfaces with platinum electrodes.
Since the outside surface is exposed to the sample gas and the inside surface exposed to the ambient air, the oxygen partial pressure of the sample gas can be calculated from the voltage generated by the cell making due allowance for the temperature of the cell measured by a thermocouple arranged in the cell.
~- 10 A gas sample heating furnace 5 comprising an alumina tube 6 around which is wound the furnace wiring element 7 is slidingly fitted over the tube 1. The element 7 also surrounds a small alumina tube for receiving a thermocouple (not shown) for monitoring the furnace , 15 temperature. The furnace 6 is enclosed by a casing 8 - filled with insulation I and which forms a~ assembly with the furnace 6. The assembly is held in place on the tube 1 by a collar 9 receiving a grub screw. Thus, by removing the heat sink 4 and the collar 9, the furnace/casing assembly may ~e readily slid off the tube 1 for servicing or replacement.
A cowling 10 surrounds the furnace assembly to protect the device against its working environment. The cowling lO has a loose fitting cap to facilitate adequate cooling of the furnace assembly.
'`
~ - 5 -16114~457 In use the tube 1 is attached such as by the fittings shown on the by-pass or aspirator pipe and part of the gas flowing therethrough is induced into the tube 1 by means of the eddies in the gas flow at the inside S surface of the pipe, as previously described. If desired, a sample scoop 11 comprising a rectangular gas flow disruptor may be arranged in the pipe near the opening to-the tube 1 to ensure that an adequate sample flows into the tube 1. In the tests conducted to date, it has been found that the device works well without the sample scoop.
The above described embodiment has been used with success on a 400 t/day limestone burning kiln. The kiln is heated with coke ovens gas and fuel oil and the analyser ;~ is mounted as illustrated in Figure 1 near one end of a 40 mm internal diameter pipe which penetrates about 2.5 m into the feed or back end of the kiln at the opposite end to the burners. The sample including lime dust is extracted using an air aspirator attached to the analyser end of the pipe and samples combustion products at the rate of about 100 litres/minute from a position inside the kiln, well removed from the open ring seal at the end of the kiln to avoid sample contamination by ingressed air. The sample is not filtered. The analyser responds to 90% of change in eight minutes. The analyser requires minimal maintenance -every three months and the main sample pipe requires cleaning ; 1~4V457 out every four weeks. The analyser does not have to be protected during this operation and no sample scoop is fitted.
In the alternative shown schematically in Fig. 2, S which alternative has been successfully used to monitor oxygen content in a pulverised fuel boiler, the sensor 2 -is arranged transversely to the flow of sample gas in the tube 1, the end of tube 1 being closed by a plate 12 as shown. The sensor 2 is housed in a tube 13 which passes through tube 1 with the top half of the portion passing `', through tube 1 cut away so that the lower portion 14 acts as a shield. In all other respects the sampling device is the same as in the previous embodiment.
In use,the main sample ~ipe P is connected between the waste lS heat recovery system and the inlet to the precipitator.
This 40 mm pipe has a large pressure drop along its length . .
ensuring high volume sample flow. The sample does not need conditioning and all the fly ash passes through the pipe with ~ the sample. The analyser is mounted at right angles to this - 20 pipe and requires minimum maintenance every twelve months.
The response time of the analyser to 98% of change is about - three minutes. A sample scoop 11 is fitted.
If desired, the plate 12 may be replaced by a plug ; having a fitting for the extraction of part of the sample from the tube 1 or for the introduction of a calibration ~ , ,, ~,:
-~(94~4S7 sample. Alternatively the fitting may be used to allow a small degree of aspiration of the sample in the tube 1 to speed the analyser response where this is justified.
The two forms of the invention described above have been thoroughly tested and the following table shows the response times obtained for different flow rates.
In each case the response time is to 98% of the change and the sample gas temperature was about 25C. The flow rate in the main sample pipe is measured at the base of the analyser.
TABLE
Response Flow Rate (Minutes) Fig. l Analyser Fig. 2 Analyser (litres/minute) (litres/m 8 lS0 325 , .
The response time to 90% of change is about half that to 98% at all flow rates. The fitting of a sample scoop reduces the response time of the Figure 2 analyser to about half that without the disruptor and the Figure 1 analyser to about two thirds that without the disruptor. This means that the response time of a Figure 1 analyser to 90%
of change with a flow disruptor in a sample gas flow at the base of the analyser of 450 litres per minute is about one minute.
1~4~457 ~ It will be appreciated that the above response times are relatively slow compared to other analysers.
However, the analyser is able to handle sample that other analysers cannot handle. Furthermore, the response times are generally compatible with high energy combustion systems. Blockages occur always (in the practical experience to date) in the main sample pipe which is easily ~ cleaned out without removal of the analyser.
,,. :
. .
:;
Claims (8)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A gas sampling device comprising a sampling tube (as hereinbefore defined), said tube being open at one end and closed at the other end, means for sealingly supporting a gas sensor within said tube, sample heating furance means surrounding said tube, said tube being adapted for external connection at said open end to a gas bypass, aspirator or other flowing gas source such that said tube is open to said gas source at said open end and the longitudinal axis of the tube is perpendicular or up to 30° from the perpendicular to the direction of flow of said flowing gas source to be sampled, whereby gas flows from said source into and along said tube and out of said open end of said tube back into said source.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the tube is closed at one end by said means for sealingly supporting said gas sensor and said gas sensor when supported therein, said open end of the tube having a fitting for facilitating said external connection of the tube to said flowing gas source.
3. The device of claim 1, wherein said gas sensor passes through the side wall of the tube, said open end of the tube having a fitting for facilitating connection of the tube to said flowing gas source.
4. The device of claim 1, wherein said furnace means comprises a heat resistant tube which is a sliding fit with respect to said sampling tube, said heat resistant tube acting as a former for an electrical winding which acts as the heat source of the furnace.
5. The device of claim 4, further comprising a thermo-couple receiving tube arranged between the winding and the heat resistant tube.
6. The device of claim 4 or 5, further comprising an insulation filled casing surrounding the furnace means.
7. The device of claim 1, wherein said sampling tube is attached to a main sample pipe adapted to carry said flowing gas source and extends substantially perpendicularly thereto and is arranged in a substantially vertical orientation.
8. The device of claim 7, further comprising a flow disruptor positioned within the main sample pipe adjacent the base of said tube.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AUPC016974 | 1974-12-31 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1040457A true CA1040457A (en) | 1978-10-17 |
Family
ID=3691001
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA242,805A Expired CA1040457A (en) | 1974-12-31 | 1975-12-30 | Flowing gas sampling tube with gas sensor |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5547805B2 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU490517B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1040457A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2559141A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2296845A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1498840A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1052650B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL7515177A (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB8812206D0 (en) * | 1988-05-24 | 1988-06-29 | Nagy S B | Improvements in/relating to gas analysis |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1313508A (en) * | 1969-05-09 | 1973-04-11 | Kent Instruments Ltd | Measurement of gas mixture properties |
| US3869370A (en) * | 1973-05-07 | 1975-03-04 | Donald A Sayles | Method and apparatus for continuously sensing the condition of a gas stream |
| US3859192A (en) * | 1973-08-17 | 1975-01-07 | Milton Roy Co | Apparatus for the measurement of the oxygen content of a gas stream |
-
1975
- 1975-12-29 IT IT5289575A patent/IT1052650B/en active
- 1975-12-30 NL NL7515177A patent/NL7515177A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1975-12-30 CA CA242,805A patent/CA1040457A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-12-30 DE DE19752559141 patent/DE2559141A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1975-12-30 GB GB5314575A patent/GB1498840A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-12-31 AU AU88000/75A patent/AU490517B2/en not_active Expired
- 1975-12-31 FR FR7540296A patent/FR2296845A1/en active Granted
-
1976
- 1976-01-05 JP JP74076A patent/JPS5547805B2/ja not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT1052650B (en) | 1981-07-20 |
| JPS5547805B2 (en) | 1980-12-02 |
| AU8800075A (en) | 1977-07-07 |
| FR2296845B1 (en) | 1981-10-09 |
| GB1498840A (en) | 1978-01-25 |
| AU490517B2 (en) | 1978-02-06 |
| DE2559141A1 (en) | 1976-07-08 |
| NL7515177A (en) | 1976-07-02 |
| FR2296845A1 (en) | 1976-07-30 |
| JPS5193278A (en) | 1976-08-16 |
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