AU2021103484A4 - Method for removal of fluoride from water through adsorption - Google Patents
Method for removal of fluoride from water through adsorption Download PDFInfo
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- AU2021103484A4 AU2021103484A4 AU2021103484A AU2021103484A AU2021103484A4 AU 2021103484 A4 AU2021103484 A4 AU 2021103484A4 AU 2021103484 A AU2021103484 A AU 2021103484A AU 2021103484 A AU2021103484 A AU 2021103484A AU 2021103484 A4 AU2021103484 A4 AU 2021103484A4
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- Prior art keywords
- palm kernel
- aipks
- kernel shell
- ash
- drying
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000001164 aluminium sulphate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000011128 aluminium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- BUACSMWVFUNQET-UHFFFAOYSA-H dialuminum;trisulfate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BUACSMWVFUNQET-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000012154 double-distilled water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000877 morphologic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005588 protonation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002154 agricultural waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 anions fluoride Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000002925 dental caries Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010791 domestic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/06—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04
- B01J20/08—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04 comprising aluminium oxide or hydroxide; comprising bauxite
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J20/28057—Surface area, e.g. B.E.T specific surface area
- B01J20/28064—Surface area, e.g. B.E.T specific surface area being in the range 500-1000 m2/g
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J20/28069—Pore volume, e.g. total pore volume, mesopore volume, micropore volume
- B01J20/28071—Pore volume, e.g. total pore volume, mesopore volume, micropore volume being less than 0.5 ml/g
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J20/28078—Pore diameter
- B01J20/2808—Pore diameter being less than 2 nm, i.e. micropores or nanopores
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
- C02F1/286—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using natural organic sorbents or derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/06—Contaminated groundwater or leachate
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)
Abstract
The present disclosure relates to a method to prepare an aluminium
impregnated palm kernel shell (AIPKS) enriched with calcium for removal
of fluoride from water through adsorption. The method comprises,
collecting the palm kernel shell and removing unwanted soluble
components by washing several times with hot water; drying the palm
kernel shell for removing moisture to keep it in a muffle furnace for 45
minutes at 573K; washing the ash from the muffle furnace in distilled
water and drying it at 323k for 24 hours in an oven and then sieving the
ash through a mesh of size 150mm; combining 50 g of the palm kernel
shell ash with 0.3 M of 250 ml aluminium sulphate solution in a stirred
reactor tank until thoroughly stirred; adding 1 M sodium hydroxide
solution to the mixture and stirring at 200-300 rpm in the stirred reactor
tank, wherein 1 M sodium hydroxide solution is added until pH is between
4 to 6; filtering the entire slurry and drying it at 380 K to obtain the
desired adsorbent or aluminium impregnated palm kernel shell (AIPKS);
washing AIPKS thoroughly in double distilled water to extract all sodium
sulphate before being dried in the oven for future use.
12
N * W O oN
Q ) o ot MI
r-p
a C :
71 'A
S Ii
;e ~ '2m'
gr y - '¶- 'bS % I
-v 2 ri SF P
r 4rF = A2 1
F F ', r- e
I FtR 2 r
5 5 C .
O • 2 .2 --s .h
~r~ r
Description
N * W O oN Q ) o ot MI
r-p a :C
71 'A S Ii
;e ~ '2m'
gr y - '¶- 'bS % I
-v 2 ri SFP
r 4rF = A2 1 F F ', r- e I FtR 2 r 5 5 C .
O • 2 .2 --s .h
~r~ r
The present disclosure relates to a method for removal of fluoride from water through adsorption.
The presence of fluoride in natural groundwater is a global concern and has gained significant attention. It is generally believed that small amounts of fluoride in water have a beneficial effect on the occurrence of dental caries. Groundwater contamination is caused by several factors, including geochemical processes, agricultural waste, industrial waste, and household waste. Heavy metal ions like lead, cadmium, arsenic and toxic anions fluoride, chloride, bromide are considered to be major sources of contaminants. Techniques such as electrolysis, ion exchange, precipitation, membrane isolation, and adsorption have been used for removing toxic ions from polluted water. Due to low costs, easy to use, and high removal efficiency, adsorption technique is used the most. However, there exists a need to develop a more efficient method for removal of fluoride from water through adsorption.
The present disclosure relates to a method to make an aluminium impregnated palm kernel shell (AIPKS) enriched with calcium for removal of fluoride from water through adsorption. Fluoride removal from water was determined by aluminium impregnated Palm Kernel shell adsorbent. The surface morphological features, porosity and adsorption performance for fluoride was thoroughly explored. The proximate analysis indicates the composition of ash, volatile, moisture and fixed carbon content and ultimate study gave elemental composition (C, H, N, and S) of the adsorbent AIPKS. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups in the adsorbent, such as hydroxyl and C-O groups in carboxyl, C O group in -OCH3, and -OH group in alcohol. Surface texture and morphological features of adsorbent was confirmed with the aid of SEM. Due to its porous structure and predominately micro porous character, the Palm Kernel shell adsorbent has a high surface area and adsorption ability.
In an embodiment, a method 100 for developing a system for removal of fluoride from water through adsorption comprises the following steps: at step 102, collecting the palm kernel shell and removing unwanted soluble components by washing several times with hot water; at step 104, drying the palm kernel shell for removing moisture to keep it in the muffle furnace for 45 minutes at 573K; at step 106, washing the ash from the muffle furnace in distilled water and drying the ash at 323k for 24 hours in an oven and then sieving the ash through a mesh of size 150mm; at step 108, combining 50 g of the palm kernel shell ash with 0.3 M of 250 ml aluminium sulphate solution in a stirred reactor tank until thoroughly stirred; at step 110, adding 1 M sodium hydroxide solution to the mixture and stirring at 200-300 rpm in the stirred reactor tank, wherein 1 M sodium hydroxide solution is added until pH is between 4 to 6; at step 112, filtering the entire slurry and drying it at 380 K to obtain the desired adsorbent or aluminium impregnated palm kernel shell (AIPKS); at step 114, washing AIPKS thoroughly in double distilled water to extract all sodium sulphate before being dried in the oven for future use.
To further clarify advantages and features of the present disclosure, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which is illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will become better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 illustrates a method to make an aluminium impregnated palm kernel shell (AIPKS) enriched with calcium for removal of fluoride from water through adsorption in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Figure 2 illustrates (a) Particle size study by sieves for AIPKS; (b) Density of AIPKS of different samples; (c) Pore size distribution of AIPKS; (d) Effect of pH; and (e) Mechanism of protonation of active sites on AIPKS's surface by electrostatic attractions in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Figure 3 illustrates (a) Effect of contact time; (b) Effect of adsorbent dose; (c) Effect of temperature; (d) Effect of stirring rate on adsorption capacity of AIPKS and PKS; (e) Regeneration cycle; (f) Pictorial representation of various products with Al and F-; and (g) Schematic diagram represents the various interaction with AIPKS and fluoride in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Further, skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the drawings are illustrated for simplicity and may not have necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the flow charts illustrate the method in terms of the most prominent steps involved to help to improve understanding of aspects of the present disclosure. Furthermore, in terms of the construction of the device, one or more components of the device may have been represented in the drawings by conventional symbols, and the drawings may show only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present disclosure so as not to obscure the drawings with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having benefit of the description herein.
For the purpose of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated system, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory of the invention and are not intended to be restrictive thereof.
Reference throughout this specification to "an aspect", "another aspect" or similar language means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, appearances of the phrase "in an embodiment", "in another embodiment" and similar language throughout this specification may, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment.
The terms "comprises", "comprising", or any other variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process or method that comprises a list of steps does not include only those steps but may include other steps not expressly listed or inherent to such process or method. Similarly, one or more devices or sub-systems or elements or structures or components proceeded by "comprises...a" does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of other devices or other sub-systems or other elements or other structures or other components or additional devices or additional sub-systems or additional elements or additional structures or additional components.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The system, methods, and examples provided herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Figure 1 illustrates a method to make an aluminium impregnated palm kernel shell (AIPKS) enriched with calcium for removal of fluoride from water through adsorption. A method 100 for developing a system for removal of fluoride from water through adsorption comprises the following steps: at step 102, collecting the palm kernel shell and removing unwanted soluble components by washing several times with hot water; at step 104, drying the palm kernel shell for removing moisture to keep it in the muffle furnace for 45 minutes at 573K; at step 106, washing the ash from the muffle furnace in distilled water and drying the ash at 323k for 24 hours in an oven and then sieving the ash through a mesh of size 150mm; at step 108, combining 50 g of the palm kernel shell ash with 0.3 M of 250 ml aluminium sulphate solution in a stirred reactor tank until thoroughly stirred; at step 110, adding 1 M sodium hydroxide solution to the mixture and stirring at 200-300 rpm in the stirred reactor tank, wherein 1 M sodium hydroxide solution is added until pH is between 4 to 6; at step 112, filtering the entire slurry and drying it at 380 K to obtain the desired adsorbent or aluminium impregnated palm kernel shell (AIPKS); at step 114, washing AIPKS thoroughly in double distilled water to extract all sodium sulphate before being dried in the oven for future use. In an embodiment, the plurality of micropores on the surface of aluminium impregnated palm kernel shell (AIPKS) and the positive charge that the surface of AIPKS acquired at lower pH values work in conjunction or separately for adsorption of negatively charged fluoride.
In an embodiment, drying the palm kernel shell for 45 minutes at 573K and then drying the ash in an oven at 323k for 24 hours.
In an embodiment, 50 g of the palm kernel shell ash with 0.3 M of 250 ml aluminium sulphate solution are combined in the stirred tank reactor.
In an embodiment, 1 M sodium hydroxide was added to a mixture of palm kernel and aluminium sulphate solution wherein sodium hydroxide solution is added until pH is between 4 to 6.
In an embodiment, filtering the entire slurry and drying it at 380 K to obtain the desired adsorbent or aluminium impregnated palm kernel shell (AIPKS).
In another embodiment, the AIPKS had a total pore volume of 0.408 cm 3/g, BET surface area of 515 m 2/g, average bulk density of 1.6525 g/ml and average pore diameter of 1.49 nm.
In another embodiment, the fluoride adsorption increased with increasing the adsorbent dose from 1.0 g/L ( 4 5. 6 %) to 2.0 g/L ( 8 8 .4 %) for the adsorbent.
In another embodiment, the highest percent of fluoride removal ( 8 8 %) was achieved at the optimum conditions are, 2g/L at pH 4, with contact time of 120 min.
In another embodiment, the due to its microporous composition and higher surface area, the AIPKS can be reused, lowering the overall cost of the adsorption process in practical applications.
Figure 2 illustrates (a) Particle size study by sieves for AIPKS; (b) Density of AIPKS of different samples; (c) Pore size distribution of AIPKS; (d) Effect of pH; and (e) Mechanism of protonation of active sites on AIPKS's surface by electrostatic attractions in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
Figure 3 illustrates (a) Effect of contact time; (b) Effect of adsorbent dose; (c) Effect of temperature; (d) Effect of stirring rate on adsorption capacity of AIPKS and PKS; (e) Regeneration cycle; (f) Pictorial representation of various products with Al 3 and F-; and (g) Schematic diagram represents the various interaction with AIPKS and fluoride in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.
The drawings and the forgoing description give examples of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more of the described elements may well be combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements may be split into multiple functional elements. Elements from one embodiment may be added to another embodiment. For example, orders of processes described herein may be changed and are not limited to the manner described herein. Moreover, the actions of any flow diagram need not be implemented in the order shown; nor do all of the acts necessarily need to be performed. Also, those acts that are not dependent on other acts may be performed in parallel with the other acts. The scope of embodiments is by no means limited by these specific examples. Numerous variations, whether explicitly given in the specification or not, such as differences in structure, dimension, and use of material, are possible. The scope of embodiments is at least as broad as given by the following claims.
Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any component(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature or component of any or all the claims.
Claims (10)
1. A method to make an aluminium impregnated palm kernel shell (AIPKS) enriched with calcium for removal of fluoride from water through adsorption, the method comprises:
collecting the palm kernel shell and removing unwanted soluble components by washing several times with hot water;
drying the palm kernel shell for removing moisture to keep it in the muffle furnace for 45 minutes at 573K;
washing the ash from the muffle furnace in distilled water and drying the ash at 323k for 24 hours in an oven and then sieving the ash through a mesh of size 150mm;
combining 50 g of the palm kernel shell ash with 0.3 M of 250 ml aluminium sulphate solution in a stirred reactor tank until thoroughly stirred;
adding 1 M sodium hydroxide solution to the mixture and stirring at 200-300 rpm in the stirred reactor tank, wherein 1 M sodium hydroxide solution is added until pH is between 4 to 6;
filtering the entire slurry and drying it at 380 K to obtain the desired adsorbent or aluminium impregnated palm kernel shell (AIPKS);
washing AIPKS thoroughly in double distilled water to extract all sodium sulphate before being dried in the oven for future use.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, a plurality of micropores on the surface of aluminium impregnated palm kernel shell (AIPKS) and the positive charge that the surface of AIPKS acquired at lower pH values work in conjunction or separately for adsorption of negatively charged fluoride.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, drying the palm kernel shell for 45 minutes at 573K and then drying the ash in an oven at 323k for 24 hours.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, 50 g of the palm kernel shell ash with 0.3 M of 250 ml aluminium sulphate solution are combined in the stirred tank reactor.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, 1 M sodium hydroxide was added to a mixture of palm kernel and aluminium sulphate solution wherein sodium hydroxide solution is added until pH is between 4 to 6.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, filtering the entire slurry and drying it at 380 K to obtain the desired adsorbent or aluminium impregnated palm kernel shell (AIPKS).
7. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the AIPKS had a total pore volume of 0.408 cm 3/g, BET surface area of 515 m 2/g, average bulk density of 1.6525 g/ml and average pore diameter of 1.49 nm.
8. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, fluoride adsorption increased with increasing the adsorbent dose from 1.0 g/L ( 4 5. 6 %) to 2.0 g/L ( 8 8 .4 %) for the adsorbent.
9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the highest percent of fluoride removal ( 8 8 %) was achieved at the optimum conditions are, 2g/L at pH 4, with contact time of 120 min.
10. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, due to its microporous composition and higher surface area, the AIPKS can be reused, lowering the overall cost of the adsorption process in practical applications.
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| AU2021103484A AU2021103484A4 (en) | 2021-06-19 | 2021-06-19 | Method for removal of fluoride from water through adsorption |
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| AU2021103484A AU2021103484A4 (en) | 2021-06-19 | 2021-06-19 | Method for removal of fluoride from water through adsorption |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115286272A (en) * | 2022-08-24 | 2022-11-04 | 浙江红狮环保股份有限公司 | Technology for removing fluorine and chlorine from aluminum ash |
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2021
- 2021-06-19 AU AU2021103484A patent/AU2021103484A4/en not_active Ceased
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115286272A (en) * | 2022-08-24 | 2022-11-04 | 浙江红狮环保股份有限公司 | Technology for removing fluorine and chlorine from aluminum ash |
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