AU2012200417B2 - Method and system for determining location using a hybrid satellite and WLAN positioning system by selecting the best WLAN-PS solution - Google Patents

Abstract

C:NRPWonblDCODER\4109049I.DOC-2401/2012 A method of determining the position of a WLAN and satellite enabled device by using a WLAN position estimate as an initial location for a satellite positioning system, the method comprising: receiving signals from one or more WLAN access points within range of the WLAN and satellite enabled device; determining at least one WLAN position estimate of the WLAN and satellite enabled device and at least one corresponding uncertainty estimate based on the signals received from the one or more WLAN access points; and using the at least one WLAN position estimate of the WLAN and satellite enabled device as an initial position for use by the satellite positioning system and the at least one corresponding uncertainty estimate to determine a final position estimate of the WLAN and satellite enabled device.

Description

Regulation 3.2 AUSTRALIA Patents Act 1990 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION FOR A STANDARD PATENT (ORIGINAL) Name of Applicant: Skyhook Wireless, Inc., of 34 Farnsworth Street, 4th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States of America Actual Inventor: ALIZADEH-SHAB-DIZ, Farshid Address for Service: DAVIES COLLISON CAVE, Patent Attorneys, of I Nicholson Street, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia Invention Title: Method and system for determining location using a hybrid satellite and WLAN positioning system by selecting the best WLAN-PS solution The following statement is a full description of this invention, including the best method of performing it known to us: C \NRPortbl\DCC\DER\4109383 _.DOC - 24/1/12 C:WRPonblDCC\DERW109D49_I.DOC-24/0 /O212 METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING LOCATION USING A HYBRID SATELLITE AND WLAN POSITIONING SYSTEM BY SELECTING THE BEST WLAN-PS SOLUTION CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §19(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/059,580, filed on June 6, 2008, entitled Integrated WLAN based and Satellite-based Positioning System, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. [00021 This application is related to the following references: U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. (TBA), filed concurrently herewith and entitled "Systems and methods for Using Environmental Information in a Hybrid Positioning System;" U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. (TBA), filed concurrently herewith and entitled "Systems and Methods for Maintaining Clock Bias Accuracy in a Hybrid Positioning System;" U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. (TBA), filed concurrently herewith and entitled "System and Method for Refining a WLA N-PS Estimated Location Using Satellite Measurements in a Hybrid Positioning System;" U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. (TBA), filed concurrently herewith and entitled "Method and Systemfor Determining Position Using a WLAN-PS Estimated Position as an Initial Position in a Hybrid Positioning System;" U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. (TBA), filed concurrently herewith and entitled "Methods and Systems for Improving the Accuracy of Expected Error Estimation in a Hybrid Positioning System;" U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. (TBA), filed concurrently herewith and entitled "Methods and Systems for Stationary User Detection in a Hybrid Positioning System;" and U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. (TBA), filed concurrently herewith and entitled "System and Method for Using a Satellite Positioning System to Filter WLAN Access Points in a Hybrid Positioning System." C:\NRPortbWlDCC\DERWI9049. .DOC-24Ml/2012 -2 BACKGROUND Field [00031 The disclosure generally relates to hybrid positioning systems and, more specifically, to methods of integrating wireless local area network (WLAN)-based positioning system (WLAN-PS) and satellite-based positioning system (SPS) to improve accuracy of location estimates, increase availability of the positioning service to more users, reduce power consumption, and also to improve estimation of the expected error in a user's position estimate. Description of Related Art [00041 In recent years the number of mobile computing devices has increased dramatically, creating the need for more advanced mobile and wireless services. Mobile email, walkie-talkie services, multi-player gaming, and call-following are examples of how new applications are emerging for mobile devices. In addition, users are beginning to demand/seek applications that not only utilize their current location but also share that location information with others. Parents wish to keep track of their children, supervisors need to track the locations of the company's delivery vehicles, and a business traveler looks to find the nearest pharmacy to pick up a prescription. All of these examples require an individual to know his own current location or the location of someone else. To date, we all rely on asking for directions, calling someone to ask their whereabouts or having workers check-in from time to time to report their positions. 100051 Location-based services are an emerging area of mobile applications that leverage the ability of new devices to calculate their current geographic positions and report them to a user or to a service. Examples of these services range from obtaining local weather, traffic updates, and driving directions to child trackers, buddy finders, and urban concierge services. These new location-sensitive devices rely on a variety of technologies that all use the same general concept. By measuring radio signals originating from known reference points, these devices can mathematically calculate the user's position relative to these reference points. Each of these approaches has its strengths and C:\NRPotbAlDCC\DERW10949 DOC-24A/2012 -3 weaknesses, depending upon the nature of the signals and measurements, and the positioning algorithms employed. [00061 The Navstar Global Positioning System (GPS) operated by the US Government leverages about two-dozen orbiting satellites in medium-earth orbits as reference points. A user equipped with a GPS receiver can estimate his three-dimensional position (latitude, longitude, and altitude) anywhere at any time within several meters of the true location, as long as the receiver can see enough of the sky to have four or more satellites "in view." Cellular carriers have used signals originating from and received at cell towers to determine a user's or a mobile device's location. Assisted GPS (AGPS) is another model that combines both GPS and cellular tower techniques to estimate the locations of mobile users who may be indoors and must cope with attenuation of GPS signals on account of sky blockage. In this model, the cellular network attempts to help a GPS receiver improve its signal reception by transmitting information about the satellite positions, their clock offsets, a precise estimate of the current time, and a rough location of the user based on the location of cell towers. No distinction is made in what follows between GPS and AGPS. 100071 All positioning systems using satellites as reference points are referred to herein as Satellite-based Positioning System (SPS). While GPS is the only operational SPS at this writing, other systems are under development or in planning. A Russian system called GLONASS and a European system called Galileo may become operational in the next few years. All such systems are referred to herein as SPS. GPS, GLONASS and Galileo are all based on the same basic idea of trilateration, i.e., estimating a position on the basis of measurements of ranges to the satellites whose positions are known. In each case, the satellites transmit the values of certain parameters which allow the receiver to compute the satellite position at a specific instant. The ranges to satellites from a receiver are measured in terms of the transit times of the signals. These range measurements can contain a common bias due to the lack of synchronization between the satellite and receiver (user device) clocks, and are referred to as pseudoranges. The lack of synchronization between the satellite clock and the receiver (user device) clock results in a difference between the receiver clock and the satellite clock, which is referred to as internal SPS receiver clock bias or receiver clock bias, here. In order to estimate a three C:\NRPorblDCC\DERWI09149_I DOC-24/D121112 -4 dimensional position there is a need for four satellites to estimate receiver clock bias along with three dimensional measurements. Additional measurements from each satellite correspond to pseudorange rates in the form of Doppler frequency. References below to raw SPS measurements are intended generally to mean pseudoranges and Doppler frequency measurements. References to SPS data are intended generally to mean data broadcast by the satellites. References to an SPS equation are intended to mean a mathematical equation relating the measurements and data from a satellite to the position and velocity of an SPS receiver. 100081 WLAN-based positioning is a technology which uses WLAN access points to determine the location of mobile users. Metro-wide WLAN-based positioning systems have been explored by a several research labs. The most important research efforts in this area have been conducted by the PlaceLab (www.placelab.com, a project sponsored by Microsoft and Intel); the University of California, San Diego ActiveCampus project (ActiveCampus - Sustaining Educational Communities through Mobile Technology, technical report #CS2002-0714); and the MIT campus-wide location system. There is only one commercial metropolitan WLAN-based positioning system in the market at the time of this writing, and it is referred to herein as the WPS (WiFi positioning system) product of Skyhook Wireless, Inc. (www.skyhookwireless.com). 100091 Figure 1 depicts a conventional WLAN-based positioning system based on WiFi signals. The positioning system includes positioning software 103 that resides on a mobile or user device 101. Throughout a particular target geographical area, there are a plurality of fixed wireless access points 102 that transmit information using control/common channel signals. The device 101 monitors these transmissions. Each access point contains a unique hardware identifier known as a MAC address. The client positioning software 103 receives transmissions from the 802.11 access points in its range and calculates the geographic location of the computing device using the characteristics of the radio signals. Those characteristics include the MAC addresses, the unique identifiers of the 802.11 access points, the Time of Arrival (TOA) of the signals, and the signal strength at the client device 101. The client software 103 compares the observed 802.11 access points with those in its reference database 104 of access points. This reference database 104 may or may not reside in the device 101. The reference database 104 C:WRPonbMlDCCDER\4109049 1.DOC-24Ml/202f12 -5 contains the calculated geographic locations and power profiles of all access points the system has collected. A power profile may be generated from a collection of measurements of the signal power or signal TOA at various locations. Using these known locations or power profiles, the client software 103 calculates the position of the user device 101 relative to the known positions of the access points 102 and determines the device's 101 absolute geographic coordinates in the form of latitude and longitude or latitude, longitude, and altitude. These readings then can be fed to location-based applications such as friend finders, local search web sites, fleet management systems, and an E911 service. 100101 In the discussion herein, raw WLAN measurements from an access point are generally intended to mean received signal strength (RSS) and/or times of arrival (TOAs) and/or time differences of arrival (TDOAs). References to data are generally intended to mean the MAC address, one or more record(s) of it, one or more power profile(s), and other attributes based on previous measurements of that access point. References to a WLAN-PS equation are intended to mean a mathematical equation relating the WLAN-PS measurements and data to the location of the mobile device. 100111 A WLAN-based positioning systems can be used indoor or outdoor. The only requirement is presence of WLAN access points in the vicinity of the user. The WLAN-based position systems can be leveraged using existing off-the-shelf WLAN cards without any modification other than to employ logic to estimate position. [00121 Figure 2 illustrates a conventional way of integrating WLAN-PS and SPS, which consists of a WLAN-PS 201 and a SPS 206, and a location combining logic 210. 100131 WLAN-PS 201 and SPS 206 are stand-alone systems and each can operate independently of the other system. Thus the result of each system can be calculated independent of the other system. The estimated location along with the expected error estimation of each system can be fed to the location combining logic 210. The expected error estimation is also referred to as HPE (horizontal positioning error) herein. The nominal rate of location update of SPS 206 and WLAN-PS 201 is once a second. The location combining logic 210 combines location estimates calculated in the same second by both systems. 10014] WLAN-PS 201 is a conventional system which estimates the location of a C:WRPo bDCC\DER\4109A 9-DOC-24Al1/2012 -6 mobile device by using WLAN access points. WLAN-PS 201 can include a scanner of WLAN APs 202, a device to select WLAN APs 203, a trilateration module 204, and HPE estimation device 205. [0015] WLAN Scanner 202 detects WLAN APs surrounding the mobile device by detecting the received power (RSS, received signal strength) and/or time of arrival (TOA) of the signal. Different methods can be used to detect WLAN APs including active scanning, passive scanning, or combination of passive and active scanning. [0016] The select WLAN APs device 203 selects the best set of WLAN APs to estimate location of the mobile device. For example, if ten WLAN APs are detected and one AP is located in Chicago and the others are located in Boston, without any other information, the Boston APs are selected. This is an indication that Chicago AP has been moved to Boston. In the conventional system the best set of WLAN APs is selected based on geographical distribution of WLAN APs in addition to corresponding parameters of WLAN APs, including received signal strength, signal to noise ration, and the probability of being moved. [00171 Trilateration module 204 uses WLAN APs and corresponding measurements and characteristics to estimate location of the mobile device. Received signal strength or TOA measurements from WLAN AP are used to estimate distance of the mobile device to the WLAN AP. The aggregation of distance estimates from different WLAN APs with known location is used to calculate location of the mobile device. Trilateration 204 also can use a method which is called nearest neighbor, in which a location with a power profile similar or closest to the power reading of the mobile device is reported as the final location of the mobile device. The power profile of each WLAN AP or entire coverage area can be found in the calibration phase of the system by detailed survey of the coverage area. [0018] HPE estimation device 205 is the module which estimates the expected error of the position estimate of the mobile device. The HPE, or Horizontal Positioning Error is calculated based on previously scanned APs and their characteristics and also characteristics of the received signal, as it was explained in co-pending Skyhook Wireless Application No. 11/625,450 entitled "System and Method for Estimating Positioning Error Within a WLAN Based Positioning System," the entire disclosure of which is hereby C:NRPonbrDCC\DER4 IWA949_ LDOC.24ml/2 Il 2 -7 incorporated by reference. [00191 SPS system 206 consists of a satellite signal receiver and measurement device 207, trilateration device 208, and the SPS HPE estimation module 209. [00201 The satellite signal receiver and measurement device 207 receives signals from the satellites in view of the device, decodes the received signal, and measures the satellite parameters from each satellite. The measurements can include pseudorange, carrier frequency, and Doppler frequency. [00211 The trilateration device 208 uses measurements from at least four satellites and location of the satellites in view to estimate location of the user device, velocity, and direction of travel of the mobile device. [00221 HPE estimation device 209 estimates the expected error of the estimated location. The HPE estimation device 209 is conventional and calculates expected error based on geometry of the satellites and signal quality of the received signal from satellites, for example, DOP (dilution of precision), and C/N (carrier to noise ratio). [00231 Location combining logic 210 receives location and HPE estimates calculated for almost the same second from WLAN-PS 201 and SPS 206. In other words, measurements and estimations which are made at the same time are compared and combined. Practically, measurements and estimations within one second can be considered the same time. The location combining logic 210 of the user device reports one estimated location by selecting one of them or linearly combining them. For example, location combining logic might select one of the estimated locations provided by WLAN PS 201 or SPS 206 based on reported expected error or HPE, or it might report weighted average of estimated locations by both systems according to the HPE. SUMMARY [00241 This disclosure describes a method and system for determining location using a hybrid satellite and WLAN positioning system by selecting the best WLAN-PS solution. In some embodiments, the method of increasing the accuracy of a WLAN based position estimate using satellite positioning information can include determining a set of possible WLAN location solutions for a WLAN and satellite enabled device based on one or more WLAN access points, obtaining satellite information for the WLAN and satellite -7A enabled device from at least two different satellites, and using the satellite information from the at least two different satellites to determine the best WLAN location solution from the set of possible WLAN location solutions. [0024A] More specifically the invention provides a method of determining an expected error in a location determination of a wireless local area network based positioning system (WLAN-PS) and satellite positioning system (SPS) enabled device, the method comprising: determining a WLAN-PS location estimate and an expected error estimate for the WLAN-PS location estimate; obtaining SPS measurements from at least two satellites but less than four satellites of the SPS, the SPS measurements being sufficient to determine a region of multiple possible location estimates but not an individual location estimate for the device; and adjusting the expected error of the WLAN-PS location estimate based on an evaluation of consistency of the SPS measurements to the WLAN-PS location estimate, wherein consistent measurements between the WLAN-PS location estimate and the SPS measurements cause an adjustment to a lower expected error in the WLAN-PS location estimate, and inconsistent measurements between the WLAN-PS location estimate and the SPS measurements cause an adjustment to a higher expected error in the WLAN-PS location estimate. [0024B] The invention also provides a system for determining an expected error in a location determination of a wireless local area network based positioning system (WLAN PS) and satellite positioning system (SPS) enabled device, the system comprising: a WLAN-PS module for receiving information from one or more wireless local area network (WLAN) access points to calculate a WLAN-PS location estimate; a SPS module for obtaining SPS measurements from at least two different satellites but less than four satellites, the SPS measurements being sufficient to determine a region of multiple possible location estimates but not an individual location estimate for the device; and logic for determining an expected error of the WLAN-PS location estimate by evaluating consistency of the SPS measurements to the WLAN-PS location estimate wherein consistent measurements between the WLAN-PS location estimate and the SPS l1:aCnfImnvCOVClN-Of'1WLtW 344\ 110_1.00- I 113/214 - 7B measurements cause a lower expected error in the WLAN-PS location estimate, and inconsistent measurements between the WLAN-PS location estimate and the SPS measurements cause a higher expected error in the WLAN-PS location estimate. [0024C] [Deleted] [0024D] [Deleted] [0025] In some embodiments, using the satellite information from the at least two different satellites to determine the best WLAN location solution from the set of possible WLAN location solutions can include examining each of the possible WLAN location solutions against the satellite information and selecting the location based on which of the possible W.LAN position locations satisfies tle satellite information. 100261 In some cmbodiments, the step of using the satellite position information from the at least two different satellites to determine the best WLAN location solution from the set of possible WLAN location solutions can include eliminating possible WLAN location solutions which are not consistent with the satellite information. [00271 In some embodiments, the WLAN location solution consistency with the satellite information can be measured by applying each of the possible WLAN based position estimates to the satellite measurements and calculating the internal SPS receiver clock bias for each possible WLAN based position estimate. [00281 In some embodiments, the consistency of the internal SPS receiver clock for each of the possible WLAN based position estimates can be used as an indication of distance between the WLAN based position estimates and possible solutions of satellite positioning system. 100291 In some embodiments, the consistency of the internal SPS receiver clock for each of the possible WLAN based position estimates can be used as an indication of consistency between the WLAN based position estimates and [he satellite measurements. [00301 In some embodiments, substantially the same internal SPS receiver clock bias across the acquired satellites for a given WLAN based position estimate can indicate a good location estimate. [00311 In some embodiments, non-uniform values of internal SPS receiver clock bias across the acquired satellites for a given WLAN based position estimate can indicate a poor location estimate. 100321 In some embodiments, the set of possible WLAN location solutions can include a cluster. 100331 In some embodiments, the satellite information can provide a satellite location solution in the form of a region, a surface, or a curve. 100341 In some embodiments, th method can include weighing the WLAN location solutions according to the distance from each WLAN location solution to the satellite location solution.

[00351 In some embodiments, the method can include selecting WLAN location solutions having a small distance to the satellite location solution, for example 10 meters. 100361 In some embodiments, the method can include eliminating WLAN location solutions having a large distance to the satellite location solution, for example, one thousand meters.. 100371 In some embodiments, the satellite information can include satellite position data, satellite velocity data, psuedorange measurement, Doppler frequency measurement, and time of signal transmission. [00381 In some embodiments, the application relates to a system for increasing the accuracy of a WLAN based position estimate using satellite positioning information, including a positioning module which can include a WLAN module for receiving information from one or more WLAN access points, a satellite positioning module for obtaining satellite information from at least two different satellites, logic located in the WLAN module to determine a set of possible WLAN location solutions based on one or more WLAN access points, and logic located in the positioning module to use the satellite information from the at least two different satellites to determine the best WLAN location solution from the set of possible WLAN location solutions. [00391 In some embodiments, the application relates to a mobile device having a hybrid positioning system for increasing the accuracy of a WLAN based position estimate using satellite positioning information. In some embodiments, the mobile device can include a hybrid positioning module, which can include a WLAN module for receiving information from one or more WLAN access points, a satellite positioning module for obtaining satellite information fiom at least two different satellites, logic located in the WLAN module to determine a set of possible WLAN location solutions based on one or more WLAN access points, and logic located in the positioning module to use the satellite information from the at least two different satellites to determine the best WLAN location solution from the set of possible WLAN location solutions. [00401 In some embodimcnts, the method can inlcude determining the location of a WLAN and satellite enabled device by using satellite measurements to weigh WLAN access points (APs) by detecting WLAN APs in range of the WLAN and satellite enabled device, obtaining satellite measurements from at least two satellites to provide a plurality -9of possible satellite locations of the device, and providing a weight for each AP based on the distance from the WLAN APs to the possible satellite locations of the device. (00411 In some embodiments, the method can include using the weight for cach AP in a location algorithm to determine the location of the device. 100421 In some embodiments, the possible satellite locations of the device can include a region of possible location solutions for the device. [00431 In some embodiments a high weight corresponds to an AP that can be close to the possible satellite locations of the device. [00441 In some embodiments, close to the satellite estimate of the location of the device can include a distance within one order of magnitude of the coverage area of the AP. [00451 In some embodiments, a low weight corresponds to an AP that can be far from the satellite estimation of the location of the device. [00461 In some embodiments, a WLAN AP can be far from the location of the device if the AP is located at a distance an order of magnitude above the coverage area of the AP. [00471 In some embodiments, if the WLAN AP is determined to be far from the possible satellite locations of the device, the position of the WLAN and satellite enabled device can be calculated without data from the far WLAN AP. [00481 In some embodiments, the weight can be based on the consistency between the location of the WLAN APs and the possible satellite locations of the device. 100491 In some embodiments, the method can include eliminating WLAN APs which are not consistent with the possible satellite locations of the device. [0050! In some embodiments. the WLAN AP location consistency with the satellite information can be measured by applying each of the WLAN AP locations to the satellite measurements and calculating the internal SPS receiver clock bias for each WLAN AP location. [00511 In some embodiments, the method can include calculating an internal SPS receiver clock bias by considering the location of each WLAN AP as an initial position and the measurements from each satellite. -10- 100521 In some embodiments, the consistency of the internal SPS receiver clock bias for cach of the WLAN AP locations can be used as an indication of distance between the WLAN AP location and the possible satellite device locations. 100531 In sonic embodiments, the method can include calculating the consistency of the internal SPS receiver clock bias for each WLAN AP location can include calculating the standard deviation or the mean square error of the internal SPS receiver clock bias. 100541 In some embodiments, the application describes a system for determining the location of a WLAN and satellite enabled device by using satellite measurements to weigh WLAN access points (APs), the system can include a hybrid positioning module which can include a WLAN module for receiving information from one or more WLAN access points, a satellite positioning module for providing a plurality of possible device locations of the device based on satellite information fnmm at least two different satellites, and logic contained in the positioning module for providing a weight for each AP based on the distance from the WLAN APs to the possible satellite device locations of the device. 100551 In some embodiments, the application relates to a method of determining the location ofa WLAN and satellite enabled device by using two or more satellite measurements to refine an initial WLAN based location determination, including estimating a position of the WLAN and satellite enabled device using a WLAN positioning system, gathering satellite location measurements from at least two satellites, the method can include determining an uncertainty area around the WLAN location estimate based on the expected error of the WLAN location estimate, wherein the uncertainty area has a plurality of possible location solutions, and determining the device location estimate inside the WLAN location uncertainty that best satisfies the satellite measurements. 100561 In some embodiments, the method can include dividing the uncertainty area into a grid. 100571 In some embodiments, the method can include evaluating the WLAN location estimate using the satellite measurements at each point on the grid. 100581 In some embodiments, the method can include determining the internal SPS receiver clock bias of the satellite measurements at each grid point. -11- [00591 In somc embodiments, the method can include using the consistency of the internal SPS receiver clock bias of the satellite measurements to determine the location of the device. 100601 In some embodiments, the location of device can be the grid point which provides the most consistent internal SPS receiver clock bias for the satellite measurements. [00611 in some embodiments, the size of the grid can be based on an accuracy requirement for the location determination. [00621 In some embodiments, the accuracy requirement can be about ten meters. 100631 Some embodiments relate to a system for increasing the accuracy of a WLAN based position estimate using satellite positioning information. The system can include a hybrid positioning module and a WLAN module for receiving information from one or more WLAN access points and a satellite positioning module for obtaining satellite information from at least two different satellites, logic in the WLAN positioning module for determining an uncertainty area around the WLAN location estimate based on the expected error of the WLAN location estimate, wherein the area has a plurality of possible location solutions and logic in the hybrid positioning module for determining the device location as the WLAN location estimate that best satisfies the satcilite measurements. 100641 In some embodiments, the method can include calculating a WLAN position estimate of the WLAN and satellite enabled device and using the WLAN position estimate as an initial position in satellite position system to determine the location of the WLAN and satellite enabled device. 100651 In some embodiments. the system can include a positioning module which can include a WLAN module for receiving information from one or more WLAN access points and calculating a position estimate of the WLAN and satellite enabled device and a satellite positioning module for obtaining satellite information from at least four different satellites, wherein the satellite positioning module uses the WLAN position estimate as an initial position for a final position estimate. [00661 In some embodiments, the method of determining an expected error in a location determination of a WLAN and satellite enabled device can include determining a WILAN location estimate and an expected error estimate for the WLAN location estimate, -12obtaining measurements from at least two satellites, and determining the expected error of the location determination by evaluating the consistency of the satellite positioning system measurements to the WLAN positioning system location estimation. 100671 In some embodiments, consistent measurements between the WLAN location estimate and the satellite positioning system measurements can result in a lower expected error in the location determination. [00681 In some embodiments, inconsistent measurements between the WLAN location estimate and the satellite positioning system measurements can result in a higher expected error in the location determination. 100691 In some embodiments, consistency of the measurements can include the distance between the WLAN positioning system location estimation and a region of possible solutions provided by the satellite positioning system measurements. (00701 In some embodiments, the consistency of the intemal SPS receiver clock for the WLAN based position estimate can be used as an indication of consistency between the WLAN based position estimate and the satellite measurements. [00711 In some embodiments, the method can include an expected error in a location determination of a WLAN and satellite enabled device, including determining a WLAN based location estimate and an expected error estimate For the WLAN location estimate, the method can include determining a satellite based location estimate and an expected error estimate for the satellite based location estimate, the method can include determining the expected error of the location determination by evaluating the consistency of the satellite positioning system location estimate to the WLAN positioning system location estimation. 100721 In some embodiments, the position estimate with the lower expected error can be selected as the location of the WLAN and satellite enabled device. [00731 In some embodiments, the method can include determining the expected error of the location determination by comparing the WLAN location estimate and the satellite positioning system location estimate. 100741 In some embodiments, consistent measurements between the WLAN location estimate and the satellite positioning system location estimate can result in a lower expected error in the location determination. -13- [00751 In some embodiments, inconsistent measurements between the WLAN location estimate and the satellite positioning system location estimate can result in a higher expected error in the location determination. (00761 In somc embodiments, the consistency of the estimates can include the distance between the satellite positioning system location estimate and the WLAN positioning system location estimation. [00771 In some embodiments, the method can include the internal SPS receiver clock for the WLAN based position estimate can be used as an indication of consistency between the WLAN based position estimate and the satellite positioning system location. 100781 Some embodiments relate to a system for increasing the accuracy of a WLAN based position estimate using satellite positioning information. The system can include a positioning module including a WLAN module for receiving information from one or more WLAN access points to calculate a WLAN location estimate, a satellite positioning module for obtaining satellite information from at least two different satellites, and logic located in the positioning module for determining the expected error of the location determination by evaluating the consistency of the satellite positioning system measurements to the WLAN positioning system location estimation. 100791 Some embodiments relate to a system for increasing the accuracy of a WLAN based position estimate using satellite positioning information. The system can include a positioning module including a WLAN module for receiving information from one or more WLAN access points and to calculate a WLAN position estimate, a satellite positioning module for obtaining satellite information from at least four different satellites to calculate a satellite position estimate, and logic located in the positioning module for determining the expected error of the location determination by evaluating the consistency of the satellite positioning system location estimate to the WLAN positioning system location estimation. 100801 In some embodiments, the method for determining whether a satellite enabled device is stationary by measuring the Doppler frequency of received satellite signals can include acquiring satellite measurements from at least two satellites, wherein the satellite measurements include Doppler frequency measurements, acquiring a rough estimate of location of the satellite enabled device, and calculating an internal frequency offset of satellite enabled device. -14- [00811 in some embodiments, the method can include adjusting the Doppler frequency measurements to account for satellite movement and the internal frequency offset to provide a device Doppler frequency. 100821 In some embodiments, the method can include determining that the device is stationary if the device Doppler frequency is small. 100831 In some embodiments, the method can include determining that the device is stationary if the internal frequency offset for each satellite is substantially the same value. [00841 In some cmbodimcnts, a small Doppler frequency can be a Doppler frequency corresponding to movement of the satellite enabled device of less than one mile per hour. (00851 In some embodiments, the method can include implementing power saving features into a WLAN positioning system, located in the satellite enabled device, if the device is determined to be stationary. [00861 In some embodiments, the power saving features can include updating the device location less often for example, once a minute, by the WLAN positioning system. [00871 Some embodiments relate to a system for determining whether a satellite enabled device is stationary by measuring the Doppler frequency of received satellite signals. The system can include a positioning module including a satellite positioning module for obtaining satellite information from at least two different satellites. wherein the satellite measurements include Doppler frequency measurements and logic located in the satellite positioning module for adjusting the Doppler frequency measurements to account for satellite movement and frequency offset of satellite enabled device to provide a device Doppler frequency and determining that the device is stationary if the device Doppler frequency is small. 100881 Some embodiments relate to a method for determining the position of a WLAN and satellite positioning system enabled device using characteristics of the environment in which the device is located, the method can include detecting WL AN APs in range of the device, obtaining environmental characteristics from a reference database based on the WLAN APs detected by the device, and detinmining whether to use the WLAN or satellite positioning system based on the environmental characteristics. -15- 100891 In some embodiments, the environmental characteristics are selected from the group consisting of density of buildings near the AP, height of buildings near the AP, and whether the AP is located in an urban canyon, urban location, or suburban location. [00901 In somc embodiments, if the device can be determined to be in an urban canyon, the device will determine its position based on the WLAN positioning system alonc. 100911 In some embodiments, if the device can be determined to be in a suburban location, the device will determine its position based on the satellite positioning system alonc. 100921 In some embodiments, the environmental characteristics can be used by the satellite positioning system to select a method to estimate location of the device. [00931 In some embodiments, the environmental characteristics can be used by the WLAN positioning system to select a method to estimate location of the device. [00941 Some embodiments relates to a hybrid positioning system for determining the location of a device using characteristics of the environment in which the device is located, the system including a positioning module including a WLAN module for receiving information from one or more WLAN access points, including environmental characteristics, and a satellite positioning module for obtaining satellite information and logic located in the positioning module for determining whether to use the WLAN or satellite positioning system based on the environmental characteristics. [00951 In some embodiments, the method to maintain the stability of an internal clock of an satellite positioning system receiver by using WLAN access points (APs) can include maintaining the internal clock accuracy of a satellite positioning system receiver by using one or more WLAN APs as a reference. 100961 In some embodiments, maintaining the internal clock accuracy can include measuring one or more time intervals of one or more signals transmitted by a WLAN AP and received by the satellite positioning system receiver. 100971 In some embodiments, the WLAN AP maintains its internal clock accuracy by synchronizing with a satellite positioning system clock. [00981 In some embodiments, the WLAN AP can include a satellite positioning system receiver to synchronize with the satellite positioning system clock. -16- [00991 In some embodiments. the WLAN AP can be connected to a central site to synchronize with the satellite positioning system clock. [01001 In some embodiments, the WLAN AP can maintain its internal clock accuracy by using an accurate internal oscillator receiver. [01011 In some embodiments, the method can include receiving from the WLAN AP, information about the accuracy of its internal oscillator or expected error of its timing, and selecting timing measurements from different WLAN APs to correct and maintain the satellite receiver's internal clock bias. 101021 In some embodiments, the method can include selecting WLAN APs with the accuracy of internal oscillator higher than the satellite receiver's accuracy of internal oscillator. [01031 In some embodiments, the WLAN AP can be a municipal AP and the municipal AP is synchronized with a satellite positioning system clock. [01041 In some embodiments, the satellite positioning system receiver can include a WLAN receiver. [01051 In some embodiments, a satellite positioning receiver maintains its internal clock bias by using one or more WLAN APs as a reference. In some embodiments, the W LAN AP can be a municipal AP. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS 101061 For a more complete understanding of various embodiments of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which: [01071 Figure I illustrates a high-level architecture of a WLAN positing system; [01081 Figure 2 illustrates a system for a conventional way of integrating WLAN-PS and SPS; [01091 Figure 3 illustrates a system for providing a WLAN-PS and SPS integrated solution according to sonic embodiments of the disclosed subject matter: 101101 Figure 4 illustrates an example of selecting a solution between possible WLAN-PS solutions using raw SPS measurements from two satellites according to some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter; -17- [0111 Figure 5 illustrates a system for integrating WLAN-PS and SPS in which raw SPS measurements are provided to WLAN-PS to select the best solution according to some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter; [01121 Figure 6 illustrates an example of selecting a solution between possible WLAN-PS solutions based on SPS possible solutions according to some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter; [01131 Figure 7 illustrates an example of selecting the best set of WLAN APs based on raw SPS measurements according to some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter; 101141 Figurc 8 illustrates a system for integrating WLAN-PS and SPS and using raw SPS measurements from two or more satellites to select a set of WLAN APs in WLAN PS according to some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter; 101151 Figure 9 illustrates a system for examining the location estimate and uncertainty provided by WLAN-PS against SPS in order to find the best estimate of the location of a mobile device according to some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter; 101161 Figure 10 illustrates a system for examining the location estimate and uncertainty provided by WLAN-PS against SPS in order to find the best estimate of the location of a mobile device by using the grid method according to some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter; [01171 Figure I I illustrates a system for integrating WLAN-PS and SPS, in which raw SPS measurements are used to refine WLAN-PS location estimate according to some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter; [01181 Figure 12 illustrates a system for integrating WLAN-PS and SPS. in which as WLAN-PS location estimate is provided as initial location estimate according to some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter; 101191 Figure 13 illustrates an example for increasing accuracy of the csfimation of expected error by using SPS and WLAN-PS information according to some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter; 101201 Figure 14 illustrates a system for increasing accuracy of the estimation of expected error by using SPS and WLAN-PS information according to some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter; -18- [01211 Figure 15 illustrates a system for stationary uscr detection based on two or more satellites according to some embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [01221 Embodiments of the disclosed subject matter provide a method of integrating a WLA.N-based positioning system (WLAN-PS) and a satellite-bascd positioning system (SPS) to create a hybrid positioning system. An integrated or hybrid system refers to a system which combines the measurements from one or more systems to improve the accuracy of the positioning and velocity and bearing estimates and the accuracy of expected error estimate, and to reduce consumed power as compared to cach individual system working independently. The method of integrating a WLAN-PS and SPS to create a hybrid positioning system can add raw SPS measurements as another input to WLAN-PS and WLAN-PS final estimations as another input to SPS. Raw SPS measurements from two or more satellites can assist the WLAN-PS to increase the accuracy of position estimate, HPE, and stationary user detection. WLAN-PS initial position estimate and other estimations also can help SPS to reduce time to first fix (TTFF) and power consumption. A hybrid positioning system also can reduce power consumption compared to WLAN-PS and SPS working independently by deactivating WLAN-PS or SPS when they arc not adding value in terms of increasing accuracy or other estimations. 101231 Figure 3 illustrates a block diagram of the hybrid system of a WLAN-PS 301 and a SPS 306. [01241 SPS 306 is an off-the-shelf, conventional satellite positioning device which consists of the same devices as SPS 206 in Figure 2, with addition of an output 311 and an input 312 from the WLAN-PS (discussed in more detail herein). Satellite receiver and measurement device 207 is part of every conventional SPS receiver 306, and raw SPS measurements are an essential part of the SPS measurement. However, here the raw SPS measurements are used outside the SPS 306, as is shown by output 311. Not all the commercial SPS receivers expose the raw SPS measurements to devices outside SPS 306. For example, Star .111 GPS manufactured by SiRF Technology, Inc. (San Jose. CA) provides raw SPS measurements as part of its standard interface. However there are some other GPS receivers that do not provide such measurements. For the SPS receivers -19that do not expose raw SPS measurements as part of their standard interface, the SPS receiver 306 is modified to permit access to the raw SPS measurements. 101251 The WLAN-PS 301 functions in a similar manner as the WLAN-PS 201 shown in Figure 2 except that it is configured to receive raw SPS measurements 311. The integration of the raw SPS measurement with WLAN-PS 301 changes the design of WLAN APs selection device 303, trilateration device 304, and HPE estimation device 305. The WLAN-PS 301 can take advantage of the raw SPS measurements when at least two satellites are acquired, even without any fix or solution from the SPS 306. 101261 This design change of WLAN-PS 301 after receiving raw SPS measurcmcnts is discussed in more detail herein. 101271 Under one embodiment, the disclosed method integrates a WLAN- based positioning system (WL AN-PS) and a satellite-based positioning system (SPS) in which the WLAN-PS provides a set of possible locations of a mobile device, and among the possible locations, the one which fits the SPS measurements the best is selected as the final position estimate. 101281 This embodiment also can provide a method to integrate WLAN- based positioning system (WLAN-PS) and satellite-based positioning system (SPS) in which the WLAN-PS provides a set of possible locations for the mobile device, and the possible locations arc weighted according to their distance to a plurality of possible SPS device location solutions. In other words, weights are assigned to WLAN-PS possible solutions according how well they correspond to the satellite measurements. After assigning a weight to each possible location, various algorithms can be used to combine or select WLAN-PS possible locations. For example, the final reported location can be weighted by an average of all possible locations, low weight locations can be removed from the weighted average, or only the highest weighted location can be reported. Selection can be a special case of weighting, in which the respective weights arc zero and one. 101291 For example, because of the high density of WLAN APs in some areas, WLAN-PS can detect tens of WLAN APs in a given location. The detected WLAN APs may form more than one cluster. A cluster is defined as a set of APs in the coverage area of each other. If the coverage of a WLAN AP is not known, a nominal coverage can be considered. Nominal coverage or typical coverage of a WLAN AP is found statistically by measuring coverage for thousands of WLAN APs, and it is reported numbers between -20- 1 00m and 250m at the time of writing this document. For example, if a mobile device detects fifteen WLAN APs, in which ten of them are located in a high-rise building and the other five are located in an office building far from the high-rise building (for example, 500 meters away from the high rise building), the dctcctcd WLAN APs can be considered as two clusters with a size of ten and five, respectively. Conventional positioning algorithms would select the cluster with a higher number of APs: the cluster of ten APs. Under the conventional approach, the location would be somewhere in the high-risc building. However, if raw SPS measurements from two or more satellites are considered with the cluster information, even with no location estimate from SPS, the raw SPS measurements can be used to select the appropriate cluster of WLAN APs from the plurality of clusters. In this example, the cluster of five WLAN APs might be selected as the closest cluster to the location of the mobile device, because it also satisfies the SPS equations. SPS measurements also can be used to assign a weight to the clusters of five and ten APs according to their estimated distance from possible SPS solutions. After assigning a weight to clusters, logic can be used to combine the estimation results of clusters and report only one location. For example, the weighted average of estimation results of clusters, estimations of the cluster with maximum weight, or average of estimation of clusters with higher weights can be reported as final estimation results. 101301 The first step is detecting WLAN access points, which will be used as reference points to locate the user device. WLAN access points are randomly distributed, and they also might move over time. Therefore, the WLAN positioning system applies a clustering algorithm to identify all the clusters of WLAN access points that are detected by the end user. 101311 A cluster of WLAN access points is a set of WLAN access points which are in the coverage area of each other. WLAN access points which are farther than a normal coverage of an access point from the cluster are considered as a new cluster. 101321 For example, a user detects four access points and three of them are located in Boston and one of them in Seattle. Therefore, they form two clusters: one in Boston with three WLAN access points and one in Seattle with one WLAN access point. Each cluster of WLAN access point can result to a separate location in a WLAN positioning system. If the mobile device also acquires signals from two or more satellites, the satellite measurements can be used to select the cluster of WLAN access points or reject clusters -21of WLAN access points. Two or more satellite measurements provide a set of solutions in a form of a region (volume, surface or a curve). The proximity of possible WPS solutions to SPS possible solutions can be criteria to weight, select, or reject WPS solutions. In other words, the closer the WLAN-PS solution to the SPS solutions, the higher the quality of the WLAN-PS solution. 101331 For example, Figure 4 shows a WLAN-PS 401, which consists of five WLAN access points 404. The WLAN access points form two clusters in this example, a first cluster 402 and a second cluster 403. Each cluster can be used to estimate the location of the user device. If the user device acquires a signal from at least two satellites 405. the possible solutions of the two or more satellites 406 can be used to select or eliminate some clusters. In this example, possible solution of the two or more satellites is shown as a band 406. Cluster 402 is closer to the possible satellite solutions band 406 than cluster 403. Therefore, cluster 402 can be selected and cluster 403 can be rejected. (01341 Figure 5 illustrates block diagram of integrated solution of SPS and WLAN PS. SPS 506 can be a standard, off-the-shelf device, but it has to be able to provide raw SPS measurements as discussed in Figure 3. The raw SPS measurements 311 are directed to WLAN APs 503 and trilateration device 504. {01351 The WLAN APs selection devices 503 receives the data from WLAN scanner 202 as an input. The WLAN APs selection device 503 clusters WLAN APs based on the distance between the access points. The WLAN APs selection device 503 not only identifies clusters, but also selects a different set of WLAN APs for each cluster. Each different cluster may result in a different location estimate. All of the different sets of clusters can be used in the trilateration device 504 and may result in a different location estimate. The location estimates based on clusters can be weighted according to the cluster distance from the SPS possible solutions or can be selected according to their cluster distance from SPS possible solutions. A cluster can be assigned a high weight if it is considered close (at a small distance) from the satellite distance solution. For example, if the cluster is located on the order of 10 meters away from the satellite distance solution. A cluster can be assigned a low weight if it is considered far (at a large distance) from the satellite distance solution, for example, if it is located on the order of 100 or 1,000 meters away from the satellite distance solution.

[01361 The SPS solutions can be found as follows. In each satellite measurement, there are generally four unknowns coordinates of location of the mobile device, (x,y,z) and internal clock bias of SPS receiver. The raw SPS measurements from two or more satellites can bc used to eliminate the internal clock bias of the SPS receiver from the equations. In this case, the result is going to be a function of coordinates ofthe location of the user device, (x,y,z), which can be written as a general form as follows: F(x,y,z)= 0. 101371 This function can represent an area, a surface, or a curve based on number of satellites. Therefore, raw SPS measurements from two or more satellites can result in a set of possible solutions, even without having a final location estimate. 101381 The distance between the different solutions of WLAN-PS and possible solutions of SPS can be used as criteria to weigh each WLAN-PS solution. After assigning a weight to each WLAN-PS possible solution, logic can be used to combine the solution or select the solution from the possible solutions. [01391 Further, the consistency between the SPS measurements and the locations provided by the WLAN-PS can be used as an indication of distance between the locations provided by the WLAN-PS and location of the mobile device. The location of the user device can be calculated by (1) using the possible WLAN-PS locations as rough estimates of the location of the user device (i.e., using each possible WLAN-PS location as the x,y,z) and (2) calculating the final unknown, internal satellite receiver clock bias, for each WLAN-PS location estimate using the measurements from each satellite. The consistency between the calculated internal satellite receiver clock biases (calculated for each satellite in view) for each WLAN location estimate can be used as an indicator of distance between WLAN-PS's location estimate and the mobile device actual location. Good WLAN-PS estimates will have consistent receiver clock bias estimates, i.e., when that WLAN-PS estimated location is used as the x,y,z location, for each satellite, the receiver clock bias will be substantially the same, for example, within about 10% of each other. However, if the WLAN-PS location is a poor estimate of the location of the user device, the WLAN-PS location will produce varied satellite receiver clock bias estimates for each satellite, for example, the receiver clock biases will vary by at more than 10%. -23- [01401 If clock bias which is found for cach satellite measurement is denoted by Ci, the consistency of Ci can be used as a measure of distance between a given position (in this case, locations determined by the WLAN-PS) and the locations that satisfy the satellite equations. Thc consistency of Ci can be measured with different mathematical approaches, like standard deviation of Ci, or mean square error of Ci estimation as follows: SCj C =

;

N (C, - Y) MSE = " N 101411 The value of MSE can be used as an indicator of the consistency of the Ci samples. Therefore, all possible locations of WLAN-PS can be examined with SPS raw measurements, and the consistency of Ci can be used as an indicator of the solution's distance to the actual mobile device location. This distance can be used with other WLAN A P parameters to weight or select or deselect (remove) an A P in the process of calculating the mobile device location. 101421 Figure 6 shows SPS solution in form of a region 606 and a WLAN positioning system 601, in which WLAN access points 604 form a first cluster 602 and a second cluster 603. The mobile device acquisition of two or more satellites 605 also can result in a set of possible satellite device solutions 606. The consistency between the SPIS solutions 606 and WLAN-PS solutions 602 is used to select the best solution, which is the 602 solution of WLAN-PS in this example. The consistency betwcon the SPS and WLAN-PS means both of them report the same location as part of their solutions or that the final estimated position is one of the solutions of both systems. Further, a cluster of APs can be weighted according to their distance to possible solutions of SPS. 101431 Another embodiment of the disclosed subject matter provides a method to weigh WLAN access points by using raw SPS measurements. Selecting the best set of WLAN access points to estimate end user's location by using raw SPS measurements can be a specific case of assigning a weight to WLAN APs. In addition to other criteria used -24to weight or select the best set of WLAN access points to estimate the mobile device location, raw SPS measurements can be used or combined with the other criteria. Other criteria and weights are weight based on received signal strength or weight based on round trip time of received signal. The WLAN-PS uSCS WLAN APs and their characteristics to estimate the location of a mobile device. 101441 The characteristics of a WLAN AP might include, but are not limited to, received signal strength (RSS). location or estimation of location, signal to noise ratio, and time of arrival (TOA). Raw SPS measurements from two or more satellites are used to calculate an indication of distance between location (or estimated location) of WLAN APs and actual location of the mobile device. This indication of distance can be used to select the best set of WLAN APs to estimate location of the mobile device, or the indicator of distance can be used to weight WLAN APs according to their distance from the device location. The raw SPS measurements from at least two satellites can be used in this process, with or without having a location estimate from SPS. The distance is considered far if the distance is more than an order of magnitude larger than the coverage area of the W LAN AP. A distance is considered close or not far is the distance is within an order of magnitude of the coverage area of the WLAN AP. WLAN APs that arc considered far can be eliminated from the positioning calculation. [01451 Figure 7 shows an example of an integrated solution of WLAN-PS and SPS, in which the mobile device detects five W LAN access points 702 and has acquired a signal and raw measurements from two satellites 704. In this example, the WLAN access points arc randomly spread around the mobile device, and distance between WLAN access points 702 and possible solutions of two satellites 703 can be used as an indication of distance between WLAN access point and actual location of the mobile device. A region of possible SPS solutions 703 is calculated using measurements from two satellites. The distance between the WLAN access point 702 and SPS possible solution 703 is used as an indicator of distance between WLAN access point and actual location of the mobile device. In this example, all the WLAN access points 702-1 are very close to SPS possible solutions 703, but one WLAN access point 702-2 is not. Therefore, the longer distance between WLAN access point 702-2 and possible SPS solutions 703 is an indicator of a larger distance between W LAN access point 702-2 and the location of the mobile device compared to other detected WLAN access points 702-1. Thus, WLAN access point 702 -25- 2 can be weighted according to its distance to SPS possible solutions, or it can be removed from the set of APs to calculate the mobile device location. (01461 Figure 8 illustrates WLAN-PS 801 and SPS 806 integrated solution. in which all the modules arc the same as Figure 2, except for selecting WLAN AlPs 803. Selecting WLAN APs 803 also receives raw SPS measurements 311 as an input. These raw measurements are used to estimate the distance between the location (or estimated location) of WLAN APs and the location of the mobile device. 101471 As discussed in the previous embodiment, in this embodiment there is a need to calculate an indication of the distance between WLAN APs location (or estimated location) and actual location of the mobile device using SPS measurements from two or more satellites. The consistency between the raw SPS measurements and the WLAN APs can be used as an indication of distance between the location of WLAN APs and the location of the mobile device. The consistency can be calculated by (1) using the WLAN AP's location as an estimation of the location of the mobile device and (2) calculating the receiver clock bias for cach WLAN AP location based on the measurements from each satellite. The consistency between calculated receiver clock biases can be used as an indicator of distance between WLAN APs location and the mobile device's actual location. 101481 In other words, after applying the location of a WLAN AP as an initial position in SPS equations using pscudorange measurements, the only remaining unknown is the receiver clock bias, which is the same for all SPS raw measurements. If clock bias which is found for each satellite measurement is denoted by Ci, the consistency of Ci is used as a measure of distance between the given position (in this case, location of WLAN AP) and the location that satisfies the satellite equations. Consistency of Ci can be measured with different mathematical approaches, like standard deviation oFCi, or mean square error of Ci estimation as follows: SC, C = " N ((C, -CV MSE =

N

[01491 The value of MSE can be used as an indicator of the consistency of the Ci samples. Therefore, the location of all the detected WLAN APs can be examined with SPS raw measurements, and the consistency of Ci can be used as an indicator of their distance to the mobile device location. This indicator can be used with other AP parameters to weight, select, or remove an AP in the process of calculating the mobile device location. 101501 Under another embodiment of the disclosed subject matter, a system and method is provided in which the WLAN-PS provides a region in which a possible location solution resides, and within the provided region, the final location estimate of the mobile device is selected based on SPS measurements from two or more satellites. (01511 Figure 9 shows an integrated WLAN-PS and SPS, in which WLAN-PS 901 provides an estimate of the location of the mobile device with some uncertainty 903. The uncertainty 903 can be the expected error of WLAN-PS. The mobile device also acquires signal from two or more satellites 902. Using all the points within the uncertainty area 903 reported by WLAN-PS, the location 904 which fits the satellite measurements the best is selected as the best estimate of location of the mobile device. [01521 The best point which Fits satellite solutions within that region can be found by dividing the uncertainty area 903 to small grids and evaluating each grid point as is shown in Figure 10. The distance between grid lines can be based on the required accuracy of location estimation and the quality of the SPS measurements. The higher the accuracy requirement and the quality of the SPS measurements, the smaller the distance between the grid lines can be and the more accurate the location estimate. For example, the grid lines can be between about 5 meters and about 100 meters apart, preferably at about 10 meters apart. 101531 In this embodiment, the number of SPS satellites 902 can be two or more. This system or method can be used in cases where the SPS cannot determine the location of the mobile device by itself but where the WLAN-PS possible solution 903 can be examined with the SPS information to select as the best location 904 the one that is most consistent with the SPS pscudorange equations. 101541 Figure I I shows an integrated solution of WLAN-PS 1101 and SPS 1106, in which final location estimate provided by WLAN-PS is refined by using SPS -27measurements 311 from two or more satellites. A new module, refining module I 11, is added to conventional WLAN-PS, which receives WLAN-PS trilateration results, the corresponding Uncertainty of those measurements, and SPS mcasurements from two or more satellites. Using this information. the refining module I I I I reports the location estimate of the mobile device. [01551 For example, if the WLAN-PS provides a sphere of possible location solutions to refining module I I 1. The size of the sphere corresponds to the uncertainty of tle location estimate of WLAN-PS (expected crror), which can be calculated for each position estimate in some embodiments, or the nominal value of uncertainty of WLAN PS can be used. For example, median error of Skyhook Wireless WLAN-PS is about 30m. which can be used as nominal value ofWLAN-PS eior. In the next step, SPS measurements from two or more satellites can be used to find a point within the specified region by WLAN-PS, which satisfies the SPS measurements the best. The satellite equation for each satellite is written as follows: Fi(x.y,z,b)=0 (01561 In which (x, y, z) is location of the mobile device, and b is denoted for the internal clock bias of SPS receiver. Any point within the specified region by WLAN-PS provides an estimate for the location of the mobile device, (x, y, z), and internal clock bias is calculated for each acquired satellite. Because all the measurements are done at almost the same time by the same SPS receiver, the internal clock bias of SPS receiver should be almost the same for all the SPS measurements. Therefore, as discussed previously, the consistency between receiver clock biases of SPS receiver calculated from different acquired satellites can show the distance between location estimate (x,y,z) and actual location of the mobile device. The consistency of the calculated internal clock of SPS receiver can be measured by calculating the standard deviation of the receiver clock bias measurements. 101571 In the case where the specified region by WLAN-PS is divided into a grid, the SPS equations are examined at each grid point. The grid point which provides the most consistent receiver clock bias for all the acquired satellites is the best location estimate of the mobile device. 101581 Another embodiment of the invention provides a method to reduce acquisition time of SPS by providing a position estimate of WLAN-PS as an initial position to SPS. -28- Providing an initial position by WLAN-PS can reduce the acquisition period of the SPS and therefore reduces time to first fix of SPS. Satellite positioning systems already provide a method to receive an initial position, and how they use the provided initial position inside SPS is generally known. The present system uses a WLAN-PS location estimate as a source of initial position for the satellite positioning system. Because the location of SPS satellites are known at any time, knowledge of a rough location of the mobile device can help the SPS to reduce the set of satellites it searches for to the set of satellites actually visible to the device, instead of all of the satellites, thereby reducing searching time. 101591 Figure 12 illustrates a WLAN-PS 201 and SPS 1203, in which WLAN-PS provides an initial position 121 Ito the SPS system. Thus, the estimated location of the mobile device 1211 by the WLAN-PS 201 can be provided as initial position to SPS 1202. Knowing the initial position of the mobile device can assist SPS 1202 to select the best set of the satellites to search and reduce time to fix a location of the device. [01601 The WLAN-PS and the SPS can work independently and provide estimates of attributes of a mobile device, including location estimation, expected error in the location estimation, velocity, and bearing estimation. However, because WLAN-PS has a much shorter time to first fix (TTFF) than SPS. the estimated location by WLAN-PS can be provided to SPS as initial position of the mobile device, reducing the time required to find location. 101611 The receipt ofan initial position is a standard practice in SPS, and most of the SPS receivers provide a method to receive the initial position. Here the WLAN-PS is used as the source of providing the initial position to SPS. [01621 Another embodiment of the invention provides a method to increase the accuracy of the expected error of location estimate of the integrated location solution of SPS and WLAN-PS and compare the error to the error location result for each individual system. The expected error estimation provides an uncertainty area around the estimated location. If estimated location of WLAN-PS and SPS are within the uncertainty area of each other, the uncertainty area is reduced based on distance between estimated locations from both systems. If estimated locations of WLAN-PS and SPS are not within the uncertainty area of each other, the uncertainty area is increased based on distance between estimated locations from both systems. Ifonly one of the estimated locations of WLAN -29- PS and SPS falls inside the uncertainty area of the other system, the uncertainty area can be reduced or increased based on quality of estimated error from each system. The estimated error of location estimate normally reports the 95% confidence interval, but it can report any other confidence interval as well. 101631 Another embodiment of the invention provides a method to increase the accuracy of the expected error of a location estimate of the integrated location solution of SPS and WLAN-PS. The WLAN-PS provides a location estimate and the SPS acquires at least two satellites. The expected error estimation provides an uncertainty area around the estimated WLAN-PS location. The consistency between the estimated location of WLAN-PS and raw SPS measurements is used as criteria to reduce or increase the expected CIror estimate. If estimated location estimate of WLAN-PS and raw SPS measurements are consistent, the uncertainty area is reduced based on distance between WLAN-PS estimated location from SPS possible solutions. If the estimated location of WLAN-PS and raw SPS measurements are not consistent, the uncertainty area is increased based on distance between WLAN-PS estimated locations from SPS possible solutions. [01641 Figure 13 illustrates WLAN-PS location estimation 1301 and WLAN-PS expected error of estimation 1303 and also SPS location estimation 1302 and SPS expected error of estimation 1304. The reported uncertainty by each system is the expected error of position estimate. 101651 In such a system. the SPS and WLAN-PS each provides a location estimate and also an estimate of the expected error in that location estimation. The expected errors of the location estimate provided by both systems are combined in order to provide a better estimate of the error of the location estimation. For example, if each system provides an area around the reported location as an uncertainty of the estimated location (1303 and 1304), the integrated system considers the overlap of the uncertainty areas 1305 and also the distance between estimated locations 1306 to estimate the uncertainty of the final location estimate. The greater the distance between the estimated locations by SPS and WLAN-PS is, the higher the expected error of location estimation. In another implementation, the system can select the location estimate with the lowest uncertainty as the final location estimate. -30- 101661 Figure 14 illustrates a block diagram of integrated WLAN-PS and SPS system, in which the expected error of each system is calculated using conventional method and the results are provided to integrated error estimation system device 1411. Thc integrated error estimation 1411 calculates the final expected error by considering the consistency between the reported locations by WLAN-PS and SPS. The consistency can also be determined by comparing the receiver clock bias, as discussed previously. [01671 In some embodiments, the SPS can detect that the mobile device is stationary. In general, it takes measurements fiom four SPS satellites to estimate the velocity or speed of a mobile device. The present method and system can dctennine if the mobile device is stationary by using the measurements from as few as two satellites by examining the consistency of the Doppler frequency measurements from the two or more satellites. If the device is stationary, the Doppler measurements from SPS must be fully accounted for by satellite motion relative to initial position of the device and the frequency offset of the receiver clock. The receiver clock offset can be estimated, given tie Doppler measurements from two or more satellites. The hypothesis that the user is stationary is based on the size of the residuals after the estimated receiver frequency bias is substituted in the SPS Doppler equations. 101681 By knowing that a mobile device is stationary, the hybrid system can cause the WLAN-PS to respond differently than when the device is in motion. For example, WLAN-PS can save power by updating the location less often, for example. once a minute. In addition, the WLAN-PS can consider all of the detected WLAN access points over the time interval that the mobile device is stationary and use the collective information to estimate an improved location of the mobile device. This is because the WLAN-PS can obtain a better estimate of the received signal strength from an access point and better mitigate power fluctuation due to multi-path when user is stationary. Multipath is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths and causes power to fluctuate, and it is a known phenomena by experts in the radio propagation field. 101691 Figure 15 illustrates stationary user detection based on two or more satellites. [01701 If the mobile device 1503 detects two or more satellites, 1501, 1502 one can determine that the mobile device is stationary or moving from Doppler measurement of the received signal from satellites. -31- 101711 The first step is finding a rough location of the mobile device 1503. which can be calculated by WLAN-PS. This rough estimate of location of the mobile device can be provided by other positioning technologies as well. The rough estimation of the location of the mobile device can have an error of up to about a couple of kilometers although accuracy of rough estimation of location by WLAN-PS is maximum couple of hundred meters. [01721 The mobile device can acquire a signal from at least two satellites, which are shown with satellites 1501 and 1502 in Figure 15. The mobile device also knows the velocity of the satellites at the exact time of signal acquisition. In other words, if the mobile device 1503 acquires a signal from satellites 1501 and 1502 at time t, the velocity of the satellites at time t also is known by the mobile device. The mobile device 1503 can determine the velocity of the acquired satellites 1501 and 1502 by decoding the messages received from the satellites, as all satellite broadcasts its velocity at any moment of time. The mobile device can also receive satellite velocity from other sources, for example, a cellular network. [01731 Velocity is a vector with magnitude and direction, and it was shown with velocity of V, and V 2 for satellites 1501 and 1502, respectively. Doppler frequency due to satellite movement is calculated based on velocity. The simplified equation to find Doppler frequency for each satellite is as follows: (I) 101741 The X is wavelength of SPS radio wave and it is known for any SPS system, andjh is the Doppler frequency. 101751 The mobile device measures the frequency of the received signal from each satellite. Since the transmit frequency of each satellite is known, the mobile device can measure the difference between the frequency of the received signal and the transmitted signal. The difference between received and transmitted frequency are denoted byf,,, and fl 1 for satellites 1501 and 1502, respectively. -32- 101761 If thc mobile device frequency offset of the internal clock isf, and the velocity of the mobile device 1503 is v,, the measured frequency from each satellite is calculated ts follows: fL, cos(a,)+f, +--cos(i)= f,. (2) f11 cos(a,) + +-'-cos($ 2 )= [01771 The angles i., and at2 are between the velocity vector of the satellites and the lines connecting the mobile device to the satellites for satellite 1501 and 1502, respectively. The mobile device can calculate the angles based on the devices location, the location of the satellites, and the velocity vector of the satellites. If the mobile device is stationary, the above equations are rewritten as follows: f cos(a, )+ f, =(3 (3) f112 cos(a2) = f 101781 The only unknown for the mobile device in these equations isf;, and it can be found from each satellite equation independently. If the mobile device is stationary, the values offo from all the acquired satellites are going to be the same. In other words, if the values offi, from equations for all the acquired satellites are not the same, the mobile device is not stationary. 101791 Another embodiment of the disclosed subject matter relates to a method for providing characteristics of the environment of a mobile device by using WLAN-PS. WLAN APs arc stationary radio transceivers with relatively small coverage, which are surveyed for positioning purposes. During the survey process, one of the characteristics associated with the WLAN AlPs can be characteristics of the environment. Then the detected WLAN access points by a mobile device are used collectively to determine the environment in which a mobile device is operating. The environmental characteristics can be considered as attributes of WLAN access points. for example, density of buildings -33near the AP height of buildings near AP, and whether the AP is in an urban canyon, urban, or suburban location. The data on the environmental characteristics of the access points can reside in the reference database of the access points and can be obtained there by the user device. The granularity of the area, which is characterized by WLAN access points, can be different, and it can be as small as a building or as big as a neighborhood. Environmental information can be used by SPS, WLAN-PS, and also an integrated solution of both systems to adjust the systems approach to position acquisition and/or for power management. For example, knowledge of the fact that a mobile device is in an urban canyon environment might cause the hybrid system to rely on WLAN-PS alone, while in a suburban environment, SPS might be considered as the primary source of estimation of position and other attributes of the mobile device. [01801 Another embodiment of the disclosed subject matter and system provides a method to maintain the stability of the internal clock of a SPS receiver by using the WLAN APs. This can be accomplished by measuring known time intervals of the signal transmitted by a WLAN device equipped with a stable clock. Maintaining the internal clock stability of a SPS receiver is important for position determination. For example, it can help in acquiring satellite signals faster, being able to operate at lower power, and also providing a fix (location estimation) with fewer satellites. A WLAN standard defines constant time intervals, including, but not limited to, some packet headers. some fields in some packets, as in WLAN 802.11 standard DIFS (DCF Inter Frame Space), SIFS (Short Inter Frame Space), or slot duration, and a mobile device can use these known time intervals to measure its internal clock bias over time and maintain its stability. 101811 There might be WLAN access points with different clock stability. In this case, data identifying the access points which are equipped with a stable clock can be considered as part of characteristics of the WLAN AP and/or the characteristics can reside in the access point data base and can be obtained from there. [01821 In addition to providing initial position and clock information, the WLAN positioning system can provide clock updates to the WLAN-cnabled SPS receiver. Every SPS receiver is equipped with an internal oscillator in order to maintain its indication of GPS clock information. However, because these oscillators are imperfect at maintaining an exact measurement of time, the clocks internal to the SPS receivers drift. This clock -34drift can. cause position estimation errors. By the WLAN-PS providing the correct GPS clock information to the SPS system, the WLAN positioning system facilitates avoiding such position estimation errors. Furthermore, because the SPS receivers are able to maintain a highly accurate measure of the GPS clock information, they can operate at relatively lower signal to noise ratio (SNR) values in the position estimation calculations. Maintaining SPS timing by SPS receiver reduces time uncertainty of received signals from satellites. Therefore, it is easier to extract signal from noise, and SPS receiver can detect weaker signal and operate in harsher locations in temis of SPS signal. Thus aspects of the method allow SPS receivers to operate in areas having less that ideal SPS signal conditions. 101831 Another embodiment of the present disclosure relates to using WLAN municipal networks to increase the accuracy of SPS receiver estimations by providing initial timing and location information to the SPS receiver. WLAN municipal networks arc city wide WLAN networks which are installed in city by city officials or under their supervision to provide wireless connection using WLAN technology. Aspects of this method and system of improving SPS receiver position estimation accuracy by using WLAN municipal network data consists of the following items: 101841 In order to assist the SPS position estimation by providing GPS clock information, the municipal WLAN access points should be synchronized with the GPS clock. WLAN access points of a municipal network can be synchronized with the GPS clock by using one of the following methods as examples: (1) use ofSPS enabled WLAN APs where each WLAN AP in a municipal network can be equipped with a device which extracts the GPS clock information from GPS radio signals, (2) use of centralized clock distribution entity synchronized where the GPS clock information can be extracted at one place and then distributed to all the WLAN APs in the municipal network, and (3) use of a high quality oscillator in WLAN AP. An oscillator is used to measure time and maintain synchronization with the GPS clock. As long as the quality of the WLAN AP oscillator is higher than the SPS receiver oscillator, the timing provided by the WLAN A P is going to be higher than the SPS receiver. Therefore, the SPS receiver can use WLAN AP to maintain its timing better than using its internal clock. The single module that extracts the CPS clock information (herein "Clock Distribution Entity") is the only -35- C VWRPonbrfDCC\DERM 109049.1 DOC-24/01/2012 - 36 unit and only place which extracts the GPS clock information and then provides timing to all the WLAN access points in the network. [01851 Further, when the WLAN receiver is integrated into the SPS receiver the SPS receiver can use the WLAN receiver to extract timing information from the signals received from WLAN access points of WLAN municipal networks. While the idea of providing initial timing to SPS receiver has been explained for WLAN municipal networks, it can be applied to any WLAN network which is synchronized to a GPS clock. [01861 Upon review of the description and embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art will understand that modifications and equivalent substitutions may be performed in carrying out the invention without department from the essence of the invention. Thus the invention is not meant to be limiting by the embodiments described explicitly above and is limited only by the claims which follow. Further, the features of the disclosed embodiments can be combined, rearranged, etc., within the scope of the invention to produce additional embodiments. 101871 The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates. [01881 Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" and "comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

Claims (8)

1. A method of determining an expected error in a location determination of a wireless local area network based positioning system (WLAN-PS) and satellite positioning system (SPS) enabled device, the method comprising: determining a WLAN-PS location estimate and an expected error estimate for the WLAN-PS location estimate; obtaining SPS measurements from at least two satellites but less than four satellites of the SPS, the SPS measurements being sufficient to determine a region of multiple possible location estimates but not an individual location estimate for the device; and adjusting the expected error of the WLAN-PS location estimate based on an evaluation of consistency of the SPS measurements to the WLAN-PS location estimate, wherein consistent measurements between the WLAN-PS location estimate and the SPS measurements cause an adjustment to a lower expected error in the WLAN-PS location estimate, and inconsistent measurements between the WLAN-PS location estimate and the SPS measurements cause an adjustment to a higher expected error in the WLAN-PS location estimate.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein consistency of the measurements comprises a distance between the WLAN-PS location estimate and the region of multiple possible location estimates determined by the SPS measurements.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein consistency of an internal SPS receiver clock for the WLAN-PS location estimate is used as an indication of consistency between the WLAN-PS location estimate and the SPS measurements.

4. A system for determining an expected error in a location determination of a wireless local area network based positioning system (WLAN-PS) and satellite positioning system (SPS) enabled device, the system comprising: a WLAN-PS module for receiving information from one or more wireless local area network (WLAN) access points to calculate a WLAN-PS location estimate; -QaCrn-C-VOVCn\NKronlI-,LUWZX)j4 U\.AOC-jI /0MUj4 -38 a SPS module for obtaining SPS measurements from at least two different satellites but less than four satellites, the SPS measurements being sufficient to determine a region of multiple possible location estimates but not an individual location estimate for the device; and logic for determining an expected error of the WLAN-PS location estimate by evaluating consistency of the SPS measurements to the WLAN-PS location estimate wherein consistent measurements between the WLAN-PS location estimate and the SPS measurements cause a lower expected error in the WLAN-PS location estimate, and inconsistent measurements between the WLAN-PS location estimate and the SPS measurements cause a higher expected error in the WLAN-PS location estimate.

5. The system of claim 4, wherein consistency of the measurements comprises the distance between the WLAN-PS location estimate and the region of multiple possible location estimates determined by the SPS measurements.

6. The system of claim 4, wherein consistency of an internal SPS receiver clock of the SPS module for the WLAN-PS location estimate is used as an indication of consistency between the WLAN-PS location estimate and the SPS measurements.

7. A method of determining an expected error in a location determination of a wireless local area network substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

8. A system for determining an expected error in a location determination of a wireless local area network substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.