AU4380100A - Methods and compositions for stimulating neurite growth - Google Patents

Description

1

AUSTRALIA

Patents Act 1990 COMPLETE

SPECIFICATION

FOR A STANDARD

PATENT

a a *aa.

a Name of Applicant: Actual Inventor: Address for Service: Invention Title:

VERTEX

INCORPORATED

PHARMACEUTICALS

David M. ARMISTEAD CULLEN

CO.,

Patent Trade Mark Attorneys, 239 George Street, Brisbane, Qld. 4000, Australia.

METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS

FOR

STIMULATING NEURITE GROWTH The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us: -la- METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR STIMULATING NEURITE GROWTH TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to methods and pharmaceutical compositions for stimulating the growth of neurites in nerve cells. The compositions comprise a neurotrophic amount of a compound which binds to the FK- 506 binding protein (FKBP) and a neurotrophic factor, such as nerve growth factor NGF. The methods comprise treating nerve cells with the above-described compositions or compositions comprising the FKBP binding compound without a neurotrophic factor. The methods of this invention can be used to promote repair of neuronal damage caused by disease or physical trauma.

15 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Immunophilins are a family of soluble proteins that mediate the actions of immunosuppressant drugs such as cyclosporin A, FK506 and rapamycin. Of particular interest is the 12 kDa immunophilin, FK-506 binding 20 protein (FKBP12). FKBP12 binds 14-506 and rapamycin, leading to an inhibition of T-cell activation and proliferation. Interestingly, the mechanism of action of FK-506 and rapamycin are different. For review, see, S.

H. Solomon et al., Nature Med., 1, pp. 32-37 (1995).

FK-506 binds to FKBP12 and the resulting complex binds to and inhibits calcineurin, a cytoplasmic phosphatase. The phosphatase activity of calcineurin is necessary for dephosphorylation and subsequent translocation into the nucleus of the transcription factor NF-AT. NF-AT causes interleukin-2 gene activation which in turn mediates T-cell proliferation.

The rapamycin-FKBP12 complex, on the other -2hand, associates with a protein of unknown function, termed RAFT1/FRAP. This tripartite complex is known to inhibit various kinases in the cell p70S6, p34cdc2, cdk2) which are necessary for cell cycle progression in T-cells. Rapamycin is also known to be a potent antagonist of FK-506, presumably by acting as a competitive inhibitor for the FKBP12 binding.

More recently, it has been discovered that FKBP plays other important roles in the body. It has been found that FKBP12 forms a complex with the intracellular calcium ion channels the ryanodine receptor (RyR) and the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP 3 R) [T.

Jayaraman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 267, pp. 9474-77 (1992); A. M. Cameron et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, S 15 92, pp. 1784-44 (1995)], helping to stabilize calcium release. The ryanodine receptor has been found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain and other excitable tissues. IP 3 R mediates intracellular calcium release elicited by hormones and neurotransmitters that act at the cell surface to activate phospholipase C and generate inositol 1,4,5-triphophase

(IP

3 Most IP 3 R is found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, but some may occur on the cell surface and mediate calcium flux into the cell.

25 For both the RyR and the IP 3 R, it has been demonstrated that FK506 and rapamycin are capable of dissociating FKBP12 from the receptor. In each case, the "stripping" off of FKBP12 leads to increased leakiness of the calcium channel and lower intracellular calcium concentrations.

Another role of FKBP12 is the regulation of neurite outgrowth in nerve cells. W. E. Lyons et al.

[Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, pp. 3191-95 (1994)] demonstrated that FK506 acts synergistically with nerve growth factor (NGF) in stimulating neurite outgrowth in a -3rat pheochromocytoma cell line. Interestingly, rapamycin did not inhibit the effects of FK-506 on neurite outgrowth, but rather was neurotrophic itself, displaying an additive effect with FK-506. In sensory ganglia, FK- 506 demonstrated similar neurotrophic effects, but those effects were blocked by rapamycin. These results led the authors to speculate that FK-506 was exerting its neurotrophic effect through its complexing with FKBP12 and calcineurin and inhibition of the latter's phosphatase activity. Alternatively, the authors proposed FK-506 was acting via a "stripping" mechanism, such as that involved in the removal of FKBP12 from RyR and IP 3

R.

*In view of the wide variety of disorders that S 15 may be treated by stimulating neurite outgrowth and the relatively few FKBP12-binding compounds that are known to S.:possess this property, there remains a great need for additional neurotrophic, FKBPl2-binding compounds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 20 Applicant has solved the problem referred to above by discovering that two genera of novel FKBP12binding compounds he had previously co-invented also possess neurotrophic activity. Applicant had previously described a series of acylated amino acid derivatives which bind to FKBP12 in PCT patent publications WO 92/19593 and WO 94/07858. Another series of FKBP12 ligands are described in applicant's United States Patents 5,192,773 and 5,330,993 and PCT patent publication WO 92/00278. Each series of compounds stimulate neurite outgrowth in the presence of exogenous or endogenous NGF.

The compositions provided comprise a compound from one of the two genera described above and a neuronal -4growth factor. The methods described herein employ those previously described compounds and compositions comprising them to effectuate neurite outgrowth are useful to treat nerve damage caused by various diseases and physical traumas.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION According to one embodiment, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions which comprise: a) a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula

**K

":and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein A in O, NH, or N-(C1-C4 alkyl); wherein B is hydrogen, CHL-Ar, (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, (C5-C7) -cycloalkyl, (C5-C7) -cycloalkenyl or Ar substituted (C1-C6)-alkyl or (C2-C6)-alkenyl, or t I substituted (Ci-C6)-alkyl or (C2-C6)-alkenyl, or

T

L

wherein L and Q are independently hydrogen, (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)straight or branched alkenyl; wherein T is Ar or substituted cyclohexyl with substituents at positions 3 and 4 which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, O-(C1-C4)-alkyl or O-(C2-C4)alkenyl and carbonyl; 10 wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of l-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl and phenyl having one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting 15 of hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, CF 3 (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)straight or branched alkenyl, O-(C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or O-((C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl), O-benzyl, O-phenyl, amino and phenyl; wherein D is U; E is either oxygen or CH-U, provided that if D is hydrogen, then E is CH-U or if E is oxygen then D is not hydrogen; wherein each U is independently selected from hydrogen, O-(C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or 0- ((C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl), (C1-C6)straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkyl or (C5-C7)cycloalkenyl substituted with (C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, [(C1-C4)-alkyl or (C2-C4)-alkenyl]-Ar or Ar; -6wherein J is hydrogen or C1 or C2 alkyl; K is (Cl- C4)-straight or branched alkyl, benzyl or cyclohexylmethyl; or wherein J and K may be taken together to form a 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring which may contain an O, S, SO or SO2 substituent therein; wherein the stereochemistry at carbon position 1 is R or S; b) a neurotrophic factor; and c) a pharmaceutically suitable carrier.

More preferably, in the compound with affinity for FKBP12 in these pharmaceutical compositions: A is oxygen; J is hydrogen or C1 or C2 alkyl; K is (Cl- C4)-straight or branched alkyl, benzyl or cyclohexylmethyl; or J and K are taken together to form pyrrolidyl or piperidyl; and the stereochemistry at carbon position 1 is S.

In the above preferred compounds wherein J and K are taken together to form pyrrolidyl or piperidyl and E is CH-U, U is preferably dimethylaminophenyl, 20 methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, trimethoxyphenyl, nitrophenyl, furyl, indolyl, pyridyl, or methylenedioxyphenyl.

In the above preferred compounds wherein J and K are taken together to form pyrrolidyl or piperidyl and 25 E is oxygen: B is preferably benzyl, naphthyl, tert-butyl, hydrogen, E-3-phenyl-2-methyl-prop-2-enyl, E-3- (4-hydroxyphenyl) 2methyl-prop-2-enyl, E-3- [trans (4-hydroxycyclohexyl) 1-2methyl-prop-2-enyl, cyclohexylethyl, cyclohexylpropyl, cyclohexylbutyl, cyclopentylopropyl, E-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-prop-2-enyl, E-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-prop-2-enyl or E-3- [cis (4-hydroxycyclohexyl) -2-methyl-prop-2-enyl; and D is preferably phenyl, methoxyphenyl, cyclohexyl, ethyl, methoxy, nitrobenzyl, thiophenyl, indolyl, furyl, pyridyl, pyridyl-N-oxide, nitrophenyl, fluorophenyl, trimethoxyphenyl or dimethoxyphenyl.

The most preferred compounds of formula (I) useful in the compositions and methods of this invention are those of formulae la, Ib, Ic and Id, listed in Tables la through Id, respectively, set forth in Example 1, below.

The synthesis of compounds of formula with affinity for FKBP12 in these compositions is described in United States Patents 5,192,773 and 5,330,993 and PCT patent publication WO 92/00278, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.

According to an alternate embodiment, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions 15 which comprise: a) a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula (II):

(II)

and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein A' is CH 2 oxygen, NH or N-(C1-C4 alkyl); wherein B' and W are independently: hydrogen, Ar', (C1-C10)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C10)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkyl substituted (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkenyl substituted -8- (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, or Ar' substituted (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl wherein, in each case, any one of the CH 2 groups of said alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl chains may be optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of 0, S, SO, SO 2

N,

and NR, wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C4)straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, and (C1-C4) bridging alkyl wherein a bridge is formed between the nitrogen and a carbon atom of said heteroatom-containing chain to form a ring, and wherein said ring is optionally fused to an Ar' group; or

T

(ii) wherein Q' is hydrogen, (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl; wherein T' is Ar' or substituted 5-7 membered cycloalkyl with substituents at positions 3 and 4 which are independently selected from the group consisting of oxo, hydrogen, hydroxyl, 0-(C1-C4)-alkyl, and O-(C2-C4)-alkenyl; wherein Ar' is a carbocyclic aromatic group selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, and anthracenyl; or a heterocyclic aromatic group selected from the group consisting of 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazoly., pyrazolyl, isoxazolyL, isothiazolyl, 1,2, 3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3triazolyl, 1, 3,4-thiadiazoly4, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3, 5-triazinyl, 1,3,5trithianyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo [bifuranyl, benzo (bithiophenyl, 1H-indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4Hquinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1, 8-naphthyridinyl,. pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, and phenoxazinyl; wherein Ar'I may contain one to three 15 substituents which are independently selected 99 9 from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxymethyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (CC-C6) -straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6) -straight or branched alkenyl, 0- C1-C4) -straight or branched alkyl], 0- C (C2-C4) -straight or branched alkenyl]1, 0-benzyl, 0-phenyl, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, amino, carboxyl, N- -straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C5) -straight or branched alkenyl) carboxamides, N,N-di- (Cl-CS) -straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C) -straight or branched alkenyl) Iicarboxamides, N-morpholinocarboxamide, N-benzylcarboxamide, N-thiomorpholinocarboxamide, N-picolinoylcarboxamide, 0-X, CH 2

(CH

2 )q-X, 0 (CH 2 q-X (CH 2 q-OX, and CH=CH-X; wherein X is 4-methoxyphenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrazyl, quinolyl, 3, isoxazoyl, 2-methylthiazoyl, thiazoyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, or pyrimidyl; and q is 0-2; wherein G is U'; M is either oxygen or CH-U'; provided that if G is hydrogen, then M is CH-U' or if M is oxygen, then G is U'; wherein U' is hydrogen, O-[(C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or 0- C2-C4) -straight or branched alkenyl], (Cl-C6) -straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, (C5-C7) -cycloalkyl or (C5-C7)-cycloaikenyl substituted with (Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl, [(Cl-C4)-alkyl or (C2-C4)-alkenyl]-Y or Y; **wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, some indenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, 2pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, pyrolidinyl, 1, 3- 0000 20 dioxolyl, 2-imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, 2H- *as*pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, piperidyl, 1, 4-dioxanyl, morpholinyl, 1, 4-dithianyl, thiomorpholinyl, 0e~epiperazinyl, quinuclidinyl, and -heterocyclic ate***aromatic groups as defined for Ar' above; wherein Y may contain one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxymnethyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C-C)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6) -straight or branched alkenyl, O-[(C-C4-straight or branched alkyl), 0- [(C2-C4) -straight or branched alkenyl, O-benzyl, 0-phenyl, 1, 2-maethylenedioxy, amino, and carboxyl; -11wherein J' is hydrogen, (C1-C2) alkyl or benzyl; K is (C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl, benzyl or cyclohexylmethyl, or wherein J' and K may be taken together to form a 5-7 membered heterocyclic ring which may contain a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO and SO 2 and wherein m is 0-3; b) a neurotrophic factor; and c) a pharmaceutically suitable carrier. The compounds of formula (II) exclude any compounds of formula More preferably, in the -compound with affinity for FKBP12 in these pharmaceutical compositions: B' and W are independently: hydrogen, Ar', (C1-C10)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C10)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkyl substituted (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkenyl substituted 20 (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, or Ar' substituted (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl wherein, in each case, any one of the CH 2 groups of said alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl chains may be optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO, SO 2 or (ii) Ar' may contain one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxymethyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (C1-C6)-straight or -12branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, O-[(C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl], O-[(C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl], O-benzyl, O-phenyl, 1,2-methylenedioxy, amino and carboxyl; and Y is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl and heterocyclic aromatic groups as defined for Ar' above.

According to other preferred embodiments, in the compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula

(II):

at least one of B' or W is independently selected from the group consisting of (C2-C10)-straight or branched alkynyl; (C5-C7)-cycloalkyl substituted (C2-C6)-straight o 15 or branched alkynyl; (C5-C7)-cycloalkenyl substituted (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkynyl; and Ar' substituted (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkynyl.

S" Alternatively, at least one of B' or W is independently represented by the formula -(CH 2

(CH

2 wherein: Z is independently selected from the group consisting of

CH

2 O, S, SO, SO2, N, and NR; r is 0-4; s is 0-1; and Ar' and R are as defined above in formula II.

In yet another alternative embodiment of formula II, at least one of B' or W is independently selected from the group consisting of Ar', Ar'substituted (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, and Ar'substituted (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl; wherein Ar' is substituted with one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of N-(straight or branched (Cl-C5)-alkyl or (C2-C5)-alkenyl) carboxamides, N,N-di-(straight or -13branched (C1-C5)-alkyl or N-morpholinocarboxamide, N-benzylcarboxamide, N-thiomorpholinocarboxamide, N-picolinoylcarboxamide, O-X, CH 2

-(CH

2

O-(CH

2

(CH

2 and CH=CH-X; and Ar', X and q are as defined above.

Most preferably, the compounds of formula (II) used in the pharmaceutical compositions are selected from those of formula listed in Table 2, set forth in Example 1.

The synthesis of compounds of formula II is described in detail in applicant's PCT patent publications WO 92/19593 and WO 94/07858, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.

As used herein, the FKBP12 binding compounds 15 used in the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of this invention, are defined to include pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof. A "pharmaceutically acceptable derivative" denotes any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or salt of such ester, of a 20 compound of this invention or any other compound which, upon administration to a patient, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound of this invention, or a metabolite or residue thereof, characterized by the 0.0 0ability to promote or augment neurite outgrowth.

If pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the FKBP12 binding compounds are used, those salts are preferably derived from inorganic or organic acids and bases. Included among such acid salts are the following: acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, -14methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate and undecanoate. Base salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts, such as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts, such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases, such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N-methyl-Dglucamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and so forth. Also, the basic nitrogencontaining groups can be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates, such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates, o 15 long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides, Sa. such as benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained.

The FKBP12 binding compounds utilized in. the compositions and methods of this invention may also be modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance selective biological properties. Such modifications are known in the art and include those which increase biological penetration into a given biological system blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion.

The neurotrophic activity of the FKBP12 binding compounds of this invention is directly related to their affinity for FKBP12 and their ability to inhibit FKBP12 rotomase activity. In order to quantitate these properties, several assays known in the art may be employed. For example, competitive LH20 binding assays using labelled FK-506 as a reporting ligand have been described by M. W. Harding et al., Nature, 341, pp. 758- (1989) and by J. J. Siekierka et al., Nature, 341, pp.

755-57 (1989).

Preferably, the assay measures inhibition of FKBP12 rotomase activity. Such an assay has also been described by M. W. Harding et al., supra and by J. J.

Siekierka et al., supra. In this assay the isomerization of an artificial substrate N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phep-nitroanilide is followed spectrophotometrically.

The assay includes the cis form of the substrate, FKBP12, the inhibitor and chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsin is able to cleave p-nitroanilide from the trans form of the substrate, but not the cis form. Release of p- 15 nitroanilide is measured.

The second component in each of the pharmaceutical compositions described above is a neurotrophic factor. The term "neurotrophic factor", as used herein, refers to compounds which are capable of stimulating growth or proliferation of nervous tissue.

As used in this application, the term "neurotrophic factor" excludes the FKBP12 binding compounds described herein, as well as FK-506 and rapamycin.

Numerous neurotrophic factors have been 25 identified in the art and any of those factors may be utilized in the compositions of this invention. These neurotrophic factors include, but are not limited to, nerve growth factor (NGF), insulin growth factor (IGF-1) and its active truncated derivatives such as gIGF-1, acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF and bFGF, respectively), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factors (CNTF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3)and neurotrophin 4/5 The most preferred -16- -neurotrophic factor in the compositions of this invention is NGF.

The third component of the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of this invention is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in these pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium 15 chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.

The compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally r via an implanted reservoir. The term "parenteral" as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.

Preferably,.the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously.

Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension.

These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile -17injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterallyacceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic monoor di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceuticallyacceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil 15 solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as Ph. Helv or similar alcohol.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch.

Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.

Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable nonirritating excipient which is solid at room temperature -18but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.

Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation.

Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.

15 For topical applications, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in S:one or more carriers. Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention 20 include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or 25 cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

For ophthalmic use, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with our without a preservative such as -19benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.

The amount of both FKPB12 binding compound and the neurotrophic factor that may be combined with the 15 carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated, the particular mode of administration. The two active ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention act synergistically to stimulate neurite outgrowth.

20 Therefore, the amount of neurotrophic factor in such compositions will be less than that required in a monotherapy utilizing only that factor. Preferably, the compositions should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01 100 mg/kg body weight/day of the FKBP12 binding protein can be administered and a dosage of between 0.01 100 ug/kg body weight/day of the neurotrophic can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions.

It should also be understood that a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of active ingredients will also depend upon the particular FKBP12 binding compound and neurotrophic factor in the composition.

According to another embodiment, this invention provides methods for stimulating neurite outgrowth. Such methods comprise the step of treating nerve cells with any of the FKBP12 binding compounds described above.

Preferably, this method is used to stimulate neurite outgrowth in a patient and the FKBP12 binding compound is formulated into a composition additionally comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The amount of FKBP12 binding compound utilized in these methods is between about 0.01 and 100 mg/kg body weight/day.

15 According to an alternate embodiment, the method of stimulating neurite outgrowth comprises the additional step of treating nerve cells with a neurotrophic factor, such as those contained in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention. This embodiment includes administering the FKBP12 binding compound and the neurotrophic agent in a single dosage form or in separate, multiple dosage forms. If separate dosage forms are utilized, they may be administered concurrently, consecutively or within less than about 25 hours of one another.

Preferably, the methods of this invention is Sused to stimulate neurite outgrowth in a patient.

The methods and compositions of this invention may be used to treat nerve damage caused by a wide variety of diseases or physical traumas. These include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ALS, stroke and ischemia associated with stroke, neural paropathy, other neural degenerative diseases, motor neuron diseases, sciatic crush, spinal cord injuries and facial nerve crush.

-21- In order that the invention described herein may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting this invention in any manner.

EXAMPLE 1 FKBP12 Binding Assay The inhibition of FKBP rotomase activity by the preferred FKBP12 binding compounds present in the compositions of this invention was assayed. In this assay various quantities of FKBP12 binding compound (0.1 nM 10 M) were added to cis-N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phep-nitroanilide in the presence of FKBP12 and chymotrypsin. FKBP12 converts the cis form of the 15 substrate to the trans form. This allows chymotrypsin to cleave p-nitroanilide from the substrate. Release of pnitroanilide was measured spectrophotometrically. This assay allowed me to measure the change in the first order rate constant of the rotomase activity as a function of 20 FKBP12 binding compound concentration and yielded an estimate of apparent K i The most preferred FKBP12 binding compounds utilized in the compositions and methods of this invention and their calculated K i are tabulated below.

-22- (formula Ia) a a a.

B D n K~gjM) ,Bezy Phenyt 1 .Benzyt Phenyl 2 AtI Pheny 2 8 1-Naphthyl Phenyl 2 0.9 Phenyl 2 7 SnA2-Methylpropyl 2 0.9 2-Methoxyphenyl 2 17 3-Methoxyphenyl 2 0.3 Bezl4-Methoxyphenyl 2 3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl 2 2 Bezl2,6-Dimethoxyphenyl 2 Benzyi ,4 5-Tdmethoxypheny Benzyl 4-Fluorophenyl 2 4 Benzyl 3-N ftrphenyl 2 160 Benzyl 4.-Nitophenyl 2 160 Benzyl 2-Pyrldyl 2 130 Benzyi 2-pyddyl N-o~ode 2 2,500 tert-Buty 2-Furyl 1 200 Benzyi 2-Furl -2 -3 Benzyl 3-Indoyl 2 Benzyl 2-Thiophenyl 2 -0.8 E-3-Phen*2-methy -rop2-eny Phenyi 2 E-3-Hydroxpheny-2mehlprop-2- Phenyl 2 6 enyl E-3-fcis4-Hydroxyciohey)-mety Phenyl 2 0.6 prop-2-enyl E-3-ans-Hydroxycyioheyl)J..2 Phenyl 2 methyl-prop-2-enyl Beryt 2-Nrtrobenzyt 2 26 Hyjdrogen IMethoxy 2 ND tert-Butyl Methoxy 1 600 ANM Methoxv 2 190) -23- 9 9**e *9 9* 9. 9.

9 9 9 9*9* *9*9 9 9 9 9 9 B 0n K ftPM) .BenV~ Methoxy 2 .2-Cycioheyiethyl Methoxy 2 .3-Cyctohexypropyl Methoxy 2 4-Cyclohexylbutyl Methoxy 2 6 3-ylpnypooMethoxy 2 E-3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-prop-2- Methoxy 2 E-3-(3.4-Dimethoxyphenyl)2-methy- Methoxy 2 E-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-methyl-prop-2- Methoxy 2 E-3s-(&4-Hydroycycaheycfl-methy- Methoxy 2 Benzyt Cyclohexyl 2 1.3 Benzyl Ethyl 1 400 Benzyl 3-Mehoxyphenyl 1 Benzy,4 2-Pywidyl 1 300 Benzyl 3,4-Difluorophenyl 2 Benzyl (E)-244-Methoxyphenyl)-ethenvi 2 1 Benzyl 1-Hydrox-I-cyctohexyl 2 1 Benzyt 2-Naphthyl 2 Benzyl 1-Naphthvi 2 1 (S)-alpha-Methylbenzyi Phenyl 2 Benzyl 2-Hydroxy-2-tetrahydropyranyl 2 12 (R)-aleha-Methylbenzyi Phenyl -2 BenzA 3-Trifluoromethytphenyl 2 Benzyl 3-Benzytoxyphenoy 2 Benzyf (E)--trt-Butylethenyl 2 9 Benzyl 2-Trifluoromethylphenyl 2 4-ycohxybut Phenyl 2 0.4 4-Cydohexyfbuyl 3,4,5-Tdmethoxyphenyl 2 0.04 4-Phenylbenzyl Phenyl 2 4-Phenylbenzyl 3.4.5-Trtmethoxyphenyl 2 2 Benzy 3-Ethoxyphenyl 2 0.56 3-Phenoxyem 3 4 5-Trimethoxyphenyl 2 0.018 3-Phenoxybenzyl Phenyl 2 0.09 4-Phenvibutvi 3 4 5-Tfimethoxyphenyl 2 0.019 4-PhenybutiM Phenyl 2 0.35 Bermyl 341-Propenyloxy)ph nyl 2 1 Benzl 3A2-PrOPOXY)phenyl -2 Benv 1-Motylpropyl 2 1 2-Phenylethyl Phenvi 2 1.1 r>-Phenyhexyl PheNy 2 34,5-Tuimethoxyphenyl 2 0.07 6-Phenvthexyl 3 4 5-Tnmethoxyphenyl 2 0.1 6-Cycohexylhexyl 3,4 5-Tnmethoxyphenyl 2 0.05 4-Phenpxybenyl 13,4.Taimethoxyphenyt 2- 0.8 S-Cvciohexyloentyl 3 4.5-TNmethaxvohenvt- 2 1 0.09 -24- Bent 1 3-{1-Bu!Mx)p enyl 2 0.36 4- Phenylbutyl 3-(2-Propoxy)phefiyl 2 0.1 4-(4-Iodopheny)butyl 3.4,5-Tdmethokyphenyl 2 0.016 4-odobenzyl 13 '4.5-Tdmethoxyphenyl 2 1.4 2-(2-Naphthyl)ehy 3,4,5-Tlimethoxyphenyl 2 0.22 2-(l-Naphthyl)ethyl 3 4 5-Trimethoyhel20.

4-Phenylbutyl 44odophenyl 2 0.8 4-Phenylbutyl 3-Iodophenyt 2 0.13 3-Phenyipropyl 3.4,5-Tdmethoxyphenyl 2 0.11 3-(3-IndoMyfpropyl 3 4 5-Trimethoxyphenw 2 0.017 4-(4-Methoxphenl)butyl 3.4.5-Trimethoxyphenyl 2 0.013 4-Phenvibut-2-enyl 3,4,5-Tnimethoxyphenyl 2 1 0.8 4-Phenylbut-3-enl 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl 2 4-(4-Ailoeaminophenyf)proNy 3 4 5-Tlimethoxyphenvl 2 0.011 4-Phenyipropyl I-Cyclohexenyl 20.78 4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)but-3-enyl 3.4,5-Trimethoxyhenyl 2 0.011 4-Phenyipropyl l-Fluoro-i-cyclaoMy 2 0.54 4-Phenyipropyl 3-Btoxyphenyl 2 1.4 3-f3-(N-FormyindoM)proNy 3.4.5-Tnimethoxyph enyt 2 0.0Is 4434ndotd)butyl 3 4 6-Trimethoxyhenyl 2 0.016 4-Phenylbutyl BenrA 2 0.35 4-Phenylbutyl 3-Biphenyt 2 0.04 4-Phenylbutyl 4-tert-Butylphenvi 2 0.6 4-Phenylbutyl CycloheWy 2 0.08 4-Phenylbutyt Cyclohexa etr 2 01 4-Phenylbuy 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl 2 0.25.

4-Phenylbutyl 4-Tetrahydropyran 4 2 0.44 4-Phenylbutyl 3-Cyclohexyl4-methoxy- phenyt 2 14 4-Phenylbutyl 4-14-Methoxybenyoxy-metiy).2. 2 0.7 furyl 4-Phenylbutyl- tert-Butyt 2 0.18 4-Phenylbutyl Ethyl 2 1.6 3-4N-Benzimidazoyt)propvi 3.4.5-rimethoxypheny 2 0.11 3N-Pun ropy 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyt 2 0.13 (S.S)-2-Methvi-3.hydroxy-4- phenyipropyt .3.4.5-Trmethoxyphenyl 0.25 5

S

S S n NN 0 (formula ib) B U n K -ezy I,-ehindixpe~ Bezy 3.4-Methylenedioxyphenyl 2 3 Benz* 34-Methypeeiyhey 1 3 Bey 14-Methoxyphenl 1 4 Benzyl 2,-DMethoxyphenyl 2 Benzyi 2,5-Tdimtoyhn4I =j24 5m ethoxyphenyl 11 Benzyl 3,4,5-Tdmethoxyphenyi 11 450 Bel1yl 4-Dimethylaminophenyt 21 Betizyl 4-Nftrophenyl 21 14 BeW~y I-Furyl 21 Benv 2-FuMv 2 Benzy 3-ndoyl 2 Bnyl. 3-Pynidyl 2 Beny Hydrogen 2 300 .Bny Phenyl 1 S

S

S

*SS*

-26- (formula Ic) a D J K K (PM) Be Methoxy Met Hydrogen 1000 Bezy Methoxy Met S-ehL 400 Be*r Methoxy Meh S-lsopropyl 170 I Methoxy BeUz Hydrogen >1200 Itert-Butyl IMethoxy 19 S-Methl :-400 0S~o goo* 0 e s

IABILI-W

6* CS

S

S

(formula 1d) B U J I K K WtM)I Beiirj 4-inethoryphenyl Mehy S~oro Benzyj 3.4-Methyenedoxyphenyl Methyl "S-Me1 1Benzy 13,4-Methyenedioxyphenyl lHydrogen S-Methyl, -27- TABTL 2 (formula III) Cpd. n m BW Ar K (W) 2 1 0 3-(Pyfidin-2-yl) propyl 3-Phenyipropyl 3.,5-Trimethoxypheny 5 3 2 0 3-Phenyipropy 3-Phenylpropyl 3,4,5-Timethoxyphenyl .1 4 2 0 3-Phenoxyphenyl 3-Phenyipropyl 3,4,5-Taimethoxyphenyl 220.

2 0 Phenyl 3-Phenoxyphenyl 3.4, -Tnimethoxyphenyl .4,000.

6 2 0 Phenyl 3-Phenylpropyl 3.4.5-Trimethoxyphenyl 7 2 0 12-(Pyiidin-3-yl) ethyl 3-Phenypropyl 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl 3._ 10 8 2 0 E-3-1trans.(4- 3-Phenylpropyl 3.4,5-Trimethoxyphenyt 27.

Hydroxycydlo-he*+)I2methyt-eth-2-enyl_______ 9 2 0 3-{Pyridin-3-yl~propyl 3-Phenyipropyl 3.4,5-Trimethoxyphenyi 2 0 Benzyl 3-Phenyipropyl 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl 32.

11 2 0 lBenzyl 3-(Indol-3-yI) propyl 3.4.5-Timethoxyphenyl 24.

12 2 0 12-Phenylethyl 3-Phenypropyi 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl 83.

13 2 0 1244.Methoxy-phenieth1 3-Phenyipropyl 3.4,5-Trimehoxyphenyl 14 2 0 12-4-Methoxy-phenyl)ethyl 3-Phenylpropyl Phenyl 270.

2 0 13-(N-Benzimidazoty)propy 3-Phenyipropyl 3,4.5-Trimethoxyphenyl 16 2 1 lBenzyt 2-Pheflylethyl 3.,5-Trimethoxyphenyl 57.

17 2 0 13.(4-Methoxy- 3-Phenylpropfi 3.,5-Timethoxyphenyl 3.

phenyl)propyl 18 2 0 3-Pidin-3-yl)-propyl 3-Phenypropyl Phenyl 56.

19 2 0 3-(Pyridin-2-yi)-propyt 3-Phenypropyl Phenyl 2 0 3-(Pyridin-2.yl)-propyi 3-Phenypropyi 3,4.5-Tlimethoxyphenyl 21 2 0 3-(Pyridin-21)-propyl 3-Phenypropy tert-Butyl 36.

22 2 0 3-(Pyiidin-3-yI)-propy1-N- 3-Phenyipropyl 3.4,5-Tdmethoxyphenyl 7.

23 2 10 j3-IN-47AzaindoMy)-prop1 3-Phenypropyl 3.4,5-Taimethoxyphenyl 9.

24 2 10 13-(Pyridin-3-yi)-propyl 3-(4-Methoxy-phenol) 3.4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl ND propyl 2 0 13-(N.Puflny) propyl 3-Phenylpropyl 3,A,5-Tnmethoxyphenyl 2-2 26 2 0 13-(4-Hydroxy- 3-Phenypropyl 3.4.5-Tdmethoxyphenyl 4.

methytphenyl) propyl 27 2 0 13-Pyridin-3-y)-propyi 3-Phenyipropyl 3-Benzyloxyphenyl 28 2 0 j3-(Pyutdin-3-yl)-propy1 3-Phenylpropyl 3-Alyoxyphenyl 11.

29 2 0 134Pyidin-3-yi)propyI 3-Phenyipropyl 3opropoyphenyt 2.

2 0 13-(71gophen-2-yi)-propyl 13-Phenyprop) 3,4,5-Trimeto henyI 4.

-28- Cpd.n n BW Ar K (nm) 31 2 0 13.{4-Carboxyphenyl)propyl 3-Phenylpropyl 3.4,5-Trimethox-yphenyl 2.

32 2 0 13-Phenylbutyl 3-Phenylpropyi 3.4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl 33 2 0 12-Hydroxymethylphenyl 3-Phenylpropyt 3.4.6-Thimethoxyphenyl -89.

34 2 0 12-Ailyoxyphenyl 3-Phenylprapyl 3,4,5-Trimethoxypheny 150.

2 0 13-(3-Hydroxymethylphenyl) 3-Phenylpropy 3.4.5-Trimethoxyphenyl 1.

36 2 0 13-(3-Carboxyphenyl)propyl 3-Phenylpropyl 3,4,5-Trimethoxypheny 4.

37 2 0 13Hydroxyniethylphenyl 3-Phenytpropy 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl 6.8 38 2 0 12-Hydroxyphenyl 3-Phenypropyl 3,4,5-Trimethoxypheny

ND

39 2 0 lPytidin.3-yi 3-Phenylpropyl 3,4,5-Tnimethoxyphenyl

ND

2 ,0 13-CThiopen-2-yl)-propyi 4Phonylbuty 3,4,5-Thimethoxyphenyl 1,100.

41 2 10 15-Phenytpentyl 3-Phenyipropyl 3.4.5.Trimethoxyphenyl 42 2 10 13-Alloxypropyl 3-Phenylpropy 3..5-Trimethoxyphenyl

ND

43 2 10 13-4-(N,N-Dimethylamine- 3Phenypropyt 3.4.5-Trimethoxyphenyl carbonyl)-phenyl 44 2 10 -(4-{Morpholine-4- 3-Phenylpropyl 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl 6.

carbonyl)phenyl]propyl 2 0 14-Alyoxybulyl 3-Phenylpropyl 3.4,S-TfimethoxyphenylT 46 2 0 13-AJ~lxy-prop-1-ynyl 3-Phenypropyl 3.4.5-Trimethoxyphenyl 47 2 0 13-4-(Piperidine-l- 3-Phenylpropyl 3,4,5-Timethoxyphenyl 7.

carbonyl)phenyl)propyl 48 2 10 15-Aflyoxynonyl 3-Phenylpropy 3.,5-Trimethoxyphenyt

ND

49 2 10 jMethyl 3,5- .,Trmtoyhn 340 B(benytoxy)phenyl345TiehoWhn4 340 ,2 10 2-AJtyloxyethyt 3-Phenypropyl 3,4.5-Trimetioxyphenyt11 51 2 10 13-oxyE)-prop-1-ynyl 3-Phenyipiopyl 3.4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl 2.8 52 2 10 13-3-{Morpholine-4- 3-Phenylpropy 3.4. 5-Tdimethoxypheny carbonyl) phenlpropyl 53 2 0 Dec-g-enyt 3-Phenyopyl 3.4,5-Trimethoxypheny

ND

54. 2 10 13-4-(N-Benzyl- 3-Phenypropt 3.4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl 1.6 aminecarbonyt)phenylqpropyt 55 2 10 134-(Thlomorpholine-4- 3-Phenypropyt 3.4.5-Trimethoxyphenyi 2.4 carbonyl)VphenylpropyI 56 2 10 13-(Morphohne-4- 3-Phenylpropyt 3.4,5-Trimethoxypheny 6.1 carbonyl)phenyl 57 2 10 13-[4-(1-Methyt-piperazine- 3-Phenylpropyt 3.45-Trimethoxyphenyl 5.6 4-carbonyi)phenylJ 58 2 10 13.4-(1-Be8nzyt-pipera~ine. 3-Phenypropyt 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl 4-carbonyl)phenylJ propyl 59 21 0 3-f3-(N-Benzyl-amine- 3-Phenylpropyl 3.4,5-Trimethoxypheny carbonfthenyipropyl 2 10 13-4-(N-Pyyidint-2- 3-Phenypropyl 3.45-Trimethoxyphenyl 2.

ylaminecarbon-yi)- -phenylipropyo____________ 61 2 10 lPryidim.3.yt 34Pyfdin-3-l)-proWy 3.4.5-Tomethoxyphenyl 62 2 10 lProp-2-onyt 3.4-Bir-(Pywidin-4- 3.4.5-Timetoxyphenyl 62.

methoxy)phenyl 63 2 0 Pyuidin-3-yi 3-(Pyuidin-.yI- 3.4.5-Trimethoxyphenyt 13.

64 2 10 13-Phenylpropy 3-(Pocfin-4-y 3,4.5-Trimethoxyphenyt 1.4 Etoy)pheny -29- 9 Cpd. n m B, W Ar' K (nm) 2 0 13-Phenylpropyl 3.4-Bis-(Pyfidn4- 3,4,5-Tnimethoxyphenyi 4.1 ylmethoxy)phenyl 66 2 0 IMethyl 3.4-Bis-(Pyidin-4- 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyt ymethoxy)phenyl 67 2 0 13-Phenylpropyl 2.3,4-Tris-Ptfidin-4- 3,4.5-Tnmethoxyphenyl 46.

I ymethoxy)phenyl 68 2 0 3-Phenypropyl 3-(Morpholine-4- 3.4.5-Tfimethoxyphenyl 2.

carbonyl)-4-{Pyndin-4- 69 2 0 Methyl 3.4,5-Tns.Pyfidin-4- 3,4,5-Tdmethoxyphenyl 36.

2 0 3-Phenylpropyl 3,4,5-Tris-(Pyridin-4- 3,4.5-TdmethoxyphenyI methoxy)phenyl 71 2 0 Methyl 3.5-Bis-(Pyridin-4- 3,4,5-Tdmethoxypheny 14.

72 2 0 3,5-Bisr-Pyridin-4- Methyl 3,4.5-Tnmethoxyphenyl 12.

ylmethoxy') phenyl 73 2 0 Methyl 3.5-Bir-(Pyiidin-4- 3,4.5-TdMethoxyphenl -36.

yfmethoxy)-4.Methyl- 74 2 0 Ethyl 3.4.5-Tris-(Pyuicin-4- 3,4.5-Tdmethoxyphenyl 18.

2 0 3,4,5-TniS-(Pyfidin-4-yl- Ethyl 3.4.5-Tdmethoxyphenyl 12.

methoxy)phenyl____ 76 2 0 Prop-2-enyl 3,4,5-Tds-(Pyridin-4- 3,4,5-Trimathoxyphenyt 14.

1ylmethoxy)phanyl 77 2 0 Methyl 3,4,6-Tris-(Pywldin-4. 3,4-Dimethoxyphenyi 24.

78 2 0 Ethenyl 3,4,5-Tis-(Pywidin-4- 3,4,5-Tdmethoxyphenyl 73.

79 2 0 3,4,5-Tnis-(Pyuidin-4- Ethenyl 3,4,5-Tnmethoxyphenyl 2.3 1 ylmethoxy)phenyl 2 10 jPrapyl 3,4.5-Tris-(Pyldhn4- 3.4,5-Tfmethoxyphenyl 17.

81 2 10 13,4,5-Tris-(Pylin-4- Propyl 3,4.5-Tfimethoxyphenyl ylmethoxy)phenyl________ 82 2 10 IMethyl 3.4,5-Tfrs(Thiophen- 3.,5-Tdmethoxyphenyl >5000 3-ylmethoxy)phenyl____ 83 2 0 3,4.5-Tds-(Thio-phen-3- Methyl 3,4,5-Tnimethoxyphenyl 2,1000 ylmethoxy)-phenyl 84 2 0 Methyl 2-tsopropoxy-3,4-Bis- 3,4,5-Tfimethoxyphenyl 54.

(Pyiidin-4-ylmethoxy)phenyl 2 0 2-tsopropoxy-3,4-Bis- Methyl 3,4.5-Tnmethoxyphenyl (Pyidin-4*.Imethoxy) phenyl 86 1 10 IMethyl 3,4,5-Tis-(Pyfidin-4- 3,4.5-Tdmethoxyphenyl 280.

methoxy)phenyl 87 1 10 0.4.5-Tris-(Pyiidin-4- Methyl 3.4.5-Trimethoxyphenyl 360.

lmethoxy)phenyl________ 88 2 10 IMethyl 3.4.5-Tfis-(Pyimidin- 3,4,5-Tilmethoxyphenyl 19.

89 2 0 Benzyfoxymethyl Benzyloxyphenyl 13.4,5-Tdmethoxyphenyl 2 0 IMethyl 3,4,5-TrIs- 3,4,5-Trlmethoxypheiyt 260 -99 I __________(BenzYloxy)phenyl Cpd. 1n m B'W Af' KdnM) 91 2 0 3-Phenylpropy 34yni-3y 3.4,5-Trimethoxypheny 24.

92 2, 0 j3-(Pyrddn-3-yI- 3-Phenyipropyl 3,4.5-Thmethoxyphenyl 9.

carbanyl)phenyi 93 2 10 13-Phenylpropyl 34Pyridin-- 34-Dimeflioxyphenyl mnethoxy)phenyl 94 2 10 13-Phenyipropyl 3-{Pyiidin-4-yI 4-Benzyloxy-3,5-Di- _____________carbanyl)phenyl methoxyphenyl 2 10 13-Phenylpiopyl 3-(Pyuidin-4* 44U oxy-3,5-Di- 3.6 _____________carbonyl)phenyl methoxyphenyl 96 2 0 13-Phenylpropyl 3..{Pytidin-4-yl 3-Benzyfoxy- -carbanyl)phenyi methoxyphenyl 97 2 0 13-Phenylpropy 3-(Pyridn-4yl 3-Altyoxy-4-methoxyphenyl 17.

98 2 3-Piienyipropyl 3-(Pyridin-4* 3-P-Pheny.(E).prop-2- Icarbonyl)phenyl enyl)-4-methoxyphenyl 992101-Phenylpropy 4-Pyridin-4.* 4-enzyloxy-3,5-Di- 150.

-carbonylfphenyl methoxyphenyl 100 2 10 13-Phenyipropyf 4-Pyridin-4* 3-Benzyloxy-4- z-50Q0O carbonyl)phenyl methoxyphenyl 101 2 10 13-Phen~lpropyt 3-(Pyridin4* 3.4.5-ITOmethoxyphenyl

ND

arbonyi)phenyl____ 102 2 10 13-Phenylpropyl 3-(Pyiidin-4yl 3.4-Oimetioxyphenyl

ND

arbonyl)phenyl 103 21 0 13-Phenypropyl Phenyl 3-Benzyloxy.4- 24,000.

_____________methoxyphenyl 104. 2 10 13-Phenylpropyf Phenyl 4-Benzytoxy.3,5- 1,700.

105 1 10 3-(Pyrn3-y)-propy1 3-Phenylprapyi eart-Butyl 340.

106 2 0 3-(Pyuidin-3-yl)-prpy1 3-(Pyridin-3-yl)propyl 3.4,5-Tnmethoxypheny 3.7 107 10 Benzylxymnethyl Benzyloxymethyl 3.4,5-Tdmethoxyphenyl 75.000.

108 1 0 3-(Pyiidin-3y)-prpyf 3-(Pyvidin-3--yl).propy1 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl 89.

109 2. 0.3-(Pyuidin-3-yI)-propyl 3-(Pyuidin-34y)-proprA isopropyl 1,500.

110 2 10 13-Pynidin-3-yl)- 3-(Pyddin-3-y)- Thiophen-24y

ND

111 2 10 13-(Pyridin-3-yl).proprA 3-(Pyridin.3-yi)-propyl 3.4-Methylenedioxy-phenyl

ND'

112 2 10 j3-(Pyridin-3-yl)-prop-2-yny1 3-(Pywidin-3-yl)-prop. 3.4-Methyfenedoxy phenyl ND 113 2 10 j4yridin-3-yl)-prcp-2-yny1 3-(Pyuidin-3-yl)-prop- 3,4.5-TdmmioxypherrA ND 114 2 10 I34Pyidn-2-I)prcp1 3-(fidin-2yl)propy1 3,4.5-Tdmethoxyphenyl

ND

115 2 0 I1sopropyl 3.4,5-Trir-(Pydidin-4- 3 .4.5-Tdmethoxyphenyi 0.39 116 2 0 3,4,5-Tis-(Pywidin-4- Isopropyl 3.4.5-Tiimethoxyphenyi 13.

ylmethoxyfphenyl 118 2 0 j3,4.5-Tis-(Pyuldin.4- Prop-2-enyl 3,4,5-Tfimethoxyphenyl 12.

lylmethoxy)phenyl Assay Of Neurite Outgrowth- in Pci 9 Culture-s In order to directly determine the neurotrophic -31activity of the FKBP12 binding compounds utilized in this invention, the assay described by W. E. Lyons et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, pp. 3191-95 (1994) is carried out.

PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells are maintained at 37°C and 5% CO 2 in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated horse serum (HS) and 5% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS).

The cells are then plated at 105 per 35mm culture well coated with 5 pg/cm 2 rat tail collagen and allowed to attach. The medium is then replaced with DMEM 2% HS and 1% FBS, NGF (1-100 ng/ml) and varying concentrations of an FKBP12 binding compound (0.1 nM 10 pM). Control cultures are administered NGF without FKBP12 binding 15 compound.

The FKBP12 binding compounds utilized in this invention cause a significant increase in neurite outgrowth over control cultures.

~EXAMPTLE 3 20 Assay of Neurite Outgrowth in Dorsal Root Ganalion Culture Another way to directly determine the neurotrophic activity of the FKBP12 binding compounds utilized in this invention is the dorsal root ganglion 25 culture assay also described by W. E. Lyons et al., Proc.

Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, pp. 3191-95 (1994).

In this assay, dorsal root ganglia are dissected from 16 day rat embryos and cultured in collagen-coated 35mm dishes with N2 medium at 37 0 C in a 15% CO 2 environment. Sensory ganglia are then treated with various concentrations of NGF (0 100 ng/ml) and an FKB12 binding compound (0.1 nM 10 pM). Ganglia are observed every two days under a phase contrast microscope and axon lengths are measured. Control cultures either -32lack FKBP12 binding compound or lack FKBP12 binding compound and NGF.

The FKBP12 binding compounds utilized in this invention cause a significant increase in neurite outgrowth over control cultures which lack such compounds in both the presence and absence of NGF.

While I have hereinbefore presented a number of embodiments of this invention, it is apparent that my basic construction can be altered to provide other embodiments which utilize the methods of this invention.

Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is to be defined by the claims appended hereto rather than the specific embodiments which have been presented hereinbefore by way of example.

*a* o METHOD 1 The neurotrophic activity of eight compounds of the present invention was determined using a PC12 culture assay.

Neurotrophic activity is reported in terms of the concentration of test compound that causes an increase in neurite outgrowth over control cultures lacking such compound.

PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells were maintained at 37( C and 5% C02 in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated horse serum, heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate and Penn/Strep. For differentiation in the presence of nerve growth factor, cells were plated at 2 X 4 cells per 1.88 cm? culture well coated with rat tail collagen at 5 ug/cm2 and allowed to attach. 24 hours later, medium was replaced with DMEM supplemented with 1% horse serum, 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, Penn/Strep, S mouse NGF (suboptimal concentration) and DMSO or compound.

Each condition was performed in triplicate. Each triplicate was on a distinct culture plate. All compounds were added and scored in a blinded manner. Neurons bearing processes longer than IX the cell body were scored as positive.

METHOD 2 Another assay, which utilizes ventral mesencephalic cultures, was used to assess neurotrophic activity.

The ventral mesencephalic region was dissected out of embryonic day 15 Sprague-Dawley rat embryos (Harlan), dissociated into single cell suspension by a combination of trypsinization and trituration (Costantini et al., Neurobiol Dis. 1998; 5;97-106). Dissociated VM cells were plated into poly-L-ornithine-coated 96-well plates at a density of 85,000 cells/well in 100 uL of DMEM supplemented with 18% heat-inactivated horse serum, 0.24% glucose, 2 mM glutamine and 50 u/ml pernicillin/streptomycin and incubated in a C02 incubator. After one day in culture (DIV1), the medium was replaced with 100 uL of a defined medium (DMEM supplemented with Ix N2 cocktail (Gibco-BRL), 0.12% glucose, 2 mM glutamine, and 50 units/ml penicillin/streptomycin) containing DMSO or various concentrations of the neurophilin compounds. On DIV5, neuroexcitotoxic injury was induced by the addition of various concentrations of the glutamate receptor agonist NMDA (100-400 uM). Cultures were incubated with the neurotoxin for 20 hours and the effects of neurophilin compounds were assessed using high affinity 3H-dopamine uptake according to a procedure published by Park and Mytilineou (Brain Res 1992; 599:83-97).

The results of the above two assays are shown below in Table 3 and Table 4.

Table 3

S.

S S (formula Ia) SD nt PC12 Culture Assay Active it? nM Benzyl Phenyl 2 1000 Benzyl 3-(2-Propoxy)phenyl 2 1000 14-Phenylbulyl 13-Siphenvl 2 10001 TABLE 4 0 (formula II' COd. n 0, 5' W PCIZ CUlture VM Assay Assay Activs at Active at nM nm 9 2 0 3-(PyndIM-3-V1)pr pyl 3PhenlpropyI 3,4,S-Trit~ithaypheny 1000 2OO 13 2 0 2-(4-Mettoxy- 3PhonyvlpmpyI 3,4,5-Tiirttwaypheny 100 phanyl)eily 1 0 3-(PyIIn-)1)-propy1 3-(Pydin-31)-prpj1 ,4,S-TnmeothoxyPhanyl 10 113 2 0 3-(Pyricf yI)-prmp-2- 3-(Pydln.3-prop- 3,4.5-TrImethox~hn 1 100 Lynyt 2-yl1_ 114 20 3-(Pyoridin-2-y1)-arpyl Pyrdln-2-yI)-ropyl 3,4,5-Trtmettwxphenl 100

S

Claims (4)

1. A pharmaceutically acceptable Composition comprising: a) a neurotrophic amourit of a compound with affinity for F'RP12 having the formula K! D0 and pharmaceutically acceptable d~erivatives thereof, wherein A in 0, NH, or N-(C1-C4 alkyl); B is hydrogen, CHL-Ar, (C1-CE)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-CE)-straight or branched alkenyl, (C5-C7)- cycloalkyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkenyl or Ar substituted (Cl-C6)- alkyl or (C2-CE)-alkenyl, or a a a. as a a. a. a a a wherein L and Q are independently hydrogen, (Cl- C6)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched a].kenyl; and T is Ar or substituted cyclohexyl with substituents at positions 3 and 4 which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, O-(C1-C4)-alkyl or O-(C2-C4)- alkenyl; wherein Akr is selected from the group consisting of 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-furyl,

3-furyl, 2-thienyll 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4- pyridyl and phenyl having one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, CF 3 (C1-CE) -straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6) -straight or branched alkenyl, O-(Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or O-((C2- *see C4)-straight or branched alkenlyl), O-benzyl, 0-phenyl, amino and phenyl; *D is U; E is either oxygen or CH-TJ, provided that if D is hydrogen, then E is CH-U or if E is oxygen then D is not hydrogen; wherein each U is independently -selected from hydrogen, O-(C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl. or 0- ((C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl), (C1-C6)- straight or branched alkyl. or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyll (C5-C7) -cycloalkyl or (C5-C7) cycloalkenyl substituted with (C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, ((C1-C4)-alkyl or (C2-C4)- alkenyll-Ar or Ar; J is hydrogen or C1 or C2 alkyl; K( is (C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl, benzyl or cyclohexylmethyl; or J and K are taken together to form a 6 membered heterocyclic ring which contains a second heteroatom or heterogroup selected f rom, 0, S, SO or SO.: or J and K are taken together to form a 7 -mernbered heterocyclic ring optionally containing a second heteroatom or heterogroup selected fromi 0, S, So or S02; and the stereochemistry at carbon position 1 is R or S; b) a neurotrophic factor; and C) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 2. A pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising; a) a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula B K an phraetclyacpabedrvtvsteef whri A n0.Ho*-C-C ly) B. ishdoe,*-r c-6-taih rbace alyl (C-6-srih cylakl (C-7-ylaknlo rsbtttd(lC) alky or C2-6)-akeny, o wherein L and Q are independently hydrogen, (C1-C6-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl-; and T is Ar or substituted cycloh-exyl with substituents at positions 3 and 4 which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, O-(C1--C4)-alkyl or O-(C2-C4)- alkenyl; wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of l-naphthyl, 2-riaphthyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4- pyridyl and phenyl having one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, CF 3 (Cl-C6) -straight or branched alkyl or *sea

046.. (C2-C6) -straight or branched alkenyl, O-(C-C4-straight or branched alkyl or O-((C2- C4)-straight or branched alkenyl), O-benzyl, 0-phenyl, amino and phenyl; D is hydrogen; E is CH-U; wherein each U is independently selected from hydrogen, O-(C-C4)-straight or- branched alkyl. or 0- ((C2-C4) -straight or branched alkeriyl),, (C1-C6)- straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkyl or (C5-C7)- cyc2loalkenyl substituted with (C-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, [(Cl-C4)-alkyl or (C2-C4)- alkenyll-Ar or Ar; J and K< are taken together to form a 5-6 memnbered heterocyclic ring; and the stereochemistry at carbon position 1 is R or b) a neurotrophic factor; and C) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 3. A pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising: a) a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula CI\CD and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein A in 0, NH, or N-(C1-C4 alkyl); B is hydrogen, CHL-Ar, (Cl-CG)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, (C5-C7)- cycloalkyl, (CS-C7)-cycloalkenyl or Ar substituted (Cl-C6)- alkyl or (C2-C6)-alkenyl, or wherein L and Q are independently hydrogen, (Cl- C6)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl: and T is Ar or substituted cyclohexyl with substituents at positions 3 and 4 which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, O-(C1-C4)-alkyl or O-(C2-C4)- alkenyl; wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4- pyridyl and phenyl having one to three substituerits which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, CF., (Cl-C6) -straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6) -straight or branched alkenyl, O-(Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or O-((C2- C4)-straight or branched alkenyl), 0-benzyl, 0-phenyl, amino and phenyl; D is U; E is oxygen and D is not hydrogen; wherein each U is independently selected from hydrogen, O-(Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or 0- ((C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl), (Cl-C6)- straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, (CS-C7)-cycloalkyl or (c5-C7)- cycloalkenyl substituted with (CJ-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C4) -straight or branched alkenyl, 2-iridolyl, 3-indolyl, *[(C1-C4)-alky. or (C2-C4)- alkcenyl]-Ar or Ar; J and K are taken together to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and the stereochemistry at carbon position 1 is R or s; provided that: when A is oxygen, D is l,1-dimethyl-l-propyl, then B is not 3-cyclohexylpropyl, 3-phenylpropyl, or 3- 4',51- trirnethoxyphenyl~ propyl; when A is oxygen, D is 3 ,4, 5 -trimethoxyphenyl, then, B is not 4 -(4'-raethoxyphenyl)butyl; and when A is oxygen, B is ethyl, then D is rnot methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, 2-methyipropyl, t-butyl, 1, 1-dimethyl-1- propyl, phenyl or benzyl; b) a neurotrophic factor; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising: a) a neurotrophic a-mount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein A in 0, NH, or N-(C1-C4 alkyl.); B is hydrogen, CHL-Ar, (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, (C5-c7)- cycloalkyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkenyl or Ax substituted (Cl-cE)- alkyl or (C2-C6)-alkenyl, or T 11L wherein L and Q are independently hydrogen, (Cl- CE)-straight or branched alkyl. or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl; and 0 0 T is Ar or substituted cyclohexyl with substituents at positions 3 and 4 which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, 0- (Cl-C4) -alkyl or 0- (C2-C4) alkenyl;

60.0 wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of l-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-furyl, :*00..3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4- 000. 0.00.,pyridyl and phenyl having one to three substituents which are independently selected from 0 the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, 0 nitro, CF), (Cl-C6) -straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, 0-(Cl-C4)-straight or branched alky. or 0-((C2- C4)-straight or branched alkenyl), 0-benzyl, 0-phenyl, amino and phenyl; D is U; E is 0 and D is not hydrogen; wherein each UI is independently selected from hydrogen, O-(Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or 0- ((C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl), (Cl-C6)- straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkyl or (C5-C7)- cycloalkenyl substituted with (Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C4)-straight or branched alkeriyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, [(Cl-C4)-alkyl or (c2-C4)- alkenyll-Ar or Ar; J and 1< are taken together to form a heterocyclic ring; and the stereochemistry at carbon position I. is R or S. provided that when; .foe.:A is oxygen, NH or N-(Cl-C4 alkyl); D is (Cl-CS)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-CE) -straight or branched alkenyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkyl substituted with (Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C4)-straight or branched alkeriyl, or Ar; and Ar is 1-napthyl, 2-napthyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2- thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl or phenyl; then B is not: i) a (Cl-C6)alkyl or (C2-C6)alkeniyl chain substituted with substituted or unsubstituted 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2- -thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl or phenyl; or ii) a (Cl-C6)alkyl or (C2-C6)a:lkenyl chain substituted with (C5-C7) -cycloalkyl: b) a neurotrophic factor; and C) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The composition according to claim 1, wherein in said compound with affinity for FKBP12: A is oxygen; J is hydrogen or C1 or C2 alkyl; K is (C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl, benzyl or cyclohexylmethyl; or J and K are taken together to form a 6 memibered heterocyclic ring which contains a second heteroatozu or heterogroup selected from 0, S, so or So,; and the stereochemistry at carbon position 1 is S. 6. The composition according to claim 2, wherein in said compound with affinity for FKBP12: J and K are taken together to form pyrrolidyl or piperidyl; and E is CH-U; and U is dimethylaminopheny., methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, trimethoxyphenyl, nitrophenyl, furyl, indolyl, pyridyl, or methylenedioxyphenyl. 7. The composition according to claim 5, wherein in said compound with affinity for FKBP12: J and K are taken together to form a 5-6 memnbered heterocyclic ring which contains a second heteroatom or heterogroup selected from 0, SP, SO or SO 2 E is oxygen: B is benzyl, naphthyll tert-butyl, hydrogen, E-3- phenyl-2-methyl-prop-2-enyl, E-3- (4-hydroxyphenyl) 2-methyl- prop-2-enyl, E-3- (trans (4-hydroxycyclohexyl) 1-2-methyl-prop- 2-enyl, cyclohexylethyl, cyclohexyipropyl, cyclohexylbutyl, cyclopentylopropyl, E-3- (4-methoxyphenyl) -2-methyl-prop-2- enyt, E-3- 4-dimethoxyphenyl) -2-methyl-prop-2-enyl or E-3- [cis (4-hydroxycyclohexyl) I-2-methyl-prop-2-enyl; and D is phenyl, methoxyphenyl, cyciohexyl, ethyl, methoxy, nitrobenizyl, thiophenyl, indolyl, furyl, pyridyl, pyridyl-N- oxide, ni trophenyl, fluorophenyl, trimethoxyphenyl or diiuethoxyphenyl. 8- A pharmaceutically acceptable composition comtprising: a) a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula (I K' B' AN 2 W M G and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein A' is CH 2 oxygen, NH or N-(C1-C4 alkyl); BI and W are independently: hydrogen, Ar', (Cl-C1O)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C1O)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, (CS-C7) -cycloalkyl-substituted (C1-C6) -straight or branched alkyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkyl-substituted (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl. or alkynyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkenyl- substituted (Cl-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C5-C7) -cycloalkenyl-substituted (C2-C6) -straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, Ar'- substituted- (1 -M6-straight or branched alkyl, or Ar'- substituted- (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl; wherein, in each case, any one of the CH7 groups of said alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl chains may be optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of 0, S, SO, SO 2 N, and NR, wherein R. is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; (Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl; (C2-C4)- straight or branched alkenyl. or alkynyl; (C2.-C4) bridging alkyl, wherein a bridge is formed between the nitrogen and a carbon atom of said heteroatom- containing chain to form a ring, and wherein said ring is optionally fused to an Ar' group; or wherein Q1 is hydrogen, (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl; and TI is Ar' or a 5-7 memibered cycloalkyl ring with substituents at positions 3 and 4, said substituents being independently selected from oxo, hydrogen, hydroxyl, 0- (Cl-C4)-alkyl, or 0- (C2-C4)-alkenyl; wherein Ar' is selected from phenyl, l-naphthyl, 2 -naphthyl, indenyll azulenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyll 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyll pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4- thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1, 3,5-triazinyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo furanyl, benzo (bithiophenyl, U{- indazolyl, benzimidazolyli benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1, 8-naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, pheriazinyl, phenothiazinyl, or phenoxazinyl; and wherein Ar' optionially contains one to three substituents Which are independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxymethyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (Cl-C6)-straig 'ht or branched alkyl, (C2-C6) -straight or branched alkeniyl, O-[(Cl-C4)--straight or branched alkyl), (C2-C-straight or bDranched alkenyl], O-benzyl, 0-phenyl, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, amino, carboxyl, N-[(Cl-C5)-straight or branched alkyl or or branched alkenyl)- carboxamide, N,N-di-L (Cl-CS) -straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C5)-5traight or branched alkenyl)])carboxamide, N-umorpholinocarboxamide, N- benzylcarboxamide, N-thiomorpholinocarboxamide, N-picolinoylcarboxamide, O-X, CH?- (CU 2 q-x 1 0- (CH? 2 q-XI (CU 2 q-OXI, and CH=CH-X; see wherein X is 4-rnethoxyphenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrazyl, quinolyl, 2-methyithiazoyl, thiazoyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, or pyrimidyl; and q is 0-2; G is U'; M is either oxygen or CH-U'; 0****provided that it G is hydrogen, then M is CU-U' or if M is oxygen, then U' is not hydrogen; wherein U' is hydrogen, O-[(C1--C4)-straight or branched alkyl), O-H(C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl], (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6-straight or branched alicenyl, (C5-C7) -cycloalkyl or (C5-C7) -cycloalkenyl substituted with- (Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C4)-straight or branched alikenyl, ((Cl-C4)-alkyl or (C2-C4)-alkenyl]-Y or Y; wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-riaphthyl, indenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, anthraceiyl, 2- pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 1,3= dioxolyl, 2-ixuidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, 2H- pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, piperidyl, 1, 4-dioxanyl-, mnorpholiriyl, 1, 4-dithiarlyl, thioxuorpholinyl, piperazinyl, quinuclidinyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2- th4.enyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4- thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1, 3,5-trithianyl, indolizinyl, iridolyll isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo (bifuranyl, benzo~b] thiopheiyl, 111- indazolyl, benzi.midazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quirnoliny1, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazoliriyl, quinoxalinyl, 1, 8-naphthyridinylt pteridiiyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, or phenoxaziriyl; and wherein Y optionally contains one to three substituents which are independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxymechyl, nitro,. trifluoromethyl, trifliuoromethoxy, (C1-C6) -straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6) -straight or branched alkenyl, O-[(C1-C4)-stzraight or branched alkyl), O-[(C2-C4-straight or branched alkenyl], Q-benzyl, 0-phenyl, 1,2 -methyleniedioxy, amino, or carboxyl; J' is hydrogen, (C1-C2) alkyl or benzyl; K' is (C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl, benzyl or cyclohexylmethyl; or J' and K' are taken together with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which they are respectively bound to form a 7-membered heterocyclic ring optionally containing a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of 0, S, SO and SO 2 or a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring containing a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, S, SO and SO2; m is 0-3; and wherein said compound is not a compound of formula b) a neurotrophic factor; and c) a pharmaceutically suitable carrier. 9. A pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising: a) a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula (II): K' B' A N 2 W G oe G S(II) and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein G, M, W, Ar' and its optional substituents, X, Y and its optional substituents, R, q and m are as defined in claim 8; J' and K' are taken together with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which they are respectively bound to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and wherein said compound is not a compound of formula provided that when mn is 0, A and M are oxygen, G is 1,l-dimethyl-1-propyl, and W is 2-phenylethyl, then BT is not 1,1-dimethyl-l-prop-2-enyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, or 3- (N,N-diallyl)benzamide; and when m is 0, A and M are oxygen, G is tert-butyl, and W is 2-(3',4',5'-trimethoxypheiyl)ethyl, then B' is not phenyl; and b) a neurotrophic factor; C) a pharmaceutically suitable carrier. A pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising: a) a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula (II): B* 1 -1 2 EdI B S G an phraetclyacpabedrvtvsteef *see A whrim' 2 I ,MW r n t ptoa usiuns XYadisopinl.bttuns ,TQ. n JIand rmcetially taeptabeerwitive theiroefoman wherein sa BcompouW A nd its opounal subsortuent(1) brancand itsryl optionalloaky subtbstnsiR, t Qu',ndd are a6)s de ied in clanche 8;yy;(C-7-ycoley substituted (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkynyl; and Ar' substituted (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkynyl; and provided that if G is hydrogen, then M is CH-U' or if M is oxygen, then G is not hydrogen; b) a neurotrophic factor; and C) a pharmaceutically suitable carrier. 11. A pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising: a) a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula (II); K' B' M G and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatiues thereof, wherein G, M, W, Ar', X, Y and its optional substituents, R, Q1, Tj', q and m are as defined in claim 8; Arl contains one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of N-((C1- -straight or branched alkyl or (C2-CS)- straight or branched alkenyl] carboxamide, or branched alkyl or (C2-CS)- straight or branched alkenyl)]carboxamide, N-morpholinocarboxamide, N-benzylcarboxamnide, N-thiomorpholinocarboxamide, N-picolinoylcarboxamide, O-Xf CH2-(CH 2 )q-X 1 O(CH2)q-Xi (CH 2 )q&OX, and CH=CH--X; J' and K' are taken together with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which they are respectively bound to form a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring; and wherein said compound is not a compound of formula provided that at least one of B' or W is Ar', Ar'-substituted (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, and Ar'-substituted (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl; and provided that if G is hydrogen, then M is CH-U' or if M is oxygen, then G is not hydrogen; b) a neurotrophic factor; and c) a pharmaceutically suitable carrier. 12. A pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising: a) a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula (II): K' B' A' G (II) N 2 and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein G, W, Ar' and its optional substituents, X, Y, R, q and m are as defined in claim 8; M is CH-U'; J' and K' are taken together with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which they are respectively bound to form a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring; and wherein said compound is not a compound of formula b) a neurotrophic factor; and C) a pharmaceutically suitable carrier. 13- A pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising: a) a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula (11): KA B' A' and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein o. BI, G, W, Ar' and its optional substituents, M, X, Y and its optional substituents, R, TI, Q'j q and m are as defined in claim 8; J' and K' are taken together with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which they are respectively bound to form a 5-membered heterocyclic ring; and wherein said compound is not a compound of formula provided that if G is hydrogen, then M is CH-U' or if M is oxygen, then G is not hydrogen; and provided that when: M is oxygen; A is oxygen, NH~ or N-(Cl-C4 alkyl); G is (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-CG)-s-traight or branched alkenyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkyl or (C5-C7)-cycloalkenyl substituted with (Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl, or Y; and Y is 1-naphthyl, 2-riaphthyl, indolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, thiazolyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4- pyridyl or phenyl; then B' and W, taken together, do not form: i) substituted or unsubstituted indolyl, 2-furyl, 3- furyl, thiazolyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3- pyridyl, 4-pyridyl or phenyl; ii) an alkyl or alkeniy chain substituted with substituted or urisubstituted indolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, thiazoJlyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4- pyridyl or phenyl; or iii) an alkyl. or alkenyl chain substituted with (C5-C7) -cycloalkyl; b) a neurotrophic factor; and C) a pharmaceutically suitable carrier. *14. The composition ac-cording to any one of claims 8-13, wherein: B' and W are independently: hydrogen, Ar', (Cl-CIO)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C1O)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkyl substituted (Cl-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C 6)-straight or branched alkeny. or alkynyl, -(C5-C7)-cycloalkenyl substituted (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-CE)-straight or branched alkenyl or *alkynyl, or Ar' substituted (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenlyl or alkynyl wherein, in each case, any one of the C14 2 groups of said alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl chains may be optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of 0, S, SO, S02; or Ar' may contain one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxymethyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (Cl-C6) -straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or braniched alkenyl, 0-[(C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl], O-Ii(C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl], O-benzyl, 0-phenyl, 1,2-methylenedioxy, amino and carboxyl; and Y is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, l-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazoly., pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2, 3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2, 3-tri-azolyl, 1,3, 4-thiadiazoly., pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1, 3,5-triazinyl, 1,3,5- 0 trithianyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, 0 0'indolinyl, benzo fbifuranyl, benzo fbJthiophenyl, 1H- indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H- 0.0.0,quinoliziriyll quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8- naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, or phenoxazinyl. The composition according to any one of claims B-13, wherein: at least one of B' or W is independently selected froim the group consisting of (C2-ClO)-straight or branched alkcynyl; (C5-C7)-cycloalkyl substituted (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkynyl; (C5-C7) -cycloalkenyl substituted (C2-C6) -straight or branched alkynyl; and Ar' substituted (C2-C6) -straight or branched alkynyl. 16. The composition according to any one of claims 8-13, wherein; at least one of B' or W is independently represented by the formula -(CH 2 wherein: Z is independently selected from the group consisting of CH 2 0, S, SO, S0 2 N, and NR; r is 0-4; and s is 0-1. 17. The composition according to any one of claims 8-13, wherein: at least one of B' or W is independently selected from the group consisting of Ar', Ar'-stibstituted (Cl-C6)- straight or branched alkyl, and Ar'-substituted (C2-C6)- straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl; and wherein Ar' is substituted with one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of N-(straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C5)-alkenyl) carboxamide, N,N-di-(straight or branched (Cl-C5)-alkyl or alkenyl) carboxamide, N-morpholinocarboxamide, NJ- benzylcarboxamide, N-thiomorpholinocarboxamide, N-picolinoylcarboxamide, 0-X, CE 2 (CH 2 qX, 0 (CH 2 q-X (CH 2 )q-OX, and Cli=CH-X. 18. The composition according to any of claims 1-4 or 8-13, wherein said neurotrophic factor is selected from nerve growth factor (NGF), insulin growth factor (IGF) and active truncated derivatives thereof, acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (DDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factors (CNTF), gilial cell line-derived reurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophii-3 (NT-3) and neurocrophii 4/5 19. The composition according to claim 18, wherein said neurotrophic factor is NGF. A method for stimulating neurite growth in nerve cells comprising the step of contacting said nerve cells with a composition comprising a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKB?12 having the formula B D and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein A in 0, NH, or N- (Cl-C4 alkyl); B is hydrogen, CHL-Ar, (C1-CS)-straight or branched 000.alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched. alkenyl, (CS-C7)- cycloalkyl, (C5-C7) -cycloalkenyl or Ar substituted (Cl-C6) alkyl or (C2-C)-alkenyl, or wherein L and Q are independently hydrogen, (Cl- CE)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-CE)-straight or branched alkenyl; and T is Ar or substituted cyclohexyl with substituents at positions 3 and 4 which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, O-(Cl-C4)-alkyl or 0-(C2-C4)- alkenyl; wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 2-joyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4- pyridyl and phenyl having one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, CF 3 (Cl1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl or. (C2-C6) -straight or branched alkenyl, O-(C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or O-((C2- C4)-straight or branched alkenyl), 0-berizyl, 0-phenyl, amino and phenyl; D is U; E is either oxygen or CH-U, provided that if D is hydrogen, then E is CH-U or if E is oxygen then D is not hydrogen; wherein each U is independently selected from hydrogen, O-(Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or 0- ((C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl), (Cl-C6)- straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, (CS-C7)-cycloalkyl or (C5-C7)- cycloalkenyl substituted with (Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenylt 2-inydolyl, 3-indolyl, [I (Cl-C4) -alkyl or (C2-C4) alkenylj-Ar or Ar; J is hydrogen or C1 or C2 alkyl; K~ is (Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl, benzyl or cyclohexylmethyl; or J and 1< are taken together to form a 6 memnbered heterocyclic ring which contains a second heteroatom or heterogroup, selected from 0, S, SO or So.; or J and K are taken together to form a 7-membered heterocyclic ring optionally containing a second heteroatom or heterogroup selected from 0, S, So or S0 2 and the stereochemistry at carbon position 1 is R or S. 21. A method for stimulating neurite growth in nerve cells comprising the step of contacting said nerve cells with a composition comprising a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula B *eS. and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein A in 0, NH, or N-(Cl-C4 alkyl); B is hydrogen, CHL-Ar, (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-CG)-straight or branched alkenyl, (C5-C7)- cycloalkyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkenyl or Ar substituted (Cl-C6)- alkyl or (C2-C-6)-alkenyl, or wherein L and Q are independently hydrogen, (Cl-C6-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-CE)-straight or branched alkenyl; and T is Ar or substituted cyclohexyl with substituents at positions 3 and 4 which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, O-(Cl-C4)-alkyl or O-(C2-C4)- alkenyl; wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 2-pyridyll 3-pyridyl, 4- pyridyl. and phenyl having one to three substituents which are indepenidently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, VO nitro, CF 3 (Cl-C6) -straight or branched alkyl or (C2-CG) -straight or branched alkenyl, O-(C-C4)-straight or branched alkyl. or O-((C2- C4)-straight or branched alkenyl), O-benzyl, 0-phenyl, amino and phenyl; D is hydrogen; E is CH--U; wherein each U is independently selected from hydrogen, O-(Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl. or 0- ((C2-C4) -straight or branched alkenyl), (Cl-CS) straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, (C5-C7) -cycloalkyl or (CS-C7) cycloalkenyJ. substituted with (C-C4-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, [(Cl-C4)-alkyl or (C2-C4)- alkenyljl-Ar or Ar; J and K are taken together to form a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring; and the stereochemistry at carbon position 1. is R. or S. 22. A method for stimulating neurite growth in nerve cells comprising the step of contacting said nerve cells with a composition comprising a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKP12 having the formula K and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein A in 00 NH, or N-(Cl-C4 alkyl); B is hydrogen, CHL-Ar, (Cl-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, (C5-C7)- cycloalkyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkenyl or Ar substituted (Cl-C6)- alkyl or (C2-C6)-alkenyl, or wherein L and Q are independently hydrogen, (Cl- C6-straight or branched alk~yl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkeriyl; and T is Ar or substituted cyclohexyl with substituents at positions 3 and 4 which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, O-(C1--C4)-alkyl or O-(C2-C4)- alkenyl; wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of l-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyll 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4- pyridyl and phenyl having one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, CF., (Cl-C6) -straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6) -straight or branched alkenyl, O-(Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or O-((C2- C4-straight or branched alkenyl), O-benzyl, 0-phenyl, amino and phenyl; *D is U; E is oxygen and D is not hydrogen; wherein each U is independently selected from hydrogen, O-(Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl. or 0- ((C2-C4)--straight or branched alkenyl), (C1-C6)- straight or branched alkcyl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkyl or (C5-C7)- cycloalkenyl substituted with (Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkcyl or (C2-C4-straight or branched alkenyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolyl, C(Cl-C4)-alkyl or (C2-C4)- alkenyll-Ar or Ar; J and K are taken together to form a 6-memrbered heterocyclic ring; and the stereochemistry at carbon position 1. is R or S; provided that; when A is oxygen, D is 1,l-dimethyl--propyl, then B is not 3-cyclohexylpropyl, 3-phenylpropyl, or 3- 4'1, 5' trimethoxyphenyl)propyl; when A is oxygen, D is 3,4,5-trinethoxypheriyl, then, B is not 4- -methoxyphenyl)butyl; and when A is oxygen, B is ethyl, then D is not methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, 2-methyipropyll t-butyl, 3,1-dimethyl-l- propyl, phenyl or benzyl. 23. A method for stimulating neurite growth in nerve cells comprising the step of contacting said nerve cells with a composition comprising a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula B an phraetclyacpabedrvtvsteef whri Ai., H rN-C.. ly) B ishdoeCL-r C*6-taih rbace alyl (C-6-srih cycoakyl (S-7)-ycoakenlo rsbtttd(IC aly or*. DC-6-leyo wherein L arid Q are independently hydrogen, (Cl- C6)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6-straight or branched alkenyl; and T is A~r or substituted cyclohexyl with. substituents at positions 3 and 4 which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, O-(Cl-C4)-alky. or O-(C2-C4)- alkenyl; wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of l-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4- pyridy]. and phenyl. haing one to three substituents which are independently selected from group consisting of hydrogen, halo, hydroxyl, nitro, CF 3 (C1-C6) -straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6) -straight or branched alicenyl, 0-(CI-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or O-((C2- C4)-straight or branched alkenyl), O-benzyl, 0-phenyl, amino and phenyl; *D is U; E is 0 and D is not hydrogen; wherein each U is independently selected from hydrogen, O-(Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or 0- ((C2-C4)-straight or branched aitkenyl), (C1-C6)- straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkyi. or (C5-C7)- cycloalkenyl substituted with (Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl, 2-indolyl, 3-indolYl, [(Cl-C4)-alkyl or (C2-C4)- alkenyll -Ar or Ar; J and K are taken together to form a heterocyclic ring; and the stereochemistry at carbon position 1 is R. or s.. provided that when: A is oxygen, NH or N- (C1-C4 alkyl); D is (Cl-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, (CS-C7)-cycloalkyl substituted with (C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C4)-5traight or branched alkeny., or Ar; and Ar is 1-napthyl, 2-napthyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2- thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl or phenyl; then B is not: i) a (C1-C6)alkyl or (C2-CG)alkenyl chain substituted with substituted or unsubstituted 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2- thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl or phenyl; or ii) a (Cl-C6)alkyl or (C2-CS)alkenyl chain substituted with (C5-C7) -cycloalkyl. 24. The method according to claim 20, wherein in said compound with affinity for FKBP12: is oxygen; J is hydrogen or Cl or C2 alkyl; K is (C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl, benzyl or cyclohexylmethyl; or J and K are taken together to form a 6 memnbered heterocyclic ring which contains a second heteroatom or heterogroup selected from 0, S, SO or S0 2 and the stereochemistry at carbon position 1 is S. The method according to claim 21, wherein in said compound with affinity for FKBP12: J and K are taken together to form pyrrolidyl or piperidyl; and E is CH-U; and U is dimethylamiflopheflyl, methoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenll trimethoxyphenyl, nitrophenyl, furyl, indolyl, pyridyl, or methylenedioxypheflyl. 26. The method according to claim 24, wherein in said compound with affinity for FKBP12: J and K are taken together to form a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring which containrs a second heteroatom or heterogroup selected from 0, S, SO or SO,; E is oxygen; B is benzyl, naphthyl, tert-butyl, hydrogen, E-3- phenyl-2-methyl-prop- 2 -el E-3- (4-hydroxyphenyl) 2-methyl- prop-2-enyl, E-3- [trans (4-hydroxycyclohexyl) I-2-methyl-prop- cyclohexylethyl, cyclohexylpropyl, cyclohexylbutyl, cyclopentylopropyl,, E-3- (4-methoxyphelyl) -2-methyl-prop-2- enyl, E-3- 4-dimethoxyphelyl) -2-methyl-prop-2-enyl or E-3- (cis (4-hydroxycyclohexyl) ]-2-methyl-prop-2-enyl; and D is phenyl, niethoxypheny., cyci-ohexyl, ethyl, methoxy, nitrobenzyl, thiophenyl, indolyl, furyl, pyridyl, pyridyl-N- oxide, nitrophenyl, fluorophenyll trimethoxypheny- or dimethoxyphenyl 27. A method for stimulating neurite growth in sonerve cells comprising the step of contacting said nerve S..,.cells with a composition comprising a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula (II): K' B G (I and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein A' is CH 2 oxygen, NH or N-(C1-C4 alkyl); S' and W are independently; hydrogen, Ar',.(Cl-ClO)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-ClO)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, (C5-C7) -cycloalkyl-substituted (Cl-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C5-C7) -cycloalkyl substituted (C2-C6) -straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, (CS-C7)-cycloalkenyl- substituted (Cl-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C5-C7) -cycloalkenyl-substi-tUted (C2-CE) -straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, Ar'- substituted- (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, or Ar'- substituted- (C2-C6) -straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl; wherein, in each case, any one of the CH 2 groups of said alkyl, alkenyl fees or alkynyl chains may be optionally replaced by a heteroatom e~g. selected from the group consisting of 0, S, So, S0 2 N, and wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; (C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl; (C2-C4)- 6896%straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl; (Cl-C4) bridging alkyl, wherein a bridge is formed between the VOON Cnitrogen and a' carbon atom of said heteroatom- containing chain to form a ring, and wherein said ring is optionally fused to an Ar' group; or f 0 OSS.O wherein Q' is hydrogen, (C-C6)-straight or branched alkyl or (C-CE-straight or branched alkeriyl or'alkynyl; and Tv is Ar' or a 5-7 memrbered cycloalIky1 ring with substituents at positions 3 and 4, said substituents being independently, selected from oxo, hydrogen, hydroxyl, 0-(Cl-C4)-alkyl, or 0- (C2-C4)-alkenyl; wherein Ar' is selected from phenyl, l-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazoly-, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, l,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4- thiadiazolyl, pyridaziiyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 31--indoly., indolinyl, benzo furanyl, benzo [bithiophenyl, 1H- indazolyl, benziiuidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinol-inyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1, 8-naphthyridinyl, pteridiyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, pheriothiazinyl, or phenoxazirnyl; and wherein Ar' optionally contains one to three substituents which are independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxymethyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (Cl-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, o-((C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl], O-((C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyll, O-benzyl, 0-phenyl, 1,2-methylenedioxy, amino, carboxyl, N-[(C1-CS)-straight or branched alkyl or or branched alkenyll- carboxamide, N~,N-di-[(C1-C5)-straight or branched alkyl. or (C2-CS)-straight or branched alkenyl)lIcarboxamide, N-morphoinocarboxamide, N- benzylcarboxamfide, N-thiomorpholinocarboxamide, N-picolinoylcarboxamide, 0-X, CH 2 (Cl1 2 q-XI 0- (CH 2 q-Xt (CH 2 q-O-X, and CH=CH-X; wherein X is 4-iethoxyphenyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyli 4-pyridyl, pyrazyl, quinolyl, 3, 5-dinethylisoxazoyl, isoxazoyl, 2-methyithiazoyl, thiazoyt, 2-t-hienyl, 3-thienyl, or pyrimidyl; and q is 0-2; G is U'; M is either oxygen or C1H-U'; provided that if G is hydrogen, then M is CH-U' or if M is oxygen, then U' is not hydrogen; wherein U' is hydrogen, O-C(C-C4)-straight or branched alkyl], O-[(C2-C4)-straight or branched al.kenyl1, (Cl-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-CG) -straight or branched aikenyl, (C5-C7) -cycloalkyl or (C5-C7)-cycloalkenyl substituted with (CC-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl, [(Cl-C4)-alkyl or (C2-C4)-alkenyl)-Y or Y; wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, l-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indenyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, 2- pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 1,3- dioxolyl, 2-imidazoliniyl, imidazolidinyl, 2H- pyrany., 4H-pyranyl, piperidyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, morpholinyl, 1, 4-dithianyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, quinuclidinyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2- thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazoJlyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyI, 1,2,3-t-riazolyl, 1,3,4- thiadi-azolyl, pyridazilyl, pyrimidinyl, pyraziiyl, 1,3,5-triazilYl, 1, 3,5-trithia'yl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-jndolyl, indolinyl, benzo Eb) furanyl, benzo thiophenyl, 1H- indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizilyl, quinolinyl, isoquainolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyll quiriazoliny., quinoxalinyl, 1, 8-naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolylf acridinyl, phenazinyl, pheriothiazinyl, or phenoxazinyl; and wherein Y optionally contains one to three substituents which are independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, hydroxymethyl, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, (Cl-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6) -straight or branched alkenyl, O-[(Cl-C4)-straight or branched alkyl), O-[(C2--C4)-straight or branched alkenyll, 0-benzyl, 0-phenxyl, 1, 2-methylenedioxy, amino, or carboxyl; JV is hydrogen, (Cl-C2) alkyl or benzyl; K' is (C1-C4-straight or branched alkyl, benzyl or cyclohexylmethyl; or J' and K' are taken together with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which they are respectively bound to form a 7-menibered heterocyclic ring optionally containing a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of 0, S, SO and SO 2 or a 5-6 membered heterocycli.c. ring containing a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of 0, S, SO and SO 2 m is 0-3; and wherein said compound is not a compound of formula 28. A method for stimulating neurite growth in nerve cells comprising the step of contacting said nerve cells with a composition comprising a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula (II): K' B' N' A' M G (II) and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein G, M, W, Ar' and its optional substituents, X, Y and its optional substituents, R, q and m "are as defined in claim 27; J' and K' are taken together with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which they are respectively bound to form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring; and wherein said compound is not a compound of formula provided that when m is 0, A and M are oxygen, G is l. 1,-dimethyl-l-propyl, and W is 2-phenylethyl, then B' is not 1,l-dimethyl-l-prop-2-enyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, or 3- (N,N-diallyl)benzamide; and when m is 0, A and M are oxygen, G is tert-butyl, and W is 2-(3',4',5'-trimethoxyphenyl)ethyl, then B' is not phenyl. 29. A method for stimulating neurite growth in nerve cells comprising the step of contacting said nerve cells with a composition comprising a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula (II): K' B' J. A' m 2 W M G (II) and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein G, M, W, Ar' and its optional substituents, X, Y and its optional substituents, R, q and m are as defined in claim 27; J' and K' are taken together with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which they are respectively bound to form a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring; and wherein said compound is not a compound of formula provided at least one of B' or W is independently *"selected from the group consisting of (C2-C10)-straight or branched alkynyl; (CS-C7)-cycloalkyl substituted (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkynyl; (C5-C7)-cycloalkenyl .substituted (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkynyl; and Ar' substituted (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkynyl; and provided that if G is hydrogen, then M is CH-U' or if M is oxygen, then G is not hydrogen. A method for stimulating neurite growth in nerve cells comprising the step of contacting said nerve cells with a composition comprising a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula (II): K' B I i INA' 2 W M G and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein G, M, W, Ar', X, Y and its optional substituenits, R, TI, Q1, U'1 q and m are as defined in claim 27; Ar' contains one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of N-[(Cl- .goo.:CS)-straight or braniched alkyl or straight or branched alkenyll carboxamide, or branched alkcyl or straight or branched alkenyljlcarboxamide, N-morpholinocarboxamide, N-benzylcarboxamide, W-thiomorphol inocarboxamide, N-picolinoylcarboxamide, O-X, CH 2 ICH 2 )q-Xi 04(CH 2 (CH 2 )q-OX, and CH=CH-X; J' and K' are taken together with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which they are respectively bound to form a 5-6 memnbered heterocyclic ring; and wherein said compound is not a compound of formula provided that at least one of B' or W is Ar', Ar'-substituted (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, and Ar'-substituted (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl. or alkynyl; and provided that if G is hydrogen, then M is CH-U' or if MA is oxygen; then G is not hydrogen. 31. A method for stimulating neurite growth in nerve cells comprising the step of contacting said nerve cells with a composition comprising a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula (II); K' B' JN 2W m G (II) and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein G, W, Ar' and its optional substituents and its optional substituents, X, Y, R, q and m are as defined in claim 27; M is CH-U'; J' and K' are taken together with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which they are respectively bound to form a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring; and wherein said compound is not a compound of formula 32. A method for stimulating neurite growth in nerve cells comprising the step of contacting said nerve cells with a composition comprising a neurotrophic amount of a compound with affinity for FKBP12 having the formula (II): M K' B r II and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, wherein BI, G, W, Ar' arnd its optional substituents, M, X, Y and its optional substituents, TI, q and mn are as defined in claim 27; J' and K' are taken together with the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom to which they are respectively bound to form a 5-meznbered heterocyclic ring; and wherein said compound is not a compound of formula provided that if G is hydrogen, then M is CR-U' or if M4 is oxygen, then G is not hydrogen; and provided that when: M is oxygen; A is oxygen, NHl or N- (C1-C4 alkyl); G is (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkenyl, (C5-C7)-cycloalkyl or (C5-C7)-cycloalkeny. substituted with (C1-C4)-straight or branched alkyl or (C2-C4)-straight or branched alkenyl, or Y; and Y is 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, iridolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, thiazolyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4- pyridyl or phenyl; then B' and W, taken together, do not form: i) substituted or unsubstituted indolyl, 2-furyl, 3- furyl, thiazolyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3- pyridyl, 4-pyridyl or phenyl; ii) an alkyl or alkenyl chain substituted with substituted or unsubstituted indolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, thiazolyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4- pyridyl or phenyl; or iii) an alkyl or alkenyl chain substituted with (C5-C7) -cycloalkyl. 33- The method according to any one of claims 27-32, wherein in said compound with affinity for FKBP12: BI and W are independently: hydrogen, Ar', (C1-ClO)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C1Q)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, (CS-C7)-cycloalkyl substituted (Cl-C6)'-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkeriyl or alkynyl, (C5-C7)-cyc1loalkefl substituted (Cl-CE) -straight or branched alkyl, (C2-CE)-straight or branched alkenyl or alkynyl, or Ar' substituted (C1-C6)-straight or branched alkyl, (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkeny. or alkynyl wherein, in each case, any one of the CH 2 groups of said alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl chains may be optionally replaced by a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of 0, S, SO, SO 2 or T Ar ma**ti n t he usitet hc r barhe malyl contain onetote su brtntuedit whichare indpedetl selected from the group consisting of hnl ahrgen, halogen 1 hydroxyl, hydroxetyl, ntiro, c-riuorometyrifyluo-romethox ry, C-C)-taight or brhda lkyl, (C2-CE)-st prazoght ior banched alkenyl, lyl or brahdiazleyl] ,21O-enz l, -hey,,-haizl 2pyridiyl, 3prl pyrnl yrdyl, yrly,1oxazlyl, 135 trithianyl, inidolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, iridolinyl, benzo furanyl, benzo (b]thiophenylo lH- indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, puririyl, 4H- quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8- naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazoly., acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, or phenoxazinyl. 34. The method according to claim 32, wherein in said compound with affinity for FKBP12: at least one of B' or W is independently selected from the group consisting of (C2-C1O)-straight or branched alkynyl; (C5-C7)-cycloalkyl substituted (C2-C6)-straight or bran~ched alkynyl; (C5-C7) -cycloalkenyl substituted (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkynyl; and Ar' substituted (C2-C6)-straight or branched alkynyl. 35. The method according to claim 32, wherein in said compound with affinity for FKBP12: at least one of B' or W is independently represented by the formula -(CH 2 2 5 Ar', wherein: Z is independently selected from the group consisting of CH2, 0, S, SO, SO 2 N, and NR; r is 0-4; and s is 0-1. 36. The method according to claim 32, wherein in said compound with affinity for FKBP12: at least one of BI or W is independently selected from the group consisting of Ar', Ar'-substituted (C1-C6)- straight or branched alkyl, and Ar'-substituted (C2-CG)- straight or branched alicenyl or alkynyl; and wherein Ar' is substituted with one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of N-(straight or branched (Cl-CS)- alkyl or (C2-C5)-alkelyl) carboxamide, N,N-di-(straight or branched (C1-C5)-alkyl or alkenyl) carboxamide, N-morpholinocarboxamide, N- benzylcarboxamide, N-thiomorpholiflocarboxamide, N-picoliaoylcarboxamide, O-X, CH 2 (CH 2 q-Xi 0- (CH 2 q~Xi (CU 2 q-OX, and CfImC1-X. 37- The method according to any one of claims 23 or 27-32t wherein said method comprises the additional step of contacting said nerve cells with a neurotrophic factor. 38. The method according to claim 37, wherein said neurotrophic factor is selected from nerve growth factor (NGF), insulin growth factor (IGF) and active truncated derivatives thereof, acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factors (CNTF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and neurotrophin 4/5 39. The method according to claim 38, wherein said neurotrophic factor is NGF. The method according to any one of claims 23 or 27-32, wherein said method is used to treat a patient who is suffering from or has suffered from Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ALS, stroke and ischemia. associated with stroke, neural paropathy, other neural degenerative diseases, motor neuron diseases, sciatic crush, spinal cord injuries or facial nerve crush. 41. The method according to claim 37, wherein said method is used to treat a patient who is suffering from or has suffered from Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIS, stroke and ischemia associated with stroke, neural paropathy, other neural degenerative diseases, motor neuron diseases, sciatic crush, spinal cord injuries or facial nerve crush. DATED this 3 rd day of July 2000~ VERTEX PHARMACEUTICALS INCORPORATED By their Patent Attorneys CULLEN &CO. *ee e0g. 0 0 0009 @0 0 0 ao *00600