AU2015394927B1 - All-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device and method - Google Patents
All-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device and method Download PDFInfo
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- AU2015394927B1 AU2015394927B1 AU2015394927A AU2015394927A AU2015394927B1 AU 2015394927 B1 AU2015394927 B1 AU 2015394927B1 AU 2015394927 A AU2015394927 A AU 2015394927A AU 2015394927 A AU2015394927 A AU 2015394927A AU 2015394927 B1 AU2015394927 B1 AU 2015394927B1
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 5
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 230000000452 restraining effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009435 building construction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000021715 photosynthesis, light harvesting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/92—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers
- E04B1/98—Protection against other undesired influences or dangers against vibrations or shocks; against mechanical destruction, e.g. by air-raids
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- Architecture (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
- Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
- Vibration Prevention Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Disclosed are an all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace and a method, which belong to the technical field of building construction. The brace comprises two energy-dissipating inner core plates, a peripheral frame restraining component, two 5 force transferring steel plates, two end plates, stiffening plates and a plurality of resetting ribs. The above-mentioned structure is combined by welding and riveting. After the energy-dissipating inner core plates bear force and deform, the relative movement between the force transferring steel plates and the peripheral frame restraining component drives the relative distance between the two end plates to become large so that the resetting ribs are 10 elongated under tension or compression states to achieve a self-resetting function. The problem of too large residual deformation of the existing traditional structure with a buckling-restrained brace component under the action of a medium earthquake or a great earthquake is solved. The post-earthquake maintenance and the reconstruction cost are effectively reduced.
Description
ALL-STEEL DOUBLE-PLATE SELF-RESETTING BUCKLING-RESTRAINED BRACE DEVICE AND METHOD
BACKGROUND
Technical Field
The present invention relates to an all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device and a method, in particular to an all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace suitable for use in the field of buildings.
Related Art
After the great Hanshin earthquake in Japan and the Northridge earthquake in the United States occurred, engineers realized that the buckling-restrained brace component has excellent energy dissipation and vibration damping performances and were introduced in a number of projects in Japan and the United States. In China, buckling-restrained brace systems have been used in many buildings in recent years.
Generally, a buckling-restrained brace consists of energy-dissipating inner core plates, a peripheral restraining component and an unbonded structural layer. Under the action of a small earthquake, the energy-dissipating inner core plates of the buckling-restrained brace component are in an elastic stage and provide lateral stiffness for the main body structure; under the action of a medium earthquake or a great earthquake, the energy-dissipating inner core plates of the buckling-restrained brace component are in a yield stage firstly, and a large amount of seismic input energy is dissipated. So that the original way of energy dissipation of plastic hinges at both ends of the main body structure is converted into a way of integrated energy dissipation of the buckling-restrained brace component, and thus the main body structure can be better protected.
However, the buckling-restrained brace component is a metal damper that dissipates energy by the yield of metal, thus resulting in production of very large residual deformation after medium or great earthquakes. And the traditional buckling-restrained brace usually adopts a reinforced concrete peripheral restrained section and a steel and concrete 1 composite peripheral restrained section, thus resulting in various problems such as difficult control of machining accuracy and heavy workload of wet work.
In recent years, there are very few researches of domestic and foreign scholars on an all-steel assembly-type self-resetting buckling-restrained brace; therefore, the industrialized fast and integrated production of the steel-structure self-resetting buckling-restrained brace are not really achieved.
SUMMARY
The objective of the present invention is to provide an all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device and a method, having the advantages of all-steel structure, simple structure, small residual deformation produced after medium or great earthquakes and low reconstruction cost, in order to solve the above-mentioned technical problems.
In order to achieve the above-mentioned technical objective, the all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device provided by the present invention mainly comprises energy-dissipating inner core plates, a peripheral frame restraining component, force transferring steel plates, stiffening plates, resetting ribs, end plates and rubber plates; the peripheral frame restraining component comprises an I-beam and two steel channels, each energy-dissipating inner core plate comprises a middle inner core plate part and connector parts arranged at the two ends, the rubber plates are arranged at the left and right sides of the middle inner core plate part of the energy-dissipating inner core plate, the left and right sides of a web plate of the I-beam are respectively sandwiched by the middle inner core plate parts of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates, the length of the middle inner core plate part is the same as that of the I-beam, the connector parts at the two ends of the energy-dissipating inner core plates extend out of the I-beam, the stiffening plates are respectively arranged between the connector parts of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates, the force transferring steel plates of which the length is the same as that of the I-beam are respectively arranged on the middle inner core plate parts of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates, the left and right steel channels are fixed with the I-beam by bolts so that the energy-dissipating inner core plates, the force transferring steel 2 plates and the rubber plates are tightly pressed and fixed, the two end plates are arranged on the energy-dissipating inner core plates at the two sides of the peripheral frame restraining component through rectangular openings in a penetrating way, the two sides of the peripheral frame restraining component are closed by the end plates, and the plurality of resetting ribs is arranged between the two end plates.
The energy-dissipating inner core plate is a linear single steel plate, or the energy-dissipating inner core plate is a gradual changing staging dog-bone-shaped plate of which the section of the middle inner core plate part is less than that of each of the connector parts at the two ends.
The rubber plates are 1 to 2 mm thick.
The stiffening plates are welded between the connector parts at the two ends of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates in a fitting way, a notch for accommodating the stiffening plate is formed in the head part of the web plate of the peripheral restraining I-beam corresponding to each stiffening plate, and a concavely-convexly inserted lateral limit structure is arranged between the bottom of the notch and the end part of the stiffening plate. A rectangular groove is formed in the middle of each end plate, each end plate penetrates along a connecting segment, and the end plates can freely slide in the length direction of the energy-dissipating inner core plates due to no welding between the end plates and the peripheral frame restraining component as well as the force transferring steel plates.
The method for producing the all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device comprises the following steps: a. 1 to 2mm thick rubber plates are arranged at the two sides of a web plate of an I-beam of a peripheral frame restraining component; b. two energy-dissipating inner core plates are respectively arranged at the outer sides of the rubber plates at the two sides of the web plate of the I-beam and centered, and the left sides of the energy-dissipating inner core plates are separately welded with the left end of 3 the peripheral frame restraining I-beam; c. stiffening plates are arranged between the connector parts at the two ends of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates, and the stiffening plates are connected in a welding seam way; d. 1 to 2mm thick rubber plates are respectively arranged at the outer sides of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates; e. force transferring steel plates are respectively arranged on the 1 to 2mm thick rubber plates respectively arranged at the outer sides of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates, and the right ends of the force transferring steel plates are respectively welded with the right sides of the energy-dissipating inner core plates; f. the two peripheral steel channels are respectively arranged at the two sides of the two force transferring steel plates, and the peripheral steel channels are connected to the I-beam by bolts; g. the end plates are respectively arranged at the two ends of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates through rectangular grooves in a penetrating way until reaching to the peripheral frame restraining component, and a plurality of resetting ribs is arranged between the two end plates.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: compared with the traditional buckling-restrained brace component, the all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device structurally has a resetting function after a great earthquake or medium earthquake, thereby greatly reducing the residual deformation; compared with the existing self-resetting brace component, the friction energy dissipation is replaced with the yield energy dissipation of the inner core plates of the buckling-restrained brace component, thus avoiding the problems of loosening of bolts, friction surface aging, failure and corrosion and the like. The all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device adopts an all-steel structure, and is simple in structure and low in production cost. 4
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of an overall structure of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of energy-dissipating inner core plates of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic view of a combination of energy-dissipating inner core plates and force transferring steel plates of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic view of a peripheral frame restraining component of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic plan view of stiffening plates of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic plan view of ends plates of the present invention.
Fig. 7 is a schematic view of a combination of stiffening plates, end plates and resetting ribs of the present invention.
Fig. 8 is a sectional view of 1-1 of the present invention.
Fig. 9 is a sectional view of 2-2 of the present invention.
Fig. 10 is a practical project application example of the present invention.
In the drawings: 1- energy-dissipating inner core plate, 2- peripheral frame restraining component, 3- force transferring steel plate, 4- stiffening plate, 5- resetting rib, 6- end plate, 7- rubber plate.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present invention is further described below in conjunction with the embodiments in the drawings.
As shown in Fig. 1, an all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace provided by the present invention comprises energy-dissipating inner core plates 1, a peripheral frame restraining component 2, force transferring steel plates 3, stiffening plates 4, resetting ribs 5, end plates 6 and rubber plates 7; as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, the energy-dissipating inner core plate 1 is a linear single steel plate, or the energy-dissipating 5 inner core plate 1 is a gradual changing staging dog-bone-shaped plate of which the section of the middle inner core plate part is less than that of each of the connector parts at the two ends.
As shown in Fig. 4, the peripheral frame restraining component 2 comprises an I-beam 2-1 and two steel channels 2-2, the energy-dissipating inner core plate 1 comprises a middle inner core plate part and connector parts arranged at the two ends, the rubber plates 7 are arranged at the left and right sides of the middle inner core plate part of the energy-dissipating inner core plate, the rubber plates 7 are 1 to 2mm thick, the left and right sides of a web plate of the I-beam 2-1 are respectively sandwiched by the middle inner core plate parts of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates 1, the length of the middle inner core plate part is the same as that of the I-beam 2-1, and the connector parts at the two ends of the energy-dissipating inner core plates 1 extend out of the I-beam 2-1, wherein the two steel channels 2-2 are respectively arranged at the two sides of the middle web plate of the 1- beam 2-1, the web plates of the steel channels 2-2 back the web plate of the I-beam 2-1, top and bottom flanges of the I-beam 2-1 and flanges of the steel channels 2-2 are provided with openings in opposite contact positions and are connected together by bolts 8 to form the peripheral frame restraining component 2; a notch for accommodating the stiffening plate is formed in the head part of the web plate of the peripheral frame restraining I-beam 2- 1; the length of the peripheral frame restraining component 2 is the same as that of the force transferring steel plates 3; the right end of the peripheral frame restraining component 2 is symmetrically welded with the right sides of the energy-dissipating inner core plates 1.
As shown in Fig. 5, the stiffening plates 4 are respectively arranged between the connector parts of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates 1.
As shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, the force transferring steel plates 3 of which the length is the same as that of the I-beam 2-1 are respectively arranged on the middle inner core plate parts of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates 1, the left and right steel channels 2-2 are fixed with the I-beam 2-1 by bolts; as shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9, the rubber plates 7 are respectively arranged between the two force transferring steel plates 3 and the two steel channels 2-2 to meet the condition that the energy-dissipating inner core plates 1 can freely 6 expand when being pressed to yield, so that the energy-dissipating inner core plates 1, the force transferring steel plates 3 and the rubber plates 7 are tightly pressed and fixed; the two end plates 6 are respectively provided with rectangular openings, penetrate along a connecting segment, and can freely slide in the length direction of the energy-dissipating inner core plates due to no welding between the end plates and the peripheral frame restraining component 2 as well as the force transferring steel plates 3, the stiffening plates 4 are welded between the connector parts at the two ends of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates 1 in a fitting way, the notch for accommodating the stiffening plate is formed in the head part of the web plate of the peripheral restraining I-beam 2-1 corresponding to each stiffening plate, a concavely-convexly inserted lateral limit structure is arranged between the bottom of the notch and the end part of the stiffening plate 4, and a plurality of resetting ribs 5 is arranged between the two end plates 6.
As shown in Fig. 10, in an example of the all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace provided by the present invention installed in a practical project, the connector parts at both ends of the energy-dissipating inner core plates 1 are respectively connected to gusset plates of a building structural frame through pin shafts to complete the installation.
The method for producing the all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device provided by the present invention comprises the following steps: a. 1 to 2mm thick rubber plates 7 are arranged at the two sides of a web plate of an I-beam 2-1 of a peripheral frame restraining component 2; b. two energy-dissipating inner core plates 1 are respectively arranged at the outer sides of the rubber plates 7 at the two sides of the web plate of the I-beam 2-1 and centered, and the left sides of the energy-dissipating inner core plates 1 are respectively welded with the left end of the peripheral frame restraining I-beam 2-1; c. stiffening plates 4 are arranged between the connector parts at the two ends of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates 1, and the stiffening plates 4 are connected in a welding seam way; 7 d. 1 to 2mm thick rubber plates 7 are respectively arranged at the outer sides of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates 1; e. force transferring steel plates 3 are respectively arranged on the 1 to 2mm thick rubber plates 7 respectively arranged at the outer sides of the two energy-dissipating inner 5 core plates 1, and the right ends of the force transferring steel plates 3 are respectively welded with the right sides of the energy-dissipating inner core plates 1; f. the two peripheral steel channels 2-2 are respectively arranged at the two sides of the two force transferring steel plates 3, and the peripheral steel channels 2-2 are connected to the I-beam 2-1 by bolts; 10 g. end plates 6 are respectively arranged at the two ends of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates 1 through rectangular grooves in a penetrating way until reaching to the peripheral frame restraining component 2, and a plurality of resetting ribs 5 is arranged between the two end plates 6. 8
Claims (6)
1. An all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device, characterized in that the all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device comprises energy-dissipating inner core plates (1), a peripheral frame restraining component (2), force transferring steel plates (3), stiffening plates (4), resetting ribs (5), end plates (6) and rubber plates (7); the peripheral frame restraining component (2) comprises an I-beam (2-1) and two steel channels (2-2), each energy-dissipating inner core plate (1) comprises a middle inner core plate part and connector parts arranged at the two ends, the rubber plates (7) are arranged at the left and right sides of the middle inner core plate part of the energy-dissipating inner core plate (1), the left and right sides of a web plate of the I-beam (2-1) are respectively sandwiched by the middle inner core plate parts of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates (1), the length of the middle inner core plate part is the same as that of the I-beam (2-1), the connector parts at the two ends of the energy-dissipating inner core plates (1) extend out of the I-beam (2-1), the stiffening plates (4) are respectively arranged between the connector parts of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates (1), the force transferring steel plates (3) of which the length is the same as that of the I-beam (2-1) are respectively arranged on the middle inner core plate parts of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates (1), the left and right steel channels (2-2) are fixed with bolts by the I-beam (2-1) so that the energy-dissipating inner core plates (1), the force transferring steel plates (3) and the rubber plates (7) are tightly pressed and fixed, the two end plates (6) are arranged on the energy-dissipating inner core plates at the two sides of the peripheral frame restraining component (2) through rectangular openings in a penetrating way, and closing the two sides of the peripheral frame restraining component (2), and the plurality of resetting ribs (5) is arranged between the two end plates (6).
2. The all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device according to claim 1, characterized in that the energy-dissipating inner core plate (1) is a linear single steel plate, or the energy-dissipating inner core plate (1) is a gradual changing staging dog-bone-shaped plate of which the section of the middle inner core plate part is less than that of each of the connector parts at the two ends.
3. The all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device according to claim 1, characterized in that the rubber plates (7) are 1 to 2mm thick.
4. The all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device according to claim 1, characterized in that the stiffening plates (6) are welded between the connector parts at the two ends of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates (1) in a fitting way, notches for accommodating the stiffening plate are formed in the head part of the web plate of the peripheral restraining I-beam (2-1) corresponding to each stiffening plate, and a concavely-convexly inserted lateral limit structure is arranged between the bottom of the notch and the end part of the stiffening plate (4).
5. The all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device according to claim 1, characterized in that a rectangular groove is formed in the middle of each end plate, each end plate penetrates along a connecting segment, and the end plates can freely slide in the length direction of the energy-dissipating inner core plates due to no welding between the end plates and the peripheral frame restraining component as well as the force transferring steel plates.
6. A method for producing the all-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device, characterized by comprising the following steps: a. 1 to 2mm thick rubber plates (7) are arranged at the two sides of a web plate of an I-beam (2-1) of a peripheral frame restraining component (2); b. two energy-dissipating inner core plates (1) are respectively arranged at the outer sides of the rubber plates (7) at the two sides of the web plate of the I-beam (2-1) and centered, and the left sides of the energy-dissipating inner core plates (1) are separately welded with the left end of the peripheral frame restraining I-beam (2-1); c. stiffening plates (4) are arranged between the connector parts at the two ends of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates (1), and the stiffening plates (4) are connected in a welding seam way; d. the 1 to 2mm thick rubber plates (7) are respectively arranged at the outer sides of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates (1); e. force transferring steel plates (3) are respectively arranged on the 1 to 2mm thick rubber plates (7) respectively arranged at the outer sides of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates (1), and the right ends of the force transferring steel plates (3) are respectively welded with the right sides of the energy-dissipating inner core plates (1); f. the two peripheral steel channels (2-2) are respectively arranged at the two sides of the two force transferring steel plates (3), and the peripheral steel channels (2-2) are connected to the I-beam (2-1) by bolts; g. end plates (6) are respectively arranged at the two ends of the two energy-dissipating inner core plates (1) through rectangular grooves in a penetrating way until reaching to the peripheral frame restraining component (2), and a plurality of resetting ribs (5) is arranged between the two end plates (6).
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN201510625360.5 | 2015-09-28 | ||
CN201510625360.5A CN105256911B (en) | 2015-09-28 | 2015-09-28 | The double plate Self-reset anti-flexure support devices of all steel and production method |
PCT/CN2015/097295 WO2017054323A1 (en) | 2015-09-28 | 2015-12-14 | All-steel dual-plate self-centring buckling-restrained brace device and method |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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AU2015394927B1 true AU2015394927B1 (en) | 2017-02-02 |
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ID=55096813
Family Applications (1)
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AU2015394927A Ceased AU2015394927B1 (en) | 2015-09-28 | 2015-12-14 | All-steel double-plate self-resetting buckling-restrained brace device and method |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
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CN (1) | CN105256911B (en) |
AU (1) | AU2015394927B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2948274C (en) |
RU (1) | RU2665737C1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2017054323A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN113982343A (en) * | 2021-08-13 | 2022-01-28 | 重庆大学 | Novel assembled area SMA is from restoring to throne bucking restraint support device |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2019019850A1 (en) * | 2017-07-25 | 2019-01-31 | 山东大学 | Buckling restrained brace having l-shaped energy-dissipation element, building, and assembling method |
WO2019019849A1 (en) * | 2017-07-25 | 2019-01-31 | 山东大学 | Buckling restrained brace containing linear energy dissipation element, building and assembly method |
CN107975159B (en) * | 2017-12-01 | 2023-11-24 | 山东大学 | Assembled self-resetting energy consumption supporting device and building |
TWI751095B (en) * | 2021-08-06 | 2021-12-21 | 財團法人國家實驗研究院 | Dual-core self-resetting energy dissipation support device with compressed elastic unit |
CN113833144B (en) * | 2021-09-29 | 2023-05-16 | 东南大学 | Friction energy consumption rotary self-resetting node device |
CN114263291B (en) * | 2022-01-29 | 2022-09-06 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Anti-buckling support system with elastic pin connecting end part being reinforced and adjustable in length and installation method |
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2015
- 2015-09-28 CN CN201510625360.5A patent/CN105256911B/en active Active
- 2015-12-14 WO PCT/CN2015/097295 patent/WO2017054323A1/en active Application Filing
- 2015-12-14 RU RU2016142332A patent/RU2665737C1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2015-12-14 CA CA2948274A patent/CA2948274C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2015-12-14 AU AU2015394927A patent/AU2015394927B1/en not_active Ceased
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JP2001262859A (en) * | 2000-03-21 | 2001-09-26 | Toyo Tire & Rubber Co Ltd | Damping equipment |
JP2010127053A (en) * | 2008-12-01 | 2010-06-10 | Shimizu Corp | Brace damper |
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CN113982343B (en) * | 2021-08-13 | 2024-05-24 | 重庆大学 | Novel assembled take SMA to reset buckling restrained brace device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2948274A1 (en) | 2017-03-28 |
CN105256911A (en) | 2016-01-20 |
CA2948274C (en) | 2019-04-30 |
RU2665737C1 (en) | 2018-09-04 |
WO2017054323A1 (en) | 2017-04-06 |
CN105256911B (en) | 2018-04-13 |
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