AU3525400A - Treatment of thrombosis by combined use of a factor Xa inhibitor and aspirin, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), a GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, low molecular weight heparin or heparin - Google Patents

Description

WO 00/53264 PCTUSOO/06451 Title Treatment of Thrombosis by Combined Use of a Factor Xa Inhibitor and Aspirin, Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA), 5 a GPIIb/IIIa Antagonist, Low Molecular Weight Heparin or Heparin. Field of the Invention 10 This invention relates to the treatment of thrombosis in mammals and more particularly to such treatment by the administration of a combination of (i) a Factor Xa inhibitor, and (II) a compound selected from the group consisting of aspirin, TPA, GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, low 15 molecular weight heparin and heparin, wherein the dose administered for at least one of (i) and (ii) is a subtherapeutic dose. Background of the Invention 20 The selected class of Factor Xa inhibitors and the selected class of aspirin, GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), low-molecular-weight-heparin and heparin are essential as component parts of the novel 25 compositions of this invention. Aspirin and GPIIb/IIIa antagonists are known in the art as antiplatelet agents. Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is known as a thrombolytic agent. Low-molecular-weight heparin and heparin are known as anticoagulants. 30 Factor Xa is a blood coagulation protein. It plays a major role in blood coagulation because of its central position at the convergent point of the 1 WO 00/53264 PCTIUSOO/06451 intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation. It is believed that inhibition of Factor Xa may eliminate the production of thrombin by either the extrinsic or intrinsic pathways without interfering with a basal level of thrombin 5 activity necessary for normal hemostasis (Harke LA, Hanson SR and Kelly AB. Antithrombotic strategies targeting thrombin activities, thrombin receptors and thrombin generation. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 78: 736-741, 1997). Both peptide and nonpeptide Factor Xa inhibitors are 10 currently available (Kaiser B. Thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors. Drugs of the Future 23: 423-436, 1998). Examples of peptide Factor Xa inhibitors are antistasin and tick anticoagulant peptide, and nonpeptide Factor Xa inhibitors are described in W098/2326, Thromb Haemost 1994; 15 71: 314-9, Thromb Haemost 1994; 72:393-6, and Thromb Haemost 1998; 79: 859-64. The antithrombotic effects of these peptide and nonpeptide Factor Xa inhibitors have been well demonstrated in various experimental models of arterial and venous thrombosis (Kaiser B. Thrombin and 20 factor Xa inhibitors. Drugs of the Future 23: 423-436, 1998). Summary of the Invention One object of the present invention is to provide a 25 method of treating thrombosis in a mammal comprising: administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a combination of (i) a Factor Xa inhibitor, and (ii) a compound selected from the group consisting of aspirin, TPA a GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, low molecular weight 30 heparin and heparin, wherein the dose administered for at least one of (i) and (ii) is a subtherapeutic dose. 2 WO 00/53264 PCTIUSOO/06451 Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of treating thrombosis in a mammal wherein the combination of (i) and (ii) above are administered in amounts to provide a synergistic effect. 5 These and other objects, which will become apparent during the following detailed description, have been achieved by the discovery that the administration of a Factor Xa inhibitor (i) in combination with one of (ii) 10 aspirin, tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), a GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, low molecular weight heparin or heparin, with at least one of (i) and (ii), preferably both, being administered at a dose which would be a subtherapeutic dose when administered alone. 15 Brief Description of Drawings Fig. 1 is a graph showing carotid blood flow versus time for saline vehicle, aspirin alone, a Factor Xa 20 inhibitor alone, and a combination of aspirin and the same Factor Xa inhibitor; Fig. 2 is a graph showing carotid blood flow versus time for saline vehicle, a GPIIb/IIIa antagonist alone, a 25 Factor Xa inhibitor alone, and a combination of the same IIb/IIIa antagonist and Factor X inhibitor; Fig. 3 is a graph showing carotid blood flow versus time for saline vehicle, fragmin, a Factor Xa inhibitor, 30 and a combination of fragmin and the same Factor Xa inhibitor; Fig. 4 is a bar chart showing the duration of 3 WO 00/53264 PCTIUSOO/06451 patency for saline vehicle, a Factor Xa inhibitor alone, TPA alone, and a combination of the same TPA and Factor Xa inhibitor; and 5 Fig. 5 is a bar chart showing the antithrombotic effect of a saline vehicle and heparin alone, and a combination of heparin with 3 different doses of a Factor Xa inhibitor. 10 Detailed Description of the Invention The combinations of active compounds (i) and (ii) of this invention are useful in the treatment of thrombotic disorders including atherosclerotic arterial disease, 15 valvular heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular disease such as stroke, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease such as myocardial infarction and unstable angina, coronary artery bypass grafts, peripheral vascular disease, thromboembolic complications of prosthetic 20 cardiovascular devices such heart valves and vascular grafts and deep vein thrombosis following major orthopaedic surgery, major fractures and/or abdominal surgery. These combinations are also expected to be useful in combining with endovascular stenting procedures such as percutaneous 25 transluminal coronary angioplasty to prevent subsequent arterial thrombus formation and reocclusion. Factor Xa inhibitor compounds (i) useful in the present invention are well-known in the prior art. 30 Preferred Factor Xa inhibitors are described in PCT Pat. Appln. No. US97/22895, filed December 15, 1997; published July 2, 1998, as W098/28269, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Specifically preferred compounds within W098/28269 are: 4 WO 00/53264 PCT/US00/06451 Compound (1): F

FF

N

/N 5 O NO=S=0 0 N F H F =C

H

2 N 0 FF 10 Compound (2): FF F N S N

O=S=

0 H

H

2 N F HCl Salt 15 Compound (3) : F F I N / O0 N O=S=O 20 H NH 2

H

2 N O F OH FF 25 Another Factor Xa inhibitor compound is DX-9065a 5 WO 00/53264 -PCT/USOO/06451 described in Thromb Haemost 1994; 71:314-9; and Thromb Haemost 1994; 72:393-6. DX-9065a is (+)-2S-2[4-[[(3S)-1 acetimidoyl-3-pyrrolidinyl]oxy]phenyl]-3-[7-amidino-2 naphthyl] propanoic acid hydrochloride pentahydrate. A 5 still further Factor Xa inhibitor compound is YM-60828 described in Thromb Haemost 1998; 79:859-64. YM-60828 is [N-[4-[(1-acetimidoyl-4-piperidyl)oxy] phenyll-N-[(7 amidino-2-naphthyl)methyl]sulfamoyl] acetic acid dihydrochloride. Other Factor Xa inhibitor compounds will 10 be readily known by those skilled in the art. The compounds (ii) useful in the combination of the present invention are either commercially available and/or well-known in the prior art. Aspirin, fragmin (Pharmacia 15 AB, Stockholm, Sweden), heparin (Upjohn, Kalamazoo, Michigan), and TPA (Genentech, San Francisco, California) are available commercially. Fragmin is a low molecular weight heparin. It is isolated from standard heparin with a mean molecular weight of 4.5 kDa whereas standard heparin 20 has a molecular weight of 750 to 1000 kDa. Low-molecular weight heparin such as fragmin differs from heparin in both their pharmacokinetic properties and mechanism of action. The potency for fragmin is expressed in unit of anti-Factor Xa activity. Each mg of fragmin has about 150 U of anti 25 Factor Xa activity. Preferred GPIIb/IIIa antagonist compounds useful as component (ii) of the combination are described in published PCT Application W095/14683, published 1 June 30 1995, as the second embodiment. Preferred compounds described therein have the formula: 6 WO 00/53264 PCT/USOO/06451 R\ W--X--A RI--U-V 'N.-O (a) 5 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: 10 R1 is selected from R2a(R3)N-, R2(R3)N(R2N=)C-, R2a(R3)N(CH2)p'Z-, R2(R3)N(R2N=)C(CH2)p"Z-, R2(R3)N(R2N=)CN(R2)-, R2(R3)NC(O)-, R2(R50)N(R2N=)C-, R2 (R3) N (R50N=) C-;

(CH

2 ) Z-- ,(CH2)nZ 2aN 2a or (CH2) nZ

(CH

2 ) )r 15 R2aR3N Z is selected from a bond, 0, or S; R2 and R3 are independently selected from: H; C1-C6 alkyl; 20 C7-C11 arylalkyl optionally substituted with 0-3 groups selected from hydroxy, halogen, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkyl, CF3, S(O)mCH3, -N(CH3)2, C1-C4 haloalkyl, methylenedioxydiyl, ethylenedioxydiyl; (C1-C10 alkoxy)carbonyl; aryl(C1-C10 alkoxy)carbonyl where the aryl 25 group is optionally substituted with 0-3 groups selected from hydroxy, halogen, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkyl, CF3, 7 WO 00/53264 PCT/USOO/06451 S(O)mCH3, -N(CH3)2, Cl-C4 haloalkyl, methylenedioxydiyl, ethylenedioxydiyl; or heteroaryl(Cl-C5)alkyl where the heteroaryl group is optionally substituted with 0-2 groups selected from hydroxy, halogen, C1-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkyl, 5 CF3, S(O)mCH3, -N(CH3)2, Cl-C4 haloalkyl, methylenedioxydiyl, ethylenedioxydiyl; R2a is R2 or R2(R3)N(R2N=)C; 10 U is a single bond, V is selected from: a single bond; 15 -(Ci-C7 alkyl)-, substituted with 0-3 groups independently selected from R 6 or R 7 ; -(C2-C7 alkenyl)-, substituted with 0-3 groups independently selected from R 6 or R 7 ; -(C2-C7 alkynyl)-, substituted with 0-3 groups 20 independently selected from R 6 or R7; -(phenyl)-Q-, said phenyl substituted with 0-2 groups independently selected from R 6 or R7; -(pyridyl)-Q-, said pyridyl substituted with 0-2 groups independently selected from R 6 or R 7 ; or 25 -(pyridazinyl)-Q-, said pyridazinyl substituted with 0-2 groups independently selected from R 6 or R 7 , Q is selected from a single bond, 30 -0-, -S(O)m-, -N(R 12 )-, -(CH2)m-, -C(=O)-, N(R5a)C(=O)-, -C(=O)N(R5a)-, -CH20-, -OCH2-, 8 WO 00/53264 PCT/USOO/06451 CH2N(R1 2 )-, -N(R 1 2 )CH2-, -CH2C(=O)-, -C(=0)CH2-, CH2S(O)m-, or -S(O)mCH2-, provided that when b is a single bond, and R 1 -U-V- is a 5 substituent on CS of the central 5-membered ring of Formula Ic, then Q is not -0-, -S(O)m-, -N(R1 2 V, C(=0)N(R5a)-, -CH20-, CH2N(R1 2 )- or -CH2S(O)m-; W is selected from: 10 -(C(R 4

)

2 )-C(=0)-N(R5a)-, or -C(=0)-N(R5a)-(C(R 4 )2)-; X is -C(R 4 ) (R8)-CHR 4 a-; 15 R 4 is selected from H, C1-C10 alkyl, Cl-C1o alkylcarbonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl;

R

4 a is selected from hydroxy, C1-C10 alkoxy, nitro, 20 N(R5)R5a, -N(R 1 2

)R

1 3 , or -N(Ri 6 )R1 7 , aryl substituted with 0-3 R 6 , or (C1-C10 alkyl)carbonyl;

R

4 b is selected from H, C1-C6 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 25 alkynyl, hydroxy, C-C6 alkoxy, C-C6 alkylthio, C-C6 alkylsulfinyl, C-C6 alkylsulfonyl, nitro, (C1-C6 alkyl)carbonyl, C6-C10 aryl, -N(R 1 2

)R

1 3 , halo, CF3, CN, (C-C6 alkoxy)carbonyl, carboxy, piperidinyl, morpholinyl or pyridyl; 9 WO 00/53264 PCTUSOO/06451

R

5 is selected from H or C1-C1O alkyl substituted with 0-6

R

4 b; 5 R 5 a is selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, C1 to C8 alkyl, C2 to C6 alkenyl, C3 to C1i cycloalkyl, C4 to ClI cycloalkylmethyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, benzyloxy, C6 to C10 aryl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, C7 to C1i arylalkyl, or adamantylmethyl, Ci-C10 alkyl 10 substituted with 0-2 R 4 b; alternately, R 5 and R5a can be taken together to be 3 azabicyclononyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-quinolinyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-isoquinolinyl, 1-piperidinyl, 1 15 morpholinyl, 1-pyrrolidinyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl or 1-piperazinyl, each being optionally substituted with Cl-C6 alkyl, C6-C1O aryl, heteroaryl, C7-C11 arylalkyl, (Ci-C6 alkyl)carbonyl, (C3-C7 cycloalkyl)carbonyl, (Ci-C6 alkoxy)carbonyl or (C7-C11 20 arylalkoxy)carbonyl; R5b is selected from Ci-C8 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C3-Cli cycloalkyl, C4-C11 cycloalkylmethyl, C6-C1O aryl, C7 Ci arylalkyl, or Cl-Ci0 alkyl substituted with 0-2 25

R

4 b Y is selected from hydroxy, Cl to C10 alkyloxy, C3 to C11 cycloalkyloxy, C6 to C10 aryloxy, C7 to C11 aralkyloxy, C3 to C10 alkylcarbonyloxyalkyloxy, C3 to 30 C10 alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyloxy, C2 to C10 10 WO 00/53264 PCTUSOO/06451 alkoxycarbonylalkyloxy, C5 to C10 cycloalkylcarbonyloxyalkyloxy, C5 to C10 cycloalkoxycarbonyloxyalkyloxy, C5 to C10 cycloalkoxycarbonylalkyloxy, C7 to Cli 5 aryloxycarbonylalkyloxy, C8 to C12 aryloxycarbonyloxyalkyloxy, C8 to C12 arylcarbonyloxyalkyloxy, C5 to C10 alkoxyalkylcarbonyloxyalkyloxy, C5 to C10 (5-alkyl 1,3-dioxa-cyclopenten-2-one-yl)methyloxy, or C10 to 10 C14 (5-aryl-i,3-dioxa-cyclopenten-2-one-yl)methyloxy;

R

6 and R 7 are each independently selected from H, Cl-Cia alkyl, hydroxy, C1-C10 alkoxy, nitro, (Cl-Ci0 alkyl)carbonyl , -N(Ri 2

)R

1 3 , cyano, or halo; 15 R1 2 and Ri 3 are each independently selected from H, C1-C10 alkyl, (C1-C10 alkoxy)carbonyl, (C1-C10 alkyl)carbonyl, C1-C10 alkylsulfonyl, aryl(C-C10 alkyl)sulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, 20 heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylcarbonyl, heteroarylalkylcarbonyl or aryl, wherein said aryl groups being optionally substituted with 0-3 substituents selected from the group consisting of: C-C4 alkyl, C-C4 alkoxy, halo, CF3, and N02; 25 Ri 5 is selected from H, C-C10 alkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, C2-C10 alkynyl, Ci-C10 alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl or (C-C10 alkoxy)carbonyl, C02R 5 or -C(=O)N(R5)R5a; 30 R1 6 is selected from: 11 WO 00/53264 PCT/USOO/06451 -C (=0) -0-R18a, -C (=0) -Rl 8 b, -C(=0)N(Rl8b)2,

-SO

2 -R1 8 a, or 5 -SO 2 -N(Rl 8 b) 2 ; R1 7 is selected from: H or C1-C5 alkyl ; R18a is selected from: 10 C-C8 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R19, C2-C8 alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R 1 9 , C2-C8 alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R1 9 , C3-C8 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R1 9 , aryl substituted with 0-4 R 1 9 , 15 aryl(Ci-C6 alkyl)- substituted with 0-4 R 1 9 , a heterocyclic ring system selected from pyridinyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, 20 indolinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolinyl, benzimidazolyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyranyl, pyrimidinyl, 3H-indolyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, indolinyl, or morpholinyl, said heterocyclic ring being substituted with 0-4 R1 9 ; 25 C0-C6 alkyl substituted with a heterocyclic ring system selected from pyridinyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolinyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, indolenyl, 30 quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, 12 WO 00/53264 PCT/USOO/06451 piperidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyranyl, pyridinyl, 3H-indolyl, indolyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, indolinyl, or morpholinyl, said heterocyclic ring being substituted with 0-4 R1 9 ; 5 R1 8 b is selected from R18a or H;

R

19 is selected from H, halogen, CF3, CN, N02, NR1 2 R1 3 , Cl C8 alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, 10 C3-Cl1 cycloalkyl, C4-Cll cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(Cl-C6 alkyl)-, (Ci-C4 alkyl)sulfonyl, aryl-sulfonyl, or Cl-C4 alkoxycarbonyl; n is 0-4; 15 p' is 1-7; p" is 1-7; r is 0-3. More preferred compounds have the formula: 20 R'-V F N-.-O (lb) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, 25 wherein:

R

1 is selected from: R 2 a(R 3 )N-, R 2

NH(R

2 N=)C-,

R

2

NH(R

2 N=)CNH-, R 2 a(R 3 )N(CH2)p'Z-,

R

2

NH(R

2 N=)C(CH2)p"Z-, R 2

(R

3 )NC(O)-, R 2

(R

5 0)N(R 2 N=)C-, 30 R 2

(R

3

)N(R

5 0N=)C-; 13 WO 00/53264 PCT/USOO/06451

(CH

2 ) Z- (CH2)nZ R2aN r , 2aN or (CH2) nZ

(CH

2 ) )r

R

2 aR 3 N 5 n is 0-1; p' is 4-6; p" is 2-4; 10 Z is selected from a bond or 0; V is a single bond, -(phenyl)- or -(pyridyl)-; 15 W is selected from: - (C (R 4 ) 2)-C (=0)-N (R5a) -C(=0)-N(R5a)-CH2-; X is selected from: 20 -CH2-CH(N(R 1 6

)R

1 7 )-, or -CH2-CH (NR5R5a) -; Y is selected from: hydroxy; 25 Cl to Clo alkoxy; methylcarbonyloxymethoxy-; 14 WO 00/53264 PCT[USOO/06451 ethylcarbonyloxymethoxy-; t-butylcarbonyloxymethoxy-; cyclohexylcarbonyloxymethoxy-; 1-(methylcarbonyloxy)ethoxy-; 5 1-(ethylcarbonyloxy)ethoxy-; 1-(t-butylcarbonyloxy)ethoxy-; 1-(cyclohexylcarbonyloxy)ethoxy-; i-propyloxycarbonyloxymethoxy-; t-butyloxycarbonyloxymethoxy-; 10 1-(i-propyloxycarbonyloxy)ethoxy-; 1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxy)ethoxy-; 1-(t-butyloxycarbonyloxy)ethoxy-; dimethylaminoethoxy-; diethylaminoethoxy-; 15 (5-methyl-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-on-4-yl)methoxy-; (5-(t-butyl)-1,3-dioxacyclopenten-2-on-4-yl)methoxy-; (1,3-dioxa-5-phenyl-cyclopenten-2-on-4-yl)methoxy-; 1-(2-(2-methoxypropyl)carbonyloxy)ethoxy-; 20 R1 6 is selected from: -C (=0) -0-R18a, -C(=0)-Rl8b, -S(=0) 2 -Rl 8 a or -S02-N(Rl 8 b)2; 25 R1 7 is selected from H or Cl-C5 alkyl;

R

18 a is selected from: Cl-C8 alkyl substituted with 0-2 R1 9 , 30 C2-C8 alkenyl substituted with 0-2 R1 9 , C2-C8 alkynyl substituted with 0-2 R 19 , 15 WO 00/53264 PCTIUSOO/06451 C3-C 8 cycloalkyl substituted with 0-2 R19, aryl substituted with 0-4 R 19 , aryl (Cl-C 6 alkyl)- substituted with 0-4 R 19 , 5 a heterocyclic ring system selected from pyridinyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, indolinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolinyl, benzimidazolyl, piperidinyl, 10 tetrahydrofuranyl, pyranyl, pyrimidinyl, 3H-indolyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, indolinyl, or morpholinyl, said heterocyclic ring being substituted with 0-4 R1 9 ; Cl-C6 alkyl substituted with a heterocyclic ring 15 system selected from pyridinyl, furanyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolinyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, indolenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyranyl, pyridinyl, 20 3H-indolyl, indolyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, indolinyl, or morpholinyl, said heterocyclic ring being substituted with 0-4 R 19 . 25 A specifically preferred compound has the formula: Compound (4): 0 30 N0O S H HN, '/ 0I N NH2 OH 16 WO 00/53264 PCTUSOO/o6451 5 Other salts of this compound are also specifically preferred. 10 Specific examples of other GPIIb/IIIa antagonist compounds are abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban, lamifiban, lefradafiban, sibrafiban (Ro-48-3657), orbofiban and xemilofiban described in the paper of Graul et al. and Scarborough (Graul A, Martel AM and Castaner J. 15 Xemilifiban; Drugs of the Future 22: 508-517, 1997; Scarborough RM; Eptifibatide. Drugs of the Future 23: 585 590, 1998). Others will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. 20 "Therapeutically effective amount" is intended to include an amount of a combination of compounds claimed effective to treat thrombosis in a mammal. The combination of compounds is preferably a synergistic combination. Synergy, as described for example by Chou and Talalay, Adv. 25 Enzyme Regul. 22:27-55 (1984), occurs when the effect (in this case, an antithrombotic effect) of the compounds when administered in combination is greater than the additive effect of the compounds when administered alone as a single agent. In general, a synergistic effect is most clearly 30 demonstrated at suboptimal concentrations of the compounds. Synergy can be in terms of antihypertensive effect, antithrombotic effect, or some other non-additive beneficial effect of the combination compared with the 17 WO 00/53264 PCT/USOO/06451 individual components. By "administered in combination", "combination", or "combined" when referring to component (i) and component 5 (ii) of the present invention, it is meant that the components are administered concurrently to the mammal being treated. When administered in combination each component may be administered at the same time or sequentially in any order or at different points in time. 10 Thus, component (i) and component (ii) may be administered separately but sufficiently closely in time so as to provide the desired therapeutic effect. By "subtherapeutic dose" when referring to component 15 (i) and component (ii) of the present invention, it is meant that each component when administered to a mammal alone does not give the desired therapeutic effect for the disease being treated. 20 The invention can be understood further by the following examples wherein Compounds (1) - (4) are as shown above. Saline (0.9 weight % NaCl) is the vehicle in all examples. 25 Example 1 The combination of aspirin and a Factor Xa inhibitor Rabbits were anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg 30 i.m.) and xylazine (10 mg/kg i.m.) and then surgically prepared with arterial and venous catheters. An electromagnetic flow probe was placed on a segment of an isolated carotid artery to monitor blood flow. Thrombus 18 WO 00/53264 PCTIUSOO/06451 formation was induced by electrical stimulation of the carotid artery for 3 min at 4 mA using an external stainless-steel bipolar electrode. Carotid blood flow was measured continuously over a 90-min period to monitor 5 thrombus occlusion. Test agents were infused intravenously 1 hour prior to the electrical stimulation of the carotid artery and continuously during the 90-min period. As shown in Fig. 1 following the electrical 10 stimulation, thrombus formation was induced and carotid blood flow was gradually declined in saline vehicle-treated animals. At about 40 min after stimulation, the artery was totally occluded and blood flow was zero. Aspirin at 1 mg/kg/hr i.v. (concentration in saline was 0.167 mg/ml) or 15 Compound (1) (a Factor Xa inhibitor) at 0.1 mg/kg/hr i.v. (concentration in saline was 0.017 mg/ml) did not prevent the occlusion of the artery; and blood flow in these animals was decreased to zero at about the same time as those in vehicle-treated animals. Surprisingly, Compound 20 (1) 0.1 mg/kg/hr i.v. in combination with aspirin at 1 mg/kg/hr i.v. prevented the artery from occlusion and maintained the blood flow for at least 90 min. These results indicate that a combination of Compound (1) and aspirin at their subtherapeutic doses unexpectedly produced 25 a significant antithrombotic effect in a rabbit model of arterial thrombosis. Example 2 30 The combination of Compound (4) (a GP-IIb/IIIa antagonist) and a Factor Xa inhibitor Experimental protocol was described as above for 19 WO 00/53264 PCT/USOO/06451 Example 1. As shown in Figure 2, Compound (4) (a GP IIb/IIIa antagonist) at 0.03 mg/kg/hr i.v. and Compound (3) (a Factor Xa inhibitor) at 0.1 mg/kg/hr i.v. did not prevent the occlusion of the artery; and blood flow in 5 these animals was decreased to zero at about the same time as those in vehicle-treated animals. Surprisingly, Compound (3) at 0.1 mg/kg/hr i.v. (concentration in saline was 0.017 mg/ml) in combination with Compound (4) at 0.03 mg/kg/hr i.v. (concentration in saline was 0.005 mg/ml) 10 prevented the artery from occlusion and maintained the blood flow for at least 90 min. These results indicate that a combination of Compound (3) and Compound (4) at their subtherapeutic doses unexpectedly produced a significant antithrombotic effect in a rabbit model of 15 arterial thrombosis. Example 3 The combination of fragmin (low-molecular-weight-heparin) 20 and a Factor Xa inhibitor Experimental protocol was described as above for Example 1. As shown in Figure 3, fragmin (a low-molecular weight-heparin) at 60 U/kg/hr i.v. was moderately active. 25 Compound (3) (a Factor Xa inhibitor) at 0.1 mg/kg/hr i.v. did not prevent the occlusion of the artery; and blood flow in these animals was decreased to zero similar to those in vehicle-treated animals. Surprisingly, Compound (3) at 0.1 mg/kg/hr i.v. (concentration in saline was 0.017 mg/ml) in 30 combination with fragmin at 60 U/kg/hr i.v. (concentration in saline was 0.067 mg/ml or 10 U/ml) prevented the artery from occlusion and maintained the blood flow for at least 90 min. These results indicate that a combination of 20 WO 00/53264 PCTIUSOO/06451 Compound (3) at its subtherapeutic dose and fragmin at a medium dose unexpectedly produced a significant antithrombotic effect in a rabbit model of arterial thrombosis. 5 Example 4 The combination of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) and a Factor Xa inhibitor 10 Experiments were conducted in rats. It is similar to that of the rabbit protocol as described above in Example 1 except that Compound (2) and/or TPA were given 5 min after a preformed clot was formed. The measured parameter is 15 its duration of patency. As shown in Figure 4, five minutes after the induction of occlusive thrombosis, neither Compound (2) at 5.6 mg/kg (concentration in saline was 0.23 mg/ml) and 1.4 mg/kg/hr i.v. nor TPA at 1 mg/kg i.v. (concentration in saline was 1 mg/ml) produced a 20 therapeutic effect on the duration of patency. However, a combination of Compound (2) at 5.6 mg/kg and 1.4 mg/kg/hr i.v., and TPA at 1 mg/kg i.v. increased the duration of patency to 70%. This result suggests that a Factor Xa inhibitor such as Compound (2) is a promising useful 25 adjunctive agent, which accelerates thrombolysis induced by TPA or other thrombolytic agents. Compound (2) enhanced the thrombolysis induced by a subtherapeutic dose of TPA. Example 5 30 The combination of heparin and a Factor Xa inhibitor Experiments were conducted in male guinea pigs 21 WO 00/53264 PCT/USOO/06451 anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine (90 mg/kg i.m.) and xylazine (12 mg/kg i.m.). The arterio-venous shunt was connected between the carotid artery and jugular vein. The exposure of flowing blood to a silk thread induced the 5 formation of a significant thrombus. Thirty minutes later, the shunt was disconnected and the silk thread covered with thrombus was weighed. The compounds or saline vehicle were given as continuous i.v. infusion starting 1 hr before blood was circulated in the shunt and continuing throughout 10 the experiment (i.e., 90 min). As shown in figure 5, heparin at 4 U/kg/hr i.v. (concentration in saline was 0.667 U/ml) did not cause antithrombotic effect. However, heparin at 4 U/kg/hr i.v. potentiated the antithrombotic effects of Compound (3) (a Factor Xa inhibitor) at 0.3, 1 15 or 3 mg/kg/hr i.v. (concentration in saline for 0.3 dose was 0.05 mg/ml). This result suggests that heparin at a subtherapeutic dose enhances the antithrombotic effect of Compound (3) in a guinea model of venous thrombosis. 20 The results presented indicate that a combination therapy comprising a Factor Xa inhibitor and one of aspirin, TPA, a GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, low molecular weight heparin or heparin will be effective in treating thrombosis in patients. The method of the present invention provides 25 important advantages over currently available treatments for thrombosis. DOSAGE AND FORMULATION 30 The Factor Xa inhibitor (i) and a compound (ii) of this invention can be administered as treatment for thrombosis by any means that produces contact of the active agent with the agents site of action, i.e., Factor Xa, in 22 WO 00/53264 PCT/USOO/06451 the body of a mammal. They can be administered by any conventional means available for use in conjunction with pharmaceuticals, either as individual therapeutic agents or in a combination of therapeutic agents. They can be 5 administered alone, but preferably are administered with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice. 10 The dosage administered will, of course, vary depending upon known factors, such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route of administration; the age, health and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kind 15 of concurrent treatment; the frequency of treatment; and the effect desired. A daily dosage of active ingredient can be expected to be about 0.001 to about 1000 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, with the preferred dose being about 0.01 to about 30 mg/kg. 20 Dosage forms of compositions suitable for administration contain from about 1 mg to about 100 mg of active ingredient per unit. In these pharmaceutical compositions the active ingredient will ordinarily be 25 present in an amount of about 0.5-95% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. The active ingredient can be administered orally in solid dosage forms, such as capsules, tablets and powders, or in liquid dosage forms, such as elixirs, syrups and suspensions. It can also be 30 administered parenterally, in sterile liquid dosage forms. Gelatin capsules contain the active ingredient and powdered carriers, such as lactose. starch, cellulose 23 WO 00/53264 PCT/USOO/06451 derivatives, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and the like. Similar diluents can be used to make compressed tablets. Both tablets and capsules can be manufactured as sustained release products to provide for continuous 5 release of medication over a period of hours. Compressed tablets can be sugar coated or film coated to mask any unpleasant-taste and protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or enteric coated for selective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract. Liquid dosage forms for 10 oral administration can contain coloring and flavoring to increase patient acceptance. In general, water, a suitable oil, saline, aqueous dextrose (glucose), and related sugar solutions and glycols 15 such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycols are suitable carriers for parenteral solutions. Solutions for parenteral administration preferably contain a water soluble salt of the active ingredient, suitable stabilizing agents, and if necessary, buffer substances. Antioxidizing 20 agents such as sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, or ascorbic acid, either alone or combined, are suitable stabilizing agents. Also used are citric acid and its salts, and sodium EDTA. In addition, parenteral solutions can contain preservatives, such as benzalkonium chloride, 25 methyl- or propyl-paraben and chlorobutanol. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, PA, 1985, a standard reference text in this field, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by 30 reference. Useful pharmaceutical dosage-forms for administration of the compounds of this invention can be illustrated as 24 WO 00/53264 PCT/USOO/06451 follows: Capsules A large number of unit capsules can be prepared by 5 filling standard two-piece hard gelatin capsules each with 0.1 to 100 mg of powdered active ingredient, 150 mg of lactose, 50 mg of cellulose, and 6 mg magnesium stearic. Soft Gelatin Capsules 10 A mixture of active ingredient in a digestible oil such as soybean oil, cottonseed oil or olive oil can be prepared and injected by means of a positive displacement pump into gelatin to form soft gelatin capsules containing 0.1 to 100 mg of the active ingredient. The capsules 15 should then be washed and dried. Tablets A large number of tablets can be prepared by conventional procedures so that the dosage unit is 0.1 to 20 100 mg of active ingredient, 0.2 mg of colloidal silicon dioxide, 5 milligrams of magnesium stearate, 275 mg of microcrystalline cellulose, 11 mg of starch and 98.8 mg of lactose. Appropriate coatings may be applied to increase palatability or delay absorption. 25 Suspension An aqueous suspension can be prepared for oral administration so that each 5 mL contain 0.1 to 100 mg of finely divided active ingredient, 200 mg of sodium 30 carboxymethyl cellulose, 5 mg of sodium benzoate, 1.0 g of sorbitol solution, U.S.P., and 0.025 mg of vanillin. Injectable 25 WO 00/53264 PCT/USOO/06451 A parenteral composition suitable for administration by injection can be prepared by stirring 0.1 to 100 mg by weight of active ingredient in 10% by volume propylene glycol and water. The solution is sterilized by commonly 5 used techniques. Combination of components (i) and (ii) Each therapeutic agent component of this invention can independently be in any dosage form, such as those 10 described above, and can also be administered in various ways, as described above. In the following description component (ii) is to be understood to represent one or more agents as described previously. Thus, if components (i) and (ii) are to be treated the same or independently, each 15 agent of component (ii) may also be treated the same or independently. Components (i) and (ii) of the present invention may be formulated together, in a single dosage unit (that is, combined together in one capsule, tablet, powder, or 20 liquid, etc.) as a combination product. When component (i) and (ii) are not formulated together in a single dosage unit, the component (i) may be administered at the same time as component (ii) or in any order; for example component (i) of this invention may be administered first, 25 followed by administration of component (ii), or they may be administered in the reverse order. If component (ii) contains more that one agent, e.g., aspirin and heparin, these agents may be administered together or in any order. When not administered at the same time, preferably the 30 administration of component (i) and (ii) occurs less than about one hour apart. Preferably, the route of administration of component (i) and (ii) is intravenously (i.v.). The terms oral agent, oral inhibitor, oral 26 WO 00/53264 PCTUSOO/06451 compound, or the like, as used herein, denote compounds which may be orally administered. Although it is preferable that component (i) and component (ii) both be administered by the same route (that is, for example, both 5 orally) or dosage form, if desired, they may each be administered by different routes (that is, for example, one component of the combination product may be administered orally, and another component may be administered intravenously) or dosage forms. 10 As is appreciated by a medical practitioner skilled in the art, the dosage of the combination therapy of the invention may vary depending upon various factors such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the particular agent and its mode and route of administration, the age, health 15 and weight of the recipient, the nature and extent of the symptoms, the kind of concurrent treatment, the frequency of treatment, and the effect desired, as described above. The proper dosage of components (i) and (ii) of the present invention will be readily ascertainable by a 20 medical practitioner skilled in the art, based upon the present disclosure. By way of general guidance, typically a daily dosage may be about 0.01 milligram to about 1 gram of each component. If component (ii) represents more than one compound, then typically a daily dosage may be about 25 0.01 milligram to about 0.1 gram of each agent of component (ii). By way of general guidance, when the compounds of component (i) and component (ii) are administered in combination, the dosage amount of each component may be reduced by about 70-80% relative to the usual dosage of the 30 component when it is administered alone as a single agent for the treatment of thrombosis, in view of the synergistic effect of the combination. The combination products of this invention may be 27 WO 00/53264 PCT/USOO/06451 formulated such that, although the active ingredients are combined in a single dosage unit, the physical contact between the active ingredients is minimized. In order to minimize contact, for example, where the product is orally 5 administered, one active ingredient may be enteric coated. By enteric coating one of the active ingredients, it is possible not only to minimize the contact between the combined active ingredients, but also, it is possible to control the release of one of these components in the 10 gastrointestinal tract such that one of these components is not released in the stomach but rather is released in the intestines. Another embodiment of this invention where oral administration is desired provides for a combination product wherein one of the active ingredients is coated 15 with a sustained-release material which effects a sustained-release throughout the gastrointestinal tract and also serves to minimize physical contact between the combined active ingredients. Furthermore, the sustained released component can be additionally enteric coated such 20 that the release of this component occurs only in the intestine. Still another approach would involve the formulation of a combination product in which the one component is coated with a sustained and/or enteric release polymer, and the other component is also coated with a 25 polymer such as a low viscosity grade of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or other appropriate materials as known in the art, in order to further separate the active components. The polymer coating serves to form an additional barrier to interaction with the other component. 30 In each formulation wherein contact is prevented between components (i) and (ii) via a coating or some other material, contact may also be prevented between the individual agents of component (ii). 28 WO 00/53264 PCT/USOO/06451 Dosage forms of the combination products of the present invention wherein one active ingredient is enteric coated can be in the form of tablets such that the enteric coated component and the other active ingredient are 5 blended together and then compressed into a tablet or such that the enteric coated component is compressed into one tablet layer and the other active ingredient is compressed into an additional layer. Optionally, in order to further separate the two layers, one or more placebo layers may be 10 present such that the placebo layer is between the layers of active ingredients. In addition, dosage forms of the present invention can be in the form of capsules wherein one active ingredient is compressed into a tablet or in the form of a plurality of microtablets, particles, granules or 15 non-perils, which are then enteric coated. These enteric coated microtablets, particles, granules or non-perils are then placed into a capsule or compressed into a capsule along with a granulation of the other active ingredient. These as well as other ways of minimizing contact 20 between the components of combination products of the present invention, whether administered in a single dosage form or administered in separate forms but at the same time or concurrently by the same manner, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, based on the present 25 disclosure. Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be 30 practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. 29

Claims (8)

1. A method of treating thrombosis in a mammal comprising: administering to said mammal a therapeutically 5 effective amount of a combination of (i) a Factor Xa inhibitor, and (ii) a compound selected from the group consisting of aspirin, TPA, a GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, low molecular weight heparin and heparin, wherein the dose administered for at least one of (i) and (ii) is a 10 subtherapeutic dose.

2. A method of Claim 1 wherein the combination of (i) and (ii) provides a synergistic effect. 15

3. A method of Claim 2 wherein (ii) is aspirin.

4. A method of Claim 2 wherein (ii) is TPA.

5. A method of Claim 2 wherein (ii) is a GPIIb/IIIa 20 antagonist.

6. A method of Claim 2 wherein (ii) is a low molecular weight heparin. 25

7. A method of Claim 2 wherein (ii) is heparin.

8. The use of a combination of (i) a Factor Xa inhibitor, and (ii) a compound selected from the group consisting of aspirin, TPA, a GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, low molecular weight 30 heparin and heparin for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of thrombosis. 30