AU2231500A - A pharmaceutical composition containing N-chlorophenylcarbamates and N-chlorophenylthiocarbamates for inhibiting the growth of viruses and cancers - Google Patents

Description

-Wik

AUSTRALIA

Patents Act COMPLETE SPECIFICATION

(ORIGINAL)

Class Int. Class Application Number: Lodged: Complete Specification Lodged: Accepted: Published: Priority a a.

a. a

S.

t.

a Related Art: Name of Applicant: The Procter Gamble Company Actual Inventor(s): JAMES BERGER CAMDEN Address for Service: PHILLIPS ORMONDE FITZPATRICK Patent and Trade Mark Attorneys 367 Collins Street Melbourne 3000 AUSTRALIA Invention Title: A PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION CONTAINING N-CHLOROPHENYLCARBAMATES

AND

N-CHLOROPHENYLTHIOCARBAMATES FOR INHIBITING THE GROWTH OF VIRUSES AND

CANCERS

Our Ref 611343 POF Code: 44135/44135 The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to applicant(s): -1- 2 A PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION CONTAINING N-CHLOROPHENYL- CARBAMATES AND N-CHLOROPHENYLTHIOCARBAMATES

FOR

INHIBITING THE GROWTH OF VIRUSES AND CANCERS The present application is a divisional application from Australian Patent Application Number 53898/96, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD This invention is a pharmaceutical composition that inhibits the growth of cancers and tumors in mammals, particularly in human and warm blooded animals. The composition is also effective against viruses. The composition contains N-chlorophenylcarbamates and N-chlorophenylthiocarbamates which 15 are systemic herbicides. Other composition contains N-chlorophenylcarbamates and N-chlorophenylthiocarbamates along with potentiators or chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral drugs.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Cancers are the leading cause of death in animals and humans. The exact cause of cancer is not known, but links between certain activities such as smoking or exposure to carcinogens and the incidence of certain types of i cancers and tumors has been shown by a number of researchers.

Many types of chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to be effective against cancers and tumor cells, but not all types of cancers and tumors respond to these agents. Unfortunately, many of these agents also destroy normal cells. The exact mechanism for the action of these chemotherapeutic agents are not always known.

Despite advances in the field of cancer treatment the leading therapies to date are surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Chemotherapeutic approaches arc said to fight cancers that are metastasized or ones that are particularly W:jeannielspeces%53898-98.doc aggressive. Such cytocidal or cytostatic agents work best on cancers with large growth factors, ones whose cells are rapidly dividing. To date, hormones, in particular estrogen, progesterone and testosterone, and some antibiotics produced by a variety of microbes, alkylating agents, and anti-metabolites form the bulk of therapies available to oncologists. Ideally cytotoxic agents that have specificity for cancer and tumor cells while not affecting normal cells would be extremely desirable. Unfortunately, none have been found and instead agents which target especially rapidly dividing cells (both tumor and normal) have been used.

Clearly, the development of materials that would target tumor cells due to some unique specificity for them would be a breakthrough. Alternatively, materials that were cytotoxic to tumor cells while exerting mild effects on normal cells S" would be desirable.

*o :000 Therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide a pharmaceutical composition that is effective in inhibiting the growth of tumors and cancers in mammals with mild or no effects on normal cells.

More specifically, it is an object of this invention to provide an anti-cancer composition comprising a pharmaceutical carrier and a N-chlorophenylcarbamate or N-chlorophenylthiocarbamate derivative as defined herein, along with a method of treating such cancers.

These compositions are also effective against viruses. Therefore it is a further object of this invention to provide a composition effective against HIV, herpes, influenza, rhinoviruses and the like.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a composition effective against IUV, herpes, influenza, rhinoviruses and the like wherein a potentiator is used to improve the effectiveness of the composition.

These and other objects will become evident from the following detailed description of this invention.

W:jeanniBespecies53898-98.doc SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A pharmaceutical composition for treating cancers or tumors or viral infections comprising a) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; b) a safe and effective amount of a chemotherapeutic agent or potentiator for the cancer, tumors or viral infections; and c) a safe and effective amount of a N-chlorophenylcarbamate or Nchlorophenylthiocarbamate compound of the formula: n

X

N-C-X R S. 10

H

wherein n is from 1 to 3; X is selected from the group consisting oxygen and sulfur and wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and lower alkenyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl and phenalkyl of up to 8 carbon atoms and pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid salts of these 15 compounds.

These compositions can be used to inhibit the growth of cancers and other malignant tumors in humans or animals by administration of an effective amount of the N-chlorophenylcarbamates and N-chlorophenylthiocarbamates either orally, rectally, topically or parenterally, intravenously, or by direct injection near or into the tumor. These compositions are effective in killing or slowing the growth of tumors, yet are safer than adriamycin on normal healthy cells. The compositions are also useful for treating viral infections.

The compositions can also be used in combination with potentiators and chemotherapeutic agents.

W.jeanniespeces3898-98.doc DETAILED DESCRIEPTION OF THE INVENTION A. DEFINITIONS As used herein, the term "comprising" means various components can be conjointly employed in the pharmaceutical composition of this invention.

Accordingly, the terms "consisting essentially of" and "consisting of' are embodied in the term comprising. As used herein, a "pharmaceutically acceptable" component is one that is suitable for use with humans and/or animals without undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, and allergic response) commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.

As used herein, the term "safe and effective amount" refers to the quantity of a component which is sufficient to yield a desired therapeutic response without undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, or allergic response) 15 commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio when used in the manner of this invention. The specific "safe and effective amount" will, obviously, vary with such factors as the particular condition being treated, the physical condition of the patient, the type of mammal being treated, the duration of the treatment, the nature of concurrent therapy (if any), and the specific formulations employed and the structure of the compounds or its derivatives.

As used herein, a "pharmaceutical addition salts" includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the anti-cancer compound. These include organic or inorganic acid salts of the amines.

Preferred acid salts are the hydrochlorides, acetates, salicylates, nitrates and phosphates.

As used herein, a "pharmaceutical carrier" is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or vehicle for delivering the anti-cancer agent to the animal or human. The carrier may be liquid or solid and is selected with the planned manner of administration in mind.

Veanniespedes53898-98.doc 6 As used herein, "cancer" refers to all types of cancers or neoplasm or tumors found in mammals.

As used herein, the "anti-cancer compounds" are N-chlorophenylcarbamates and N-chlorophenylthiocarbamates.

As used herein, "viruses" includes viruses which cause diseases (viral infection) in man and other warm blooded animals such as HIV virus, herpes, influenza and rhinoviruses.

As used herein "potentiators" are materials such as triprolidine and its cisisomer which are used in combination with N-chlorophenylcarbamates and Nchlorophenylthiocarbamates.

15 Potentiators can affect the immune system or enhance the effectiveness of the drugs.

As used herein "chemotherapeutic agents" includes DNA-interactive Agents, Antimetabolites, Tubulin-lnteractive Agents, Hormonal agents and others, such as Asparaginase or hydroxyurea.

B. THE ANTI-CANCER COMPOUNDS The anti-cancer compounds are N-chlorophenylcarbamates and Nchlorophenylthiocarbamates which are known for their herbicidal activities.

They are systemic herbicides used to prevent and eradicate certain plants or weeds. Systemic herbicides are differentiated from other herbicides by their ability to be absorbed by the plant and to move through the plant. This systemic ability is not a necessary requirement of the compounds of this invention.

The compounds have the following structure cn x

I

H

W:jeannie\speces53898-98.doc wherein n is from I to 3, X is oxygen or sulfur and R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and lower alkenyl, cyclohexyl, phenalkyl of up to 8 carbon atoms and phenyl, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds.

Preferred compounds are those in which R is alkyl with I to 4 carbons, preferably isopropyl and X is oxygen, n is I and the chloro group is in the 3 position on the phenyl group. N-3-chlorophenylcarbamate is a most preferred compound.

These compounds are prepared according to the method described in U.S.

2,695,225 issued to Witman (1954) and U.S. 2,734,911 issued to Strain (1956).

*e 15 C. CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS The chemotherapeutic agents are generally grouped as DNA-interactive Agents, Antimetabolites, Tubulin-lnteractive Agents, Hormonal agents and others such as Asparaginase or hydroxyurea. Each of the groups of chemotherapeutic agents can be further divided by type of activity or 20 compound. The chemotherapeutic agents used in combination with N

S

chlorophenylcarbamates and N-chlorophenylthiocarbamates include members of all of these groups. For a detailed discussion of the chemotherapeutic agents and their method of administration, see Dorr, et al, Cancer Chemotherapy Handbook, 2nd edition, pages 15-34, Appleton Lange (Connecticut, 1994) herein incorporated by reference.

DNA-interactive Agents include the alkylating agents, e.g. Cisplatin, Cyclophosphamide, Altretamine; the DNA strand-breakage agents, such as Bleomycin, the intercalating topoisomerase 11 inhibitors, actinomycin and Doxordbicin); the nonintercalating topoisomerase 11 inhibitors such as, Etoposide and Teniposde. and the DNA minor groove binder Plcamydin.

The alkylating agents form covalent chemical adducts with cellular DNA, RNA, and protein molecules and with smaller amino acids, glutathione and similar W:jeannie\spedesl53898-98.doc 8 chemicals. Generally, these alkylating agents react with a nucleophilic atom in a cellular constituent, such as an amino carboxyl, phosphate, sulfhydryl group in nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, or glutathione. The mechanism and the role of these alkylating agents in cancer therapy is not well understood. Typical alkylating agents include: Nitrogen mustards, such as Chlorambucil, Cyclophosphamide, Isofamide, Mechlorethamine, Melphalan, Uracil mustard; Aziridine such as Thiotepa; methanesulphonate esters such as Busulfan; nitroso ureas, such as Carmustine, Lomustine, Streptozocin; platinum complexes, such as Cisplatin, Carboplatin; bioreductive alkylator, such as Mitomycin, and Procarbazine, Dacarbazine and Altretantine; 15 DNA strand breaking agents include Bleomycin; DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors include the following: Intercalators, such as Arnsacrine, Dactinomycin, Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Idarubicin, and Mitoxantrone; nonintercalators, such as Etoposide and Teniposide.

20 The DNA minor groove binder is Plicamycin.

*o o The antimetabolites interfere with the production of nucleic acids by one or the other of two major mechanisms. Some of the drugs inhibit production of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates that are the immediate precursors for DNA synthesis, thus inhibiting DNA replication. Some of the compounds are sufficiently like purines or pyrimidines to be able to substitute for them in the anabolic nucleotide pathways. These analogs can then be substituted into the DNA and RNA instead of their normal counterparts. The antimetabolites useful herein include: folate antagonists such as Methotrexate and trimetrexate pyrimidine antagonists, such as Fluorouracil, Fluorodeoxyuridine, C133717, Azacitidine, Cytarabine and Floxuridine purine antagonists include Mercaptopurine, 6-Thioguanine, Fludarabine, Pentostatin; W:\eanniespecdes53898-98.doc sugar modified analogs include Cyctrabine, Fludarabine; ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors include hydroxyurea.

Tubulin Interactive agents act by binding to specific sites on tubulin, a protein that polymerizes to form cellular microtubules. Microtubules are critical cell structure units. When the interactive agents bind on the protein, the cell can not form microtubules Tubulin Interactive agents include Vincristine and Vinblastine, both alkaloids and Paclitaxel.

Hormonal agents are also useful in the treatment of cancers and tumors. They are used in hormonally susceptible tumors and are usually derived from natural sources. These include: estrogens, conjugated estrogens and Ethinyl Estradiol and S.Diethylstilbesterol, Chlortrianisen and Idenestrol, 15 progestins such as Hydroxyprogesterone caproate, Medroxyprogesterone, and Megestrol; androgens such as testosterone, testosterone propionate; fluoxvmesterone, methyltestosterone; 20 Adrenal corticosteroids are derived from natural adrenal cortisol or a hydrocortisone. They are used because of their anti inflammatory benefits as well as the ability of some to inhibit mitotic divisions and to halt DNA synthesis.

These compounds include, Prednisone, Dexamethasone, Methylprednisolone, and Prednisolone.

Leutinizing hormone releasing hormone agents or gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists are used primarily the treatment of prostate cancer.

These include leuprolide acetate and goserelin acetate. They prevent the biosynthesis of steroids in the testes.

Antihormonal antigens include: antiestrogenic agents such as Tamosifen, antiandrogen agents such as Flutamide and antiadrenal agents such as Mitotane and Aminoglutethimide.

W:\jeanniespeciesl53898-9.doc Hydroxyurea appears to act primarily through inhibition of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase.

Asparaginase is an enzyme which converts asparagine to nonfunctional aspartic acid and thus blocks protein synthesis in the tumor.

Taxol is a preferred chemotherapeutic agent.

D. POTENTIATORS The "potentiators" can be any material which improves or increase the efficacy of the pharmaceutical composition or acts on the immune system. One such potentiator is triprolidine and its cis-isomer which are used in combination with the chemotherapeutic agents and the N-chlorophenylcarbamates and Nchlorophenylthiocarbamates. Triprolidine is described in US 5,114,951 (1992).

15 Another potentiator is procodazole, IH-Benzimidazole-2 propanoic acid- [3-(2 .i benzimidazole) propionic acid; 2-(2-carboxyethyl)benzimidazole. propazol].

Procodazole is a non-specific active immunoprotective agent against viral and bacterial infections and can be used with the compositions claimed herein. It is effective with the N-chlorophenylcarbamates and the Nchlorophenylthiocarbamates alone in treating cancers, tumors, leukemia and viral infections or combined with chemotherapeutic agents.

Generally an amount effective to enhance the activity of the pharmaceutical composition is used.

Propionic acid and its salts and esters can also be used in combination with the pharmaceutical compositions claimed herein.

Antioxidant vitamins such as vitamins A, C and E and beta-carotene can be added to these compositions.

E. DOSAGE Any suitable dosage may be given in the method of the invention. The type of compound and the carrier and the amount will vary widely depending on the W.\jeanniespeciesl53898-98doc 11 species of the warm blooded animal or human, body weight, and tumor being treated. Generally a dosage of between about 2 milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg) of body weight and about 400 mg per kg of body weight is suitable.

Preferably from 15 mg to about 150 mglkg of body weight is used. Generally, the dosage in man is lower than for small warm blooded mammals such as mice. A dosage unit may comprise a single compound or mixtures thereof with other compounds or other cancer inhibiting compounds. The dosage unit can also comprise diluents, extenders, carriers and the like. The unit may be in solid or gel form such as pills, tablets, capsules and the like or in liquid form suitable for oral, rectal, topical or parenteral administration or intravenous administration or by injection into or around the tumor site.

The range and ratio of N-chlorophenylcarbamates and the Nchlorophenylthiocarbamates to chemotherapeutic agent will depend on the type ~15 of cancer or tumor being treated and the particular chemotherapeutic agent.

The amount of chemotherapeutic agent used can be lower than that of the Nchlorophenylcarbamates and the N-chlorophenylthiocarbamates and can range from 0.5 mg/kg body weight to about 400 mg/kg body weight.

a 20 F. DOSAGE DELIVERY FORMS The anti-cancer compounds are typically mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This carrier can be a solid or liquid and the type is generally chosen based on the type of administration being used. The active agent can be coadministered in the form of a tablet or capsule, as an agglomerated powder or in a liquid form. Examples of solid carriers include lactose, sucrose, gelatin and agar. Capsule or tablets can be easily formulated and can be made easy to swallow or chew; other solid forms include granules, and bulk powders.

Tablets may contain suitable binders, lubricants, diluents, disintegrating agents, coloring agents, flavoring agents, flow-inducing agents, and melting agents.

Examples of liquid dosage forms include solutions or suspensions in water, pharmaceutically acceptable fats or oils, alcohols or other organic solvents, including esters, emulsions, elixirs, syrups, solutions and/or suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent granules and effervescent preparations reconstituted from effervescent granules. Such liquid dosage forms may W:Veannie%3peCeces53898-8.doc contain, for example, suitable solvents, preservatives, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, diluents, sweeteners, thickeners and melting agents. Oral dosage forms would contain flavorants and coloring agents. Parenteral and intravenous forms would also include minerals and other materials to make them compatible with the type of injection or delivery system chosen.

Specific examples of pharmaceutical acceptable carriers and excipients that may be used to formulate oral dosage forms of the present invention are described in US. Pat. No. 3,903,297 to Robert, issued Sept. 2, 1975.

Techniques and compositions for making dosage forms useful in the present invention are described in the following references: 7 Modern Pharmaceutics.

Chapters 9 and 10 (Banker Rhodes, Editors, 1979); Lieberman et al, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Tablets (1981); and Ansel, Introduction to •••il Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 2nd Edition (1976).

.i G. METHOD OF TREATMENT The method of treatment can be any suitable method which is effective in the treatment of the particular virus or tumor type that is being treated. Treatment may be oral, rectal, topical, parenteral, intravenous administration or injection 20 into or around the tumor site and the like. The method of applying an effective amount also varies depending on the tumor being treated. It is believed that parenteral treatment by intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular application, formulated with an appropriate carrier, additional cancer inhibiting oi I compound or compounds or diluent to facilitate application will be the preferred method of administering the compounds to warm blooded animals.

The method of treating viral infections may also be by oral, rectal, parenteral, topical or intravenous administration. The actual time and dosage will depend on the type of the virus being treated and the desired blood levels.

The following examples are illustrative and are not meant to be limiting to the invention.

Colon, Breast and Lung Tumor Cells Test Witjeanniespeces~53898-98.doc 13 The following cell culture tests were performed to test the toxicity of Nchlorophenylcarbamates and N-chlorophenylthiocarbamates compounds on colon, breast and lung human tumor cells. The viability of the cells were tested by looking at MTT dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) reduction. MTT assay is a well known measure of cell viability.

The colon tumor cells (HT29 from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)) and the breast cells (MX1 from cell lines from ATCC) were cultured in Eagle's Minimal Essential Medium with 10% fetal bovine serum. The lung tumor cells (A549 from ATCC cell lines) were cultured in Ham's F12 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum.

The tumor cells were passaged and seeded into culture flasks at the desired cell densities. The culture medium was decanted and the cell sheets were 15 washed twice with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The cells were trypsinized and triturated prior to seeding the flasks. Unless otherwise indicated the cultures were incubated at 37+ 1°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5+ 1% carbon dioxide in air. The cultures were incubated until they were 50-80% confluent.

The cells were subcultured when the flasks were subconfluent. The medium was aspirated from the flasks and the cell sheets rinsed twice with PBS. Next, the Trypsin Solution was added to each flask to cover the cell sheet. The Trypsin Solution was removed after 30-60 seconds and the flasks were incubated at room temperature for two to six minutes. When 90% of the cells became dislodged, growth medium was added. The cells were removed by trituration and transferred to a sterile centrifuge tube. The concentration of cells in the suspension was determined, and an appropriate dilution was made to obtain a density of 5000 cells/ml. The cells were subcultured into the designated wells of the 96-well bioassay plates (200 microliter cell suspension per well). PBS was added to all the remaining wells to maintain humidity. The plates were then incubated overnight before test article treatment.

W:1jeannielspeces\53898-98.doc Each dose of test article was tested by treating quadruplicate wells of cultures with 100 microliter of each dilution. Those wells designated as solvent controls received an additional 100 microliter of methanol control; negative controls wells received an additional 100 microliters of treatment medium. PBS was added to the remaining wells not treated with test article or medium. The plates were then incubated for approximately 5 days.

At the end of the 5 day incubation, each dose group was examined microscopically to assess toxicity. A 0.5 mg/ml dilution of MTT was made in treatment medium, and the dilution was filtered through a 0.45 micrometer filter to remove undissolved crystals. The medium was decanted from the wells of the bioassay plates. Immediately thereafter, 2000 microliter of the filtered MTT solution was added to all test wells except for the two untreated blank test wells.

o°°0oeS o..

two blank wells received 200 microliters of treatment medium. The plates

O

15 were returned to the incubator for about 3 hours. After incubation, the MTT containing medium was decanted. Excess medium was added to each well and the plates were shaken at room temperature for about 2 hours.

Ol l The absorbance at 550 nm (OD 5 5 0 of each well was measured with a Molecular Devices (Menlo Park, CA) VMax plate reader.

O C The mean OD 550 of the solvent control wells and that of each test article dilution, and that of each of the blank wells and the positive control were calculated.

The mean OD 550 of the blank wells was subtracted from the mean of the solvent control wells, and test article wells, respectively to give the corresponding mean OD550.

of Control corrected mean OD 5 5 of Test Article Dilution x 100 corrected mean of OD 55 0 of Solvent Control Dose response curves were prepared as semi-log plots with of control on the ordinate (linear) and the test article concentration on the abscissa (logarithmic).

The EC 5 0 was interpolated from the plots for each test article. For the test articles administered in methanol, separate responses were prepared to correct for the methanol data.

W:'eannieMspecesd53898-G8dOc Adriamycin was used as a positive control. In all cases, it was more toxic than any of the test materials by one or two logs. Adriamycin is one of the more potent agents in current use and one with significant side effects. The peak plasma concentration of other, quite effective chemotherapeutic agents may be to 50 times higher than that of Adriamycin. The EC- 50 is the concentration at which one half the cells are killed.

Table I 0 Test Material EC- 5 o Result (ppm or microgram/ml) HT29 HT29 MXI MXI A549 A549 Adriamycin 0.003 0.006 0.02 0.001 0.03 0.009 chloroprofam® 13.3 11.4 91.8 108 12.6 92.5 In normal healthy cells, the following results were obtained: Table 2 Test Material Broncheal Cells Kerotinoyle Cells Fibroblasts chloroprofam@ 0.002 >15.2 3.9 13.0 >152 64.2 Adriamycin 0.015 0.0020 0.0035 0.0093 0.065 0.10 These experiments show that these compositions are effective in killing tumor cells without significantly affecting healthy cells.

W:eannie\speces\53898-98.doc 16 Other Activity In addition to their combination with chemotherapeutic agents and potentiators, N-chlorophenylcarbamates and the N-chlorophenylthiocarbamates can be combined with fungicides, herbicides or other antiviral agents. Preferred herbicides and fungicides include carbendazim, fluoconazole, benomyl, glyphosate and propicodazole.

The N-chlorophenylcarbamates and N-chlorophenylthiocarbamates are also effective against viruses including rhinovirus, FHV, herpes, and influenza. In 10 the treatment of viral infections, the N-chlorophenylcarbamates and the Nchlorophenylthiocarbamates can be combined with other anti-viral agents to effectively treat viral infections.

It is believed that many herbicides alone or in combination with other herbicides and fungicides will show this beneficial anti-tumor effect.

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Claims (29)

1. A pharmaceutical composition for treating cancers or tumors or viral infections comprising a) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; b) a safe and effective amount of a chemotherapeutic agent or potentiator for the cancer, tumors or viral infections; and a safe and effective amount of a N-chlorophenylcarbamate or N- chlorophenylthiocarbamate compound of the formula: x II C-XR H wherein n is from 1 to 3; X is selected from the group consisting oxygen and sulfur and wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and lower alkenyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl and phenalkyl of up to 8 carbon atoms and pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid salts of these compounds.

2. A pharmaceutical composition for treating cancers or tumors comprising a) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; b) a safe and effective amount of a chemotherapeutic agent; and c) a safe and effective amount of a N-chlorophenylcarbamate or N- chlorophenylthiocarbamate compound of the formula: Cn x II N-C-XR W.\eannie'species53898-98.doc 18 wherein n is from 1 to 3; X is selected from the group consisting oxygen and sulfur and wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and lower alkenyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl and phenalkyl of up to 8 carbon atoms and pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid salts of these compounds.

3. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 2 wherein R is alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbons, n is 1, X is O and the chloro is in the 3 position of the phenyl. S 10

4. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of Claims 2 or 3 wherein said chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of DNA-interactive Agents, Antimetabolites, Tubulin-lnteractive Agents, 'Hormonal agents, Asparaginase and hydroxyurea.

5. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 3 wherein said o chemotherapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of Asparaginase, hydroxyurea, Cisplatin, Cyclophosphamide, Altretamine, Bleomycin, Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin, Etoposide, Teniposide, Taxol, Plicamycin, Methotrexate, Fluorouracil, Fluorodeoxyuridine, CB3717, Azacitidine, Cytarabine, Floxuridine, Mercaptopurine, 6-Thioguanine, 20 Fludarabine, and Pentostatin.

6. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of Claims 1 to 5 which further comprises a potentiator.

7. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of Claims 1 to 6 wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable salts are selected from the group consisting of hydrochlorides, acetates, salicylates, nitrates and phosphate salts and mixtures thereof.

8. A pharmaceutical composition for treating HIV viral infections in warm blooded mammals comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; (b) a safe and effective amount of a potentiator; and a safe and effective W.jeannie\species53898-98.doc a a a. 19 amount of a N-chlorophenylcarbamate or N-chlorophenylthiocarbamate compound, said compound having the formula: Cn X N-C-XR H wherein n is from 1 to 3; X is selected from the group consisting oxygen and sulfur and wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and lower alkenyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl and phenalkyl of up to 8 carbon atoms and pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid salts of these compounds.

9. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 8 wherein R is alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbons, n is 1, X is O and the chloro is in the 3 position of the phenyl.

A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 9, comprising (3- chlorophenyl)carbamic acid 1-methylethyl ester.

11. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 10 suitable for treating acute HIV infection.

12. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 10 suitable for treating chronic HIV infection.

13. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 8 suitable for oral, or enterical, intravenous, or parenteral administration.

14. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 8 suitable for administration in a solid form.

W:UeannieXspecies53898-9B.doc A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 14 wherein said solid form includes a carrier selected from the group consisting of lactose, sucrose, gelatin and agar.

16. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 8 suitable for administration in a liquid form.

17. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 16, wherein said liquid dosage from is selected from the group consisting of solutions, emulsions, 10 suspension solutions, and suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent and effervescent preparations.

18. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 17, wherein said liquid e Sdosage comprises a member selected from the group consisting of 15 suspending agents, diluents, sweeteners, flavorants, colorants, preservatives, emulsifying agents and coloring agents, and mixtures thereof.

19. A pharmaceutical composition for treating herpes viral infections in warm blooded mammals comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; (b) a safe and effective amount of a potentiator; and a safe and effective amount of a N-chlorophenylcarbamate or N-chlorophenylthiocarbamate compound, said compound having the formula: Cn N x H wherein n is from 1 to 3; X is selected from the group consisting oxygen and sulfur and wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and lower alkenyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl and phenalkyl of up to 8 carbon atoms and pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid salts of these compounds.

W:jeanniespecies53898-98.doc 21 A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 19 wherein R is alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbons, n is 1, X is O and the chloro is in the 3 position of the phenyl.

21. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 20 comprising (3- chlorophenyl)carbamic acid 1-methylethyl ester.

22. A pharmaceutical composition for treating viral infections in warm blooded mammals comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; a safe and effective amount of a potentiator; and a safe and effective amount of 10 a N-chlorophenylcarbamate or N-chlorophenylthiocarbamate compound, said compound having the formula: n i* X SII N-C-X R H wherein n is from 1 to 3; X is selected from the group consisting oxygen and 15 sulfur and wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl and lower alkenyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl and phenalkyl of up to 8 carbon atoms and pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid salts of these compounds.

23. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 22, wherein R is alkyl of from 1 to 4 carbons, n is 1, X is O and the chloro is in the 3 position of the phenyl.

24. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 23 comprising (3- chlorophenyl)carbamic acid 1-methylethyl ester. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 24 suitable for oral, or enterical, intravenous, or parenteral administration.

W: jeanniespecies\53898-98.doc 22

26. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 24 suitable for administration in a solid form and wherein said solid form includes a carrier selected from the group consisting of lactose, sucrose, gelatin and agar.

27. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 23 suitable for administration in a liquid form and wherein said liquid dosage from is selected from the group consisting of solutions, emulsions, suspension solutions, and suspensions reconstituted from non-effervescent and effervescent preparations.

28. A pharmaceutical composition according to Claim 27 wherein said liquid dosage form comprises a member selected from the group consisting of suspending agents, diluents, sweeteners, flavorants, colorants, preservatives, emulsifying agents and colouring agents, and mixtures **15 thereof.

29. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 substantially as herein described with reference to any one of the examples. DATED: 15 March, 2000 PHILLIPS ORMONDE FITZPATRICK Attorneys for: THE PROCTER GAMBLE COMPANY W:\jeannie\speciesV53898-98.doc