AU600461B2 - Neutron and gamma-ray moisture assay - Google Patents
Neutron and gamma-ray moisture assay Download PDFInfo
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- AU600461B2 AU600461B2 AU67010/86A AU6701086A AU600461B2 AU 600461 B2 AU600461 B2 AU 600461B2 AU 67010/86 A AU67010/86 A AU 67010/86A AU 6701086 A AU6701086 A AU 6701086A AU 600461 B2 AU600461 B2 AU 600461B2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
- G01N23/09—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the radiation being neutrons
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
- G01N23/10—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being confined in a container, e.g. in a luggage X-ray scanners
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
- G01N23/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material
- G01N23/06—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption
- G01N23/12—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and measuring the absorption the material being a flowing fluid or a flowing granular solid
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
Description
1111 I j.0 1 11111 III 11111 i- 3Lllllll~ PRUS N DER USON FORM 10 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA PATENTS ACT 1952 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION 'IT, I Z,7/ e9/;.
(ORIGINAL)
FOR OFFICE USE: Class Int. Class Application Number: Lodged: PH4049 31 December 1985 Priority: Related Art: Accepted: Published: I K a 9 LODGED AT SUB-OFFICE 2 4DEC 1988 Sydney Name of Applicant: Address of Applicant: Actual Inventor: Address for Service: COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION Limestone Avenue, Campbell in the Australian Capital Territory 2600 BRIAN DAVID SOWERBY Spruson Ferguson, Patent Attorneys, Level 33 St Martins Tower, 31 Market Street, Sydney, New South Wales, 2000, Australia Complete Specification for the invention entitled: NEUTRON AND GAMMA-RAY MOISTURE ASSAY The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us SJN/106U TO: THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS
AUSTRALIA
This invention relates to a system and a method for determining the moisture content of a substance.
Measurements of, and in particular on-line measurements of, the moisture contents of various types of substances are required for a range of industrial methods. One particular technique for measuring moisture utilises a thermal neutron gauge which detects thermal neutrons resulting from the moderation of fast neutrons by collision with hydrogen atoms.
This technique depends on the much greater slowing-down power of hydrogen compared with other atoms. Some disadvantages of this technique are restricted sample penetration, density correction difficulties, sensitivity to Stemperature changes and inaccuracies caused by variations in the concentration of elements of high thermal neutron absorption cross section.
SA moisture gauge based on the simultaneous transmission of fast neutrons and gamma-rays overcomes many of the limitations of thermal neutron moisture gauges. A report in the literature on a gauge of this type is by Tominaga, H. et al., International Journal of Applied Radiation Isotopes, Vol. 34 (1983) 429. This gauge consisted of a single Cf-252 source and a single organic liquid scintillator (NE 213) Pulse shape discrimination (PSD) electronics were employed to selectively detect fast neutrons and gamma-rays. This system has the advantages of a relatively high fast neutron detection efficiency and (ii) the neutron and gamma-ray beams completely overlap. However PSD circuitry is very complex and it requires a high degree-of skill to set up and optimise such circuitry and to keep it stable. This gauge in combination with PSD circuitry was used to measure moisture SJN/499x 2 PH4049 'r 1. I 3 content in coke in an iron making process. The results showed that the precision of moisture determination was improved several times compared to ordinary thermal neutron moisture gauges.
A method of measuring fast neutron transmission and a separate measurement of gamma-ray transmission has also been reported by Corey, J.C.
and Hayes, Deep-Sea research, Vol. 17 (1970) 917 and Corey, J.C., Boulogne, A.R. and Horton, Water Resources Research, Vol. 6 (1970) 223. These workers used a plastic/ZnS fast neutron detector (NE451) and a NaI(Tl) gamma-ray detector. The disadvantages of this method are the very low fast neutron detector efficiency and non-overlapping volumes of the neutron and gamma-ray beams.
Fast neutron transmission alone was reported by Williams, R.B., Journal of Radioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 48 (1979) 49, using a He-3 detector surrounded by paraffin wax. No gamma-ray scattering was measured and measurments were made on iron ore sinter samples of constant thickness.
It is an object of this invention to provide a system for measuring the moisture content of a substance which ameliorates the disadvantages of the above prior art.
According to a first embodiment of this invention there is provided a system for measuring the moisture content of a substance comprising: a fast neutron and gamma-ray source disposed in the vicinity of the substance to irradiate the substance with fast neutrons and gamma-rays; a slow neutron detector which can also detect gamma-rays; a fast neutron moderator positioned in the path of the fast neutrons and gamma-rays transmitted through the substance and between the source and the detector; said detector being positioned behind or surrounded by the fast neutron moderator to detect slow neutrons corresponding to or proportional to fast neutrons transmitted through the substance and moderated by the moderator and to detect gamma-rays transmitted through the substance; counting means operatively associated with the detector for determining the intensities of the detected gamma-rays and the detected slow neutrons; and calculating means operatively associated with the counting means for calculating the moisture content of the substance from the intensities.
According to a second embodiment of this invention there is provided a method for measuring the moisture content of a substance comprising: 4 irradiating the substance with fast neutrons and gamma rays from a fast neutron and gamma-ray source; detecting slow neutrons and gamma-rays after transmission through the substance and a fast neutron moderator positioned in the path of fast neutrons and gamma-rays transmitted through the substance and between the source and a slow neutron detector which can also detect gamma rays said slow neutron detector being positioned behind or surrounded by the fast neutron moderator to detect slow neutrons corresponding to or proportional to the fast neutrons transmitted through the substance and moderated by the moderator; simultaneously determining the intensities of the detected slow neutrons and gamma-rays; and calculating the moisture content of the substance from the intensities of The invention finds particular application in the measurement of the moisture content of coke.
In this specification a reference to coke is also a reference to coal.
The term gamma-rays in this specification encompasses gamma-rays and X-rays. The word interaction in this specification and claims includes transmission, absorption, reflection, scattering and diffraction.
Preferably the detector surrounded by the fast neutron moderator is positioned on the opposite side of the substance and as a result detects fast neutrons and gamma-rays KNK:794y ,,a
A
_IC_ IUIICYiLI)~~ transmitted by the substance. The detector can be a Li glass or Lil detector surrounded by a fast neutron moderator since it has the advantage that it can simultaneously detect slow neutrons and gamma-rays.
A hydrogenous fast neutron moderator such as paraffin or polyethyleneis preferred. The fast neutron moderator slows down fast neutrons and the resulting slow neutrons are detected by a Li glass or Lil detector via the 'Li(n,a)'H reaction. The thickness of moderator can be selected to provide near optimum efficiency for fast neutrons as reported by Bramblett, Ewing, R.I. and Bonner, T.W., Nucl. Instr. Methods, Vol. 9 (1960) 1. A paraffin thickness of 80 to 100mm is suitable for 2"Cf neutrons.
Gamma-rays interact with a Li glass or Lil detector mainly via Compton scattering and a detector thickness of greater than 5mm is preferred to achieve reasonable gammra-ray detection efficiency. The detector thickness is increased to increase sensitivity. The gamma-ray transmission measurement is used to determine the mass per unit area of sample in the radiation beam. Measurements may be made with or without a separate gamma-ray source (such as Cs-137). Measurements without a separate gamma-ray source utilise the gamma-radiation from the neutron source for the measurement of mass per unit area.
The type of neutron source can be selected to suit the particular application. Some possible sources are Cf-252 (average neutron energy -0.5 MeV) Am-241/Be(4.5MeV) and a neutron generator (14 MeV). The source is selected to give the appropriate transmission factor and intensity, the higher energy sources being suited to larger thicknesses of material SJN/499x 5 PH4049 to be measured.
Preferably the intensities of transmitted fast neutrons and gamma-rays are determined in selected non overlapping energy ranges in the detector output. It is especially preferred that the selected energy range for determining the intensities of East neutrons includes a fast neutron intensity peak.
The system of Tominaga, H. et al, International Journal of Applied Radiation Isotopes, Vol. 34 (1983) 429 necessarily utilises highly complex PSD electronics whereas an advantage of the system of this invention is that it can use a standard Sgain stabiliser and dual channel counters for the counting Smeans.
Conveniently the system of this invention can be used to determine on-line the moisture content of coke in the Shostile environment of a steel plant. In comparison f
I
j
I
I
I
L
maintaining stable PSD electronics is difficult even in a laboratory environment.
The intensity In of a collimated beam of fast neutrons transmitted through sample coal of density p and thickness x has been calculated by dividing the incident neutron energy spectrum into 20 intervals. As the total cross sections for the various elements are similar at MeV neutron energies, the neutron mass absorption coefficients are approximately inversely proportional to atomic weight and therefore fast neutron attenuation is dominated by the light elements, particularly hydrogen. It can be shown that a calibration equation for a fast neutron and gamma-ray transmission gauge can be of the form: SJN/499x 6 PH4049 1. In(In/Ion) Moisture a b ln(In/Ion) c(In/Ion) d (1) In(Iy/Ioy) where a, b, c and d are constants; In and Ion are measured neutron intensities with and without a sample present respectively; I, and are measured y-ray intensities with and without a sample present respectively. Calculations for a a"tCf source and coke sample of thickness 30-50cm and moisture 1-17 wt% showed that the method should be able to determine moisture to within 0.26 wt% using equation Note that changes in the form of calibration equation often do not significantly alter the analysis error. For example, exclusion of the third term in eqn. increases the error by only about 5% relative.
The system of the invention is particularly suited for the following applications: On-line determination of moisture in coke. The .0 technique is well suited to the determination of coke moisture in hoppers with coke thickness from 0.1 to about On-line determination of moisture in other materials such as iron ore, sinter mix and coal. Measurement can be made on conveyor belts, in hoppers or on a moving sinter bed. Materials containing variable bound hydrogen (such as coal) may require additional measurements ash) to determine the bound hydrogen concentration.
Determination of the lowest atomic number element in a high atomic number matrix. For example, carbon in steel may be determined provided no elements of lower atomic number SJN/499x 7 PH4049 LI_ I _~YLYI~ ~ln are present.
A preferred embodiment of this invention and a comparative example will now be described with reference to the following drawings in which: Fig. 1 is a schematic drawing of a system to determine the moisture content of coke; and Fig. 2 is a typical pulse height spectrum obtained using a Li glass detector showing two suitable windows for the determination of fast neutron and gamma-ray intensities.
Referring to Fig. 1 a system 10 for measuring the moisture content of coke 11 on conveyor 12 includes a '"Cf fast neutron source 13 and a 'Cs gamma-ray source 14 in a Sshield having an upwardly directed opening 15 positioned S under conveyor 12. The shield consists of an inner lead shield portion 16 and an outer borated paraffin shield portion 17.
A Li glass detector consisting of a Li glass scintillator (NE905) 18, perspex light guide 19 and photo multiplier tube 20 is positioned wherein scintillator 18 is above coke 11 and opposite opening 15 so as to be in the path of fast neutrons and gamma-rays transmitted by coke 11.
Scintillator 18 is surrounded by paraffin wax or polyethylene moderator 21 which slows down st neutrons and the resultant slow neutrons interact with b intillator 18 according to the 6 Li(n, 3 'H reaction. Light photons resulting from a-particles from this reaction are directed to and detected by tube 20 via guide 19.
A thickness of 80mm-100mm is chosen for moderator 21 to provide near optimum efficiency for slowing fast neutrons.
Tube 20 is powered by high voltage source 22. The output SJN/499x 8 PH4049 L from tube 20 is fed to neutron and gamma-ray counters 25 and, 26 via gain stabilised amplifier 23 and single channel analysers 24. To determine moisture content, coke 11 is irradiated by fast neutrons and gamma-rays emanating from sources 13 and 14 respectively. Fast neutrons and gamma-rays which are transmitted through coke 11 are simultaneously detected by the Li glass detector. The intensities of the detected fast neutrons and gamma-rays are determined by counters 25 and 26 respectively in selected substantially non-overlapping energy ranges. The energy range for determining the intensities of fast neutrons is selected so as to include a fast neutron intensity peak to achieve increased accuracy. A typical pulse height spectrum obtained by using an NE905 Li glass scintillator in a detector is shown in Fig. 2. The moisture content of coke 11 is j\ calculated by computer 27 from the values of the neutron and Sgamma-ray intensities obtained from a pulse height spectrum of the type shown in Fig. 2 according to calibration equation or according to the following equation: 23 Moisture Content a2n(In/Ion) bn(Iy/Io,) cIn dI7 e (2) where a, b, c, d and e are constants, In and Ion are the measured neutron intensities with and without coke present respectively, and I, and Ioy are the measured gamma-ray intensities with and without coke present respectively.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE A number of neutron and gamma-ray transmission systems have been used to evaluate the effects of collimation, detector type, sample thickness and moisture range on the SJN/499x 9 PH4049 accuracy of coal and coke moisture determination. A direct comparison of the NE213/PSD and Li glass detection systems has not been made although both have been compared to a detection system employing separate neutron and gamma-ray detectors.
In geometry A (Table 1) and 51x51mm NE213 liquid scintillator was used and the neutron and y-ray pulses separated using commercial PSD circuitry. However considerable difficulty was experienced in maintaining stability in this equipment. Comparison of the results for geometries A and B (Table 1) show no deterioration in accuracy when the NE213 liquid scintillator is replaced by separate neutron and gamma-ray detectors. The fast neutron detector comprised a He-3 detector surrounded by 100m thickness paraffin and the gamma-ray detector comprised 76x76mm NaI(T).
In geometries C and D the 500mm long collimator of geometries A and B was replaced by a shorter collimator and the source strengths halved. These changes did not significantly affect the accuracy of the gauge for coal moisture and resulted in reduced analysis times.
Measurements carried out on crushed coke (particle size minus show that coke moisture can be determined to within about 0.3 wt% using either the separate He-3 and NaI(T%) detectors or by using a single Li glass detector. In both geometries C and D, the time required to achieve a counting statistical error of 0.2 wt% moisture is about 100 sec.
These results show that equivalent accuracies can be achieved using either the NE213/PSD detection system or the simpler Li glass detection system.
SJN/499x 10 PH4049 L I IU U-t~LLIW IIII)*-IIIIr Table 1 Summary of experimental results comparing various detector systems for the determination of moisture in coal and coke using fast neutron and gamma-ray transmission.
Comparison of Comparison of Ne213/PSD and He-3/NaI He-3/NaI and Li glass detectors detectors Geometry A B C D Neutron and gamma-ray NE213 'He* 'He* and and Li glass* detector(s) NaI(T2) NaI(TQ) Collimator length (mm) 500 500 200 200 Collimator diameter (mm) 14-38 14-38 20-60 20-60 Source detector spacing (mm) 720 850 890 890 Sample Coal Coal Coke Coke Moisture range 4-25 0-17 1-16 1-16 Thickness range (mm) 7.5-15 5-15 30-50 20-50 Rms deviation** (wt% H 2 0) 1.01 0.91 0.26 0.31 4 114-D Surrounded by 100m thick paraffin Obtained using equation (1) SJN/499x 11 PH4049
Claims (15)
1. A system for measuring the moisture content of a substance comprising: a fast neutron and gamma-ray source disposed in the vicinity of the substance to irradiate the substance with fast neutrons and gamma-rays; a slow neutron detector which can also detect gamma-rays; a fast neutron moderator positioned in the path of the fast neutrons and gamma-rays transmitted through the substance and between the source and the detector; said detector being positioned behind or surrounded by the fast neutron moderator to detect slow neutrons corresponding to or proportional to fast neutrons transmitted through the substance and moderated by the moderator and to detect gamma-rays transmitted through the substance; counting means operatively associated with the detector for determining the intensities of the detected gamma-rays and the detected slow neutrons; and calculating means operatively associated with the counting means for calculating the moisture content of the substance from the intensities.
2. The system as defined in claim 1 wherein said detector is a Li glass or Lil detector.
3. The system as defined in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein said detector is disposed on the opposite side of said substance to said source or sources.
4. The system as defined in any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the thickness of said detector is greater than The system as defined in any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein said counting means is set up to detect the intensities of transmitted fast neutrons and gamma-rays in selected substantially non-overlapping energy ranges.
6. The system as defined in claim 5 wherein said energy range for determining the intensities of fast neutrons is selected so as to include a slow neutron intensity peak.
7. The system as defined in any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein said substance is coal or coke and said calculating means calculates the moisture content of said coal or coke according to the algorithm: ln(I n/on) Moisture a b ln(I /Io c (I /Ion d n on n on 1 ln( T 13 where a, b, c and d are constants; I n and Ion are measured neutron intensities with and without a sample of said cola or coke present respectively; and I and I are measured y-ray intensities with and without a sample of said coal or coke present respectively.
8. The system of any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein said detector is an unitary thick Li glass or thick LiI detector.
9. A method for measuring the moisture content of a substance comprising: irradiating the substance with fast neutrons and gamma rays from a fast neutron and gamma-ray source; detecting slow neutrons and gamma-rays after transmission through the substance and a fast neutron moderator positioned in the path of fast neutrons and gamma-rays transmitted through the substance and between the source and a slow neutron detector which can also detect gamma rays said slow neutron detector being positioned behind or surrounded by the fast neutron moderator to detect slow neutrons, corresponding to or proportional to the fast neutrons transmitted through the substance and moderated by the moderator; simultaneously determining the intensities of the detected slow neutrons and gamma-rays; and calculating the moisture content of the substance from the intensities of The method as defined in claim 9 wherein said detector is a Li glass or Lil detector.
11. The method as defined in claim 9 or claim 10 wherein said detector is disposed on the opposite side of said substance to said irradiated side of said substance.
12. The method as defined in any one of claims 9 to 11 wherein the thickness of said detector is greater than
13. The method as defined in any one of claims 9 to 12 wherein said counting means is set up to detect the intensities of transmitted fast neutrons and gamma-rays in selected substantially non-overlapping energy ranges.
14. The method as defined in claim 13 wherein said energy range for determining the intensities of fast neutrons is selected so as to include a slow neutron intensity peak. K;794y Tf{ L i 13A The method as defined in any one of claims 9 to 14 wherein said substance is coal or coke and the moisture content of said coal or coke is calculated according to the algorithm: K K. 7 -1 KNrPa 14 Moisture a b In(I n/Ion) c (In/Ion) d where a, b, c and d are constants; I n and Ion are measured neutron intensities with and without a sample of said coal or coke present respectively; and I and I are measured y-ray intensities with and without a sample of said coal or coke present respectively.
16. A method of any one of claims 9 to 15 wherein said detector is a unitary thick Li glass or thick L1I detector.
17. A system for measuring the moisture content of a substance which system is substantially as herein described with reference to Fig. 1.
18. A method for measuring the moisture content of a substance, substantially as herein described with reference to Fig. 1 or Example D. DATED this SECOND day of MARCH 1990 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Patent Attorneys for the Applicants SPRUSON FERGUSON Ri, I 29x ILI- r.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU67010/86A AU600461B2 (en) | 1985-12-31 | 1986-12-24 | Neutron and gamma-ray moisture assay |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AUPH4049 | 1985-12-31 | ||
| AUPH404985 | 1985-12-31 | ||
| AU67010/86A AU600461B2 (en) | 1985-12-31 | 1986-12-24 | Neutron and gamma-ray moisture assay |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU6701086A AU6701086A (en) | 1987-07-02 |
| AU600461B2 true AU600461B2 (en) | 1990-08-16 |
Family
ID=25635270
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU67010/86A Expired AU600461B2 (en) | 1985-12-31 | 1986-12-24 | Neutron and gamma-ray moisture assay |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU600461B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2821708B2 (en) * | 1990-06-13 | 1998-11-05 | アースニクス株式会社 | Density / moisture measurement device |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU5653473A (en) * | 1972-06-09 | 1974-12-05 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Analysis utilizing neutron irradiation |
| AU4210878A (en) * | 1977-12-02 | 1979-06-07 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organization | Analysis of iron and aluminium in materials |
| AU4661479A (en) * | 1978-05-04 | 1979-11-08 | Outokumpu Oy | Apparatus for measuring the concentrations of elements in a material |
-
1986
- 1986-12-24 AU AU67010/86A patent/AU600461B2/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU5653473A (en) * | 1972-06-09 | 1974-12-05 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation | Analysis utilizing neutron irradiation |
| AU4210878A (en) * | 1977-12-02 | 1979-06-07 | Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organization | Analysis of iron and aluminium in materials |
| AU4661479A (en) * | 1978-05-04 | 1979-11-08 | Outokumpu Oy | Apparatus for measuring the concentrations of elements in a material |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU6701086A (en) | 1987-07-02 |
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