AU612199B2 - Refining of raw gas - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a process for the refining of a raw gas produced from a carbonaceous material by means of a gasification process, refining taking place in a secondary stage separated from the gasifier. In order to reduce the gas contents of tar in the form of organic compounds condensible at lower temperatures, such as ambient temperatures, and of ammonia, the refining is carried out in a secondary stage being a fast circulating fluidized bed, the bed material of which at least mainly being an active material in the form of a material that is catalytic for tar and ammonia conversion, whereby a catalytic conversion of tar and ammonia contained in the raw gas is obtained. In order to decrease the content of hydrogen chloride in the gas, an active material that also can absorb chloride is used. Fresh catalytic and absorbing material is supplied in an amount sufficient to have the hydrogen chloride present in the raw gas absorbed on the material, a corresponding amount of the material containing absorbed chloride being discharged from the secondary stage.

Description

I' I In- Lr~ I AU-AI-25297/88 PCT WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION International Bureau INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDTH PA T COi j TREATY (PCT) (51) International Patent Classification 4 (11) International Publication Nmber: WO 89/ 02909 C K 1/34 Al (43) International Publication Date: 6 April 1989 (06.04.89) (21) International Application Number: PCT/SE88/00502 (74) Agents: HENNINGSSON, Gunnar et al.; Bergling Sundbergh AB, Box 7645, S-103 94 Stockholm (SE).

(22) International Filing Date: 28 September 1988 (28.09.88) (81) Designated States: AU, BB, BG, BJ (OAPI patent), BR, (31) Priority Application Number: 8703816-2 CF (OAPI patent), CG (OAPI patent), CM (OAPI patent), DK, FI, GA (OAPI patent), HU, JP, KP, KR, (32) Priority Date: 2 October 1987 (02.10.87) LK, MC, MG, ML (OAPI patent), MR (OAPI patent), MW, NO, RO, SD, SN (OAPI patent), SU, TD (33) Priority Country: SE (OAPI patent), TG (OAPI patent), US.

(71) Applicant (for all designa.ted States except US): STUDS- Published VIK AB [SE/SE]; S-611 82 Nyk6ping With international search report.

(72) Inventors; and Inventors/Applicants (for US only) EKSTROM, Clas [SE/SE]; Polhelmsgatan 6, 5tr,, S-112 36 Stockholm ESPENAS, Bcngt-Gran [SE/SE]; Idrottsvagen J.P 1 ,jt o99 49, S-611 62 Nyk6ping KOWALIC, Waclaw [SE/SE]; Bullerhoemsgrand 85, S-127 40 Skirholmen RENSFELT, Erik [SE/SE]; Vitriskestigen 10, S-

AUSTRALIAN

611 63 Nyktping WALDHEIM, Lars [SE/SE]; Bogsitravagen 2, S-127 38 Sktrholmen 18 APR 1989 PATENT

OFFICE

(54) Title: REFINING OF RAW GAS (57) Abstract The invention relates to a process for the refining of a raw gas produced from a cabonareous material by means of a gasification process, refining taking place in a secondary stage separated from the gasifier. In order to reduce the gas contents of tar in the form of organic compounds condensible at lower temperatures, such as ambient temperatures, and of ammonia, the refining is carried out in a secondary stage being a fast circulating fluidized bed, the bed material of whivh at least mainly being an active material in the form of a material that is catalytic for tar and ammonia conversion, whereby a catalytic conversion of tar and ammonia contained in the raw gas is obtained. In order to decrease the content of hydrogen chloride in the gas, an active material that also can absorb chloride is used. Fresh catalytic and absorbing material is supplied in an amount sufficient to have the hydrogen chloride present in the raw gas absorbed on the material, a corresponding amount of the material containing absorbed chloride being discharged from the secondary stage.

i- WO 89/02909 PCT/SE88/00502 1 REFINING OF RAW GAS This invention relates to a process for the refining of a raw gas produced from a carbonaceous material by means of a gasification process in which the refing takes place in a secondary stage separated from the gasifier of the gasification process.

A raw gas produced from different kinds of biofuels and used as a fuel gas is a valuable oil substitute for uamanding applications in which the process demands make direct solid fuel fireing impossible, e.g. fireing of lime kilns or conversion of existing oil fired boilers.

For other types of applications, e.g. so-called cogeneration (of electrical power and heat) by use of diesel engines, very high demands on the gas purity concerning primarily tars and dust are set. Moreover, environmental aspects often lead to demands on low concentrations of compounds which when combusted form harmful emissions, such aJ NOx, SO x and various chlorinated compounds. The last mentioned is valid especially for a gas produced from refuse derived fuel, RDF. These demands on the gas pu.Fity can be satisfied by the raw gas being refined by an appropriate method.

Gasification of RDF with subsequent refining of the raw gas means an environmentally favourable method for energy recovery from wastes by utilization of refined gas in existing boilers or for cogeneration in diesel engines and/or boilers.

Besides, utilization of raw gas often is connected with other technical problems.

At temperatvres below 1200 0 C tar is always present in.

a raw gas produced by gasification of a carbonaceous material, ,eg. coal, peat, bark, wood or RDF, which limits the utilization to combustion of hot gas in direct or close connection to the gasifier. Operational disturbances caused by S 35 tarcoating on apparatuses and armatures are great problem WO 89/02909 PCT/SE88/00502 2 which limits the availability. During combustion of hot gas, nitrogen and in certain cases also sulphur from peat) bound in tars, as well as ammonia, H 2 S (peat) or HCl (from RDF), furthermore give riss to emissions which are harmful to the environment (NOX, SO X and HCI, respectively, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, i.a. dioxines).

Despite extensive re'earch concerning tar and ammonia conversion, so far no process which in an industrial scale can achieve sufficiently far-reaching raw gas refining has been developed. The traditional way of reducing tar contents in a raw gas ii by means of wet scrubbing, but aerosol formation in the scrubber makes the tar removal inefficient, Furthermore, a process water with high contents of organic compounds and ammonia is obtained. Consequently, this water in its turn must be cleaned before being discharged to a sewerage. When gasifying RDF the process water also contains high concentrations of dissolved hydrochloric auid and/or ammonium chloride. When gas4fying more sulphur rich fuels, e.g. peat or coal, the raw gas also has to be purified to juemove hydrogen sulphide.

The object of the presented invention is to provide a raw gas refining process, by means of which the above mentioned problems will be -solved to a great extent.

This object is achieved by the process according to the invention having the features defined in the enclosed claims.

The invention thus concerns a process for the refining of a tar and ammonia containing raw gas, in special cases also containing considerable quantities of hydrogen chloride, the gas being produced by means of an arbitrary gasification process from a carbonaceous material, e.g. bark, wood, peat or Refuse Derived,.Fuel, RDF, wherein in a secondary stage conversion takes place in contact with an appropriate active (catalytic and possibly absorbing) material, e.g. dolomite, of the tar and ammonia- presetit in the raw gas, preferably, to WO 89/02909 PCT/SE88/00502 3 such a level that the remaining contents are below 500 and 300 mg/Nm 3 respectively. In special cases absorption of hydrogen chloride to almost thermodynamic equilibrium simultaneously takes place. The secondary stage consists of a Circulating Fast Fluidized Bed (CFB) with 4 bed material at least mainly in form of an active material, e.g. dolomite.

With this arrangement the secondary stage also could be integrated with an arbitrary CFB-gasifier, only preceded by a primary particle separator, or another type of gasifier.

We have found that sufficient conversion of tars and ammonia and in special cases simultaneous absorption of hydrogen chloride can be achieved, by first separating the tar containing gas from pyrolysing larger fuel particles in the gasifying stage and then in a separate secondary stage in the form of a circulating fast fluidized bed contacting the gas with a suitable active material, such as dolomite, at suitable process parameters.

If the carbonaceous material also contains sulphur in considerable amounts, which e.g. is the case for peat, absorption of hydrogen sulphide on the catalytic and absorbing material will of course also take place.

The amount of active material which is required in relation to the raw gas amount is determined by the required space-velocity for catalytic conversion of tars and ammonia and depends on several parameters such as the temperature, the residence time df the gas, the particle size of the active material, the partial pressure of reactants and the degree of deactivation of the active material. Too low temperature and/or C0 2 partial pressure can result in the tar conversion causing carbon deposition on the active surface, which results in deactivation. If this occurs the material can be activated by treatment with an oxidizing gas, e.g. air and/or steam. Absorption of HC1 (and/or H 2 S) takes place so rapidly at the temperatures of interest that these reactions become almost determined by the equilibrium and result in a WO 89/02909 PCT/SE88/00502 4 consumption of active material correspondirn to the formed solid chloride (and sulphide resp.).

We have thus found that absorption of chloride (and in certain cases also of hydrogen sulphide) on an active material such as dolomite is a rapid reaction and requires presence of a considerably less amount of active material in relation to the gas flow than catalytic conversion of tars and ammonia.

Utilization of a secondary stage in the form of a fast circulating fluidized bed (CFB) means considerable advantages.

Such a bed is able to handle dust entrained from the gasifier, gives very uniform temperatures in the reaction zone and also gives a homogeneous contact between gas and bed material, thai is to say little risk for variations in conversion/absorption degree. Further, the particle size can be varied downwards to a great extent, for those cases in which this is needed to give increased conversion at a given temperature and space-velocity. Considerable erosion of the bed material also results in increased accessible active surface.

Also, a secondary stage designed as a CFB with advantage can be integrated with an arbitrary CFB gasifier, which merely has primary particle separator, or another type of gasifier. One also achieves relatively small diameters when scaling uip, since the gas velocities can be kept relatively high, up to about 10 m/s, preferably up to 6 m/s.

In case the gasifier consists of a CPB gasifier, a connection directly after primary dust separation can thus be made. If an active material is used as a bed material in the CFB gasifier, the secondary stage can in an advantageous manner be integrated with the gasifier, e.g. so that dust from a secondary particle separator after the seqondary stage is totally or partly recycled to the gasifier. In this way, the total losses of bed material also become lower, and one WO 89/02909 PCT/SE88/00502 also obtains the advantage of using only one type of bed material.

The necessary amount of active material in the reactor shaft of the secondary stage for sufficient catalytic conversion of tar and ammonia is controlled by the totally added amount and by controlled recirculation of bed material. Required conversion determines suitable combination of temperature, particle size and amount of active material. Because of abrasion, deactivation and/or absorption of HC1 (and possibly H2S) consumed active material is replaced by adding corresponding amounts of fresh active material and/or activated such material. The residence time of the gas can be controlled by the combination diameter/height above the gas inlet.

In those special cases, when HC1 is present in the raw gas in considerable amounts, the active material entrained by the outlet gas from the secondary stags means that the HC1 absorption is improved, since thermodynamically it becomes more far-reaching at lower temperatures, under the condition that the refined gas is cooled down to an essentially lower temperature before final dust removal.

In the following the invention will be described by way of a non-limiting embodiment while referring to the enclosed drawing, which schematically shows a gasification and gas refining system which embodies the present invention.

In the system shown in the drawing carbonaceous matet rial 1 is conveyed to a gasifier 3, which consists of a circulating fast fluidized bed (CFB). This comprises a reactor 51, a primary separator 52 and recirculation means 53 for bed material separated in the primary separator. The bed material S 30 consists of an active catalytic and absorbing material, preferably in the form of dolomite, mixed with ungasified carbonaceous material, char. The primary separator' 52 is a mechanical separator of non-centrifugal type, suitably a U-beam separator, in accordance with what is described in our 'Lui-i WO 89/02909 PCT/SE88/00502 6 European Patent EP 0 103 613, relating to a CFB boiler and hereby referred to.

The hot raw gas 2 produced in the gasifier 3 is withdrawn directly from the primary separator 52 and is fed directly to a gas cleaning secondary stage 25 without any additional dust removal. The secondary stage 25 is designed as a circulating fatit fluidized bed (CFB) 26 and has the same kind of active bed material as the gasifier 3.

The raw gas 2 is supplied to the secondary stage 25 so that it constitutes a fluidizing gas.

The secondary stage 25 is designed with a long and narrow reactor shaft with arbitrary cross section circular or square). Bed material which follows with the gas stream out form the top of the reactor shaft is separated to a major part in a primary particle separator 27, preferably a U-beam separator of the same kind as the U-beam separator of the gasifier, followed by a secondary separator 28, preferably a cyclone. The material 30 separated in the primary particle separator is recycled to the lower part of the circulating bed 26 through a recirculation facility. The material 29 separated in the secondary particle separator 28 is added mainly to the lower part of the gasifier 3, stream 31. When needed, a part of the material stream 29 also can be supplied to the lower part of the circulating bed 26, stream 34, and/or be discharged out of the system, stream 43.

For feeding fresh catalytic and absorbing material 14 to the secondary stage 25 a side feeding device 15 located on a suitable height is used. Consumed and/or deactivated bed material 35 is discharged by means of a discharging device 36 located in connection with the bottom of the secondary stage The active material used in the secondary stage in this example consists of a calcium-magnesium carbonate containing material, preferably dolomite, with a particle size smaller than 2 mm, preferably smaller than 1 mm, which in WO 89/02909 PCT/SE88/00502 7 combination with the passing gas forms the fast circulating fluidized bed 26.

The gas velocity in the upper section of the reactor shaft, calculated on the free cross section, is adjusted so that it is below 10 m/s, preferably not above 6 m/s.

The fluidizing gas of the fast circulating bed 26 consists of the raw gas 2 and added oxidizing gas 13, e.g. air.

When needed additional oxidizing gas 33 can be added to the secondary stage 25 on one or on several other suitable, higher located levels.

Conversion of tar and ammonia contained in the raw gas 2 and absorption of chloride contained in the raw gas take place by means of contact with the catalytic and absorbing material in the circulating bed 26 within a temperature interval of 600-1000 0 C, preferably 700-900 0 C or most preferably 850-950°C. The required temperature level is maintained by burning combustible gas components inside the secondary stage r hich is controlled by adjustment of the amount of added oxidizing gas, streams 13 and 33.

The average suspension density in the reactor shaft of the secondary stage 25 is maintained within an interval of 20-300 kg/m 3 preferably within an interval of 80-250 kg/m 3 so that a necessary contact between the passing gas and the active material is obtained. This is achieved by adjusting the total amount of circulating material in combination with controlling the flow rate of recycled material 30 and 34.

The residence time of the gas in the reactor shaft, calculated on an empty reactor shaft, is maintained within an interval of 0.2-20 a, preferably within an interval of 0.5-7 e.

When needed, activation of deactivated catalytic and absorbing material can be performed by adding oxidizing gas 32, e.g. air, to the material which is recycled to the lower part of the circulating bed, streams 3.0 and 34. The amount of added oxidizing gas 32 is controlled so that the activation WO 89/02909 PCT/SE88/00502 8 takes place within a temperature interval of 600-1000 0 C, preferably within an interval of 750-900 0

C.

Before starting operation of the process heating of the secondary stage 25 including its bed material takes place by means of combustion of LP gas 24 therein.

The refined gas stream 4 leaving the secondary separator 28 of the secondary stage 25 is relieved from entrained finely divided bed material and steam in the subsequent gas treatment stages.

The gas passes through two heat exchangers. In the first heat exchanger 37 heat exchange takes place with oxidizing gas, stream 10, intended for both the gasifier 3 and the secondary stage 25, so that preheated oxidizing gas 11 at the ouitlet from the heat exchanger 37 has a suitable temperature, preferably about 400°C. The preheated oxidizing gas 11 is used both in the gasifier 3 (among others as fluidizing gas), stream 12, and in the secondary stage 25, streams 13, 32 and 33.

In the subsequent second heat exchanger 38 the temperature of the gas 5 is lowered to a level which permits the outlet gas 6 to be further cleaned by using e.g. standard textile filters or a cyclone for further dust removal, at 39, i.e. preferably down to 150-300 0 C. The removed dust 18 is withdrawn from the dust removal stage 39.

As mentioned before, the gas stream 4 contains entrained finely divided active material which follows with the gas stream out of the secondary separator 28. In special cases, e.g. in connection with gasification of RDF, the raw gas 2 from the gasifier contains considerable amounts of HC1.

Since absorption of HC1 on calcareous materials, such as dolomite, is favoured by sinking temperature, the gas cooling in the heat exchangers 37 and 38 contributes to increase the degree of absorption of residual HC1 on the entrained material.

WO 89/02909 PCT/SE88/00502 9 The almost dust-free gas 7, which leaves the dust removal stage 39, is fed to a scrubber 40, in which it is relieved from moisture and other water soluble components. In the scrubber 40 both moistening of the gas stream 7 and condensation of steam take place. At the current conditions also precipitation of almost all of the residual fines and absorptio of water soluble gas components, e.g. NH 3 HC1 and/or

NH

4 Cl, take place.

The water stream 20 leaving the scrubber 40 is recirculated by a pump 41, whereby it is cooled in a heat exchanger 42, so that the temperature of the water 19 recycled to the scrubber 40 is kept within the interval 15-20 0 C. Excess water 21 is drained from the water circuit.

The gas 8 leaving the scrubber can for industrial applications be regarded as pure, i.e. it is almost free from tars, ammonia, dust, HCI and H 2 S. However, at the present outlet temperatures (about 30°C) it is saturated with steam.

Depending on the application, in order to decrease the relative humidity, the gas stream 8 can be preheated or passed through an additional drying stage in order to reduce its moisture content. The pure gas satisfies the requirements for engine operation, e.g. by means of turbocharged diesel engines, and can be burned without any subsequent exhaust gas cleaning.

For more simple applications, e.g. heat generation in boilers, the scrubber 40 can be omitted, so that the refined gas can be utilized either directly after the heat exchanger 37, stream 22, or after the dust separator 39, stream 23.

In the described example the secondary stage 25 has been integrated with'a gasifier 3 based on CFB technology.

The gasifier 3 can produce the raw gas 2 from several different kinds of fuels, e.g. coarse bark, peat or refuse derived fuals RDF. As bed material in the circulating bed of WO 89/02909 PCT/SE88/00502 the gasifier 3 it is, as mentioned, convenient to use a catalytic and absorbing material of the same type as in the secondary stage The total pressure drop of the oxidizing gas supplied, e.g. air, at the passage through the production loop, is slightly above 1 bar. This sets requirements on using a compressor 16, which increases the oxidizing gas pressure in stream 9 to the pressure level in stream 10 necessary in view of the purpose involved.

Claims (18)

1. A process for the rafining of a raw gas produced from a carbonaceous material by means of a gasification process, wherein the refining takes place in a secondary stage separated from the gasifying process, characterized in that in order to reduce the gas contents of tar in form of organic compounds condensible at lower temperatures such as ambient temperatures, and of ammonia the refining is carried out in a secondary stage in the form of a fast circulating fluidized bed, the bed material of which at least to a major part consisting of an active material in the form of a mate- rial that is catalytic for tar and ammonia conversion, possibly in combination with a contemporaneous addition of oxidizing gas, preferably an oxygen containing gas and/or steam, whil adjusting the constantly present amount of cata- lytic material, its particle size, the design of the secon- dary stage with respect to contact between gas and solid material, the operating temperature, the amount of possibly 201 added oxidizing gas and the residence time of the gas, such that a catalytic conversion of tar and ammonia preaent in the raw gas takes place, preferably to concentrations 4, he refined gas below 500 and 300 mg/Nm 3 respectively.

2. A process according to claim i, characterized by utilizing in order also to decrease the content of hydrogen chloride in the gas, an active material which also can absorb chloride, the operating temperature also being adjusted and intermittent or continuous feeding of fresh catalytic and absorbing material in sufficient amounts taking place so that hydrogen chloride present in the raw gas will be absorbed on the material, preferably sufficiently far-reaching so that the concentrations of hydrogen chloride in the refined gas will correspond to an almost thermodynamic equilibrium, while at the same time a sufficient amount of constantly present material active for catalytic conversion is mair %irned, a that a catalytic conversion of tar and ammonia present in the raw gas takes place, preferably to concentrations in the refined gas below 500 and 300 mg/Nm 3 respectively. WO 89/02909 PCT/SE88/00502 12 corresponding amount of the material containing absorbed chloride being discharged from the secondary stage inter- mittently or continuously.

3. A process according to claim 1 or claim 2, char acterized in that the operating temperature of the secon- dary stage is a4:justed within the interval of 600-1000iC, preferably within the interval of 850-950 0 C.

4. A process according to any one of claims 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the operating termerature of the secondary stage is controlled by added amounts of oxygen con- taining gas. A process according to any one of the peceding claima, characterized in that the active material consists of a magnesium-calcium carbonatG containing materiaL, pre- ferably dolomite, and/or the corresponding calcined (burnt) product.

6. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that active material deactivated as a rosult of carbon deposition or by any other reason inter- mittently or continuously is diocharged from the secondary stage and is replaced by equivale:nt amounts of fresh and/or activated material.

7. A process according to claim 8, characterized in that deactivated active material 0 rge.d from the secon- dary stage is activated by treatment with an oxidizing gas, preferably an oxygen centanining gas and/or steam, in a sepa- rate activating stage, thus activated material being returned to the secondary stage.

8. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, characteriz d in that active material deactivated as a result of carbon deposition or by any other reason is acti- vated by treatment with in oxidiming gas, preferably an oxy- ge containing gas and/or steam, in the system recirculating separated bed material of the ssoundary stage, -_1Y1-- PCT/SE88/00502 WO 89/02909 13

9. A process according to claim 7 or claim 8, characterized in that, the activation takes place at an operating temperature within the interval of 600-1000oC, preferably within the interval of 750-9C00C.

10. A process according to any one of claims 7, 8 or 9, characterized in that the operating temperature of the activation is controlled by means of added amounts of gas containing oxygen.

11. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the raw gas is supplied to the secondary stage directly from the gasifier without any inter- mediate dust removal.

12. A process according to claim 11, wherein the gasifier comprises a fast circulating fluidized bed, characterized in that the raw gas is supplied to the secondary stage directly from the primary separator of the gasifier without any additional dust separation.

13. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fluidizing gas of the se- condary stags comprises the raw gas and pissibly an oxidizing gas.

14. A process according to claim 13, characterized in that oxidizing gas which does not constituta a fluidizing gas, is added to the reactor of the secondary stage at one or several levels above the fluidizing gas supply. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, cbaractrixed by chosing the total amount of active material present in the secol-.dA stage and controlling the recirculation flow of bed material for providing a suspension density of the circulating fast fluidized bed such that the desirable contact between the passing gas and the active material, for the catalytic conversion, is accomplished.

16. A process according to &ny one of the preceding claims, characterixed in that the gas velocity in the secon- S a tarcoating on apparatuses and armatures are great problem WO 89/02909 PCT/SE88/00502 14 dary stage calculated on an empty reactor shaft, is main- tained below 10 m/s, preferably below 6 m/s.

17. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the particle size of the cata- lytic and absorbing material is smaller than 2 mm, preferably smaller than 1 mm.

18. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the average suspension density in the reactor shaft is maintained within the interval of

20-300 k%/m 3 preferably within the interval of 80-250 kg/m 3 19. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the residence time of the gas calculated on an empty reactor sheut, is kept within the interval of 0.2-20 s, preferably within the interval of 0.5-7 s. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hydrogen chloride content in the refined gas, which leaves the secondary stage, is lowered further by means of absorption on the catalytic and absorbing material remaining in the gas after the particle separation of the secondary stage, wherein the gas after the secondary stage first is cooled to a considerably lower tem- perature, preferably to a temperature between 150 and 3000C, and then is subject to additional dust separation.

21. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the raw gas feeding of the se- condary stage is connected directly to the primary particle separator of a gasifier having a fast circulating fluidized bed, in which the circulating bed material consists of an active matsrial of the same type as in the secondary stage, i, that dust separated in the secondary stage, preferably in a acondary particle separator, at least partly is recycled :to the lower part of the gasifying reactor, and in that bed r eln ~n tne raw gas, preferablo to F. C- L Itl I WO 89/02909 PCT/5E88/00502 material entrained with the raw gas from the gasifier and material possibly discharged from the bottom of the gasifier are replaced by the material recycled to the gasifying reac- tor from the secondary stage in combination with fresh cata- lytic and absorbing material which is added to the gasifier intermittently or continuously.