WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 GASIFICATION BURNER 2 3 FIELD OF THE INVENTION 4 5 [0001J This invention relates to burner technology, and more particularly to a 6 gasification burner. 7 8 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 9 10 [0002] Cyclone burners or furnaces were first developed back in the 1940s by 11 Babcock and Wilcox. Generally, such furnaces are designed to burn coal as a fuel. 12 The coal used is ordinarily a high rank coal with low water content. The coal and air 13 are introduced at a back of a cyclone barrel and ignited. The air and fuel mixture can 14 be introduced tangentially, or axially. Typically a secondary air source is also 15 introduced all along the barrel to help increase combustion. Air swirls in a circular 16 pattern around a primary axis of the barrel, enhancing combustion. Such known 17 cyclone furnaces operate at relatively high temperatures (in excess of 1600 0 C). 18 19 [0003] Not all of coal is comprised of hydrocarbons. Coal also contains materials 20 which are non-combustible at the temperatures of operation of such cyclone 21 furnaces. Typically such materials are referred to as ash or slag and include metal 22 oxides, silicon or calcium oxides and various metals. Depending on the type of fuel 23 burned these non-combustible materials may form slag or fly-ash or both. Slag is 24 generally liquid at the temperatures associated with combustion of coal, and steps WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 must be taken to collect and remove slag from the burner. Fly ash comprises the 2 fine particles that rise with the flue/exhaust gases. Fly ash may include not only 3 non-combustible components of the fuel, but may also include larger combustible 4 particles which did not reside in the cyclone burner for sufficient time to be 5 completely burned. Although fly ash can be collected by electrostatic precipitators, 6 in instances where the exhaust gases are intended to be used as a heat source, fly 7 ash may be undesirable. This is because as the fly ash is carried along with the 8 exhaust gas and reaches a main boiler or any other heat transfer surface, the hot fly 9 ash will tend to deposit on any cooler surface. As a result, efficiency of any heat 10 transfer process will be reduced until the deposited fly ash is removed. 11 12 (0004] The Babcock and Wilcox furnace uses coal that produces a sticky fly ash 13 upon combustion. Further, the sticky nature of the fly ash causes it to adhere to the 14 walls of the interior. This provides a sticky surface onto which the coal particles also 15 attach to the inner wall. Superheated air then passes over the stationary coal 16 particles, allowing combustion to take place. This type of construction is relatively 17 expensive, as water lines are provided to cool the walls and steps have to be taken 18 to remove the accumulating fly ash. 19 20 [0005] The type of fuel used matters in the creation of slag and fly-ash. If the fuel is 21 coal with an ash fusion temperature at a certain temperature, and the cyclone burner 22 is run at a temperature above that ash fusion temperature, ash from the coal tends to 23 become slag during combustion. If the burner is run at a temperature below the ash 24 fusion temperature, ash from the coal tends to form fly-ash. It would therefore be 25 desirable to provide a burner of improved construction with enhanced ability to burn 2 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 fuel towards complete combustion (i.e., a gasification burner) without need to adhere 2 particles to the wall of the burner, as well as to provide a burner which controls 3 amounts of fly ash and slag produced. 4 5 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 6 7 [0006] In accordance with a first aspect, a gasification burner for combustion of a 8 fuel, comprises a barrel having a front and a back, wherein hot exhaust gas 9 produced by combustion exits at an outlet, a first air inlet into the barrel and a fuel 10 inlet into the barrel, each positioned adjacent the back, wherein air at a first flow rate 11 and fuel at a fuel flow rate are deliverable at the first air inlet and the fuel inlet, 12 respectively, and a secondary air link operatively connected to a second air inlet. 13 The second air inlet is positioned closer to the front of the barrel than the first air 14 inlet, and air at a second flow rate is deliverable at the second air inlet from the 15 secondary air link and into the combustion chamber. A slag trap is operatively 16 connected to the barrel so as to be able to receive slag generated from combustion 17 of the fuel in the barrel, and the slag trap is closer to the back than the second air 18 inlet. The second air inlet is offset with respect to the front from the secondary air 19 link. 20 21 [0007] From the foregoing disclosure and the following more detailed description of 22 various embodiments it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present 23 invention provides a significant advance in the technology of cyclone burners. 24 Particularly significant in this regard is the potential the invention affords for providing 25 a burner which enhances combustion of fuel, and enhances slag removal. Additional 3 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 I features and advantages of various embodiments will be better understood in view of 2 the detailed description provided below. 3 4 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 5 6 [0008] Fig. 1 is an isometric view of a gasification burner in accordance with one 7 embodiment. 8 9 [0009] Fig. 2 is a front view of the gasification burner of Fig. 1. 10 11 [0010] Fig. 3 is a back view of the gasification burner of Fig. 1. 12 13 [00111 Fig. 4 is a top view of the gasification burner of Fig. 1. 14 15 [0012] Fig. 5 is a cross section view of the gasification burner taken along line 5-5 in 16 Fig. 4, showing the secondary air inlet and its position with respect to the front of the 17 barrel and a slag trap. 18 19 [0013] Fig. 6 is a cross section view of the gasification burner taken along line 6-6 in 20 Fig. 4, showing the slag trap. 21 22 [0014] Fig. 7 is a schematic view of air flow within the burner in accordance with one 23 embodiment, showing how a secondary air source biases larger particles toward the 24 back, while largely combusted exhaust air moves towards the front. 25 4 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 [0015] Fig. 8 is an isometric view of another embodiment of a gasification burner 2 wherein the travel path extends from the back to the front past the slag trap. 3 4 [0016] Fig. 9 is a side view of the embodiment of Fig. 8. 5 6 [0017] Fig. 10 is a back side view of the embodiment of Fig. 8. 7 8 [0018] Fig. 11 is a cross section view of the embodiment of Fig. 8, showing layers of 9 the barrel and jacket in accordance with one embodiment. 10 11 [0019] Fig. 12 is a schematic view of a use of a gasification burner in a drying device 12 for reducing a volume of organic material such as garbage. 13 14 [0020] Fig. 13 is a schematic view of a use of a gasification burner as a source of 15 heat for a turbine to generate electricity. 16 17 [0021] Fig. 14 is an isometric schematic view of another embodiment of a gasification 18 burner with vertical alignment such that the front is adjacent a top and the back is at 19 a bottom. 20 21 [0022] Fig. 15 is a partially exploded isometric view of the embodiment of the 22 gasification burner of Fig. 14. 23 24 [0023] Fig. 16 is a side view of the embodiment of the gasification burner of Fig. 14. 25 5 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 [0024] Fig. 17 is another side view of the embodiment of the gasification burner of 2 Fig. 14. 3 4 [0025[ Fig. 18 is another embodiment of a gasification burner using a horizontal 5 burner and a vertical burner together. 6 7 [0026] It should be understood that the appended drawings are not necessarily to 8 scale, presenting a somewhat simplified representation of various features illustrative 9 of the basic principles of the invention. The specific design features of the 10 gasification burner as disclosed here, including, for example, the specific dimensions 11 of the air inlets will be determined in part by the particular intended application and 12 use environment. Certain features of the illustrated embodiments have been 13 enlarged or distorted relative to others to help provide clear understanding. In 14 particular, thin features may be thickened, for example, for clarity of illustration. All 15 references to direction and position, unless otherwise indicated, refer to the 16 orientation illustrated in the drawings. 17 18 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS 19 20 [0027] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art, that is, to those who have 21 knowledge or experience in this area of technology, that many uses and design 22 variations are possible for the burner disclosed here. The following detailed 23 discussion of various alternate features and embodiments will illustrate the general 24 principles of the invention with reference to a gasification burner suitable for use as a 6 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 heat source. Other embodiments suitable for other applications will be apparent to 2 those skilled in the art given the benefit of this disclosure. 3 4 [0028] Turning now to the drawings, Fig. 1 shows an isometric view of a gasification 5 burner 10 in accordance with one embodiment. The burner can burn fuels such as 6 low rank coal with relatively high water content, for example, 25%. The temperature 7 of operation is typically cooler than other known burners, on the order of 11750C to 8 16000C, depending on the type of coal burned. The burner 10 has a barrel 12 which 9 defines a primary axis 14 extending along a length of the barrel from a front 15 to a 10 back 13. As shown, the barrel is primarily cylindrical in shape. A slag trap 20 11 extends outside a circumference of the generally cylindrical barrel. Products of 12 combustion of the fuel which are liquid are advantageously collected at the slag trap. 13 First air connector or link 30 and fuel inlet 40 provide a supply of air and fuel into an 14 interior of the barrel. Optionally the first air link 30 and the fuel inlet 40 merge at a 15 first air inlet 44 (best seen in Fig. 2) at the barrel so that the air and fuel enter into 16 the barrel 12 of the burner 10 together. The fuel air mixture is ignited using ignition 17 inlet 90 (which can be, for example, a fuel oil to help start the process, either at the 18 first air inlet 44 or remote from the inlet) and combustion occurs inside the barrel. A 19 secondary air link 60 allows secondary air to travel along the barrel through travel 20 path 77 and be preheated by residual heat from combustion in the barrel until the air 21 enters the barrel at a second air inlet 50. Extending from the barrel at or adjacent 22 the front 15 of the burner is a snout 25 having an outlet 55. The snout 25 can have 23 an inner diameter 32, as shown. Exhaust air from combustion is routed to the snout 24 and out the outlet 55. During combustion of the fuel, a flame is generated. 25 Depending on fuel and air flow rate at the inlets, the flame may be contained within 7 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 I the burner or throw an incandescent flame up to 7 metres. For certain applications, 2 partially combusted larger particles of coal fuel may be ejected from the snout 25. 3 4 [0029] Optionally a controller 80 may be provided. The controller may be operatively 5 connected to an ignition port or inlet 90, the first air inlet 44, the fuel inlet 40 and the 6 second air inlet 50 so as regulate the combustion process. Primary air at the first air 7 inlet can have a first flow rate, fuel at the fuel inlet 40 can have a fuel flow rate, and 8 secondary air at the second air inlet can have a second flow rate. The controller can 9 control each of these rates, either together or in isolation, and can be configured to 10 maintain a pressure gradient between the first flow rate and the second flow rate 11 such that air from the second inlet flows toward the first air inlet. The controller may 12 also be configured to regulate the air flow rates and fuel flow rate such that a 13 maximum temperature of combustion in the barrel occurs between the first air inlet 14 and the second air inlet, most preferably generally adjacent the slag trap 20. 15 Alternatively, the controller may be configured such that the first flow rate, second 16 flow rate and fuel flow rate result in larger, incompletely combusted particles of fuel 17 exiting the snout at the front of the barrel. Sensors (not shown) may be positioned at 18 various locations on and in the burner to monitor combustion and provide feedback 19 to the controller. The controller 80 may also include one or more display screens 20 presenting information about the combustion process, such as, for example, 21 combustion temperatures, so an operator can manually adjust or control flow rates, 22 ignition, etc. 23 24 [0030] Fig. 2 shows a view of the burner 10 from the front looking into the snout 25 25 and toward the back. Air at a first flow rate and fuel at a fuel flow rate enter at first 8 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 I air inlet 44. Significantly, in designs where complete or nearly complete gasification 2 is desired, i.e., where non-combustible portions of the coal form slag, the coal 3 introduced may be screened to particle sizes of less than 20 Mesh (less than about 4 0.85 mm), and more preferably about 20-100 Mesh (about 0.85 mm - 0.15 mm). 5 Also, coals with low ash content, relatively low water and low moisture content are 6 desirable as a source of fuel. The coal and air inlets are optionally merged together 7 and can be introduced into the barrel, for example, in a direction tangential to a 8 primary axis. As shown in Fig. 2, the inlets introduce air and fuel so as to generate a 9 rotating or cyclonic motion within the barrel. Alternatively the first air inlet and fuel 10 inlet may be positioned on the back instead of on the circumference of the barrel. A 11 jacket 70 surrounds at least a portion of the circumference barrel 12, and defines a 12 travel path 77 for secondary air from the secondary air link 60 along the barrel. 13 During combustion, the barrel warms, and some of the heat is transferred to the 14 secondary air. An exterior 75 of the jacket 70 forms the outermost circumferential 15 layer of the burner 10. The slag trap 20 is shown to extend beyond and below the 16 circumference of the generally cylindrical barrel. The slag trap 20 may have 17 components 43 for crushing slag, and an auger 21 for routing the slag away from the 18 burner. This would be particularly desirable for high volume operations to help 19 prevent slag from accumulating. Fig. 3 is a view from the back 13 and also shows 20 an access port 67. Access port 67 may be formed as a hinged door, for example to 21 help with inspection of the combustion process. Optionally the igniter for initial 22 combustion of the fuel may be positioned in the access port, and a glass hole 66 23 may be provided for inspection. 24 9 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 [0031] Fig. 4 is a top view of the burner 10 showing the combustion chamber 17 2 formed in an interior of the barrel 12. The primary axis 14 extends from front 15 to 3 back 13 along the generally cylindrical shaped burner. First air inlet 44, fuel inlet 40 4 and ignition port 90 are shown generally adjacent the back 13, and closer to the back 5 than the slag trap 20. First air inlet 44 and fuel inlet 40 are combined so that primary 6 air and fuel enter the combustion chamber together. As shown, the second air link 7 60 and second air inlet 50 are positioned generally adjacent the front. The slag trap 8 is connected to the combustion chamber 17 by a slag trap opening 65. The slag trap 9 is postioned closer to the front than the first air inlet 44 and closer to the back than 10 the second air inlet 50 (with respect to the primary axis). Thus, the slag trap is 11 positioned between the first air inlet and the second air inlet with respect to the 12 primary axis. This arrangement is advantageous for controlling combustion of the 13 fuel, as described in greater detail below. 14 15 [00321 Fig. 5 is a side view taken along line 5-5 in Fig. 4 which is along the primary 16 axis 14. Air from the secondary air link 60 is not introduced into the combustion 17 chamber directly. Rather, secondary air is preheated by traveling within jacket 70 18 along travel path 77, until reaching second air inlet 50. As shown in the Figs., the 19 jacket can extend around a part of the barrel; here, at least one revolution around the 20 barrel is made between secondary air link 60 and second air inlet 50 into combustion 21 chamber 17. Fig. 5 shows a secondary axis 16 of the burner perpendicular to the 22 primary axis 14 direction between the front 15 and back 13. Secondary air can be 23 introduced to the barrel in a direction tangential to the primary axis. Alternatively, the 24 second air inlet may be aligned at an acute angle with respect to the secondary axis 25 towards the back. The acute angle may be 4-10 degrees, for example. The barrel 10 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 12 has a combustion chamber diameter 22, and the snout has an outlet diameter 32. 2 Preferably the outlet diameter 32 is less than the combustion chamber diameter 22. 3 This advantageously allows exhaust gases to exit near the center while larger 4 particles are spun by the cyclone effect toward the outside of the barrel. 5 6 [0033] Fig. 6 is a cross section view taken along line 6-6 in Fig. 4 which shows the 7 slag trap opening 65 operating connecting an interior or combustion chamber 17 of 8 the barrel 12 with the slag trap 20. The slag trap opening 65 extends past the outer 9 circumference of the barrel to connect to the slag trap 20. Components 43 may be 10 provided to crush received slag, ash or a mixture of both, and an auger 21 can be 11 provided to route such materials away from the burner 10. 12 13 [0034] Fig. 7 is a schematic view of air flow in the burner in accordance with an 14 embodiment where flow of larger coal particles is inhibited by the secondary air. Air 15 flow from the first air inlet initially travels circumferentially near the back as shown by 16 the left side arrow. Coal particles combust, typically forming a large percentage of 17 gaseous volatile matter and a heavier carbon char. Since the air is spinning, the 18 lighter, gaseous volatile matter migrates toward the center of the barrel while the 19 heavier char remains closer to the outer circumference of the barrel until oxidized to 20 a gaseous material such as carbon monoxide allowing for migration to the center of 21 the barrel. Fully combusted hot exhaust gases, including water vapour and carbon 22 dioxide, exit through the center along the primary axis. 23 24 [0035] At the back of the burner, where the heavier particles tend congregate, there 25 is a relatively low amount of oxygen. Preheated secondary air enters at or near the 11 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 front of the burner, preferably in a circumferential direction essentially the same as 2 the primary air. Advantageously, the secondary air is denser than air in the burner, 3 including the exhaust gases. This difference in density can be due to the fact that 4 the secondary air is cooler than the primary air. Thus, the heavier secondary air is 5 flung toward the outer circumference of the barrel, as shown by the right side arrow 6 in Fig. 7. The secondary air migrates towards the back of the burner and thereby 7 partially contains the mixture of primary air and partially combusted fuel/char. As the 8 secondary air heats up, it becomes lighter and moves toward the vortex of partly 9 combusted fuel/char, providing a source of oxygen to enhance combustion. The 10 inlet rates can be adjusted to take into account the type of fuel used such that 11 maximum temperatures of combustion and pressures occur generally adjacent the 12 slag trap. Gasification burners as disclosed herein may be referred to as entrained 13 fuel cyclone burners since the coal is swept along controlled flows of air and exhaust 14 gases. 15 16 [0036] Gasification burners as disclosed herein may also be used to burn high ash 17 fusion temperature coals as part of a pulverized coal fired boiler. With certain types 18 of coal it may be desirable to have some of the larger combustible particles of the 19 coal fuel with low volatile matter exit the snout without completely combusting. Such 20 larger particles are devolatilised and can be used for applications requiring low 21 volatile matter, high fixed carbon content coal. Further, the hot exhaust air may be 22 used as a source of heat for other operations, such as drying and setting low rank 23 coals. In that environment, generally it is desirable to have as little fly ash as 24 possible. The gasification burners disclosed here advantageously accomplish this, 12 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 while also allowing for the option of use in production of low volatile matter, high 2 fixed carbon content coal for use in applications requiring such coal. 3 4 [0037] Figs. 8-11 show several views of another embodiment of a gasification burner 5 210, where the primary or first air access link 230 is combined with the fuel inlet and 6 introduced to the combustion chamber/interior 117 defined by the barrel at first air 7 inlet 234, formed on an interior of the barrel 212. The fuel may also be ignited at or 8 just prior to entrance into the combustion chamber 117. Optionally a combustion 9 chamber access port 267 and glass hole 266 may be provided near the back 13, and 10 the snout 25 at the front can be similar or the same to the snout in the earlier 11 embodiment. The slag trap can be positioned about 45-85%, more preferably 50 12 75% of the length of the barrel from the back. The slag trap 20 is shown in Fig. 9 13 positioned in this embodiment about 50% percent of the length of the barrel 212 from 14 the back, for example. Thus, from left to right (back to front) as shown in Fig. 9, 15 there is the primary air link/first air inlet and the secondary air link, then the slag trap, 16 then the second air inlet and finally the snout. 17 18 [0038] In accordance with a highly advantageous feature, the secondary air link 260 19 is moved from generally close to the front 15 and to the second air inlet 250 into the 20 combustion chamber to generally close to the back 13. That is, the secondary air 21 port is closer to the back than the slag trap 20. Both the first air inlet 234 and the 22 second air inlet 250 are positioned on a circumference of the barrel 212. The 23 second air inlet 250 can be formed as an opening in the innermost layer 256 24 operatively connected to the air travel path 177. The secondary air source is 25 designed to slow and control combustion of fuel as in the first embodiment, and may 13 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 be introduced to the combustion chamber 117 at the second air inlet 250, which is in 2 a position similar to the second air inlet 50 of the first embodiment. 3 4 [0039] For spacing considerations the primary air link 230 (shown in Figs. 8 and 9) 5 may be positioned on the barrel opposite the secondary air link 260. The air travel 6 path 177 (shown in Fig. 11) is positioned between the jacket or outermost layer and 7 the innermost layer of the barrel. The air travel path is modified from the first 8 embodiment to account for the relative change in position between the secondary air 9 link 260 and the second air inlet 250. Elongation of the air travel path along most 10 (i.e., at least 50%, more preferably at least 80 or 90%) of a length 42 of the barrel 11 allows for additional heating of the air prior to introduction into the combustion 12 chamber. This gives the secondary air a longer dwell time in the air travel path, and 13 so further heats the secondary air to a temperature closer to the temperatures inside 14 the combustion chamber. The air travel path can be any path inside the burner from 15 secondary air link 260 to the second air inlet 250, including a straight channel, a 16 serpentine path or a path which makes at least one revolution around the central 17 axis 14. All of the primary or first air can be introduced into the combustion chamber 18 closer to the back (i.e., at inlet 234) than the slag trap (as considered along the 19 primary axis 14). All of the secondary air can be introduced into the barrel (via link 20 260) closer to the back than the slag trap, and all of the secondary air can be 21 introduced into the combustion chamber closer (i.e., at inlet 250) to the front than the 22 slag trap. 23 24 [0040] Fig. 10 shows the relative location of the primary or first air link 230 with 25 respect to the secondary air link 260. Both primary air and secondary air may be 14 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 introduced to the barrel in the same direction, such as clockwise when viewed from 2 back to front. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art given the benefit of 3 this disclosure that the relative positions can be reversed and/or the air flow can be 4 counterclockwise. Secondary air at a second flow rate behaves in much the same 5 manner as in the previous embodiment, and can be controlled to allow largely 6 combusted fuel (gas) to flow out the outlet while blowing larger particles back, 7 effectively increasing the amount of time spent by such particles in the combustion 8 chamber and thereby increasing the amount of combustion of the fuel. 9 10 [0041] A series of layers of materials may be used in the circumference of the barrel 11 in accordance with this embodiment. The series of layers is useful to provide 12 transition between the hot, abrasive combustion chamber and the ambient 13 environment. An innermost layer 256 shown in Fig. 11 is preferably strong enough 14 to withstand the high heat and abrasive conditions of the combustion chamber, while 15 the outermost layer or jacket 288 is cool enough to avoid high heat on the exterior of 16 the gasification burner which could cause scalding or burning if touched. Since 17 temperatures can exceed 14000C in the combustion chamber the innermost layer 18 needs to be able to withstand such high heat. Innermost layer 256 can comprise a 19 first ceramic material such as a firebrick, insulating castable or other similar high 20 temperature stable material. Alternatively, a high strength, high temperature alloy 21 metal such as SS317 or 253MA for example, may be used as the innermost layer. 22 When the innermost layer is a firebrick or nonmetal material, an additional layer of a 23 ceramic paper 269 may be used to help connect the firebricks together. When the 24 innermost layer is a metal alloy, optionally a layer of a thermal barrier coating can be 25 applied for further insulation and corrosion resistance. 15 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 2 [0042] The air travel path 177 operatively connects the secondary air link 260 to the 3 second air inlet 250 between the innermost layer 256 and the jacket 288. In the 4 embodiment of Fig. 11 the air travel path is positioned between the additional 5 structural layer 277 and a second structural layer 278. Both of these structural 6 layers 277, 278 can comprise relatively thin layers of steel, for example. Optionally 7 an insulating layer 279 such as a ceramic blanket may be positioned between the 8 jacket 288 and the second structural layer 278. The outermost layer 288 can 9 comprise, for example, an alloy steel such as a zinc/aluminium alloy-coated steel 10 such as ZincAlume@ comprising 55% aluminium, 43.5% zinc and 1 .5% silicon. 11 12 [0043] The ceramic paper and ceramic blanket can comprise alumino-silicate 13 ceramic fiber based non-woven fabric materials. Typical properties are: 47% A1 2 0 3 ; 14 total A1 2 0 3 and SiO 2 >97%; total Fe 2
O
3 : < 1.0%; density: 10 lb/ft 3 ; tensile strength: 15 25 PSI; loss of ignition (LOI): < 9%; working temperature: 1,800 *F for continuous 16 use; and 2300 *F maximum. Other combinations of heat resistant and insulating 17 materials which define the air travel path and are suitable for use in gasification 18 burners will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art given the benefit of this 19 disclosure. 20 21 [0044] As higher temperatures may be experienced at the access port 267, slag trap 22 20 and snout 25, a second innermost layer 286 with the ability to withstand such 23 higher temperatures may optionally be provided. In the embodiment of Fig. 11, the 24 second innermost layer 286 is a ceramic material which may be positioned on a front 25 surface of the back wall and a back surface of the front wall and at the slag trap. 16 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 I The ceramic material may be extended to other locations as required. The ceramic 2 material of the second innermost layer 286 may be the same or different than the 3 innermost layer 256. Both innermost layers 256, 286 are positioned at the interior of 4 the barrel and cooperate to define most of the combustion chamber. The material 5 selected for use in the innermost layers depends upon the temperature inside the 6 barrel and the chemical nature of the organic material used. 7 8 [0045] The output of the gasification burner is a function of the first air flow rate, the 9 second air flow rate, and the fuel flow rate, as well as the ash fusion temperature of 10 the fuel used. If the temperature inside the combustion chamber is higher than the 11 ash fusion temperature of the coal, then little fly ash exits the snout. On the other 12 hand, if the temperature inside the combustion chamber is lower than the ash fusion 13 temperature of the coal, then fly ash will be formed which exits the outlet 55 of the 14 gasification burner. In accordance with a highly advantageous feature, a controller 15 of the gasification burners disclosed herein can control the settings of any or all of 16 the first air flow rate, second air flow rate, and fuel flow rate, so that the output can 17 be adjusted to produce either result. 18 19 [0046] Fig. 12 shows the use of one or more gasification burners for drying organic 20 materials such as garbage. Garbage can come in many forms, may require sorting 21 and may require a shredder 315 prior to drying. When drying or combusting 22 garbage, heating can be direct or indirect. Also, drying/combustion may be split into 23 several stages. This is particularly useful as combustion may be difficult when 24 garbage is wet. That is, several stages may be required to achieve temperature 25 sufficiently high to ensure complete combustion. 17 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 [0047] In the embodiment shown in Fig. 12, shredded garbage is introduced to a 2 drying device such as dryer 310. The outlets from a gasification burner 210 (or 3 multiple gasification burners, as required) are operatively connected to the dryer 310 4 to at least partially dry the garbage. One or more fireboxes 325 may be provided. 5 Each firebox is a combustion device which compliments and supplements the drying 6 device. Here, dried garbage is introduced to the firebox for complete burning. 7 Unburnt coal may be combusted along with the dried garbage (either dried organic 8 waste, dried plastics, or both) in the fireboxes. Flue/exhaust gases from the 9 gasification burners may be directed to the fireboxes to adjust temperatures to 10 ensure combustion, as needed. Upon essentially complete combustion of the 11 organic materials, a screen 335 may be provided to separate metallic waste from 12 resulting ash. Waste heat from the fireboxes may be routed to a waste heat capture 13 device such as a turbine or microturbine 380. The drying/combustion devices 14 advantageously incorporate the gasification burners into a design which significantly 15 reduced the total volume of garbage. 16 17 [0048] Fig. 13 shows another embodiment where a heat generation device such as, 18 for example, one of the gasification burners disclosed elsewhere in this application 19 generate heat, and the heat is used by a turbine or microturbine 380 to generate 20 electricity. When the heat generation device is one of the gasification burners 21 disclosed herein, exhaust gas from the outlet of the gasification burner is operatively 22 connected to the turbine or microturbine 380. The combustion of fuel may occur 23 remote or separated from a heat transfer stage. For example, a vertical burner as 24 described elsewhere in this specification can be used as a heat generation device, 25 and the vertical burner is in turn operatively connected to a boiler used as a source 18 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 I of steam or superheated steam to drive the turbine and generate electricity. Such an 2 arrangement can be particularly useful in situations where connection to an electric 3 power grid is not convenient, such as a remote coal mine, for example. The heat 4 generated by the gasification burner 210 can be delivered to the turbine in one of 5 several ways. The turbine may use exhaust gas from an outlet of the gasification 6 burner either directly, or indirectly by use of a heat exchange medium such as water 7 or air. Also, the exhaust gas from the outlet at the front may do useful work (i.e., 8 transferring heat) on least one of a drying device, an organic material upgrading 9 device and/or a combustion device prior to or after arriving at the turbine. Further, in 10 addition to other heat generation devices, a single gasification burner may be used, 11 either vertical or horizontal, or multiple gasification burners may be used. 12 13 [0049] In the embodiment of Fig. 13 a pair of gasification burners 210, 410 are used, 14 and the heat source for the turbine is supplied indirectly by using heated ambient air. 15 Ambient air is introduced to the second gasification burner 410 at inlet 350 and is 16 routed through the second gasification burner via a heat transfer device 450. The 17 first gasification burner may be positioned horizontally with respect to the ground, 18 while the second gasification burner 410 may be attached to the outlet of the first 19 gasification burner and positioned vertically with respect to the ground. The second 20 gasification burner may be used to help ensure more complete combustion of the 21 fuel, such that nearly all solid material is collected at slag traps, and the exhaust gas 22 has a very low amount of particulate matter. The heat transfer device can be piping 23 which physically isolates the ambient air from the exhaust air, but allows for heat 24 transfer between the two mediums. The exhaust air can be routed from outlet of the 25 first gasification burner to the second gasification burner to a device such as a coal 19 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 upgrading device 360 which uses some of the heat of the exhaust gas. From there, 2 the somewhat cooler exhaust gas may be routed to a flue 290. The heated ambient 3 air can be routed to the turbine 380 to provide a source of heat such that the turbine 4 can generate electricity 390. Thus, the turbine can be designed to work with heated 5 air, superheated steam or other suitable heat exchange medium. The electricity can 6 advantageously be used to provide power to electrical devices associated with the 7 gasification burner and any drying/combustion or upgrading devices, as well as other 8 additional and unrelated components which use electricity. Optionally the heated 9 ambient air can be routed from the turbine to the device 360 via link 370. Optionally 10 a portion of the heated ambient air may also be routed directly to the device 360. 11 12 [0050] Figs. 14-17 show another embodiment of a gasification burner. Here, 13 gasification burner 510 is generally vertically aligned (with respect to the floor and 14 gravity) such that the front 15 is at a top and the back 13 is at a bottom. In this 15 embodiment gravity cooperates with the secondary air to help keep fly ash in the 16 combustion chamber 517, and thereby help increase combustion. The slag trap 520 17 is moved to the back/bottom of the barrel 512, and is offset from the ground by a 18 stand 599. Primary or first air link 530 and secondary air link 560 are positioned 19 near the back/bottom. Air and fuel are introduced in a cyclonic manner similar to the 20 embodiment of Figs. 9-11, with a single fuel/air link 530 for primary air connecting to 21 a single first air inlet 534 (shown in Figs. 16 and 17) and the secondary air link 560 22 positioned adjacent the back/bottom of the burner 510, in the sense that both links 23 530, 560 are positioned below secondary air inlet 550 as shown in Figs. 14, 16 and 24 17. No fuel is introduced at the second air inlet. 25 20 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 [0051] The secondary air link is brings air from outside of the barrel to the second air 2 inlet 550 which connects to the combustion chamber. The secondary air link is 3 operatively connected to the second air inlet 550 via an air travel path 577 (shown in 4 Fig. 17) so that the second air inlet is offset from the secondary air link with respect 5 to the front of the barrel. Second air does not merely enter the combustion chamber 6 straight from the secondary air link. Rather, as with the other embodiments, the air 7 is preheated by traveling along the elongate air travel path 577. Generally, the air 8 travel path is at least 50% of the length 142 of the barrel. In the embodiments shown 9 in the drawings, the air travel path is at least 80% or at least 90% of the length of the 10 barrel. Insulating layers may be positioned along the walls of the barrel in a manner II similar to the embodiment of Figs. 9-11. 12 13 [0052] Positioned within the combustion chamber 517 of this embodiment is an insert 14 524. The insert may be positioned adjacent or above the second air inlet, and 15 generally near the front/top. As shown in Fig. 15, the insert is positioned between 16 the combustion chamber and the tube 526. The insert may be disc shaped, defining 17 an opening operatively connecting the combustion chamber to the outlet. 18 Alternatively, the insert may have a frustoconical shape. The opening has a 19 diameter which is less than the diameter of the combustion chamber. This restriction 20 acts to limit larger particles (which, due the cyclonic air flow, tend to congregate 21 away from the primary axis of the barrel) from rapidly exiting the combustion 22 chamber, and thereby aids in more complete combustion of the fuel. 23 24 [0053] Additional measures may be taken to ensure that the amount of fly ash exiting 25 the burner is reduced. A tube 526 may be positioned on the side of the insert 524 21 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 opposite the combustion chamber, at the front/top. The opening of the insert is 2 operatively connected to the tube 526, which in turn is operatively connected to a 3 snout 525. Instead of having the outlet positioned on the top and coaxial with the 4 primary axis, in this embodiment the outlet is at the snout 525 which is positioned on 5 a circumference of the barrel adjacent the front 15. By adjacent the front it is 6 understood to mean that the outlet is closer to the front than the second air inlet, as 7 shown in Figs. 16-17, for example. The snout 525 may contain a nozzle 535, which 8 may be frusto-conical shaped, as shown, and defines a restrictive opening remote 9 from the outlet smaller than the outlet of the snout 525. Having a restrictive opening 10 with a smaller diameter the outlet diameter can help to ensure more complete 11 combustion, especially of larger particles. The snout and nozzle also can cooperate 12 to define an opening or openings for tertiary air inlet 591 from tertiary air link 590. 13 Tertiary air can be introduced into the snout and nozzle in one of several ways, 14 including at a single inlet, or a plurality of inlets arranged around the nozzle. The 15 snout and nozzle may be integrally assembled. Alternatively the snout and nozzle 16 may be formed as a unitary, or one piece construction. 17 18 [0054] The slag trap 520 is at the back when the outlet is at the circumference of the 19 barrel. As shown in Figs. 14-17, the back is at the bottom. During combustion of 20 fuel, exhaust air has relatively laminar flow through the tube 526 until it contacts front 21 cover 523. From there, the exhaust air would exit out the outlet, shown positioned at 22 a right angle to the primary axis. In accordance with another highly advantageous 23 feature of the invention, the tertiary air link 590 may be operatively connected to a 24 tertiary air port 591 at the snout 525. The tertiary air link is adapted to introduce 25 tertiary air into the snout. Preferably the air is introduced tangentially so as to 22 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 generate a cyclonic air flow pattern. The result is a front of air around the outside 2 which slows progress of any remaining uncombusted fuel particles, and helps with 3 further combustion of such particles. Further, the tertiary air can serve to reduce the 4 temperature of the air. For example, depending in part on the fuel used, exhaust air 5 from combustion can be 14000C. The tertiary air can be varied to reduce the 6 exhaust gas exiting the outlet. This outlet exhaust gas temperature can be adjusted 7 to work well as a heat source fro other devices, such as a turbine, an upgrading 8 device or a drying device. For example, the outlet exhaust air of the snout may be 9 reduced to about 9000C, and routed to a microturbine, and waste heat from the 10 microturbine may be routed to a coal upgrading/pyrolyzing device, either with or 11 without additional heat supplied directly from the gasification burner or an additional 12 heat source. Optionally more than one tertiary air port may be provided. 13 14 [0055] Fig. 18 shows another embodiment of a gasification burner 610. Here a 15 horizontally mounted gasification burner such as the burner of Figs. 1-7 or Figs. 8-11 16 can serve as a primary location for combustion of fuel. An exhaust channel 620 17 operatively connects the outlet of the gasification burner 210 to a second combustion 18 chamber of a second gasification burner. Products of combustion at the first 19 gasification burner 210 including hot exhaust gases, as well as some partial or 20 incompletely combusted fuel, may enter the second combustion chamber for further 21 combustion. In accordance with a highly advantageous element, the second 22 gasification burner may be positioned vertically, that is, at right angles with respect to 23 the gasification burner 210. Generally the second gasification burner may be similar 24 to the vertical gasification burner of Figs. 14-17. Instead of a fuel/air inlet, only air 25 may be introduced at an air inlet 634. Optionally second air inlet 550 may be 23 WO 2012/137191 PCT/ID2012/000001 1 provided in a manner similar to the second air inlet in the vertical gasification burner 2 of Figs. 14-17. The combination of burners allows for more complete combustion of 3 the fuel, reducing fly ash. Another embodiment of the invention comprises using a 4 pair of vertical burners operatively connected together in a manner similar to the 5 horizontal burner and vertical burner connection shown in Fig. 18. Any gasification 6 burner or combination of gasification burners (vertical or horizontal) may be used in 7 combination with other devices which can use the heat from the exhaust gases 8 generated by such gasification burners. 9 10 [0056] From the foregoing disclosure and detailed description of certain 11 embodiments, it will be apparent that various modifications, additions and other 12 alternative embodiments are possible without departing from the true scope and 13 spirit of the invention. The embodiments discussed were chosen and described to 14 provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical 15 application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to use the invention in 16 various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular 17 use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the 18 invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance 19 with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled. 24