AU665232C - Treatment for asthma - Google Patents

Description

TREATMENT FOR ASTHMA FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a treatment f asthma. More particularly, this invention relates to th use of antibodies recognizing Very Late Antigen-4 (VLA-4 a ligand on certain leukocytes for the endothelial cell receptor Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) , in the treatment of asthma. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Asthma is a condition of the respiratory tract characterized by widespread, reversible narrowing of the airways (bronchoconstriction) and increased sensitivity (hyperresponsiveness) of the airways to a variety of stimuli. The familiar symptomology of asthma, i.e., coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, dyspnea, is caused airway smooth muscle contraction, increased bronchial mucus secretion, and inflammation. Though seldom fatal, asthma has been estimated to affect 10-20% of school-age children around the world, and hospital admissions for asthma in children have increased dramatically in recent years, one survey for the United States indicating that hospital admissions for children under 15 with asthma increased by at least 145% between 1970 and 1984. (See, M.R. Sears, 1990 [1].) Overall, it is estimated that 10 million Americans (4% of the population) have asthma, an some $4 billion is spent in treatment per year. (L.K. Altman, 1991 [2]; C. Starr, 1991 [3].)

The causes of asthma are not completely understood, however the study of agents that trigger acu asthmatic episodes supports the theory that asthma is an immunological reaction by a subject in response to specific allergens of the subject's environment. These "triggers" exacerbate asthma by causing transient enhancement of airway hyperresponsiveness. Triggers that have been found to induce airway hyperresponsiveness include inhaled allergens, inhaled low molecular weight agents to which the subject has become sensitized (e.g., by occupational exposure) , viral or mycoplasma respirator infections, and oxidizing gases such as ozone and nitroge dioxide. These "inducing" triggers can be distinguished from "inciting" triggers of bronchospastic episodes which include exercise, cold air, emotional stress, pharmacological triggers, inhaled irritants. The common feature of inducing triggers is that they are associated with airways inflammation; inciting triggers produce smooth muscle contractions (bronchospasms) which depend o the underlying degree of hyperresponsiveness, rather than increasing airways responsiveness themselves. (See, D.W. Cockcroft, 1990 [4].)

The recognition that airways inflammation is a cause of transient (acute) and also persistent airway hyperresponsiveness has had an impact on the treatment of asthma sufferers. Early treatments for asthma focused on bronchoconstriction and led to the development of many effective bronchodilator drugs. The most commonly prescribed were beta₂-adrenoceptor agonists (epinephrine, isoproterenol, albuterol, salmeterol, etc.), xanthines (caffeine, theophylline, etc.) and cholinoceptor antagonists (atropine, acetylcholine, etc.). More recently, however, anti-inflammatory drugs have begun to replace bronchodilators as first-line treatments for asthma. Commonly prescribed anti-inflammatory agents for asthma include disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) , nedocromil sodium, antihistamines such as ketotifen, and corticosteroids such as prednisolone. (See, F.M.C. Cuss 1990 [5] and P.M. O'Byrne, 1990 [6].)

The inflammatory response in asthma is typical for tissues covered by a mucosa and is characterized by vasodilation, plasma exudation, recruitment of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes and eosinophils to the sites of inflammation, and release of inflammatory mediators by resident tissue cells (e.g., mast cells) or by migrating inflammatory cells. (J.C. Hogg, 1990 [7].) In allergen induced asthma, sufferers often exhibit a dual response exposure to an allergen —an "early phase" response beginning immediately after exposure and lasting until 1 hours after exposure, followed by a "late phase" respons beginning about 3 hours after exposure and lasting sometimes until 8-10 hours or longer after exposure. (D. . Cockroft, 1990 [4].) Late phase response in allergen-induced asthma and persistent hyperresponsivene have been associated with the recruitment of leukocytes, and particularly eosinophils, to inflamed lung tissue.

(W.M. Abraham et al., 1988 [8].) Eosinophils are known release several inflammatory mediators, e.g., 15-HETE, leukotriene C₄, PAF, cationic proteins, eosinophil peroxidase. (K.F. Chung, 1990 [9].) Many of the drugs used to treat asthma have be found to block or neutralize the effects of the release inflammatory mediators which regulate the inflammatory response. For example, beta₂-adrenoceptor agonists and DSCG are potent stabilizers of mast cells, which are capable of releasing many mediators, including histamine prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet activating factor (PAF) , and chemotactic factors for neutrophils and eosinophils; corticosteroids, as another example, complex with steroid hormone receptors, which leads to the synthesis of proteins, such as lipocortins, that produce anti-inflammatory effects. (F.M.C. Cuss, 1990 [5].) Although known asthma medications have some effect on leukocyte recruitment into the lung ( .M. Abraham et al. , 1990 [8]), none of these drugs is effective to directly block migration of leukocytes into inflamed tissues. Inflammatory leukocytes are recruited to sites of inflammation by cell adhesion molecules that are expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and which act as receptors for leukocyte surface proteins.or protei complexes. Eosinophils have recently been found to participate in three distinct cell adhesion pathways to vascular endothelium, binding to cells expressing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) , endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) , and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) . (P.F. eller et al. , 1991 [10]; G.M. Walsh et al., 1991 [11]; B.S. Bochner et al. , 1991 [12]; and A. Dobrina et al. , 1991 [13].) VCAMl bind to the ₄β. integrin, VLA-4, which is expressed on various lymphoid cells, including eosinophils (Weller et al. , 199 [10]; Elices et al. 1990 [14]). That eosinophils express VLA-4 differentiates them from other inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, which bind to ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 but not VCAM-1.

The VLA-4-mediated adhesion pathway was investigated in an asthma model to examine the possible role of VLA-4 in leukocyte recruitment to inflamed lung tissue. It has now been discovered that administering anti-VLA-4 antibody inhibits both the late phase response and airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic sheep. Surprisingly, administration of anti-VLA-4 led to a reduction in the number of both neutrophils and eosinophils in the lung at 4 hours after allergen challenge, even though both cells have alternate adhesio pathways by which they can be recruited to lung tissues. Also surprisingly, inhibition of hyperresponsiveness in the treated sheep was observed which continued to 1 week even though infiltration of leukocytes, including neutrophils and eosinophils, was not significantly reduc over time. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel methods f the treatment of asthma and further provides new pharmaceutical compositions useful in the treatment of asthma. In particular, the present invention provides a method comprising the step of administering to an asthma sufferer an effective amount of an anti-VLA-4 antibody, such as monoclonal antibody HPl/2. The anti-VLA-4 antibody is advantageously administered in vivo to a patient with chronic allergen-induced asthma, and serves to inhibit late phase response to allergens and to attenuate airway hyperresponsiveness. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a graph depicting the effect of monoclonal antibody HPl/2 (intravenous) on the response allergen (Ascaris suum antigen) in dual responder allerg sheep. Percentage change in specific lung resistance (SR_L) is measured over time post allergen challenge. Asterisks indicate statistically significant results. Figure 2 is a graph depicting plasma concentration of monoclonal antibody HPl/2 (intravenous) in sheep, measured over time after initial administration Figure 3 is a graph depicting the effect of monoclonal antibody HPl/2 (intravenous) on airway hyperresponsiveness in dual responder sheep. Airway responsiveness, measured in breath units (BU) of cumulative breaths of a 1% weight/volume carbachol solution (a known bronchoconstrictor) that increases specific lung resistance 400% over the value obtained using diluent alorie. Asterisks indicate statistically significant results.

Figure 4 is a series of four graphs showing the total cells and the levels of different leukocytes (lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils) detected by bronchoalveolar lavage in allergic sheep challenged with Ascaris suum antigen alone and after pretreatment with monoclonal antibody HPl/2 (intravenous) . Total cells, an the percentage of total cells that were lymphocytes or neutrophils or eosinophils, were measured at 4-hour, 8- hour, 24-hour, 48-hour and 1-week time points post allergen challenge.

Figure 5 is a graph depicting the effect of monoclonal antibody HPl/2 (16 mg, aerosol) and 1E6 (16 mg, aerosol) on the response to allergen (Ascaris suum antigen) in dual responder allergic sheep. Percentage change in specific lung resistance (SR_L) is measured over time post allergen challenge. Asterisks indicate statistically significant results. Figure 6 is a graph depicting the effect of monoclonal antibody HPl/2 (16 mg, aerosol) and 1E6 (16 mg, aerosol) on airway hyperresponsiveness in dual responder sheep. Airway responsiveness, measured in breath units (BU) of cumulative breaths of a 1% weight/volume carbach solution (a known bronchoconstrictor) that increases specific lung resistance 400% over the value obtained using diluent alone. Asterisks indicate statistically significant results.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The technology for producing monoclonal antibodies is well known. Briefly, an immortal cell lin (typically myeloma cells) is fused to lymphocytes

(typically splenocytes) from a mammal immunized with who cells expressing a given antigen, e.g., VLA-4, and the culture supernatants of the resulting hybridoma cells ar screened for antibodies against the antigen. (See, generally, Kohler et al., 1975 [15].)

Immunization may be accomplished using standar procedures. The unit dose and immunization regimen depe on the species of mammal immunized, its immune status, t body weight of the mammal, etc. Typically, the immunized mammals are bled and the serum from each blood sample is assayed for particular antibodies using appropriate screening assays. For example, anti-VLA-4 antibodies ma be identified by immunoprecipitation of ¹²⁵I-labeled cell lysates from VLA-4-expressing cells. (See, Sanchez-Madr et al. 1986 [16] and Hemler et al. 1987 [17].) Anti-VLA antibodies may also be identified by flow cytometry, e.g by measuring flourescent staining of Ramos cells incubat with an antibody believed to recognize VLA-4 (see, Elice et al., (1990) [14]). The lymphocytes used in the production of hybridoma cells typically are isolated fro immunized mammals whose sera have already tested positiv for the presence of anti-VLA-4 antibodies using such screening assays.

Typically, the immortal cell line (e.g., a myeloma cell line) is derived from the same mammalian species as the lymphocytes. Preferred immortal cell lines are mouse myeloma cell lines that are sensitive to cultur medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine ("HAT medium") .

Typically, HAT-sensitive mouse myeloma cells are fused to mouse splenocytes using 1500 molecular weight polyethylene glycol ("PEG 1500"). Hybridoma cells resulting from the fusion are then selected using HAT medium, which kills unfused and unproductively fused myeloma cells (unfused splenocytes die after several days because they are not transformed) . Hybridomas producing a desired antibody are detected by screening the hybridoma culture supernatants. For example, hybridomas prepared to produce anti-VLA-4 antibodies may be screened by testing the hybridoma culture supernatant for secreted antibodies having the ability to bind to a recombinant ct₄-subunit- expressing cell line, such as transfected K-562 cells (see, Elices et al. [14]).

To produce anti VLA-4-antibodies, hybridoma cells that tested positive in such screening assays were cultured in a nutrient medium under conditions and for a time sufficient to allow the hybridoma cells to secrete the monoclonal antibodies into the culture medium. Tissue culture techniques and culture media suitable for hybridoma cells are well known. The conditioned hybridoma culture supernatant may be collected and the anti-VLA-4 antibodies optionally further purified by well-known methods. Alternatively, the desired antibody may be produced by injecting the hybridoma cells into the peritoneal cavity of an unimmunized mouse. The hybridom cells proliferate in the peritoneal cavity, secreting th antibody which accumulates as ascites fluid. The antibo may be harvested by withdrawing the ascites fluid from t peritoneal cavity with a syringe.

Several anti-VLA-4 monoclonal antibodies have been previously described (see, e.g., Sanchez-Madrid et al., 1986 [16]; Hemler et al. (1987) [17]; Pulido et al. (1991) [19]). For the experiments herein, an anti-VLA-4 monoclonal antibody designated HPl/2 (obtained from Biogen, Inc. , Cambridge, MA) was used. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains of the anti-VLA-4 antibody HPl/2 have been cloned, sequenced and expressed in combination with constant regions of human immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. Such a chimeric HPl/2 antibody is similar in specificity and potency to the murine HPl/2 antibody, and may be useful in methods treatment according to the present invention. Similarly, humanized recombinant anti-VLA-4 antibodies may be usefu in these methods. The HPl/2 V_H DNA sequence and its translated amino acid sequences are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2, respectively. The HPl/2 V_κ DNA sequence and its translated amino acid sequence are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4, respectively.

Monoclonal antibodies such as HPl/2 and other anti-VLA-4 antibodies (e.g., Mab HP2/1, HP2/4, L25, P4C2) capable of recognizing the α chain of VLA-4 will be usef in the present invention. It is most preferred that the antibodies will recognize the Bl or B2 epitopes of the VLA-c-₄ chain (see, Pulido et al. (1991) [19]). While not wishing to be bound by one scientific theory, anti-VLA-4 antibodies used according to the method of the present invention may specifically inhibit, at least for an initial period following allergen challenge, the migratio of VLA-4-expressing leukocytes to inflamed sections of th lung. This inhibition of VLA-4 leukocyte migration could in turn, prevent secondary pathological effects of leukocyte infiltration, e.g., release of toxic substances inducement of soluble inflammatory cell mediators, releas or inducement of leukocyte chemotactic agents (such as neutrophil chemotactic factors) , etc. As a result, late phase response to the allergen and continuing hypersensitivity of the airways may be attenuated. Alternatively, the anti-VLA-4 antibodies may attenuate signal transduction necessary for the release of inflammatory mediators and/or cell chemotactic agents.

The method of the present invention comprises administering to a mammal suffering from allergic asthma composition comprising an anti-VLA-4 antibody. The examples below set forth the results observed in asthmati sheep. However, the similarity between physiological responses and pharmacological effects in sheep and in humans has been documented (see, e.g., W.M. Abraham, 1989 [20]); and similarities between sheep and other animal asthma models (rabbits, squirrel monkeys, guinea pigs, an sensitized dogs) have been noted (see, e.g., W.M. Abraham et al., 1988 [8]). Accordingly, the results reported herein will be relevant and applicable to, and the method claimed will be useful in, any mammal, including humans, suffering from allergic asthma.

The anti-VLA-4 antibody administered in accordance with the present invention may be administered prophylactically, before exposure to an asthma-inducing allergen. Beneficial effects will also be obtained if t antibody is administered at the time of or immediately after allergen exposure, between early phase and late phase response to attenuate the severity of late phase response, or at any time following allergen exposure to reduce or eliminate airway hyperresponsiveness.

The anti-VLA-4 antibody can be administered in the form of a composition comprising an anti-VLA-4 antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Preferably, the composition will be in a form suitable f intravenous injection. Also contemplated are antibody compositions in the form of a sterile aqueous or phosphate-buffered saline solution which can be nebulize (atomized) and breathed directly into the lungs by the asthma sufferer, e.g., using an inhaler. Dosages will vary depending on the sensitivity of the asthma sufferer to particular allergens, the concentration of allergen o exposure and frequency/duration of exposure(s) , the proposed mode of administration (e.g., injection or inhalation) , the desired plasma level of antibody, the effectiveness of a particular antibody or combination of antibodies in suppressing airway responsiveness, the clearance rate or half-life of the antibody composition, and other such factors familiar to physicians experience in the treatment of allergic asthma. In general, dosage will be calculated and adjusted to maintain a plasma lev of antibody in the range of from 1-1000 g/ml, although higher or lower dosages may be indicated with consideration to the age, sensitivity, tolerance, and other characteristics of the patient, the acuteness of t flareup, the history and course of the disease, and other similar factors routinely considered by an attending physician. Depending on the potency and half-life of the antibody employed, it is preferred to use from about 0.05 g/kg to 5.0 mg/kg of antibody, most preferably from 0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg of antibody, based on the weight of the patient receiving treatment. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers include, e.g., sterile saline and physiological buffer solutions. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) is preferred for inhalant administration. The pharmaceutical compositions may additionally be formulated to control the release of the active ingredients or to prolong their presence in the patient's system. Numerous suitable drug delivery system are known for this purpose and include, e.g., hydrogels, hydroxmethylcellulose, microcapsules, liposomes, microemulsions, microspheres, and the like. It will also be recognized that for the purpose of the present invention, antibodies capable of binding t the α₄ subunit of VLA-4 must be employed. It is preferred that monoclonal antibodies be used.

In addition to naturally produced antibodies, suitable recombinant antibodies capable of binding to VLA 4 may alternatively be used. Such recombinant antibodies include antibodies produced via recombinant DNA techniques, e.g., by transforming a host cell with a suitable expression vector containing DNA encoding the light and heavy immunoglobulin chains of the desired antibody, and recombinant chimeric antibodies, wherein some or all of the hinge and constant regions of the heavy and/or the light chain of the anti-VLA-4 antibody have been substituted with corresponding regions of an immunoglobulin light or heavy chain of a different species (i.e., preferably the same species as the asthma sufferer being treated, to minimize immune response to the administered antibody). (See, e.g., P.T. Jones et al., 1986 [21], E.S. Ward et al., 1989 [22], and U.S. Patent 4,816,397 (Boss et al.) [23], all incorporated herein by reference.) Furthermore, VLA-4-binding fragments of anti-

VLA-4 antibodies, such as Fab, Fab', F(ab )₂, and F(v) fragments; heavy chain monomers or dimers; light chain monomers or dimers; and dimers consisting of one heavy chain and one light chain are also contemplated herein. Such antibody fragments may be produced by chemical methods, e.g., by cleaving an intact antibody with a protease, such as pepsin or papain, or via recombinant D techniques, e.g., by using host cells transformed with truncated heavy and/or light chain genes. Heavy and lig chain monomers may similarly be produced by treating an intact antibody with a reducing agent such as dithiothreitol or 3-mercaptoethanol or by using host cell transformed with DNA encoding either the desired heavy chain or light chain or both. Also, from the foregoing discussion it will be apparent that other polypeptides and molecules which inhibit or block VLA-4-mediated binding will be effective in the treatment of asthma in the same manner as anti-VLA 4 antibodies. For example, a soluble form of VCAM-1 (an endothelial cell receptor for VLA-4) or a fragment thereo may be administered to compete for the VLA-4 binding site thereby leading to effects similar to the administration of anti-VLA-4 antibodies. Small molecules such as oligosacσharides that mimic the binding domain of an VLA- ligand and fit the receptor domain of VLA-4 may also be employed. (See, J.J. Devlin et al., 1990 [24], J.K. Scot and G.P. Smith, 1990 [25], and U.S. Patent 4,833,092 (Geysen) [26], all incorporated herein by reference.) Th use of such VLA-4-binding polypeptides or molecules that effectively inhibit late phase response or airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic subjects is contemplated herein as an alternative method for treatment of asthma. It is also contemplated that anti-VLA-4 antibodies may be used in combination with other antibodies having a therapeutic effect on airway responsiveness. For instance, to the extent that the beneficial effects reported herein are due to the inhibition of leukocyte recruitment to VCAM-1-expressing endothelium, combinations of anti-VLA-4 antibodies with other antibodies that interfere with the adhesion between leukocyte antigens and endothelial cell receptor molecule may be advantageous. For example, in addition to the use of anti-VLA-4 antibodies in accordance with this invention, the use of anti-ELAM-1 and/or anti-ICAM-1 antibodies may be advantageous. [See, Gundel et al. (1991) [27]; Wegner et al. (1990) [28].) When formulated in the appropriate vehicle, the pharmaceutical compositions contemplated herein may be administered by any suitable means such as orally, intraesophageally or intranasally, intrabronchially (loca treatment, e.g., via bronchoscope) , as well as subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously, intra- arterially, or parenterally. Ordinarily administration via inhalation is preferred.

EXAMPLES Experiments were performed essentially as described by Abraham et al. [8]. Briefly, allergic sheep having natural allergic cutaneous reaction to 1:1000 or 1:10,000 dilutions of Ascaris suum extract (Greer Diagnostics, Lenoir NC) were tested, and sheep demonstrating both early and late phase airway response ("dual responders") to inhalation challenge with Ascaris suum antigen were selected. To measure breathing mechanics and physical changes in the airways, the sheep were restrained in a prone position with heads immobilized. A balloon catheter was advanced through on nostril under topical anesthesia with 2% lidocaine solution to the lower esophagus, and a cuffed endotrachea tube was advanced through the other nostril (using a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope as a guide) for the measurement of airway mechanics and during aerosol challenges. Pleural pressure was estimated with the esophageal balloon catheter (filled with 1 ml of air) positioned 5-10 cm from the gastroesophageal junction. I this position, end expiratory pleural pressure ranged between -2 and -5 cm H₂0. Once the balloon was placed, i was secured so that it remained in position for the duration of the experiment. Lateral pressure in the trachea was measured with a sidehole catheter, (inner diam. 2.5 mm) advanced through and positioned distal to the tip of thee endotracheal tube. Transpulmonary pressure (the difference between tracheal and pleural pressure) was measured with a differential pressure transducer catheter system (MP45, Validyne, Northridge, CA) . The pressure transducer catheter system showed no phase shift between pressure and flow to a frequency of 9 H_z. Pulmonary resistance (R_L) was measured by connecting the proximal end of the endotracheal tube to a Fleich pneumotachograph (Dyna Sciences, Blue Bell PA) . Signals indicating flow and transpulmonary pressure were recorded on an oscilloscope recorder (Model DR-12; Electronics for Medicine, White Plains, NY) linked to a computer for automatic calculation of pulmonary resistanc (R_L) from transpulmonary pressure, respiratory volume (obtained by digital integration) and flow by the mid- volume technique, analyzed from 5-10 breaths. Thoracic gas volume (V^) was measured immediately after determination of R_L in a constant volume body plethysmograph. Specific lung resistance (SR_L) was calculated from these values (SR_L = V,_g x R_L) .

Airway responsiveness was determined by performing dose response curves to inhaled carbachol. Th dose response curves were plotted using measurements of SR_L taken immediately after inhalation of buffer (PBS) alone and after each consecutive administration of 10 breaths of increasing concentrations of carbachol in PBS. The concentrations of carbachol were 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0% wt/vol in PBS. The provocation test was discontinued when SR_L increased over 400% from the post- PBS value or after the highest carbachol concentration ha been administered. Airway responsiveness was determined by calculating from the dose response curves the cumulative carbachol dose in breath units (BU) that increased specific lung resistance 400% over the post buffer value (PD^,) . One breath unit was defined as one breath of a 1% wt/vol carbachol solution. Thus, the greater the suppression of airway hyper-responsiveness, the greater the number of breath units would be required before observing the same bronchoconstriction as seen in the controls.

Each sheep was subjected to a trial as a control in which a placebo (PBS without additive) was used as a pretreatment 30 minutes before allergen challenge with Ascaris suum antigen (Greer Diagnostics, Lenoir, NC) . Subsequently, the sheep were subjected to an identical trial, except that 1 mg/kg of monoclonal antibody HPl/2 was administered to each sheep 30 minutes prior to antig challenge. The placebo (buffer control or isotope-match antibody (1E6, anti-LFA3) control) and HPl/2 composition were administered by intravenous injection. The HPl/2 composition (and the 1E6 control) was prepared by diluti pure antibody obtained from a hybridoma (Biogen, Inc. , Cambridge MA) in sterile, endotoxin-free PBS and adjusti to deliver 1 mg/kg antibody based on the weight of each sheep. The antigen solution was delivered as an aerosol using a disposable medical nebulizer (RAINDROP®, Puritan Bennett, Lenexa, KS) that provided an aerosol with a mas median aerodynamic diameter of 3.2 μM (geometric SD 1.9) as determined by an Andersen cascade impactor. The

Ascaris suum extract was diluted in PBS to a concentrati of 82,000 Protein Nitrogen Units(PNU)/ml. The output of the nebulizer was directed into a plastic T-tube, one en of which was connected to the inspiratory port of a Harvard respirator. A dosimeter connected to the nebulizer consisting of a solenoid valve and a 20 psi compressed air source and the solenoid valve was activat at the beginning of the inspiratory cycle of the Harvard respirator for one second. The aerosol delivered at a tidal volume of 500 ml and a rate of 20 breaths per min. for 20 min. Each sheep was challenged with an equivalen dose of antigen (400 breaths) in the control and HPl/2 trials. Carbachol aerosols for the dose response curves were also generated by nebulizer as described above. For cellular analysis, bronchoalveolar lavage

(BAL) was performed on each sheep. The distal tip of the specially designed 80 cm fiberoptic bronchoscope was gently wedged into a randomly selected subsegmental bronchus. Lung lavage was performed by slow infusion and gentle aspiration of 3 x 30 ml of PBS (pH 7.4) at 39° C, using 30 ml syringes attached to the working channel of the bronchoscope. The lavage return was collected, strained through gauze to remove mucus and then centrifuged at 420 g for 15 min. Supernatant was decanted, and the cells were resuspended in PBS. An aliquot of the suspension was transferred to a hemocytometer chamber to estimate total cells. Total viable cells were estimated by trypan blue exclusion. A second aliquot of the cell suspension was spun in a cytospin (600 rpm for 10 minutes) and stained by Wright- Giemsa and observed at 100X to identify cell populations. 500 cells per slide were characterized to establish the differential cell counts. Cells characterized included epithelial cells, macrophages, basophils, monocytes and unidentifiable cells (grouped into a category termed "others") , in addition to lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils. Plasma level of antibody and white blood cell counts were determined from venous blood samples (approx. 5 ml) from peripheral leg vein or jugular vein. Example 1

An airway challenge trial using eight dual responder allergic sheep was conducted according to the foregoing protocols. Baseline (BSL) airway responsiveness (PD^s) was established 2-3 days prior to antigen challenge and a baseline bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed one day prior to challenge. On challenge day, baseline values for specific lung resistance (SR_L) was measured, then the sheep were administered buffer (control) or HPl/2 by injection. After this first administration ("treatment") , SR_L was measured, and 30 min. after treatment, the sheep were challenged with Ascaris suum antigen. SR_L was measured immediately after challenge, hourly from 1-6 hours following challenge, every half-hour from 6.5 hours to 8 hours, and also at 24 hours, 48 hours and 1 week (i.e., 168 hours) after antige challenge. BALs were performed following SR_L measurement at 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours and at 1 week. For these studies, peripheral blood was drawn and total white blood cell counts and assessment of cell populations were taken before treatment (baseline) , immediately after challenge, and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 24 and 48 hours, and week after challenge. The results of this trial are show in the figures: Figure 1 shows the effect of HPl/2 treatment on antigen-induced airway responses in the subject sheep. HPl/2 treatment resulted in significant (indeed, virtuall complete) inhibition of the late phase response experienced by the controls. Figure 2 is a graph of plasma concentration of

HPl/2 in μg/ml in the treated subjects, measured immediately following antigen challenge and then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 24 and 48 hours after challenge. After equilibration, the antibody concentration settled to a concentration of approximately 20 μg/ml, which concentration was maintained out to the 48-hour point.

Figure 3 is a graph showing the effect of HPl/2 treatment on airway responsiveness. At 24, 48, and 1 wee after antigen challenge, treated subjects showed significant decrease in airway responsiveness. Even at 2 weeks after antigen challenge, treated subjects continued to show decreases in airway responsiveness. The fact tha the virtually complete inhibitory effect of the antibody lasted out to 1 week is especially surprising and encouraging in terms of the therapeutic value of the treatment. Figure 4 is a series of graphs illustrating the results of BALs performed at 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours after antigen challenge, and at 1 week after antigen challenge. The results show no significant changes over controls in total cells recovered from treated subjects. However, treated subjects showed reduced levels of both neutrophils and eosinophils at the 4-hour time point after challenge. This is somewhat surprising, given that the administration of anti-VLA-4 would not be expected to influence neutrophil recruitment, since neutrophils do not express VLA-4. Also, both neutrophils and eosinophils express alternative ligands involved in adhesion to endothelium; both types of cells have been shown to bind to endothelial cells via the LFA-l/ICAM-1 pathway and the CDX/ELAM-1 pathway. Similar therapeutic effects with the anti-VLA-4 antibody HPl/2 were observed when the subjects were treated with HPl/2 antibody 2 hours after antigen challenge as opposed to 30 minutes prior to challenge as described above. The effect of HPl/2 was dose-dependent. For example, reducing the dose to 0.2 mg/kg was not sufficient to protect against the late response. For the antigen challenge studies in which 1E6 (anti-LFA3) was used as an isotope-matched control antibody for the HPl/2 treatment, no effect on the early or late response was observed using 1E6 in a control trial. The 1E6-2C12 hybridoma cell line producing the 1E6 antibody has been deposited as ATCC HB 10693. Example 2

A subsequent experiment was performed to investigate the efficacy of aerosol delivery of the antibody. The trials were performed essentially as described above, except that two sheep were used, and the HPl/2 was delivered via nebulizer in the form of an aerosol (dose - 8 mg HPl/2 per animal, administered 1/2 hour prior to antigen challenge) .

In control sheep (receiving placebo) , the late phase response was characterized by an average increase i SR_L of 126% of the baseline value, whereas when the sheep were treated with the anti-VLA-4 antibody, average rise i SR_L was 26% of baseline. These results amount to approximately 80% inhibition of late phase response. The results also indicated about 70% inhibition of airway responsiveness at 24 hours. From this trial, it is apparent that inhalant delivery of the antibody may be used to obtain the benefits of this invention.

These data were confirmed and extended to 5 sheep with controls (isotype-matched 1E6 (anti-LFA3) antibody control) using a 16 mg/kg aerosol dose of HPl/2 (n=5) or 1E6 (n=4) . Figures 5 and 6 show that treatment with HPl/2 aerosol at this dose 30 minutes before antigen challenge is also effective in blocking the late response and airway hyperresponsiveness. HPl/2 aerosol treatment resulted in significant (indeed, virtually complete) inhibition of the late phase response experienced by the 1E6 controls. 1E6 aerosol treatment was without effect. Although comparable protection was achieved in both the intravenous and aerosol trials, the protection afforded b HPl/2 in the aerosol trials was achieved without detectable blood levels of the drug. This effect of HPl/ is specific because the same dose of 1E6 had no protectiv effect (e.g., 1E6 treated animals showed a significant fall in PC^, whereas HPl/2 blocked the effect) . The differences in the physiological responses between HPl/2 and 1E6 are not the result of deficiencies in total WBC or differential counts between the groups. Total WBC and differential in both the HPl/2 and 1E6 groups showed a pattern of responses similar to those seen in the intravenous trials. The foregoing examples are intended as an illustration of the method of the present invention and are not presented as a limitation of the invention as claimed hereinafter. From the foregoing disclosure, numerous modifications and additional embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those experienced in this art. For example, actual dosage used, the type of antibody or antibody fragment used, mode of administration, exact composition, time and manner of administration of the treatment, and many other features all may be varied without departing from the description above. All such modifications and additional embodiments are within the contemplation of this application and within the scope of the appended claims.

CITED PUBLICATIONS

[1] M. R. Sears, "Epidemiology of Asthma," in Asthma as an Inflammatory Disease. P. 0'Byrne, ed. (Marcel Dekker, Inc.; New York 1990), pp. 15-48 [2] L. K. Altman, "Despite Gains in Treatment, Asthma

Worsens," New York Times. The Doctor's World, March 26, 1991

[3] C. Starr, "Treating Asthma: A Killer Gathers

Strength," Drug Topics, cover story, issue of April 8, 1991

[4] D. W. Cockcroft, "Atopy and Asthma," in Asthma as a Inflammatory Disease. P. O'Byrne, ed. (Marcel Dekke Inc.; New York 1990), pp. 103-125

[5] F. M. C. Cuss, "The Pharmacology of Antiasthma Medications," in Asthma as an Inflammatory Disease.

P. O'Byrne, ed. (Marcel Dekker, Inc. ; New York 1990) pp. 199-250

[6] P. M. O'Byrne, "Airway Inflammation and Asthma," in Asthma as an Inflammatory Disease. P. O'Byrne, ed. (Marcel Dekker, Inc.; New York 1990), pp. 143-157

[7] J. C. Hogg, "Pathology of Asthma," in Asthma as an

Inflammatory Disease. P. O'Byrne, ed. (Marcel Dekker Inc.; New York 1990), pp. 1-13

[8] W. M. Abraham et al., "Cellular Markers of Inflammation in the Airways of Allergic Sheep with and without Allergen-induced Late Responses," Am. Rev. Respir. Pis.. 138. 1565-1571 (1988)

[9] K. F. Chung, "Inflammatory Mediators in Asthma," in Asthma as an Inflammatory Disease. P. O'Byrne, ed. (Marcel Dekker, Inc. ; New York 1990) , pp. 159-183

[10] P. F. Weller et al., "Human eosinophil adherence to vascular endothelium mediated by binding to vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88 7430-7433 (1991) [11] G. M. Walsh et al. , "Human Eosinophil, But Not Neutrophil, Adherence to IL-1-Stimulated Human Umbilical Vascular Endothelial Cells Is a₄β, (Very Late Antigen-4) Dependent," .T. Tnτnunol. _f 146_., 3419- 3423 (1991)

[12] B. S. Bochner et al., "Adhesion of Human Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils to Interleukin 1- activated Human Vascular Endothelial Cells: Contributions of Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecules," J. Exp. Med.. 173. 1553-1556 (1991)

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Adherence to Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells," J. Clin. Invest.. 88, 20-26 (1991)

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Cells Secreting Antibody of Predefined Specificity," Nature. 256, pp. 495-7 (1975)

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[19] R. Pulido et al., "Functional Evidence for Three Distinct and Independently Inhibitable Adhesion Activities Mediated by the Human Integrin VLA-4," J\_ Biol. Chem.. 266(16, . 10241-10245 (1991)

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Early and Late Airway Responses and Antigen-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Allergic Sheep," Pulmonary Pharmacology. 2., pp. 33-40 (1989)

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Repertoire of Single Immunoglobulin Variable Domains Secreted From Escherichia coli" _r Nature, 341, pp. 544-546 (1989) . [23] U.S. Patent No. 4,816,397, Boss et al., "Multichain Polypeptides Or Proteins And Processes For Their Production", March 28, 1989.

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[27] R. H. Gundel et al., "Endothelial Leukocyte Adhesion Moleσule-1 Mediates Antigen-induced Acute Airway Inflammation and Late-phase Airway Obstruction in Monkeys," J. Clin. Invest.. 88, 1407-1411 (1991) [28] C. D. Wegner et al., "Intercellular Adhesion

Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the Pathogenesis of Asthma," Science. 247. 456-459 (1990)

. The foregoing documents are incorporated herein by reference.

SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:

(i) APPLICANT: Lobb, Roy R. (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: Treatment for Asthma (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 4

(iv) CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS:

(A) ADDRESSEE: Allegretti & Witcoff, Ltd.

(B) STREET: 10 South Wacker Drive, Suite 3000

(C) CITY: Chicago

(D) STATE: IL

(E) COUNTRY: US

(F) ZIP: 60606

(v) COMPUTER READABLE FORM:

(A) MEDIUM TYPE: Floppy disk

(B) COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible

(C) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DOS

(D) SOFTWARE: Patentln Release #1.0, Version #1.25

(vi) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA:

(A) APPLICATION NUMBER: PCT

(B) FILING DATE: 12 January 1993

(C) CLASSIFICATION:

(viii) ATTORNEY/AGENT INFORMATION:

(A) NAME: McNicholas, Janet M.

(B) REGISTRATION NUMBER: 32,918

(C) REFERENCE/DOCKET NUMBER: 92,307-A; D002 CIP PCT

(ix) TELECOMMUNICATION INFORMATION:

(A) TELEPHONE: 312-715-1000

(B) TELEFAX: 312-715-1234

(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID N0:1:

(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:

(A) LENGTH: 360 base pairs

(B) TYPE: nucleic acid

(C) STRANDEDNESS: single

(D) TOPOLOGY: linear

(Ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA (ix) FEATURE :

(A) NAME/KEY: misc_feature

(B) LOCATION: 1

(D) OTHER INFORMATION: /note= "pBAG159 insert: HPl/2 heavy chain variable region; amino acid 1 is Glu (E) but Gin (Q) may be substituted"

(ix) FEATURE:

(A) NAME/KEY: CDS

(B) LOCATION: 1..360

(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:l:

GTC AAA CTG CAG CAG TCT GGG GCA GAG CTT GTG AAG CCA GGG GCC TCA 48 Val Lys Leu Gin Gin Ser Gly Ala Glu Leu Val Lys Pro Gly Ala Ser 2 6 11 16

GTC AAG TTG TCC TGC ACA GCT TCT GGC TTC AAC ATT AAA GAC ACC TAT 96 Val Lys Leu Ser Cys Thr Ala Ser Gly Phe Asn lie Lys Asp Thr Tyr 21 26 31

ATG CAC TGG GTG AAG CAG AGG CCT GAA CAG GGC CTG GAG TGG ATT GGA 144 Met His Trp Val Lys Gin Arg Pro Glu Gin Gly Leu Glu Trp lie Gly 36 41 46

AGG ATT GAT CCT GCG AGT GGC GAT ACT AAA TAT GAC CCG AAG TTC CAG 192 Arg lie Asp Pro Ala Ser Gly Asp Thr Lys Tyr Asp Pro Lys Phe Gin 51 56 61

GTC AAG GCC ACT ATT ACA GCG GAC ACG TCC TCC AAC ACA GCC TGG CTG 240 Val Lys Ala Thr lie Thr Ala Asp Thr Ser Ser Asn Thr Ala Trp Leu 66 71 76 81

CAG CTC AGC AGC CTG ACA TCT GAG GAC ACT GCC GTC TAC TAC TGT GCA 288 Gin Leu Ser Ser Leu Thr Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala 86 91 96

GAC GGA ATG TGG GTA TCA ACG GGA TAT GCT CTG GAC TTC TGG GGC CAA 336 Asp Gly Met Trp Val Ser Thr Gly Tyr Ala Leu Asp Phe Trp Gly Gin 101 106 111

GGG ACC ACG GTC ACC GTC TCC TCA 360

Gly Thr Thr Val Thr Val Ser Ser 116 121

(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:

(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:

(A) LENGTH: 120 amino acids

(B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:

Val Lys Leu Gin Gin Ser Gly Ala Glu Leu Val Lys Pro Gly Ala Ser 2 6 11 16

Val Lys Leu Ser Cys Thr Ala Ser Gly Phe Asn lie Lys Asp Thr Tyr 21 26 31

Met His Trp Val Lys Gin Arg Pro Glu Gin Gly Leu Glu Trp lie Gly 36 41 46

Arg lie Asp Pro Ala Ser Gly Asp Thr Lys Tyr Asp Pro Lys Phe Gin ^• 51 56 61

Val Lys Ala Thr lie Thr Ala Asp Thr Ser Ser Asn Thr Ala Trp Leu 66 71 76 81

Gin Leu Ser Ser Leu Thr Ser Glu Asp Thr Ala Val Tyr Tyr Cys Ala 86 91 96

Asp Gly Met Trp Val Ser Thr Gly Tyr Ala Leu Asp Phe Trp Gly Gin 101 106 ill

Gly Thr Thr Val Thr Val Ser Ser 116 121

(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:

(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:

(A) LENGTH: 318 base pairs

(B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C)^' STRANDEDNESS: double (D) TOPOLOGY: linear

(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA

(ix) FEATURE:

(A) NAME/KEY: CDS

(B) LOCATION: 1..318

(D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product= "HPl/2 light chain variable region"

(ix) FEATURE:

(A) NAME/KEY: misc_feature

(B) LOCATION: 1

(D) OTHER INFORMATION: /note= "pBAG172 insert: HPl/2 light chain variable region" (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:

AGT ATT GTG ATG ACC CAG ACT CCC AAA TTC CTG CTT GTT TCA GCA GGA 48 Ser lie Val Met Thr Gin Thr Pro Lys Phe Leu Leu Val Ser Ala Gly 1 5 10 15

GAC AGG GTT ACC ATA ACC TGC AAG GCC AGT CAG AGT GTG ACT AAT GAT 96 Asp Arg Val Thr lie Thr Cys Lys Ala Ser Gin Ser Val Thr Asn Asp 20 25 30

GTA GCT TGG TAC CAA CAG AAG CCA GGG CAG TCT CCT AAA CTG CTG ATA 144 Val Ala Trp Tyr Gin Gin Lys Pro Gly Gin Ser Pro Lys Leu Leu lie 35 40 45

TAT TAT GCA TCC AAT CGC TAC ACT GGA GTC CCT GAT CGC TTC ACT GGC 192 Tyr Tyr Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55 60

AGT GGA TAT GGG ACG GAT TTC ACT TTC ACC ATC AGC ACT GTG CAG GCT 240 Ser Gly Tyr Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Phe Thr He Ser Thr Val Gin Ala 65 70 75 80

GAA GAC CTG GCA GTT TAT TTC TGT CAG CAG GAT TAT AGC TCT CCG TAC 288 Glu Asp Leu Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys Gin Gin Asp Tyr Ser Ser Pro Tyr 85 90 95

ACG TTC GGA GGG GGG ACC AAG CTG GAG ATC 318

Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu He 100 105

(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID N0:4:

(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:

(A) LENGTH: 106 amino acids

(B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear

(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein

(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID N0:4:

Ser He Val Met Thr Gin Thr Pro Lys Phe Leu Leu Val Ser Ala Gly 1 5 10 15

Asp Arg Val Thr He Thr Cys Lys Ala Ser Gin Ser Val Thr Asn Asp 20 25 30

Val Ala Trp Tyr Gin Gin Lys Pro Gly Gin Ser Pro Lys Leu Leu He 35 40 45 Tyr Tyr Ala Ser Asn Arg Tyr Thr Gly Val Pro Asp Arg Phe Thr Gly 50 55 60

Ser Gly Tyr Gly Thr Asp Phe Thr Phe Thr He Ser Thr Val Gin Ala 65 70 75 80

Glu Asp Leu Ala Val Tyr Phe Cys Gin Gin Asp Tyr Ser Ser Pro Tyr 85 90 95

Thr Phe Gly Gly Gly Thr Lys Leu Glu He 100 105

Claims (20)

CLAIMS:

1. A method for the treatment of asthma comprising administering to a mammal suffering from asthm a composition comprising an anti-VLA-4 antibody.

2. The method of Claim 1, wherein the anti- . VLA-4 antibody composition is administered intravenously.

3. The method of Claim 1, wherein the anti- VLA-4 antibody composition is administered in the form of an aerosol by inhalation.

4. The method of Claim 1, wherein the anti- VLA-4 antibody is selected from HPl/2, HP2/1, HP2/4, L25, and P4C2.

5. The method of Claim 1, wherein the anti- VLA-4 antibody is HPl/2, or a fragment thereof capable of binding to VLA-4.

6. The method of Claim 1, wherein the composition is administered at a dosage so as to provide from 0.05 to 5.0 mg/kg of antibody, based on the weight o the asthma sufferer.

7. The method of Claim 6, wherein the composition is administered at a dosage so as to provide 0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg of antibody, based on the weight of the asthma sufferer.

8. The method according to Claim 1, wherein the composition is administered in an amount effective to provide a plasma level of antibody in the mammal of at least 10 μg/ml.

9. The method of Claim 1, wherein the composition is administered prior to exposure to an allergen to which the asthma sufferer is hypersensitive.

10. The method of Claim 1, wherein the mammal is a human.

11. The method of Claim 1, wherein the composition is administered after exposure to an allergen to which said mammal is hypersensitive.

12. A method for the treatment of asthma comprising administering to a mammal suffering from allergic asthma an antibody, a recombinant antibody, a chimeric antibody, fragments of such antibodies, a polypeptide or a small molecule capable of binding to the a₄ subunit of VLA-4, or combinations of any of the foregoing, in an amount effective to provide inhibition of late phase response to an allergen to which the sufferer is hypersensitive or to provide decreased airway hypersensitivity in said mammal following allergen challenge.

13. The method of Claim 12, wherein the antibody, polypeptide or molecule is selected from monoclonal antibody HPl/2; Fab, Fab', F(ab')₂ or F(v) fragments of_ such antibody; soluble VCAM-1 polypeptides; or small molecules that bind to the VCAM-1-binding domain of VLA-4.

14. The method of Claim 12, wherein the composition comprises a plurality of anti-VLA-4 monoclonal antibodies or VLA-4-binding fragments thereof.

15. The method of Claim 12, wherein the composition includes, in addition to anti-VLA-4, an anti- ELAM-1 antibody, or an anti-ICAM-1 antibody, or both anti- ELAM-1 and anti-ICAM-1 antibodies.

16. The method of Claim 12, wherein the anti- VLA-4 antibody is HPl/2, or a fragment thereof capable of binding to VLA-4.

17. The method of Claim 12, wherein the composition is administered at a dosage so as to provide from 0.05 to 5.0 mg/kg of antibody, antibody fragment, polypeptide or small molecule, based on the weight of the asthma sufferer.

18. The method of Claim 17, wherein the composition is administered at a dosage so as to provide 1.0-2.0 mg/kg of antibody, antibody fragment, polypeptide or small molecule, based on the weight of the asthma sufferer.

19. The method according to Claim 12, wherein the composition is administered in an amount effective to provide a plasma level of antibody in the mammal of at least 10 μg/ml over a period of 7 days.

20. A pharmaceutical composition effective to attenuate late phase response or significantly reduce airway hypersensitivity in an asthmatic mammal consisting essentially of a monoclonal antibody recognizing VLA-4 in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.