AU740089B2 - Inhibitors of rotamase enzyme activity - Google Patents
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Description
P/00/011 Regulation 3.2
AUSTRALIA
PATENTS ACT 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION FOR A STANDARD PATENT
ORIGINAL
TO BE COMPLETED BY APPLICANT Name of Applicant: GUILFORD PHARMACEUTICALS INC. and JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE Address for Service: CALLINAN LAWRIE, 711 High Street, Kew, Victoria 3101, Australia Invention Title: INHIBITORS OF ROTAMASE ENZYME ACTIVITY The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to me:- 1 6 /09/99,mpl0846.cs,I 2 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to the method of using neurotrophic pipecolic acid derivative compounds having an affinity for FKBP-type immunophilins as inhibitors of the enzyme activity associated with immunophilin proteins, and particularly inhibitors of peptidyl-prolyl isomerase or rotamase enzyme activity.
2. Description of the Prior Art The term immunophilin refers to a number of proteins that serve as receptors for the principal immunosuppressant drugs, cyclosporin A (CsA), FK506, and rapamycin. Known classes of immunophilins are cyclophilins, and FK506 binding proteins, such as FKBP. Cyclosporin A binds to cyclophilin while FK506 and rapamycin bind to FKBP. These immunophilin-drug complexes interface with a variety of intracellular signal transduction systems, especially in the immune system and the nervous system.
Immunophilins are known to have peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPlase) or rotamase enzyme activity. It has been determined that rotamase activity has a role in the catalyzation of the interconversion of the cis and trans isomer of immunophilin proteins.
Immunophilins were originally discovered and studied in immune tissue. It was initially postulated by those skilled in the art that inhibition of the immunophilins rotamase activity leads to the inhibition of T-cell proliferation, thereby causing the immunosuppressive action exhibited by immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin A, FK506, and rapamycin. Further study has shown that the inhibition of rotamase activity, in and of itself, is not sufficient for immunosuppressant activity. Schreiber et al. Science 1990, 250, 556-559.
Instead immunosuppression appears to stem from the formulation of a complex of immunosuppressant drugs and immunophilins. It has been shown that the immunophilin-drug complexes interact with ternary protein targets as their mode of action. Schreiber et al., Cell 1991, 66, 807-815. In the case of FKBP-FK506 and 3 FKBP-CsA, the drug-immunophilin complexes bind to the enzyme calcineurin, inhibiting T-cell proliferation. Similarly, the complex of rapamycin and FKBP interacts with the RAFT1/FRAP protein and inhibits signalling from the IL-2 receptor.
Immunophilins have been found to be present at high concentrations in the central nervous system. Immunophilins are enriched 10-50 times more in the central nervous system than in the immune system. Within neural tissues, immunophilins appear to influence nitric oxide synthesis, neurotransmitter release, and neuronal process extension.
Nitric oxide serves several roles in the body. In the brain, nitric oxide appears to be a neurotransmitter. It is formed, from arginine, by nitric oxide synthetase which oxidizes the guanidino group of arginine forming nitric oxide and citrulline. Stimulation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors rapidly and markedly activates nitric oxide synthetase and stimulates cGMP formation. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthetase with arginine derivatives such as nitroarginine blocks the glutamate induced increase in cGMP levels. Nitric oxide S: synthetase is a calcium-calmodulin requiring enzyme and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activation stimulates nitric oxide synthetase activity because the N-methyld-aspartate receptor possesses a calcium channel which is opened by glutamate stimulation, allowing calcium to rush into the cells and activate the nitric oxide synthetase.
Glutomate is a physiologic neurotransmitter. However, when released in excess, glutamate elicits neurotoxicity via N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors.
Treatment of cerebral cortical neuronal cultures with glutamate or N-methyl-daspartate kills up to 90% of neurons and these effects are blocked by N-methyl-daspartate antagonist drugs. This N-methyl-d-aspartate neurotoxicity is thought to be a major contributor to neuronal damage following vascular stroke. Thus, there is a massive release of glutamate following cerebral vascular occlusion and numerous N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists block stroke damage. Phosphorylation of nitric oxide synthetase inhibits its catalytic activity. By enhancing nitric oxide synthetase phosphorylation, FK506 might functionally inhibit nitric oxide formation and thus block glutamate neurotoxicity. Indeed, low concentrations of FK506 and cyclosporin A both block N-methyl-d-aspartate neurotoxicity in cortical cultures.
The mediating role of FKBP is evident, as rapamycin reverses the therapeutic effect of FK506. Presumably FK506, already marketed as an immunosuppressant, could be clinically employed in stroke patients.
FK506 also augments the phosphorylation of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP43). GAP43 is involved in neuronal process extension and its phosphorylation appears to augment this activity. Accordingly, the effects of FK506 rapamycin and S. cyclosporin in neuronal process extension have been examined using PC12 cells.
PC12 cells are a continuous line of neuronal-like cells which extend neurites when stimulated by nerve growth factor (NGF).
Surprisingly, it has been found that picomolar concentrations of an immunosuppressant such as FK506 and rapamycin stimulate neurite out growth in PC12 cells and sensory nervous, namely dorsal root ganglion cells (DRGs). Lyons et al. proc. Nat/Acad. Sci. USA, 1994, 91, 3191-3195. In whole animal experiments, FK506 has been shown to stimulate nerve regeneration following .facial nerve injury and results in functional recovery in animals with sciatic nerve lesions.
More particularly, it has been found that drugs with a high affinity for FKBP are potent rotamase inhibitors and exhibit excellent neurotrophic effects. Snyder et al., "Immunophilins and the Nervous System", Nature Medicine, Volume 1, No. 1, January 1995, 32-37. These findings suggest the use of immunosuppressants in treating various peripheral neuropathies and enhancing neuronal regrowth in the central nervous system (CNS). Studies have demonstrated that neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) may occur due to the loss, or decreased availability, of a neurotrophic substance specific for a particular population of neurons affected in the disorder.
Several neurotrophic factors effecting specific neuronal populations in the central nervous system have been identified. For example, it has been hypothesized that Alzheimer's disease results from a decrease or loss of nerve growth factor (NGF). It has thus been proposed to treat Alzheimer's patients with exogenous nerve growth factor or other neurotrophic proteins such as brain derived growth factor, glial derived growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophic-3 to increase the survival of degenerating neuronal populations.
Clinical application of these proteins in various neurological disease states is hampered by difficulties in the delivery and bioavailability of large proteins to nervous system targets. By contrast, immunosuppressant drugs with neurotrophic Sactivity are relatively small and display excellent bioavailability and specificity.
S However, when administered chronically, immunosuppressants exhibit a number of potentially serious side effects including nephrotoxicity, such as impairment of glomerular filtration and irreversible interstitial fibrosis (Kopp et al., 1991, J. Am.
Soc. Nephrol. 1:162); neurological deficits, such as involuntary tremors, or nonspecific cerebral angina such as non-localized headaches (De Groen et al., 1987, N.
EngL J. Med. 317:861); and vascular hypertension with complications resulting therefrom (Kahan et al., 1989 N. Eng. J. Med. 321:1725).
The present invention provides non-immunosuppressive as well as immunosuppressive pipecolic acid derivative compounds containing small molecule FKBP rotamase inhibitors which are extremely potent in augmenting neurite outgrowth, and for promoting neuronal growth, and regeneration in various neuropathological situations where neuronal repair can be facilitated including peripheral nerve damage by physical injury or disease state such as diabetes, physical damage to the central nervous system (spinal cord and brain), brain damage associated with stroke, and for the treatment of neurological disorders relating to neurodegeneration, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
The present application is a divisional application of patent application No.
61622/96 (hereinafter referred to as "the parent specification") the contents of the specification of which is hereby included by reference.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In a first aspect the invention provides use of immunophilin ligand in the preparation of a medicament for promoting neuronal growth and regeneration in a neuropathological condition where neuronal repair can be facilitated, wherein the immunophilin ligand does not include FK506 or rapamycin.
In a second aspect the invention provides use of immunophilin ligand in the preparation of a medicament for treating a neurological disorder, wherein the immunophilin ligand does not include FK506 or rapamycin.
In a third aspect the invention provides use of immunophilin ligand in the preparation of a medicament for protecting nerves from neural degeneration, wherein the immunophilin ligand does not include FK506 or rapamycin.
In a preferred aspect of the invention the immunophilin ligand is used together with an effective amount of neurotrophic factor selected from the group consisting of neurotrophic growth factor, brain derived growth factor, glial derived growth factor, cilial derived growth factor and neutrophin-3.
In another preferred aspect of the invention the neuropathological condition or neurological disorder includes peripheral neuropathies caused by physical injury or disease state, physical damage to the brain, physical damage to the spinal cord, stroke associated with brain damage and neurological disorders relating to neurodegeneration.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 FKBP-12 and GAP-43 expression in the facial nucleus after nerve crush. In situ hybridization comparing the time course of expression of mRNA in the facial nucleus for FKBP12 (left) and GAP-43 (right). The right facial nucleus is ipsilateral to the crush, and the left side is an unoperated control (Fig. 1B). In situ hybridization for FKBP-12 on an untreated control (left) and for calcineurin Aa, P 7 days following facial nerve crush (right).
Experiments were replicated at least 3 times with similar results.
Figure 2 Localization of FKBP-12 to facial motor neurons following nerve crush.
Bright-field photomicrographs of in situ hybridization for FKBP-12 in motor neurons of the facial nucleus 7 days after crush (Fig. 2A), and in motor neurons of control facial nucleus (Fig. 2B).
o I Figure 3 Upregulation of FKBP-12 mRNA in lumbar spinal cord motor neurons after sciatic nerve crush. In situ hybridization for FKBP-12 7 days after crush of the right sciatic nerve. Top panel (Fig. 3A) shows the response of motor neurons in the S ventral horn of lower lumbar spinal cord (indicated by the arrow). Bright field photomicrographs of corresponding motor neuron pools are shown in the bottom S panels: (Fig. 3B) left side contralateral to nerve crush, (Fig. 3C) right side ipsilateral to the nerve crush. This experiment was repeated 3 times with similar results.
Figure 4 Induction of FKBP and FKBP-12 mRNA in the dorsal root ganglion 1 and 6 weeks after sciatic nerve crush. Dark-field photomicrographs of sections through the L4 dorsal root ganglion ipsilateral to sciatic nerve crush processed for FKBP in situ hybridization are shown in the left panels and for 3 H] FK506 autoradiography in the right panels. These results were replicated 3 times for each time point.
Figure Ricin lesion of the right facial nerve. Nissl stain (bottom panel, Fig. 5A) reveals extensive degeneration of motor neurons in the right facial nucleus with an accompanying glial proliferation 7 days following injection of ricin into the facial nerve. In situ hybridization for FKBP mRNA 7 days after ricin lesion of the facial nerve/nucleus is shown in the top panel (Fig. 5B). This experiment was replicated 3 times with similar results.
Figure 6 3 H] FK506 binding in segments of sciatic nerve 7 days following crush.
The diagram illustrates the 3mm segments of nerve taken: constrictions indicate positions of ligatures applied at day 7 for the 6 hr collection time as described in the methods. The distal ligature site is 10mm proximal to the original crush site.
Anterograde transport of FKBP is 24mm/day. Data are the means S.E.M. (n 3).
Figure 7 STransport of FKBP in the sciatic nerve. Dark-field photomicrographs of sections through a control (untreated) sciatic nerve and a 7 day sciatic nerve crush site processed for FKBP-12 in situ hybridization (Fig. 7A, Fig. 7B) and for [3H] FK506 autoradiography (Fig. 7C, Fig. 7D). Arrows indicate the sight of the nerve crush. This experiment was repeated 3 times with similar results.
Figure 8 Levels of 3 H] FK506 binding in PC-12 cells maintained in the presence or absence of NGF (50 ng/ml) .n 3 for each time point. Bars represent S.E.M.
Figure 9 Immunosuppressant mediated enhancement of neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells. Hoffman contrast photomicrographs (64) of cultures grown for 48 hr in the presence of NGF with or without added FK506 or rapamycin. Fig. 9A: PC-12 cells grown in 1.0 ng/ml NGF. Fig. 9B: 50 ng/ml NGF. Fig. 9C: 1.0 ng/ml NGF and 100 nM FK506. Fig. 9D: 1.0 ng/ml NGF and 100 nM rapamycin. Magnification 200 X.
Figure Effects of FK506 on neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells. Cultures were treated with varying concentrations of NGF in the presence or absence or 100 nM FK506, and neurite sprouting was measured at 48 hr. Outgrowth was quantitated as described in Methods by counting cells with neuritic processes greater than pm. n 4 separate experiments for each point and error bars represent SEM.
Figure 11 Concentration-response relationship for FK506 potentiation of neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells. Cells were treated for 48 hr with 1 ng/ml NGF and varying concentrations of FK506. Neurite outgrowth response was measured as described in Figure 10 and Methods. n 4 separate experiments for each data point *p<.001 Students.t test.
Figure 12 3 H] FK-506 autoradiography on dorsal root ganglion explant cultures. After S: 26 days of cultures with 100 ng/ml NGF the extensive processes display abundant S FKBP associated silver grains. Autoradiographic grains are abolished with 1 pIM unlabeled FK506.
Figure 13 Phase-contrast micrographs of dorsal root ganglia grown with different substances. Fig. 13A: NGF 100 ng/ml, Fig. 13B: FK506 1 pIM, Fig. 13C: FK506 1 pIM and anti-NGF antibody, Fig. 13D: No added growth factor, Fig. 13E: FK506 1pM, Fig. 13F: FK506 1pM. and rapamycin 1 pM. Scale bar is 250 pm. NGF produces abundant axon outgrowth (Fig. 13A), as does 1 pIM FK506 (Fig. 13B).
The effects of FK506 are substantially decreased by reducing the concentration to 1 pM (Fig. 13E). However, neurite outgrowth with 1 pM FK506 is greater than in its absence (Fig. 13D). FK506 effects are also diminished by adding anti-NGF antibody to eliminate the effects of NGF produced by non-neuronal cells in the cultures. The abundant neurites that occur in large fascicles in response to NGF (100 ng/ml) (Fig. 13A) or 1 pIM FK506 (Fig. 13B) appear white, while small fascicles or individual neurites appear black. Non-neuronal cells, Schwann cells and some fibroblasts, are more evident with 1 pM FK506 (Fig. 13E) or anti-NGF antibody (Fig. 13C) than with 1 pIM FK506 (Fig. 13B). NGF produced by nonneuronal cells in the cultures results in the limited axon outgrowth seen in cultures with no added growth factors (Fig. 13D). The large number of refractile nonneuronal cells, appearing white, tend to overshadow the few neurites (Fig. 13D).
Rapamycin completely inhibits axon outgrowth in the presence of FK506 (Fig. 13F).
Micrographs are representative of 12-30 ganglia from each experimental condition.
Differences between all experimental groups were highly reproducible.
Figure 14 Effects of FK506 and rapamycin on NGF-mediated neurite extension in PC12 cells. PC12 cells (passage 60) were treated with various concentrations of NGF alone or in the presence of 100 nM FK506, 100 nM rapamycin or 100 nM WAY-124,466. Neurite outgrowth was measured after 96 hours with cells bearing processes longer than the diameter of the cells scoring positive. n 3 separate experiments for each point and error bars represent S.E.M.
Figure Picomolar concentrations of FK506 and rapamycin and WAY- 124,466 potentiate neurite extension elicited by NGF (0.5 ng/ml) in PC12 cells.
Low passage PC12 cells were treated for 4 days with 0.5 ng/ml NGF in the presence of various concentrations of FK506 rapamycin or WAY-124,466 Neurite expression was quantitated as described above in figure 14. The levels of neurite production in the presence of 0.5 ng/ml NGF (designated L) and ng/ml NGF (designated H) are indicated for comparative purposes.
Figure 16 Photomicrographs of PC12 cells treated with immunophilin ligands ng/ml NGF itself or 50 ng/ml NGF.
Figure 17 Immunophilin ligands reduce the amount of NGF required to produce maximal neurite extension in chick sensory ganglia. Whole dorsal root ganglion explants were isolated from day 9-10 chick embryos and cultured in Matrigelcoated 12-well dishes containing L15 medium plus high glucose, with 10% fetal 11 calf serum supplemented with 101M Ara C penicillin and streptomycin) at 37 0 C in a 5% C02 environment. Sensory ganglia were treated with 1 ng/ml NGF, 1 ng/ml NGF plus 100 nM FK506 or 100 ng/ml for 48 hr, and neuronal processes were counted and photographed.
Figure 18 FK506, rapamycin, and WAY-124,466 potentiate NGF-dependent neurite production in sensory ganglia. Explants of chick DRG were cultured as described in figure 17 above. FK506, rapamycin and WAY-124,466 (100 nM each plus or minus 0.1 ng/ml NGF were added to the DRG explant cultures. At 48 hrs., neurite outgrowth was quantitated and the cultures were photographed.
Figure 19 o Photomicrograph of Example 111 promoting neurite outgrowth in Chick dorsal root ganglion cultures. The three panels show neurite outgrowth at 1 pM concentration (left panel), 100 pM concentration (center panel), and 100 nM concentration (right panel) of Example 111.
Figure Photomicrograph of Example 17 promoting neurite outgrowth in dorsal root ganglion cultures. The three panels show neurite outgrowth at 1 pM concentration (left panel), 100 pM concentration (center panel), and 100 nM concentration (right panel) of Example 17.
Figure 21 Photomicrograph of Example 102 promoting neurite outgrowth in dorsal root ganglion cultures. The three panels show neurite outgrowth at 1 pM concentration (left panel), 100 pM concentration (center panel), and 100 nM concentration (right panel) of Example 102.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The novel neurotrophic pipecolic acid derivative compounds of the parent specification have an affinity for the FK506 binding proteins such as FKBP-12.
When the neurotrophic compounds of the invention are bound to FKBP, they have been found to inhibit the prolyl-peptidyl cis-trans isomerase activity, or rotamase activity of the binding protein and unexpectedly stimulate neurite growth.
The compounds can be used in the form of salts derived from inorganic or organic acids and bases as described in the parent specification.
The neurotrophic compounds can be periodically administered to a patient undergoing treatment for neurological disorders or for other reasons in which it is desirable to stimulate neuronal regeneration and growth, such as in various peripheral neuropathic and neurological disorders relating to neurodegeneration.
The compounds can also be administered to mammals other than humans for treatment of various mammalian neurological disorders.
The novel compounds of the parent specification are potent inhibitors of S rotamase activity and possess an excellent degree of neurotrophic activity. This activity is useful in the stimulation of damaged neurons, the promotion of neuronal regeneration, the prevention of neurodegeneration, and in the treatment of several neurological disorders known to be associated with neuronal degeneration and peripheral neuropathies. The neurological disorders that may be treated, according to the parent specification, include but are not limited to: trigeminal neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, Bell's Palsy, myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive muscular atrophy, progressive bulbar inherited muscular atrophy, herniated, ruptured or prolapsed invertabrae disk syndromes, cervical spondylosis, plexus disorders, thoracic outlet destruction syndromes, peripheral neuropathic such as those caused by lead, dapsone, ticks, porphyria, or Gullain-Barr6 syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
For these purposes the medicaments of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir in dosage formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles.
The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, 13 intramuscular, intraperitoneally, intrathecally, intraventricularly, intrasternal and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
To be effective therapeutically as central nervous system targets the immunophilin-drug complex should readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier when peripherally administered. Compounds of this invention which cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier can be effectively administered by an intraventricular route.
The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension.
This suspension may be formulated according to techniques know in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this 0 purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. Fatty acids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives find use in the preparation of injectables, olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a 20 long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant.
The medicaments may be administered orally in the form of capsules or tablets, for example, or as an aqueous suspension or solution. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavouring and/or coloring agents may be added.
14 The medicaments of this invention may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
The medicaments of this invention may also be administered optically, especially when the conditions addressed for treatment involve areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including neurological disorders of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas.
S•For ophthalmic use, the medicaments can be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions is isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively for the ophthalmic uses the compounds may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.
For application topically to the skin, the medicaments can be formulated in a 0 suitable ointment containing the compound suspended or dissolved in, for example, ooo a mixture with one or more of the following: mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white 0.020 petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, the medicaments can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active compound suspended or dissolved in, for example, a mixture of one or more of the following: mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation.
Dosage levels on the order of about 0.1 mg to about 10,000 mg of the active ingredient compound are useful in the treatment of the above conditions, with preferred levels of about 0.1 mg to about 1,000 mg. The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
It is understood, however, that a specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the severity of the particular disease being treated and form of administration.
The compounds can be administered with other neurotrophic agents such as neurotrophic growth factor (NGF), glial derived growth factor, brain derived growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and neurotropin-3. The dosage level of other neurotrophic drugs will depend upon the factors previously stated and the neurotrophic effectiveness of the drug combination.
Methods and Procedures Sciatic Nerve Crush This example demonstrates high levels of FKBP in normal peripheral nerve and that these increase following nerve crush.
020 If FKBP were physiologically associated with neuronal process extension in the actions of GAP-43, then one might anticipate substantial levels of FKBP in
S
peripheral nerve. Accordingly, we measured 3 H] FK-506 binding in rat sciatic nerve, as well as in growth cones isolated from 2-day-old rat pups, and compared values with those of the cerebral cortex and several peripheral tissues.
3 H] FK-506 autoradiography was carried out as described on unfixed sections which were thawed and air dried before preincubation for 1 hr in buffer consisting of 50 mM Hepes, 2 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, 5% ethanol, and 0.02% Tween 20 pH 7.4. Sections were then exposed to 1 nM 3 H] FK-506 (86.5 Ci/mMol; DuPont-NEN, Boston, MA) for 1 hr at room temperature in preincubation buffer. Non-specific binding was defined by addition of 1 FK-506. Following incubation, the slides were washed 4 x 5 mm in ice cold preincubation buffer and air dried. The radiolabeled sections were then juxtaposed to tritium-sensitive film or coverslips coated with Kodak NTB-2 emulsion.
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0550 0* 0 0500 566@SS S S 17 TABLE 1 3 H] FK506 Binding to Sciatic Nerve and Growth Cones 3 H] FK506 Binding in Sciatic Nerve Tissue Bmax (pmol/mg protein) Adult Rat Sciatic Nerve Cerebral Cortex Thymus Spleen 22.1 38.0 Neonatal Rat Forebrain Growth Cones 25.5 10.2 [3H] FK506 Binding After Sciatic Nerve Crush Bmax Bmax segment pmol/mg protein Unoperated 31.8 2.1 21.2 1.4 40.1 7-Day Crush 136.5 15.7* 3 H] FK506 binding was assayed as described in methods. In Table 1A experiments were replicated three times with less than 10% variation. In Table 1B values are represented as the mean S.E.M. (n 0.05 Students' t-test for independent means.
Of all the tissues examined sciatic nerve binding levels are the highest, somewhat higher than those of the cerebral cortex and about 10 x higher than 18 levels in the thymus and spleen, which contain FKBP associated with lymphocytes.
See Table 1A.
Evidence for a role of FKBP in nerve regeneration comes from experiments in which we crushed the sciatic nerve of adult rats and 7 days later measured 3
H]
FK506 binding in a 5 mm segment immediately proximal to the nerve-crush.
Sprague-Dawley rats (175-200g) were anesthetized with a mixture of Rompun (12 mk/kg) Ketamine (30 mg/kg). Using aseptic techniques, the facial nerve was crushed with jewelers forceps 2 x 30 sec 2 mm distal to its exit from the stylomastoid foramen. Identical procedures were used to crush the sciatic nerve at the level of the mid-thigh.
Total binding in the segment proximal to the crush was quadrupled compared to control values. Since total protein is substantially augmented in the proximal segment, 3 H] FK506 binding per mg protein is only doubled in the proximal segment.
Facial Nerve Crush This example demonstrates that facial nerve lesions augment the coincident expression of FKBP and GAP-43.
Following the crush of the facial nerve, mRNA levels of GAP-43 increase in the facial nerve nucleus. Utilizing in situ hybridization, we examined mRNA levels of FKBP, GAP-43 and calcineurin following facial nerve crush.
Rats were perfused transcardinally with 150-200 ml ice cold phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) (0.1M, pH Tissues were removed and immediately frozen in isopentane (-800 Cryostat sections 18 Iim thick) were cut and thaw mounted on gelatin coated slides.
In situ hybridization was performed as previously described, using antisense oligonucleotide probes end labeled with 35 S] dATP. For FKBP, three separate oligonucleotides complementary to the following regions of the cloned cDNA disclosed by Maki, et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. -Sci. USA 87, 5440-5443, and Standaert, et al. (1990) Nature 346, 671-674 and incorporated herein by reference, were used: 70-114, 214-258, 441-485. For GAP-43, three separate antisense oligonucleotides complementary to nucleotides 961-1008, 1081-1128, 1201-1248 of the cloned cDNA disclosed by Rosenthal, et al. (187) EMBO J. 6, 3641-3646 and incorporated herein by reference were used. For calcineurin Aa antisense oligonucleotides complementary to the nucleotides 1363-1410 and 1711- 1758, disclosed by Ito et al. (1989) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 163, 1492- 1497 and incorporated herein by reference, and for calcineurin AP 1339-1386 and 1569-1616 disclosed by Kuno, et al. (1989) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
165, 1352-1358 and incorporated herein by reference, were used. Sections were JtO thawed and allowed to dry, then fixed for 5 min in 4% freshly depolymerized paraformaldehyde in PBS. Following two rinses in PBS, sections were acetylated with 0.25% acetic anhydride in 0.1 M triethanolamine 0.5% NaC1 (pH and then dehydrated in graded alcohols, defatted in chloroform for 5 min, rehydrated to 95% ethanol and allowed to air dry. Hybridization was performed overnight at 370 C in buffer containing 50% deionized formamide, 10% dextran sulfate, 4 x SSC, 1 x Denhardt's solution, 20 mM phosphate buffer, 0.1 mg/ml salmon sperm DNA, 0.1 S mg/ml yeast transfer RNA, 10 mM dithiothreitol, 2.0% betamercaptoethanol (BMD), mM EDTA and labelled probe (2,000,000 dpm/section). Following hybridization, sections were rinsed in 1 x SSC, 1.0% BME for 15 min at room temperature, then twice for 10 min at 550 C air dried and placed on film or dipped in Kodak NTB-2 emulsion.
Striking enhancement of FKBP and GAP-43 expression is observed, while no changes are evident in calcineurin expression. As early as 24 hr following facial nerve crush FKBP expression is increased with peak levels evident a 1-2 weeks, while mRNA concentrations diminish substantially at 3 weeks. Examination under higher magnification reveals that the increased levels of silver grains for FKBP mRNA are confined to neuronal cell bodies (Figure Northern blot analysis of the dissected facial nucleus confirms the increased levels of FKBP specific mRNA.
GAP-43 mRNA levels follow a time course closely similar to those of FKBP. By contrast, no changes in calcineurin expression are detected at any of the time points examined.
Total cellular RNA from the dissected facial nucleus was isolated. Samples of 10 or 20 ug total RNA were electrophoresed through a 1% agarose, formaldehyde gel and transferred to a nylon membrane in 10 nM NaOH. cDNA probes to FKBP labeled with [35] dCTP to a specific activity of 1 x 109 cpm/ug by random priming were hybridized overnight at 420 C in buffer consisting of formamdie, 2 x SSPE, 7% SDS, 0.5% Blotto and 100 ug/ml salmon sperm DNA.
The blots were washed for 20 min at room temperature, and 2 x 15 min at 650 C l) in 0.15 x SSC, 0.15% SDS and then exposed to film for 48096 hrs.
On the unlesioned side a modest increase in silver grains compared to control sections are observed. This is consistent with findings that contralateral neurons also respond to axotomy.
Following facial nerve crush, rats develop a facial nerve palsy, which is evident by the lack of whisker movement with functional recovery at 3 weeks coincident with the completion of nerve regeneration. In our rats we also observed the loss of whisker movement following nerve crush with a return of function at 3 weeks. Thus, the time course of increased expression of GAP-43 and FKBP correlates with the process of nerve regeneration.
Sciatic Nerve Regeneration This example demonstrates alterations in FKBP and GAP-43 associated with sciatic nerve regeneration.
Following sciatic nerve lesions GAP-43 mRNA levels are enhanced in both spinal cord motor neurons and in dorsal root ganglia neuronal cells. In rats subjected to sciatic nerve crush, we observed a striking enhancement in mRNA levels for FKBP in motor neurons at L-4, 5 (Figure 3) and in dorsal root ganglia neuronal cells coincident with the reported enhancement of GAP-43 expression (Figure At high magnification we observed the FKMB mRNS silver grains localized to neuronal cell bodies (Figure We monitored FKBP protein levels by autoradiography of 3 H] FK-506 binding under conditions in which it binds selectively to FKBP (Figure Increased FKBP is detected in the primary sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, though no increases are evident in motor neuronal cells following sciatic nerve crush.
The association of augmented FKBP expression with regeneration selectively is further supported by experiments with ricin. When injected into peripheral nerves ricin is transported back into the cell body which is destroyed without associated nerve regeneration. We injected 0.5 ug ricin (RCA 60, Sigma, St. Louis, MO) into the facial nerve at the same site where crushes had been performed in other experiments according to the method of Streit and Kreutzbnerg in 0.5 ul PBS and 0.1% Fast Green. Streit et al., (1988) J. Comp. Neurol. 268, 248-263.
We conducted in situ hybridization localization studies for FKBP mRNA at 2, 4 and 7 days following ricin treatment (Figure No increased in FKBP mRNA is observed following ricin treatment. Gliosis occurs both following ricin treatment fits with the selective neuronal localization of FKBP mRNA in the facial nucleus.
FKBP Transport in the Sciatic Nerve This example demonstrates that FKBP is rapidly transported in the sciatic nerve.
The failure of FKBP protein to increase in motor neurons following sciatic nerve crush despite the increase in FKBP mRNA suggests that the protein is rapidly transported out of the cell body into nerve processes. This fits with out earlier observations that FKBP mRNA is concentrated in granule cells of the cerebellum which contain low levels of FKBP protein, while FKBP protein levels are highly concentrated in the molecular layer in the cerebellum associated with the parallel fibers arising from granule cells. To examine for possible transport of FKBP, we crushed the sciatic nerve and 7 days later applied ligatures 10 and 20 mm proximal to the crush. Six hr following ligature, we monitored [3H] FK-506 binding in 3 mm segments spanning the area of the ligatures. (Figure 6).
For axon transport experiments, classic ligature techniques were used following the methods of Tetzlaff et al. One week following sciatic nerve crush two collection ligatures (510 sutures) were placed on the nerve approximately mm apart with the distal most ligature positioned 10 mm proximal to the initial crush site. Six hours later, 5-3 mm segments of the nerve were collected from regions proximal to, distal to, and between the collection ligatures as illustrated in Figure 5. The nerve segments were prepared for [3H] FK-506 binding assays by homogenizing in 10 volumes of 50mM Tris-HC1, pH 7.4 Homogenates were centrifuged at 15,000 x g for 20 min at 40 C, and supernatants were collected and o..J1O assayed for total protein concentration using the Coomassie blue dye binding assay (Pearce). 3 H] FK-506 binding was carried out as described on aliquots containing 2 ug of total soluble protein in a final volume of 0.4 ml assay buffer consisting of 50mM Tris-HC1, pH 7.4, 2 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, 250 pM 3
H]
FK-506, and varying concentrations of unlabeled FK-506. Following incubation at 250 C for 60 min, 0.35 ml was layered over a 0.8 ml column of LH-20 Sephadex (Pharmacia LKB) and washed with 0.4 ml of assay buffer. The eluates were collected and counted in a scintillation counter.
Results are shown in Figure 5. 3 H] FK-506 binding levels are highest in the segment just proximal to the ligature 20 cm from the crush, being almost quadruple levels in the other segments. Based on the levels of 3 H] FK-506 binding in segments A-D, we calculated the rate of anterograde transport for FKBP. This rate of 240 mm per day is essentially the same as transport rates for GAP-43 representing the most rapid transport rates for neuronal proteins.
To visualize the accumulation of FKBP following nerve crush, we applied a loose ligature to mark the site of crush of the sciatic nerve and conducted in situ hybridization for FKBP mRNA as well autoradiography for 3 H] FK-506 binding (Figure Most FKBP mRNA and [3H] FK-506 binding accumulate immediately proximal to the crush. These levels are considerably higher than in control uncrushed sciatic nerve. Examination of the in situ hybridization an autoradiography preparations at high magnification reveals silver grains associated with neuronal fibers. There are also silver grains localized to cells whose identity we could not determine definitively, so that they may be Schwann cells, macrophages or fibroblasts.
FKBP in PC12 Cells This example demonstrates that PC-12 cells contain FKBP and that FKBP levels are enhanced by nerve growth factor. We examined PC-12 cells for the presence of FKBP by monitoring the binding of 3 H] FK-506 to cells under basal conditions and following treatment with nerve growth factor (NGF).
'0 Levels of FKBP in PC-12 cells were obtained from Scatchard analysis of 3
H]
FK-506 binding curves. Cultures were scraped from the culture wells and homogenized in 10 volumes of 50 mM Tris-HC1, pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA, 100 i.g/ml phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride and centrifuged at 40,000 x g for 20 min at 40 C.
Protein was determined by the Coomasie blue dye binding assay using bovine serum albumin as a standard. Binding of 250 pM 3 H] dihydro FK506 (86.5 Ci/mmol, DuPont/NEN) was assessed for samples containing 5 p[g soluble protein in a final volume of 0.4 ml assay buffer containing 50mM Tris-HC1, pH 7.4, 2 mg/ml BSA and varying concentrations of unlabeled FK506. After 60 min incubation at 250 C, 0.35 ml was layered over a 0.8 ml column of LH-20 Sephadex (Pharmacia LKB), pre-equilibrated with assay buffer. The column was further washed with 0.4 ml of assay buffer, the eluates collected, mixed with Formula 963 (DuPont/NEN) and counted in a Beckman scintillation counter. Specific binding was determined by subtracting binding obtained in the presence of 1 [iM unlabeled FK506 from total 3 H] FK506 bound.
Results are shown in Figure 8. 3 H] FK506 binds saturably to untreated PC- 12 cell homogenates. In typical experiments about 1,000 cpm are bound while nonspecific binding in the presence of 1 pLM FK506 is about 150 cpm. Fifty percent inhibition of 3 H] FK506 binding occurs with 1-2 nM FK506 indicating that the binding sites correspond to authentic FKBP. [3H] FK506 binding increases markedly following NFG treatment. Significant increases are evident by 10-15 hr.
Binding triples by 20 hr and a modest further increase is evident at 100 hr.
Increased Neurite Extension in PC12 Cells This example demonstrates that FK506 and rapamycin increase neurite extension in PC-12 cells.
PC-12 cells were maintained at 370 C, 5% C02, in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated horse serum and heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum. For differentiation in NGF, cells were plated at 1 x 105 in 35 mm culture wells coated with rat tail collagen at 5 pg/cm 2 10 and allowed to attach before replacing the media with DMEM supplemented with 2% fetal horse serum, NGF and/or FK506 of rapamycin. For quantitation of neurite outgrowth, random photographs were made (3-4 per well), and process bearing neurons were counted with the processes being greater than 5 lim. Experimental conditions were unknown by the photographer and cell counter. Four separate experiments were performed in duplicate for each data point presented. Neurites were identified and counted from approximately 100 cells per photograph. Thus, S neurites from 1200-1600 cells were counted per data point.
As observed, NGF potently stimulates neurite outgrowth with half-maximal stimulation at 1 ng/ml and maximal augmentation at about 50-100 ng/ml (Figs. 9, 10). FK506 (100 nM) markedly augments the effect of NGF by increasing sensitivity to NGF. Thus, FK506 reduces by 20-50 fold the NGF concentration needed to elicit maximal outgrowth. Half maximal outgrowth in the absence of FK506 occurs at 5 ng/ml NGF and in the presence of FK506 at 0.1 ng/ml NGF. At maximal concentrations of NGF (10-100 ng/ml), FK506 fails to produce additional neurite outgrowth.
FK506 is extremely potent in its neurotrophic effects. In the presence of a submaximal concentration of NGF (1 ng/ml) FK506 at 1 nM elicits the same maximal outgrowth observed with 50 ng/ml NGF (Fig. 11). Half maximal effects of FK506 occur at approximately 100 pM. In the absence of NGF, FK506 fails to elicit neurite outgrowth (Fig. Rapamycin is a potent immunosuppressant which is not thought to act through calcineurin but which may influence other phosphorylation cascades.
Rapamycin potently blocks actions of FK506 that occur through FKBP and calcineurin presumably by acting as an FK506 antagonist at FKBP. Rapamycin (1 [iM) fails to block the neurotrophic providing major neurite outgrowth at 1 nM.
Rapamycin and FK506 seem to be acting via different mechanisms. Thus, rapamycin augments the number of processes as well as their length, while FK506 10 primarily increases neurite length. Moreover, effects of FK506 and rapamycin appear to be additive.
Dorsal Root Ganglia This example demonstrates that FK506 is neurotrophic for sensory ganglia.
We examined the action of FK506 on primary cultures of dorsal root ganglia from 9. 9 rats at embryonic day 16.
Stage E16 embryos were removed from pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats and the dorsal root ganglia dissected. Whole ganglia explants were cultured in collagencoated 35 mm dishes (Falcon) using N2 medium (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle medium and Ham's F12 medium mixed 1:1 and supplemented with progesterone, selenium, insulin, putrescine, glucose, and penicillin-streptomycin) at 370 C in a C02 environment. Sensory ganglia were treated with various concentrations of NGF and/or FK506 or rapamycin or anti-NGF antibody. Ganglia were observed every 2-3 days under phase-contrasting using an Olympus IMT-2 inverted microscope, and measurements of axon length were made. The axonal field of each ganglion was divided into four quadrants, and the length of the longest axons in each quadrant was measured in microns using an eye-piece micrometer. The average of these measurements was taken as the axon length for the ganglion.
For 3 H] FK506 autoradiography, dorsal root ganglia cultures were grown on chamber slides coated with collagen, 5 Ig/cm 2 Cultures were fixed on the slide with ice cold 4.0% freshly depolymerized paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, for 1 hr, then washed two times with phosphate buffered saline. Fixed cultures were labeled with 3 H] FK506 by pre-incubating the slides in a buffer consisting of 50 mM Hepes, 2 mg/ml bovine serum albumin, 0.02% Tween-20 pH 7.4. This was followed by incubation in the same assay buffer containing 1 nM 3 H] FK506. Non-specific binding was determined by adding 1 liM unlabeled FK506. The slides were then rinsed 4 x 5 min prior to drying, and juxtaposed to tritium-sensitive film for 10 days.
Autoradiography of [3H] FK506 binding sites reveals substantial levels of FKBP associated silver grains in these ganglia (Fig. 12). At 1 IM unlabeled FK506, autoradiographic grains are abolished indicating the specificity of binding. As reported previously, NGF (100 ng/ml) markedly increases the number and length of ganglia processes (Fig. 13). FK506 (1 IM) alone produces a similar neurotrophic effect, while as little as 1 nM FK506 produces a noticeable increase in growth.
Rapamycin (1 pM) which acts as an FK506 antagonist, completely blocks the effects of FK506 (1 jIM), thus the action of FK506 displays a drug specificity characteristic of FKBP.
Whereas FK506 fails to stimulate neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells in the absence of added NGF, in sensory ganglia FK506 alone is neurotrophic. Schwann cells in the ganglia can fabricate NGF, and the production of NGF by Schwann cells is regulated by a protein phosphorylation event. To ascertain whether the actions of FK506 alone involve potentiation of endogenous NGF, we examined the influence of antibodies to NGF (Fig. 13). Anti-NGF markedly reduces the neurotrophic effects of FK506 (1 IM). The anti-NGF is not acting in a toxic fashion as we observe no morphologic evidence of toxicity in the cells exposed to anti-NGF in the presence or absence of added NGF.
FK506 is extremely potent in stimulating neurite outgrowth. As little as 1 pM FK506 produces detectable augmentation. Progressively greater outgrowth occurs at 0.1 and 10 nM FK506 (data not shown), while maximal outgrowth requires 1 lIM FK506.
The time course of neurite outgrowth is similar at all concentrations of NGF and FK506. Some outgrowth is evidence by 1 day, while growth begins to plateau at about 5-6 days.
FK506 neurotrophic effects involve FKBP (FK506 binding protein) in sensory ganglia since the effects of FK506 are reversed by low concentrations of rapamycin, a known antagonist of FK506 at FKBP. The failure of rapamycin to block FK506 effects in PC-12 cells probably reflects the separate stimulatory 0 effects of rapamycin. Mechanisms for rapamycin stimulation of neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells are not immediately evident. Its immunosuppressant actions are thought to involve different mechanisms than those of FK506. Rapamycin can inhibit S6 kinase which phosphorylates the S6 ribosomal subunit. Rapamycin also inhibits phosphatidylinositaol-3-kinase.
Protein kinase C (PKC) -mediated phosphorylation has been implicated in process outgrowth during neuronal regeneration. Other evidence suggests inhibitory effects of PKC in neuronal process extension.
GAP43 is a prominent calcineurin substrate highly concentrated in neurites and its phosphorylation is regulated by FKBP. GAP43 may not be directly involved in neurite extension, as PC-12 cell lines with low levels of GAP43 display normal neurite outgrowth. However, GAP43 and its phosphorylation may be involved in targeting neurites, as levels of phosphorylated GAP43 are increased when neurites approach their targets. Phosphorylation of GAP-43 may also influence mobilization of Ca 2 that regulates neurite extension. Phosphorylated GAP-43 inhibits phosphatidyl inositol bis-phosphate formation, which should diminish level of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and associated Ca 2 release. In addition, phosphorylation of GAP-43 decreases its affinity for calmodulin with the resultant free calmodulin available to bind Ca 2 Immunophilins may act at sites besides calcineurin which affect Ca 2 that regulates neurite outgrowth. FKBP binds to the ryanodine receptor, which is a
CA
2 release channel. In skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum FK506 dissociates FKBP from the ryanodine receptor to facilitate the Ca 2 induced Ca 2 release mechanism. In addition, FK506 acts at other sites including receptors and other unidentified targets such as those related to FKBP13. Thus other potential mechanisms may play some role in neurite extension.
Non-lmmunosuppressive and Immunosuppressive Ligands of Immunophilins Stimulate Neurite Outgrowth in PC-12 Cells In the present study we have examined in detail influences of a number of ligands of the immunophilins upon neurite extension in PC-12 cells and in intact chick sensory ganglia. We report that non-immunosuppressive as well as immunosuppressive ligands are extremely potent in augmenting neurite outgrowth in both PC-12 cells and sensory ganglia.
5 In our earlier study we found that immunosuppressants stimulate neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells by increasing the potency of nerve growth factor (NGF) about 10-fold (Lyons et. al., 1994). In the absence of added NGF no neurotrophic effects are observed. In the present study we evaluated effects of the immunosuppressant drugs FK506 and rapamycin on PC-12 neurite outgrowth in the 0"''o0 presence of 0.1 100 ng/ml of NGF.
In the absence of added NGF, none of the drugs stimulate neurite outgrowth. At 0.1 ng/ml NGF alone produces a small increase in neurite extension only about 15% of maximal effects that are evident at 50 ng/ml (Figure 14).
Rapamycin stimulates neurite outgrowth to a greater extent than the other drugs, with a 3-4 fold stimulation at 0.1 0.5 ng/ml NGF. The extent of augmentation elicited by rapamycin decreases with higher concentration of NGF and is not statistically significant at 5-50 ng/ml NGF. FK506 also is neurotrophic with effects most apparent at lower NGF concentrations and a maximal 2.5-fold enhancement of neurite outgrowth evident at 0.5 ng/ml NGF.
There are three principal structural classes of immunosuppressant drugs related in structure to cyclosporin A, FK506, and rapamycin. Though FK506 and cyclosporin A bind to distinct immunophilin proteins, they both act as immunosuppressants by inhibiting calcineurin. Rapamycin bind with very high affinity to FKBP-12, but the drug-immunophilin complex does not in turn bind to calcineurin. Instead, immunosuppressant actions result from the rapamycin-FKBP- 12 complex binding to a recently identified and cloned protein designated RAFT-1 (rapamycin and FK506 target) and also designated FRAP (Sabatini and Snyder, 1994; Brown et. al., 1994; Chen et. al., 1994). Because rapamycin binds potently to FKBP-12 but does not inhibit calcineurin, it can serve as an antagonist to FK506.
There exist non-immunosuppressive derivatives of rapamycin. One of these, WAY- 124,466, a triene derivative of rapamycin, binds with high affinity to FKBP-12 and inhibits rotamase activity, but is devoid of immunosuppressant actions. Cyclosporin A is a large cyclic undecapeptide. The mere addition of a methyl group to an alanine at the 6 position results in an agent that does not inhibit calcineurin and lacks immunosuppressive effects, thought it inhibits the rotamase activity of cyclophilin to a similar extent as cyclosporin A (Me CsA ref).
To ascertain whether immunosuppressant activity is required for neurotrophic actions, we compared the neurotrophic effects of FK506, rapamycin O and cyclosporin A with non-immunosuppressant WAY-124,466, evaluating a wide range of concentrations on PC-12 cells (Figs. 15, 16). All studies were done in the presence of 0.5 ng/ml NGF. As observed previously, FK506 very potently stimulates neurite extension with half-maximal stimulation at 0.5 nM and maximal effects at 5-100 nM.
Rapamycin is the most potent agent examined and produces the greatest maximal level of neurite extension. In repeated experiments 50% of maximal extension is evident at about 0.2-0.4 nM while maximal effects are evident at about 10-100 nM. Maximal neurite extension with rapamycin is comparable to maximal effects of 50 ng/ml NGF. WAY-124,466 also is neurotrophic, but is less potent and produces a lesser maximal effect than rapamycin. Half-maximal stimulation with WAY-124,466 occurs at about 10 nM and maximal effects occur at 100-1,000 nM. Thus, rapamycin is about 100-fold more potent than WAY- 124,466, resembling its 40-fold greater potency in binding to FKBP-12 (Table II).
Cyclosporin A is substantially less potent than FK506 or rapamnycin in stimulating neurite outgrowth, corresponding to its substantially lesser potency in inhibiting rotamase activity. Fifty percent maximal stimulation of neurite outgrowth with cyclosporin A is evident at 50 nM with maximal effects at 100 nM and a decrease in neurite outgrowth at higher concentrations of cyclosporin A. Maximal J) stimulation with cyclosporin A is about 60% of effects of 50 ng/ml NGF.
The general pattern of process extension is similar with the various immunophilin ligands and with NGF. At concentrations that elicit 50% of maximal effects, NGF (1-5 ng/ml) 40-50% of cells extend processes at least as long as the cell body while 15% extent longer processes, up to 3-5 times the length of the cell body. The pattern is fairly similar with the various drugs examined. Rapamycin and WAY-124,466 tend to result in a greater number of processes per cell than FK506.
0 0* Cyclosporin A tends to be intermediate in terms of numbers or processes.
0 Nerve Extension Elicited in Chick Dorsal Root Ganglia by Non-lmmunosuppressant and Immunosuppressive Ligands of Immunophilins In our previous study, we observed neurotrophic effects of immunosuppressant drugs in explants of rat dorsal root ganglia with significant augmentation in nerve outgrowth observed with FK506 concentrations as low as 1 picomolar (Lyons et. al., 1994). In the rat ganglia neurotrophic effects were observed with FK506 even in the absence of NGF. In the present study we have employed explants of chick dorsal root ganglia, which are easier to employ in studies of nerve outgrowth. In the absence of added NGF, we observe minimal effects of immunophilin ligand drugs. The chick cells are more sensitive to NGF than PC-12 cells so that we employ 0.1 ng/ml NGF to produce minimal neurite outgrowth and to demonstrate neurotrophic actions of immunophilin ligands (Fig.
17,18).
Dorsal root ganglion were dissected from chick embryos of ten day gestation. Whole ganglion explants were cultured on thin layer Matrigel-coated 12 well plates with Liebovitz L15 plus high glucose media supplemented with 2mM glutamine and 10% fetal calf serum, and also containing 10 IpM cytosine P-D arabinofuranoside (Ara C) at 37 0 C in an environment containing 5% C02. Twentyfour hours later, the DRG's were treated with various concentrations of nerve growth factor, immunophilin ligands or combinations of NGF plus drugs. Forty-eight Jt) hours after drug treatment, the ganglia were visualized under phase contrast or Hoffman Modulation contrast with a Zeiss Axiovert inverted microscope.
Photomicrographs of the explants were made, and neurite outgrowth was quantitated. Neurites longer than the DRG diameter were counted as positive, with total number of neurites quantitated per each experimental condition. Three to four DRG's are cultured per well, and each treatment was performed in duplicate.
The relative potencies of the various immunophilin ligands in stimulating nerve outgrowth in the ganglia are similar to their relative potencies in PC-12 cells.
Thus, rapamycin is the most potent agent with an ECso of inM, 10-fold more potent than WAY-124,466, while FK506 displays an ECo0 of 1-2nM.
The maximal increase in the number of processes, their length and branching is quite similar at maximally effective contractions of the immunophilin ligands and of NGF (100 ng/ml). With progressively increasing concentrations of the various drugs, one observes a larger number of processes, more extensive branching and a greater length of individual processes.
We evaluated the potencies of drugs in binding to FKBP-12 by examining inhibition of 3 H-FK506 binding to recombinant FKBP-12. There is a striking parallel between affinities of drugs for FKBP-12 and their potencies in stimulating neurite outgrowth and inhibiting rotamase activity. Clearly, stimulation of nerve outgrowth is unrelated to calcineurin inhibition. Calcineurin inhibition fits well with immunosuppressant actions, WAY-124,466 is not immunosuppressive, but the rapamycin-FKBP-12 complex binds to RAFT-1 to initiate immunosuppressive processes (Sabatini and Snyder, 1994; Snyder and Sabatini, 1995). The results are set forth in Table 2.
Table 2 IMMUNOPHILIN LIGAND NEUROTROPHISM PARALLELS INHIBITION OF ROTAMASE, NOT CALCINEURIN 3 H]-FK506- CALCINEURIN ROTAMASE NEURITE OUTGROWTH DRUG FKBP12 (ICso) INHIBITION KI .JO FK506 0.6 nM YES 0.4 nM 0.5 nM Rapamycin 0.5 nM NO 0.2 nM WAY-124,466 10.0 nM NO 12.0 nM 10 nM Cyclosporin A None Yes 20 nM 50 nM
(CSA)
We compared the ability of non-ummunosuppressive immunophilin ligands to promote neurite outgrowth in chick dorsal root aganglion explant cultures (Table Each of these compounds is incapable of inhibiting calcineurin, but they interat with the immunophilin FKBP-12 to inhibit it's rotamase activity with the various o*oo*• S inhibitory constants listed in Table 3. The ability of these compounds to promote neurite outgrowth in the DRG's correlates well with their ability to inhibit the rotamase activity of FKBP-12.
Table 3 IMMUNOPHILIN LIGAND NEUROTROPHISM PARALLELS INHIBITION OF ROTAMASE, NOT CALCINEURIN 3 H]-FK506- CALCINEURIN ROTAMASE NEURITE OUTGROWTH DRUG FKBP12 (ICso) INHIBITION KI (EDso) Example 12 8 [IM NO 250 nM 300 nM
*X,
Example 13 4 [IM NO 25 nM 80 nM The very close correlation between the potencies of drugs in binding to immunophilins, inhibiting their rotamase activity and stimulating neurite outgrowth implies that inhibition of rotamase activity is responsible for neurotrophic effects of the drugs. The extraordinarily high potency of the drugs in stimulating neurite outgrowth and in binding to immunophilins makes it most unlikely that any other target could account for the neurotrophic effects. It is conceivable that a biological activity of immunophilins other than rotamase could be influenced by the drugs to 10 mediate neurotrophic actions. However, no such activity has yet been reported.
Because of the extraordinary potency of the drugs and the close correlation between rotamase inhibition and neurotrophic actions, we conclude that rotamase inhibition is likely involved in neurotrophic effects. A number of proteins have been reported as substrates for the rotamase activity of immunophilins including collagen (Steinmann et. al., 1991) and transferrin (Lodish and King, 1991). Recently highly purified preparations of ryanodine receptor and the IP-3 receptor, prominent intracellular calcium channels have been reported to exist in a complex with FKBP- 12. Dissociation of FKBP-12 from these complexes causes the calcium channel to become "leaky" (Cameron et. al., 1995) Calcium fluxes are involved in neurite extension so that the IP-3 receptor and the ryanodine receptor might be involved in the neurotrophic effects of drugs. Since the drugs bind to the same site on FKBP- 12 as the IP-3 receptor or the ryanodine receptor, one would have to postulate that the drugs displace the channels from FKBP-12. No interaction between these calcium channels in cyclophilin has been reported so that this model would not explain the neurotrophic action of cyclosporin A.
The neurotrophic actions of the drugs studied here are exerted at extremely low concentrations indicating potencies comparable to those of neurotrophic proteins such as brain derived growth factor, neurotrophic-3 and neurotrophic growth factor.
The examples 1 to 111 of the parent specification are illustrative of preferred embodiments of that invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention thereto. All polymer molecular weights are mean average molecular weights. All percentages are based on the percent by weight of the final delivery system or formulation prepared unless otherwise indicated and all totals equal 100% by weight.
Illustrative pipecolic acid derivative compounds which can be used for the purposes of this invention are set forth in the parent specification. All compounds subsequently referred to by example number relate to the compounds of those examples in the parent specification.
T NEUROTROPHIC EFFECTS OF ROTAMASE INHIBITORS Table I lists a number of the claimed examples together with their potencies to induce trophic effects in cultured sensory neurons, as described above. Figures 19 and 20 show photomicrographs of Example 111 and Example 17 of the parent specification promoting neurite growth in the dorsal root ganglion cultures.
Table I In Vitro Potencies of Test Examples Example 6 9 11 12 13 19 36 41 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 ill Rotamase Inhibition Ki, nM 140 13 170 250 25 17 12 10,000 1300 10,000 1800 28 39 75 70 165 740 725 130 30 60 15 12 120 20 103 760 210 32 2 24 5 Neutrphic Chick DRGs, nM 0.030 1 300 0.30 0.17 10,000 5000 10,000 2500 200 8 5-10 10-20 150 43 0.17 3 016 6 1 0.82 0.29 0.08 0.002 0.08
S*
S.
S
S.
S
36 ACTIVITY OF EXAMPLE COMPOUNDS IN VIVO MODEL OF NERVE REGENERATION Sciatic Nerve Axotomy Six week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, and the sciatic nerve exposed and crushed, at the level of the hip, by forceps. Test-Compounds or vehicle were administered subcutaneously just prior to the lesion and daily for the following 18 days. Sections of the sciatic nerve were stained with Homes silver stain to quantify the level of myelination. Eighteen days after lesion, there was a significant decrease in the number of axons (50% decrease as compared to nonlesioned control) and degree of myelination (90% decrease as compared to nonlesioned control) in animal treated with vehicle.
Administration of Example 12 (30 mg/kg or Example 13 (mg/kg s.c.) just prior to the lesion and daily for 18 days following the lesion, resulted in significant regeneration of both axon number (25% and 5% decrease, respectively, as compared to non-lesioned control) and the degree of myelination (65% and decrease, respectively, as compared to control) as compared to vehicle treated animals. The significant efficacy of Examples 12 and 13 are consistent with their potent activity in inhibiting rotamase activity and stimulating neurite outgrowth in chick DRGs, and their relative potencies in vivo parallel their in vitro potencies (Table These results are shown in Figure 21. "Sham" denotes control animals that received vehicle but were not lesioned; "Vehicle" denotes animals that were lesioned and received only vehicle no drug). Example 12 and Example 13 showed a striking similarity to the sham treated animals, demonstrating the powerful neuroregenerative effects of these compounds in vivo. These data are quantitiated in Table II.
4 1 37 Table II Treatment Axon Number Myelin Level Control) Sham 100 100 Lesion: Vehicle 50 Example 12 75 (30 mg/kg s.c.) Example 13 100 (30 mg/kg s.c.) The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.
i*
Claims (11)
1. Use of immunophilin ligand in the preparation of a medicament for promoting neuronal growth and regeneration in a neuropathological condition where neuronal repair can be facilitated, wherein the immunophilin ligand does not include FK506 or rapamycin.
2. Use of immunophilin ligand in the preparation of a medicament for treating a neurological disorder, wherein the immunophilin ligand does not include FK506 or rapamycin.
3. Use of immunophilin ligand in the preparation of a medicament for protecting nerves from neural degeneration, wherein the immunophilin ligand does 90 not include FK506 or rapamycin.
4. The use of claims 1,2 or 3 wherein the immunophilin ligand is used in combination with an effective amount of neurotrophic factor selected from the group consisting of neurotrophic growth factor, brain derived growth factor, glial derived growth factor, cilial neurotrophic factor and neutrophin-3. The use of claims 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein the neuropathological condition, t neural depression or neurological disorder includes peripheral neuropathies caused by physical injury or disease state, physical damage to the brain, physical damage to the spinal cord, stroke associated with brain damage, and neurological disorders relating to neurodegeneration.
6. The use of claim 5, wherein the neurological disorder is selected from the group consisting of Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
7. The use of claims 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein the immunophilin ligand is non- immunosuppressive.
8. The use of claims 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein the use provides at least regeneration of axon number and at least 35% recovery of myelination.
9. The use of claims 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein the use provides at least regeneration of axon number and at least 50% recovery of myelination. -V 39 The use of claims 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein the use achieves neurotrophic EDso using no greater than 200 nM concentration of the compound.
11. The use of claims 1, 2 ,3 or 4 wherein the use achieves neurotrophic EDso using no greater than 35 nM concentration of the compound.
12. The use of claims 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein the use achieves neuroptrophic EDso using no greater than 1 nM concentration of the compound.
13. The use of immunophilin ligand of any one of claims 1 to 4 substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to any one of the Examples. O0 Dated this 16 t h day of September, 1999 I* I GUILFORD PHARMACEUTICALS INC. AND JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE By their Patent Attorneys: CALLINAN LAWRIE 05 9000 0 0005 00
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AU61622/96A Division AU710423B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1996-06-05 | Inhibitors of rotamase enzyme activity |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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AU4879399A AU4879399A (en) | 1999-11-25 |
AU740089B2 true AU740089B2 (en) | 2001-11-01 |
Family
ID=3746598
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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AU48793/99A Ceased AU740089B2 (en) | 1995-06-07 | 1999-09-16 | Inhibitors of rotamase enzyme activity |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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AU (1) | AU740089B2 (en) |
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1999
- 1999-09-16 AU AU48793/99A patent/AU740089B2/en not_active Ceased
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AU4879399A (en) | 1999-11-25 |
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