AU2009329365A1 - Non-human transgenic animals expressing humanised antibodies and use thereof - Google Patents
Non-human transgenic animals expressing humanised antibodies and use thereof Download PDFInfo
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- AU2009329365A1 AU2009329365A1 AU2009329365A AU2009329365A AU2009329365A1 AU 2009329365 A1 AU2009329365 A1 AU 2009329365A1 AU 2009329365 A AU2009329365 A AU 2009329365A AU 2009329365 A AU2009329365 A AU 2009329365A AU 2009329365 A1 AU2009329365 A1 AU 2009329365A1
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Classifications
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- A01K67/027—New or modified breeds of vertebrates
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- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/027—New or modified breeds of vertebrates
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- A01K67/027—New or modified breeds of vertebrates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
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- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
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- C12N15/8509—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells for producing genetically modified animals, e.g. transgenic
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
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- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/01—Animal expressing industrially exogenous proteins
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- C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
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Description
WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 NON-HUMAN TRANSGENIC ANIMALS EXPRESSING HUMANISED ANTIBODIES AND USE THEROF FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to improved methods for the derivation and selection using transgenic non-human mammals of a diverse repertoire of functional, affinity 5 matured tetrameric immunoglobulins comprising heavy and light chains in response to antigen challenge and uses thereof. In particular, the present invention relates to a non-human mammal, preferably a mouse, engineered such that either its ability to generate endogenous mouse kappa and/or lambda light chain immunoglobulins is substantially reduced, or the ability of 10 light chains to complex with heavy chain is reduced, eliminated or blocked. The non human mammals of the invention also have a reduced ability to generate functional endogenous mouse heavy chains. Thus, their ability to form functional immunoglobulin tetramers comprising re-arranged heavy and light chains produced from said mutated loci has been substantially reduced or eliminated. Methods of 15 generating such mammals and methods of using such mammals to generate human tetrameric antibodies and hybrid tetrameric antibodies using immunoglobulin heavy and light chain transgenes are also described. In the following description, all amino acid residue position numbers are given according to the numbering system devised by Kabat et al. (1991) US Public Health 20 Services publication No 91-3242. BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION Antibodies The structure of antibodies is well known in the art. Most natural antibodies are tetrameric, comprising two heavy chains and two light chains. The heavy chains are 25 joined to each other via disulphide bonds between hinge domains located approximately half way along each heavy chain. A light chain is associated with each heavy chain on the N-terminal side of the hinge domain. Each light chain is normally bound to its respective heavy chain by a disulphide bond close to the hinge domain. When an antibody molecule is correctly folded, each chain folds into a number of 30 distinct globular domains joined by more linear polypeptide sequences. For example, the light chain folds into a variable (VL) and a constant (C, or Cx) domain. Heavy WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 2 chains have a single variable domain VH, a first constant domain (CHI), a hinge domain and two or three further constant domains. The heavy chain constant domains and the hinge domain together form what is generally known as the constant region of an antibody heavy chain. Interaction of the heavy (VH) and light (VL) chain variable 5 domains results in the formation of an antigen binding region (Fv). Interaction of the heavy and light chains is facilitated by the CHI domain of the heavy chain and the C or Ck domain of the light chain. Generally, both VH and VL are required for antigen binding, although heavy chain dimers and amino-terminal fragments have been shown to retain activity in the absence of light chain (Jaton et al. (1968) Biochemistry, 7, 10 4185-4195). Generally the proportion of circulating k light chain is low, representing perhaps 2-5% of the total light chain complexed as a tetrameric immunoglobulin in plasma (Goldsby et al. (2003) Immunology, 5th edition, W.H. Freeman & Co NY). The in vitro manipulation of heavy chain immunoglobulin genes to construct novel antibodies was first described in the 1980s. Much of the early antibody engineering 15 work used a rearranged mouse immunoglobulin p gene (IgM) raised against a well characterised antigen. A feature of this antibody was that antigen binding specificity was known to reside in the VH domains, since assembly and secretion with an irrelevant light chain showed retention of antigen binding (Neuberger and Williams (1986) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., A317, 425-432). Using this system, it was shown 20 that a mouse antigen-specific VH binding domain could be used to derive a novel antibody comprising a human & constant effector region fused to a mouse antigen specific VH domain. The resulting hybrid IgE retained antigen specificity and showed effector activity expected of an IgE (Neuberger et al. (1985) Nature, 314, 268-270). Other literature examples of heavy chain engineering include: hybrid mouse-human 25 antibody genes encoding mouse VH human / IgA or IgG antibody fusions which retain anti-phosphocholine activity (Morrison et al. (1984) PNAS, 81, 6851-6855); an anti carcinoma-associated antigen 17-1A antibody comprising mouse VH and human IgG (y3) constant region (Sun et al. (1987) PNAS, 84, 214-218); and an anti-human T-cell antibody (anti CD7) comprising human IgG (yl) constant region and mouse VH 30 domains (see Heinrich et al. (1989) J. Immunol., 143, 3589-97). Normal human B cells contain a single immunoglobulin heavy chain locus on chromosome 14 from which the gene encoding a heavy chain is produced by rearrangement. In the mouse, the heavy chain locus is located on chromosome 12. A WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 3 normal heavy chain locus comprises a plurality of V gene segments, a number of D gene segments and a number of J gene segments. Most of a VH domain is encoded by a V gene segment, but the C terminal end of each VH domain is encoded by a D gene segment and a J gene segment. VDJ rearrangement in B-cells, followed by affinity 5 maturation, provides each VH domain with its antigen-binding specificity. Sequence analysis of normal H 2
L
2 tetramers derived from a heavy chain immunoglobulin comprising a single V segment demonstrates that diversity in response to antigen challenge results primarily from a combination of VDJ rearrangement and somatic hypermutation (Xu and Davies (2000) Immunity, 13, 37-45). There are over 50 10 human V gene segments present in the human genome of which only 39 are functional. In normal diploid antibody-producing B-cells, each cell produces an antibody tetramer (H 2
L
2 ) from a single set of heavy and light chain antibody loci. The other set of loci are not used productively as the result of a process called allelic exclusion (Singh et al. (2003) J. Exp. Med., 197, 743-750 and references therein). 15 Fully human antibodies (H 2
L
2 ) can now be derived from transgenic mice in response to antigen challenge. Such transgenic mice generally comprise a single human heavy chain immunoglobulin locus and a separate human light chain immunoglobulin locus. The corresponding endogenous mouse heavy chain, kappa light chain and, optionally, lambda light chain loci coding sequences are deleted or partially deleted. Thus, only 20 human antibodies comprising a kappa light chain are produced in a low background of mouse/human antibodies comprising a human heavy chain and a mouse lambda light chain (W090/04036; W093/12227; W098/24893; US5877397, US5814318 and US6162963). The deletion of segments of all endogenous murine heavy and light chain immunoglobulin genes to eliminate endogenous heavy and light chain gene 25 expression completely has been achieved but remains technically demanding, particularly if the elimination of all lambda light chain coding sequence is deemed necessary. Elimination of the murine lambda light chain coding sequence has been achieved through the complete deletion of all functional V and J gene segments and the Cl, C2 and C3 constant regions of the lambda locus, resulting in a mouse with a 30 silenced lambda light chain locus (see EP1399559). A different approach is to limit mouse B-cell development and immunoglobulin secretion by disruption of membrane exons of the gene encoding the murine heavy chain gene. Thus, whilst the endogenous murine heavy chain gene is functional, in WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 4 that it is transcribed and undergoes VDJ rearrangement in response to antigen challenge, since the IgM is never expressed on the cell surface of pre-B cells, further development is arrested, resulting in a non-productive response to antigen challenge (Kitamura et al. (1991) Nature, 350, 423-426), even though both endogenous mouse 5 kappa and lambda light chain genes remain structurally intact and functional (Tuaillon (2000) Molecular Immunology, 37, 221-23 1). Where endogenous mouse heavy chain and light chain gene loci remain functional, any additional introduced immunoglobulin heavy chain transgene is also regulated by allelic exclusion, so that some B-cells functionally express mouse heavy and light 10 chain loci only and others human heavy chain loci only and mouse light chain loci (Nussenzweig et al. (1987) Science, 236, 816-819). In any single non-human transgenic animal, there is a highly diverse population of B-cells expressing antibodies derived from potentially all immunoglobulin loci in response to disparate antigen challenge. The subsequent selection of antigen-specific antibodies using 15 established hybridoma technology using HAT selection (Davis et al. (1982) J. Immunol. Methods, 50, 161-171) does not distinguish between hybridomas expressing one as opposed to another heavy chain immunoglobulin locus. Regulatory elements present in immunoglobulin heavy chain transgenes comprise essential tissue-specific enhancer elements to ensure B-cell specific expression in a 20 copy number dependent manner. The presence of a 5' intronic enhancer and the 3' LCR ensures that transgenes are active at all stages of B-cell maturation (Guglielmi et al. (2003) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1642, 181-190). The inclusion of heavy and light chain specific LCRs in the transgene loci ensures not only that expression is B-cell specific, but that expression occurs irrespective of the site of integration into the 25 genome (W090/10077, Mills et al. (1997) J. Exp. Med., 186, 845-858 and Pettersson et al. (1997) Immunobiol., 198, 236-248)). Thus, provided an LCR is present, every transgene is functional irrespective of its position in the genome. In the event that the LCR present on the transgene is partially deleted, the chromatin surrounding the transgene is only partially open to transcription at any point in time, leading to 30 positional effect mosaic expression, and so limited levels of expression of the transgene across the target tissue (Festenstein et al. (1996) Science, 23, 271 (5252):1123-5; Milot et al. (1996) Cell, 87(1), 105-14) WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 5 An alternative approach for the production of human immunoglobulins in a mouse background is to replace murine immunoglobulin gene segments with the homologous gene segments from humans. Thus, if only the mouse V, D and J gene segments are replaced by human homologues, a functional mouse/human hybrid antibody 5 comprising human VH and VL domains and mouse constant (effector) regions will result following antigen challenge (W094/04667). If all murine gene segments are replaced by human homologues, then an entirely human immunoglobulin will result following antigen challenge (US6596541). One perceived advantage of this approach is that, provided only coding regions are exchanged, then the resultant transgene 10 retains all mouse regulatory elements, so ensuring maximal response to antigen challenge. This approach provides high serum titres of high affinity human antibodies or mouse/human hydrid antibodies depending on the final configuration of the transgenes. In reality, however, the replacement of all the individual V, D and J segments in the mouse genome by homologous recombination is a long and arduous 15 task. Similarly, the construction of a heavy chain transgene comprising all 39 functional human V, D and J segments with constant (effector) regions is technically very demanding. Therefore, there remains a need in the art for methods not dependent on the deletion of large segments of genomic DNA, or multiple deletions, which allow for (i) the 20 simplified generation of mice either with a substantially reduced ability to express endogenous heavy and light chain immunoglobulin genes in a B-cell specific manner in response to antigen challenge, or which express endogenous immunoglobulin heavy and/or light chain genes in B-cells following antigen challenge but encode immunoglobulin heavy and light chain proteins which lack the ability to assemble as 25 functional immunoglobulin tetramers, resulting in a non-productive response to antigen challenge; (ii) simplified and reproducible methods for the construction and B-cell-specific expression, of multiple heavy chain transgenic loci which may collectively comprise all 39 human V gene segments, but individually comprise preferred smaller groups of V gene segments, each in combination with all D and J 30 gene segments and some or all constant (effector) regions, and whose functional expression is antigen dependent and ultimately determined by allelic exclusion; and (iii) the ability to select against hybridomas expressing residual endogenous mouse immunoglobulins and to select for hybridomas expressing and secreting assembled WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 6 immunoglobulin tetramers comprising the full V segment repertoire present on the heavy chain transgenic loci, or alternatively to select for hybridomas which express a subset of V gene segments present on one as opposed to another heavy chain transgene locus. 5 THE INVENTION According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a non-human mammal containing an endogenous lambda light chain gene locus, an endogenous kappa light chain gene locus and an endogenous heavy chain gene locus, each of which can re-arrange so that immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes are formed 10 and expressed in B-cells following antigen challenge but said loci have been mutated so that the ability to form functional immunoglobulin tetramers comprising re arranged heavy and light chains produced from said mutated loci has been substantially reduced or eliminated. In the non-human mammal, at least one of the endogenous lambda light chain gene 15 locus, the endogenous kappa light chain gene locus and the endogenous heavy chain gene locus may have been mutated by the introduction of a frame shift mutation, a polypeptide-encoding sequence and/or one or more stop codons into the or each endogenous locus. The mutation is preferably an insertion of less than than 50 nucleotides. 20 In the non-human mammal, the expression of at least one of the endogenous lambda light chain gene locus, the endogenous kappa light chain gene locus and the endogenous heavy chain gene locus may have been substantially reduced by elimination of part or all of the LCR in the or each locus. Preferably, the introduction is in the endogenous kappa light chain gene locus. 25 Alternatively, the introduction is in the endogenous lambda light chain gene locus. In another alternative, the introduction is in the endogenous kappa light chain gene locus and the endogenous lambda light chain gene locus. The introduction may also be in the endogenous heavy chain gene locus. The introduction may in a further alternative be in the endogenous kappa light chain 30 gene locus and in the endogenous heavy chain gene locus.
WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 7 The introduction may in a yet further alternative be in the endogenous lambda light chain gene locus and in the endogenous heavy chain gene locus. The introduction may in an even further alternative be in the endogenous lambda light chain gene locus, in the endogenous kappa light chain gene locus and in the 5 endogenous heavy chain gene locus. Preferably, there is an introduction, as defined in above, in the endogenous kappa light chain gene locus and there is a partial or complete LCR deletion, as defined above, in the endogenous lambda gene locus. If desired, the endogenous heavy chain gene locus may be mutated such that heavy 10 chain gene rearrangement, mRNA transcription and protein synthesis occurs but that B-cell activation is blocked. Preferably, the non-human mammal as defined above comprises a transgene comprising one or more heterologous kappa light chain gene loci and associated B cell specific regulatory elements. 15 The non-human mammal may further comprises a transgene comprising one or more heterologous lambda light chain gene loci and associated B-cell specific regulatory elements. In the non-human mammal as defined above, the transgene may comprise a heterologous light chain gene locus comprises a dominant selective marker gene. 20 The non-human mammal as defined above may also comprise a transgene comprising one or more one or more heterologous heavy chain gene loci and associated B-cell specific regulatory elements. If desired, the non-human mammal may comprise two or more transgenes comprising two or more different heterologous heavy chain gene loci and associated B-cell 25 specific regulatory elements. In the non-human mammal the or each transgene may comprise a heterologous heavy chain gene locus comprises a dominant selective marker gene. In the non-human mammal, each heterologous heavy chain gene locus may comprise a CTCF binding sites.
WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 8 Preferably, the non-human mammal comprises a transgene comprising a heterologous kappa light chain gene locus and a transgene comprising one or more heterologous heavy chain loci. Alternatively, the non-human mammal may comprise a transgene comprising a 5 heterologous lambda light chain gene locus and a transgene comprising one or more heterologous heavy chain loci. In a further alternative, the non-human mammal may comprises a transgene comprising a heterologous kappa light chain gene locus, a transgene comprising a lambda light chain gene locus and a transgene comprising one or more heterologous 10 heavy chain gene loci. Preferably, each heterologous locus incorporates a cognate LCR. Each heterologous locus is preferably a human locus. However, each heterologous locus may be a hybrid locus comprising variable regions and constant regions derived from more than one species, such as a hybrid locus 15 comprising human variable regions and rat or murine constant regions. The non-human mammal may comprise groups of transgenes comprising different groups of different heterologous heavy chain gene loci, wherein each group of transgenes comprises a different dominant selective marker gene. Alternatively, the non-human mammal may comprise transgenes comprising 20 heterologous light chain loci and transgenes comprising heterologous heavy chain loci, wherein transgenes comprising heterologous light chain loci and transgenes comprising heterologous heavy chain loci each comprise a different dominant selective marker gene. The non-human mammal is preferably a rodent, such as a mouse. 25 According to a second aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing an antigen-specific heterologous monoclonal antibody comprising: (a) immunising a non-human transgenic mammal of any of the preceding claims with the antigen; (b) - preparing hybridomas or immortalised B-cell lines each of which produces a 30 monoclonal antibody from the B-cells of the immunised transgenic mammal; WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 9 (c) optionally selecting at least one hybridoma or immortalised B-cell line expressing the heterologous antibody by use of the dominant selective marker genes present in the transgenes comprising the heterologous immunoglobulin light chain and heavy chain loci; and 5 (d) selecting at least one hybridoma or immortalised B-cell line which produces an antibody which binds specifically to the antigen. According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of deriving a mammalian, preferably human, antibody from a hybrid antibody comprising: 10 (a) carrying out the method as described above; (b) selecting at least one hybridoma or immortalised B-cell line which produces an antibody which binds specifically to the antigen and comprises VH and VL binding domains of the species of choice; (c) cloning and sequencing the VH and VL domains; 15 (d) recloning selected sequences comprising the VH and VL binding domain coding sequences with constant effectors domains of choice from the same species; and (e) co-expressing the recloned sequences encoding heavy and light chain polypeptides of the desired species using an expression vector in a cell type of choice. 20 According to a yet further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for the production of the non-human mammal as defined above comprising mutating the endogenous heavy chain gene locus, the endogenous kappa light chain gene locus, and optionally the endogenous lambda light chain gene locus in a mammalian progenitor cell and producing a mammal from said progenitor cell, wherein the 25 mutation is such that, in the mammal, each locus can re-arrange so that immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes are formed and expressed in B-cells following antigen challenge but the ability to form functional immunoglobulin tetramers comprising re-arranged heavy and light chains produced from said mutated loci has been substantially reduced or eliminated. 30 Preferably, the progenitor cell is a non-human embryonic stem cell. The non-human mammal is preferably a rodent, such as a mouse.
WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 10 The present invention also provides use of antigen-specific, heterologous, functional immunoglobulin tetramers, preferably human, derived using a non-human mammal or the method as defined above as medicaments, diagnostics or reagents. The present inventors have surprisingly overcome the limitations of the prior art, 5 through the development of simplified methods for the production of non-human mammals, particularly mice, wherein the functional expression of endogenous kappa and/or lambda light chain genes has been substantially reduced through either the constant regions being rendered non-functional as a result of a small insertional event preferably in the kappa constant region and/or lambda constant region, leading to a 10 frame-shift or premature termination of mRNA translation, or elimination of part or all of the cognate endogenous LCR This contrasts with alternative strategies requiring the functional silencing of endogenous immunoglobulin light chain genes by complete or partial deletion of some or all light chain gene coding sequence. The strategies described can be equally well applied to immunoglobulin heavy chain 15 gene loci. Thus, for instance, complete or partial deletion of the LCR will result in a substantial reduction of heavy chain gene expression. The introduction of sequences leading to a frame-shift or premature termination of mRNA translation preferably in the CHI domain of the ptC region, but alternatively in the CHI region of all immunoglobulin isotype constant regions, will substantially reduce, eliminate or 20 block the formation of immunoglobulin tetramers with light chains. Similarly, as previously described, if IgM expression on the cell surface of pre-B cells is blocked in vivo by premature termination of mRNA translation, then further development is arrested, resulting in a non-productive response to antigen challenge (Kitamura et al. (1991) Nature, 350, 423-426). The introduction of a heavy chain immunoglobulin 25 transgene rescues B-cell expansion and functional immunoglobulin tetramers comprising transgene-encoded heavy chain and endogenous murine light chains circulate in the plasma. Thus, the ability of the endogenous light chain loci and/or heavy chain loci to produce heavy and light chains that interact and form functional immunoglobulin tetramers 30 can be eliminated or substantially reduced following the introduction of a frame shift mutation, leading to the synthesis of, irrelevent protein sequence, generally accompanied by premature termination of protein synthesis due to the presence of out-of-frame stop codons.
WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 11 This can be achieved by the insertion of foreign DNA or a small deletion of DNA in or upstream of heavy or light chain polypeptide sequences responsible for the formation of functional immunoglobulin tetramers. The preferred approach is to insert new sequence. Effective insertional events designed either to cause a frame 5 shift in the amino acid coding sequence, resulting in the premature termination of translation of the encoded mRNA, can be limited to the introduction of a single nucleotide. Thus, the insertion of one or more nucleocleotides within the coding region may lead to a frameshift. Alternatively the insertion of in-frame sequence encoding additional peptide sequences comprising a stop codon will also result in the 10 synthesis of a truncated protein (US5591669). Targeted insertional events may also include the introduction of selective marker genes and other functionalities, provided that all the endogenous sequence is retained and the resulting fusion protein disrupts the formation of immunoglobulin tetramers, or the presence of one or more in-frame stop codon(s) leads to premature termination of mRNA translation, resulting in the 15 synthesis of a truncated protein unable to form functional immunoglobulin tetramers. Preferably, insertional events are in immunoglobulin K light chain constant regions. Optionally, insertional events are in immunoglobulin K and/or k light chain constant regions. In practice, insertions may comprise any recombinase recognition site(s) such as a lox site. This alone may lead to a frame shift. The inclusion of additional 20 nucleotides to ensure a frameshift, or codons for one or more stop codons, may also add to the effectiveness of the inserted sequence in the disruption of heavy and light chain dimerisation through the interaction of the heavy chain CHI domains and the light chain K and/or k constant regions. An insertion can comprise a single nucleotide, and is preferably less than 50 nucleotides. The insertion may result in 25 only a frameshift, but preferably is designed such that one or more stop codons results in premature termination of mRNA translation. The insertion is performed using homologous recombination using arms which flank the site of insertion. Preferably, a selective marker is included during the manipulation process and then subsequently excised, leaving the recognition sites alone plus any additional inserted sequence in 30 situ in the genome, e.g. lox sites. It will be obvious to one skilled in the art that frame shifts and the synthesis of truncated proteins can also be achieved by the deletion of one or more nucleotides in the coding sequence and the inclusion of minimal additional sequence comprising WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 12 stop codons. Preferably the insertion or deletion event occurs in the constant regions of the heavy and light chain genes and not in the multiple V, D and J regions of the endogenous loci. The preferred choice is the kappa light chain constant region. Thus, there is no dependency on large scale gene deletion strategies for the 5 elimination of endogenous immunoglobulin gene rearrangement or mRNA transcription. Identical insertional strategies can be used to inhibit the ability of endogenous heavy chain immunoglobulin to form functional tetrameric complexes with light chain through targeted insertional events within the CHI regions of heavy chain isotypes. Preferably, the expression of endogenous immunoglobulin heavy 10 chain genes is blocked at the pre-B-cell stage such that the endogenous heavy chains are not expressed on the surface of B cells and productive expression resulting from B-cell expansion is blocked, using strategies similar to those described by Kitamura et al. (1991) Nature, 350, 423-426, whilst light chain association with the functional CHI of the endogenous IgM is inhibited by an insertional event leading to the translation of 15 kappa and/or lambda light chain mRNA encoding light chain constant region(s) unable to functionally interact with the immunoglobulin heavy chain, preventing the formation of a functional endogenous immunoglobulin tetramer. Provided the functional assembly of endogenous immunoglobulin tetramers is functionally impaired, B-cell expansion with associated affinity maturation of VH 20 domains will be limited to and be dependent on the presence and expression of exogenous immunoglobulin heavy and light chain transgenes. The immunoglobulin transgenes will participate in the allelic exclusion process of the chosen non-human mammalian host in a B-cell specific manner, resulting in a productive response to antigen challenge, B-cell expansion and circulating, transgene-encoded antigen 25 specific immunoglobulin tetramers. There is also provided a non-human mammal in which endogenous lambda light chain gene expression is substantially reduced by elimination of part or all of the lambda light chain LCR and endogenous kappa light chain gene expression is substantially reduced by elimination of part or all of the kappa light chain LCR. In one 30 embodiment of the invention, only endogenous kappa light chain expression, or only lambda light chain expression, is substantially reduced by elimination of part or all of the relevant LCR.
WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 13 The endogenous light chain loci may retain functionality in that they can rearrange and be transcribed into functional mRNA, but that the levels of transcription are substantially reduced through the elimination of some or all of the endogenous LCR functionality (W090/10077). LCR functionality is removed by gene targeting 5 nuclease hypersensitive sites in mouse ES cells or, in the absence of ES cells, by cloning using either nuclear transfer (Soulter (1998) Nature, 394, 315-316) or iPS cells (see Gottweiss. and Minger (2008) Nature Biotechnology, 26, 271-272) derived from other mammalian species. Alternatively, disruption of the heavy or light chains could be achieved through targeted mutagenesis, such as zinc finger nuclease 10 technology and DNA repair (e.g http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life science/functional-genomics-and-rnai/zinc-finger-nuclease-technology). Endogenous kappa light chain gene expression may be substantially reduced by elimination of part or all of the kappa light chain LCR, and the lambda light chain gene may be functionally silenced following deletion or insertional events. 15 Endogenous lambda light chain gene expression may be substantially reduced by elimination of part or all of the lambda light chain LCR, and the kappa light chain gene may be functionally silenced following deletion or insertional events. Endogenous kappa light chain gene may be functionally silenced following LCR elimination or insertional events. 20 The invention also provides non-human mammals in which either or both endogenous kappa light chain gene expression and endogenous lambda light chain gene expression are substantially reduced by elimination of part or all of the kappa light chain LCR and/or elimination of part or all of the lambda light chain LCR. The endogenous kappa gene may be functionally silenced and endogenous lambda gene 25 activity substantially reduced by elimination of part or all of the lambda light chain LCR. Kappa light chain gene expression may be substantially reduced by elimination of part or all of the kappa light chain LCR reduced and lambda gene expression functionally silenced. 30 Only endogenous kappa light chain gene expression may be substantially reduced by elimination of the kappa chain LCR or functionally silenced by deletion or insertional events.
WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 14 The non-human mammals having functionally silenced endogenous kappa and/or lambda light chain gene expression or substantially reduced endogenous kappa and/or lambda light chain gene expression as described above may also have reduced or functionally silenced endogenous heavy chain gene expression. According to one 5 embodiment, endogenous heavy chain gene expression is reduced following the deletion of some or all nuclease hypersensitive sites which comprise the LCR or functionally silenced following deletion or insertional events in the non-human mammals of the invention. Preferably, the expression of endogenous heavy chain genes is blocked at the pre-B-cell stage such that the endogenous heavy chains are not 10 expressed on the surface of B cells and productive expression resulting from B-cell expansion is blocked using strategies similar to those described by Kitamura et al. (1991) Nature, 350, 423-426. The non-human mammals described above may further comprise one or more transgenes comprising heterologous heavy and light chain loci and associated B-cell 15 specific regulatory elements, preferably comprising cognate LCRs. In the context of the present invention, the term 'heterologous' means a nucleotide sequence or a locus as herein described which is not endogenous to the mammal in which it is located. The non-human mammal may thus comprise a transgene comprising a heterologous 20 kappa light chain locus and associated B-cell specific regulatory elements, preferably comprising an LCR and/or a transgene comprising a heterologous lambda light chain locus and associated B-cell specific regulatory elements, preferably comprising an LCR. The presence of cognate LCRs is not essential for B-cell specific expression. Their 25 inclusion within loci ensures that high level transgene expression occurs at every site of integration and is not dependent on random integration events, only some of which fortuitously occur within chromatin regions actively transcribed in B-cells. The use of cognate LCRs significantly reduces the number of transgenic animals required to be screened for antibody expression and allows the insertion of more than one gene 30 locus, with the certainty that all loci inserted will be expressed at essentially normal levels in a B-cell specific manner. Thus, the use of LCR technology, combined with the surprising observation that allelic exclusion mechanisms will discriminate WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 15 between between endogenous immunoglobulin genes and multiple competing transgenes, opens the way for the assembly of transgenic non-human mammals comprising one or more immunoglobulin heavy or light chain gene loci, each locus being of reduced V gene complexity relative to the endogenous genes and comprising 5 a relatively manageable piece of DNA (<300Kb) to assemble in vitro relative to the endogenous loci (1-2Mb). For example, the 39 functional human immunoglobulin heavy chain V gene segments may be cloned into two or more immunoglobulin heavy chain loci. Each will comprise different V gene segments, but have in common D and J gene segments, and constant (effector) regions. The inclusion of the LCR ensures 10 that each is expressed in an identical manner, irrespective of the site of integration within the genome. Thus, the inclusion of two or more small loci in this manner provides the same V gene complexity of a single, more complex gene present in a single, large gene fragment which is technically difficult to manipulate. Each heterologous light chain locus may comprise VL gene segments, J gene 15 segments and a light chain constant region segment. Preferably, the VL and J gene segments and light chain constant region segment are derived from the same mammalian source, for example rodent, pig, cow, goat or sheep. Preferably, they are of human origin. Alternatively, the heterologous light chain loci may be hybrid loci comprising 20 variable domains of mammalian origin, preferably of human origin, and constant (effector) regions from a different mammal, such as, but not limited to, mouse, rat, hamster, rabbit, pig, goat and cow. Where the host mammal is a mouse, preferably the constant regions are of rodent origin, more preferably mouse or rat. Such heterologous light chain loci comprise VL and J segments preferably from one species 25 only and a light chain constant region from another species. Where hybrid kappa light chain transgenes are contemplated, the VL and J gene segments are preferably from the same species, contributing the heavy chain V, D and J gene segments, and are preferably of human origin. The kappa light chain constant and heavy chain constant regions are also preferably derived from the same species 30 but a species different from that contributing variable domains and are preferably of rodent origin, and preferably derived from rat or mouse.
WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 16 A feature of all light chain transgenes contemplated is that, following antigen challenge, the light chain rearranges in a B-cell specific manner and that, following transcription and translation, the resulting light chain is capable of complexing with transgene-derived heavy chain immunoglobulin produced in the same B-cell. The 5 productive expression of immunoglobulin tetramers gives rise to B-cell expansion and transgene-encoded, antigen-specific tetravalent immunoglobulin complexes accumulate in serum in the absence of significant levels of endogenous immunoglobulin tetramers. Where endogenous lambda light chain expression has not been functionally 10 suppressed, then low levels of host or hybrid antibody comprising endogenous lambda light chains will be detectable. These may be discarded following screening of hybridoma supernatants. In humans, there are 36 functional kappa VL gene segments, five JL gene segments and a single kappa light chain constant region (http://imgt.cines.fr). Preferably, a 15 heterologous kappa light chain locus present in a transgene in the non-human mammal of the invention comprises one or more human VL gene segments, all human JL gene segments and a single human kappa light chain constant region. Optionally, the human kappa light chain constant region may be replaced by an alternate mammalian kappa light chain constant region, preferably of rat or mouse origin. 20 A heterologous lambda light chain locus present in a transgene in the non-human mammal of the invention preferably comprises a murine lambda LCR, and human lambda light chain V1 and V2 gene segments, human lambda J1, J2, J3 and J4 gene segments, and human lambda light chain Cl, C2, C3 and C4 constant region segments (W090/10077 and W02003/000737). Optionally, the human lambda light chain Cl, 25 C2, C3 and C4 constant region segments may be replaced by alternative lambda light chain constant regions, preferably of rat or mouse origin. A heterologous heavy chain locus present in a transgene in the non-human mammal of the invention preferably comprises a heavy chain immunoglobulin LCR, preferably of murine origin, one or more human V gene segments, one or more J gene segments 30 and one or more D gene segments. Preferably, 10 or more human different V gene segments and all human J and D gene segments are present.
WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 17 The locus also may comprise one or more human constant (effector) regions, preferably the p and y constant regions. Optionally, the human constant effector regions may be replaced by effector regions from other non-human mammals. Where the non-human mammalian host is a mouse or a rat, then preferably constant 5 (effector) regions are derived from rat or mouse. In contrast with human, the transmembrane domains of the mouse and rat B-cell receptor complex (BCR) are 100% conserved. Thus, mice transgenic for antibody loci comprising rat constant (effector) region genes should function as well as those comprising mouse constant (effector) region genes following antigen challenge, and may be superior to those 10 comprising human constant (effector) region genes (De Franco et al. (1995) Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 766, 195-201). The transgenes may comprise heavy chain, kappa and lambda light chain LCRs, preferably of mouse or human origin. LCRs which function across all mammalian species are known and may be substituted for human or mouse LCRs in the transgenes (Li et al. (1999) Trends Genet., 10, 403-8). 15 Where the generation of fully human antibodies is contemplated, cloned human antigen-specific VH and VL binding domains derived from hybrid antibodies expressed by hybridomas can be fused to human constant heavy and light chain constant regions, so deriving fully human tetrameric antibodies of any class. As a further refinement, each immunoglobulin kappa and/or lambda light chain locus 20 may also comprise a dominant selective marker gene. The dominant selective marker genes incorporated in the loci may have the same or different mechanisms of action. For the purposes of the invention, any dominant selective marker gene can be used, provided that expression of the gene confers a selective benefit to hybridomas or transformed B-cells derived from the non-human 25 transgenic mammal in the presence of a selective or toxic challenge. Typically, the dominant selective marker genes will be of prokaryotic origin and will be selected from a group which either confer resistance to toxic drugs, such as puromycin (Vara et al. (1986) NAR, 14, 4617-4624), hygromycin (Santerre et al. (1984) Gene, 30, 147 156) and G418 (Colbere-Garapin et al. (1981) 150, 1-14), or comprise genes which 30 obviate certain nutritional requirements such that their expression converts a toxic substance into an essential amino acid, for example the conversion of indole to WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 18 tryptophan or the conversion of histidinol to histidine (Hartmann and Mulligan, (1988) PNAS, 85, 8047-8051). A necessary requirement of this aspect of the invention is that the dominant selective marker is incorporated within the immunoglobulin light chain transgenic locus and is 5 co-expressed with the desired immunoglobulin light chain allele, so ensuring B-cell specific expression. Alternatively, the drug resistance gene maybe inserted into an endogenous or exogenous (transgenic) immunoglobulin locus using homologous recombination in combination with ES cells or nuclear transfer approaches (te Riele et al. (1992), PNAS, 89, 11, 5128-5132). 10 The non-human mammal may also comprise a transgene or transgenes comprising a heterologous heavy chain locus and associated B-cell specific LCR and regulatory elements. More than one different transgenic heavy chain gene locus may be present, each comprising an LCR and regulatory elements. The heavy chain gene loci, each comprising one or more V gene segments, one or 15 more D gene segments, one or more J gene segments, and one or more constant (effector) regions are introduced as transgenes, each locus comprising a cognate LCR. Each locus comprises the 5' and 3' regulatory elements necessary to drive B-cell specific expression. Each heavy or light chain locus is expressed in an essentially identical manner to the endogenous loci in response to antigen challenge, leading to 20 the circulation in mouse serum of transgene-encoded, antigen-specific affinity matured, tetrameric immunoglobulins. Preferably, each heavy chain gene locus comprises one or multiple V gene segments, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 50 , 60 or more V gene 25 segments, which may be derived from any vertebrate species, preferably a non-human mammal. Preferably, not more than 20 V gene segments are present on any single heavy chain locus. In one embodiment, each locus may comprise only one V gene segment. In one alternative of this embodiment, a number of V gene segments are present and each V 30 gene segment is different from all other V gene segments. In this embodiment, the V gene segments in any one locus may all be derived from an organism of the same species, e.g. all V gene segments may be of human origin. Alternatively, the V gene WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 19 segments in any one locus may be derived from organisms of different species, e.g. some V gene segments from human and others from sheep, cattle, rabbits, camelids or even shark. In a second alternative, each V gene segment is identical to all the other V gene segments. Irrespective of the number and nature of the V gene segments 5 present, the remaining D and J gene segments in each locus may be the same as or may be different from those in all the other loci. It is thus envisaged that the non-human mammal may contain multiple copies of a heavy chain gene locus. This has the advantage of optimising the chances that a productive re-arrangement in a B-cell will take place, thus allowing the optimal 10 production of an immunoglobulin heavy chain for antigen recognition. In another embodiment, each locus comprises multiple V gene segments. Preferably, the V gene segments are of human origin. The term 'V gene segment' encompasses any naturally occurring V gene segment derived from a vertebrate, including, but not limited to, sharks, rodents, camelids and 15 human. The V gene segment must be capable of recombining with a D gene segment, a J gene segment and a gene segment encoding a heavy chain constant (effector) region to generate an immunoglobulin heavy chain antibody capable of complexing with either a kappa or lamdba immunoglobulin light chain when the re-arranged nucleic acid is expressed in B-cells. 20 A V gene segment also includes within its scope any gene sequence encoding a natural or engineered homologue, derivative or protein fragment which is capable of recombining with a D gene segment, a J gene segment and a gene segment encoding a heavy chain constant region to generate an immunoglobulin heavy chain antibody capable of complexing with either a kappa or lambda immunoglobulin light chain 25 when the re-arranged nucleic acid is expressed in B-cells. A V gene segment may, for example, be derived from a T-cell receptor locus. Preferably, the multiple heavy chain loci of the invention comprise any number or combination of the 39 functional human V gene segments and engineered variants thereof. These may be on any number of loci, e.g. four loci comprising eight V gene 30 segments plus one locus comprising seven V gene segments; seven loci comprising four V gene segments plus one locus comprising three V gene segments; or thirty nine loci comprising one V gene segment each.
WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 20 Human V genes are classified into seven families, VHl to VH7, and the individual genes within each family numbered. The frequency at which each gene is used is dependent on the varying requirements of the particular immune response. For example, the genes of family VH3 may be preferentially used in comparison to those 5 of family VH5 when responding to bacterial antigens. Therefore, in a further preferred embodiment of the invention, groups of V gene segments which have been shown to be useful for generating an antibody response against specific antigens are grouped into separate loci, each comprising a different dominant selective marker gene. The V gene segments may be grouped according to family or they may be grouped according 10 to individual function. For example, if the V genes of family VH3 are shown to be useful for generating an immune response against bacterial antigens, then these may be used to generate a locus which is particularly useful for generating heavy chain only antibodies against bacterial antigens. Alternatively, if it is shown that several individual genes from families VH3 and VH5 are useful for generating an immune 15 response against bacterial antigens, then these may be grouped together and used to generate a locus which is particularly useful for generating antibodies against bacterial antigens. An "immunoglobulin heavy chain locus" in the context of the present invention relates to a minimal micro-locus encoding a VH domain comprising one or more V 20 gene segments, one or more D gene segments and one or more J gene segments, operationally linked to one or more gene segments encoding heavy chain constant (effector) regions. Preferably, the primary source of antibody repertoire variability is the CDR3 region formed by the selection of V, D and J gene segments and by the V D and D-J junctions. 25 The advantage of the present invention is that antibody repertoire and diversity obtained in the rearranged V, D and J gene segments can be maximised through the use of multiple immunoglobulin heavy chain gene loci in the same transgenic non human mammal by exploiting allelic exclusion. The process of allelic exclusion, which randomly chooses one of the loci to start recombination, followed by the next 30 locus if the first recombination was non-productive, etc., until a productive recombination has been produced from one of the loci, would ensure that actually all the V gene segments present in the combined loci would be part of the overall recombination process.
WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 21 To enhance the probability of all VH gene segments in any given immunoglobulin heavy chain locus participating productively in VDJ rearrangements, CTCF sites maybe interdispersed between groups of VH gene segments. The immunoglobulin locus in its normal configuration appears to have a three 5 dimensional folded structure based on distance measurements made in B cells and measuring in the direction of and through the VH region (Jhunjhunwala et al. (2008) Cell, 133, 265-279). Such a folded or looped structure explains why different VH region can be used equally efficiently even when they are arranged at very different distances from the D, J and constant region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. 10 It has also recently become clear that a folded structure formed by looping in a number of loci is mediated through a particular chromatin binding protein called CTCF. CTCF appears to be directly involved in the formation of chromatin looping as demonstrated by mutagenesis experiments (Splinter et al. (2006) Genes Dev., 20, 2349-2354). More recently it has been shown that cohesin, the protein complex that 15 holds sister chromatids together, is present at CTCF binding sites (Wendt et al. (2008) Nature, 451, 796-801). The inclusion of a number of CTCF sites from the immunoglobulin VH region (Kim et al. (2007) Cell, 128, 1231-1245; Denger, Wong, Jankevicius and Feeney (2009) J. Immunol., 182, 44-48) increases the probability that the VH region of a transgenic immunoglobulin heavy chain locus can be folded 20 properly and allow efficient usage of all the different V gene segments present in that locus. Each transgene comprising a heterologous heavy chain locus may further comprise a dominant selective marker. Preferably, the dominant selective marker is different from the dominant selective marker introduced within the kappa or lambda light chain 25 loci. For the purpose of the invention, any dominant selective marker gene can be used, provided that expression of the gene confers a selective benefit to hybridomas or transformed B-cells derived from the non-human transgenic mammal in the presence of a selective or toxic challenge. Typically, the dominant selective marker genes will 30 be of prokaryotic origin and will be selected from a group which either confer resistance to toxic drugs, such as puromycin (Vara et al. (1986) NAR, 14, 4617-4624), hygromycin (Santerre et al. (1984) Gene, 30, 147-156) and G418 (Colbere-Garapin et WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 22 al. (1981) 150, 1-14), or comprise genes which obviate certain nutritional requirements such that their expression converts a toxic substance into an essential amino acid, for example the conversion of indole to tryptophan or the conversion of histidinol to histidine (see Hartmann and Mulligan (1988) PNAS, 85, 8047-805 1). 5 A necessary requirement of the invention is that the dominant selective marker(s), if used, reside within the immunoglobulin heavy chain transgenic loci, so ensuring B cell specific co-expression. Alternatively, the drug resistance gene maybe inserted into an endogenous or exogenous (transgenic) immunoglobulin locus using homologous recombination in combination with ES cells or nuclear transfer 10 approaches (e.g. te Riele, Robanus Maandag and Berns (1992), PNAS, 89, 11, 5128 5132). The same dominant selective marker gene may be incorporated within all heavy chain loci. Alternatively, different heavy chain loci or groups of heavy chain loci may comprise different dominant selective marker genes. 15 Hybridomas or transformed B-cells, preferably transformed long-lived plasma cells (Slifka et al (1998) Immunity, 8, 363-372), derived from transgenic mice of the invention expressing tetrameric antibodies maybe selected for, free of cells expressing endogenous immunoglobulin, due to the co-expression of a functional dominant selective marker gene within the transgenic light chain loci. Furthermore, hybridomas 20 or transformed B-cell lines expressing antibodies derived from specific groups of V segments present on transgenic heavy chain loci may also be selected for due to the presence and co-expression of different dominant selective markers within heavy chain loci relative to the dominant selective markers incorporated within the light chain loci. For example, the inclusion of a puromycin resistance gene within the 25 kappa light chain transgenic locus would allow selection of all cells expressing the kappa light chain transgene. Alternatively, the inclusion of the G418 resistance gene within a heavy chain transgenic locus comprising preferred V gene segments would allow the selection of all cells expressing the preferred V gene segments. In particular, the invention provides a method of producing an antigen-specific 30 heterologous monoclonal antibody comprising: (a) immunising a non-human transgenic mammal as described above with the antigen; WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 23 (b) preparing hybridomas or immortalised B-cell lines each of which produces a monoclonal antibody from the B-cells of the immunised transgenic mammal; (c) selecting at least one hybridoma or immortalised B-cell line expressing the heterologous antibody by use of the dominant selective marker genes present in the 5 transgenes comprising the heterologous immunoglobulin light chain and heavy chain loci; and (d) selecting at least one hybridoma or immortalised B-cell line which produces an antibody which binds specifically to the antigen. The invention is now described, by way of example only, in the following detailed 10 description with reference to the following Figures. FIGURES Figure 1A: The 3' end of the mouse IgH locus. The map is copied from the IMGT database (http://imgt.cines.f). The scale is in kilobases (kb). Green squares, functional VH segments; red and yellow squares, non 15 functional VH segments; orange squares, JH segments; blue squares, constant regions. The intronic IgH enhancer and the LCR at the 3' end of the locus are not indicated. Figure IB: Strategy to disable IgH The top line shows the Ct region of the mouse with the different exons including the two exons coding for the membrane form of IgM. To the left are the J, D and VH 20 region of the locus, to the right the other constant regions starting with C8. The bottom lines show part of the amino acid sequence of the normal M1 exon after recombination. The DNA sequence shows the integration sequence. The stop codon is in red, the Spe I site in red and blue. Figure IC: Recombination in ES cells to disable Cpt 25 This figure shows two of the recombination positive clones of ES cells by PCR analysis covering the 3' side of the recombinant insert. The larger fragment corresponds to the insertion of a neo selectable marker into the Ml exon at the position indicated in Figure 5B. Figure ID: FACS analysis of the Cpt knockout mice WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 24 After the Ml exon has been interrupted by the stop codon and neo gene, the ES cells are introduced into blastocysts to obtain chimeras. These are bred to homozygosity and the blood is analyzed for the presence of B cells. The top two panels show a FACS analysis of a normal wild type mouse and a heterozygous interrupted Ml exon 5 mouse using the B cell markers B220 and CD19. The bottom two panels show two homozygous mice, which show no B220*, CD19* cells, i.e. no functional B cells. Figure 1E: Deletion of neo after breeding to recombinant mice The mice of Figure 5D are crossed with recombinase-expressing mice to delete the neo gene. The two lanes on the right show a long range PCR product over the neo 10 gene in the parent animals, the next two lanes to the left two heterozygous mice carrying a deletion of neo and a wt allele. The next four lanes lane to the left are wild type mice, while the lane furthest left show a mouse carrying a homozygous deletion of the neo gene with an inactivated M1 exon. Figure 2: A map of the mouse Ig, locus 15 The map is copied from the IMGT database (http://imgt.cines.f). The scale is in kilobases (kb). Green squares, V, segments; orange squares, JK segments; blue square, constant region; black circle K-enhancer and red circle K-LCR sequences. Figure 3: Mouse VK knockdown. Scheme to functionally inactivate the mouse Ig locus by deletion of the LCR 20 A lox neomycin resistance gene cassette is inserted by homologous recombination in ES cells replacing the 3'K-LCR (bottom line). Treatment with cre recombinase (+ cre) will remove all sequences between the lox sites, leaving a single lox site in the K locus (top line). Figure 4: A mouse C, insertion to inactivate the K locus. 25 The locus (top line) is the same as in Figure 3. The bottom shows the sequence at the 5' end of the CK exon (blue in top line) with the amino acid coding written above the bases. The GG base pair at the start is immediately flanking the splice acceptor site coding for the amino acid R after splicing. The middle line shows the insertion of a 34 basepair lox site insertion (blue and red inverted repeat sequence), which puts the 30 codon usage of the constant region out of frame and creating downstream stop codons WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 25 (e.g. TGA fat print underlined). Black circle -enhancer and red circle K-LCR sequences. Figure 5: A mouse C, insertion The locus (top line) is the same as in Figure 3. The bottom shows the sequence at the 5 5' end of the CK exon (blue in top line) with the amino acid coding written above the bases. The GG base pair at the start is immediately flanking the splice acceptor site coding for the amino acid R after splicing. The middle line shows the insertion of a 46 basepair insertion containing a lox sequence (blue and red inverted repeat sequence) and 4 stop codons, which also puts the codon usage of the constant region 10 out of frame and creating downstream stop codons (e.g. TGA fat print underlined). Black circle -enhancer and red circle K-LCR sequences. Figure 6A: A mouse C constant region stop codon and frame shift insertion The locus (top line) is the same as in Figure 3. The bottom shows part of the sequence of the C, exon (black) with the amino acid coding written above the bases. 15 The middle line shows part of the sequence of the C, coding region. The line above it shows the insertion of a 44 basepair insertion containing a lox sequence (blue and red inverted repeat sequence), 3 stop codons, which also puts the codon usage of the constant region out of frame and creating downstream stop codons (TAA). Black circle K-enhancer and red circle K-LCR sequences, the Hpa I site used for the 20 insertion is shown in red. Figure 6B: Recombination in ES cells to disable CK The gel shows the result of a PCR amplification over the insertion site of a number of the clones of the C recombination in ES cells illustrated in Figure 13A. Clones 351 and 623 are positive and will be injected into blastocysts to generate IgK negative 25 mice. Figure 7: The human IgK locus. The map is copied from the IMGT database (http://imgt.cines.f). The scale is in kilobases (kb). Green squares, functional VK segments; red and yellow squares, non functional V, segments; orange squares, JK segments; blue squares, constant region; 30 black circle K-enhancer and red circle K-LCR sequences.
WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 26 Figure 8: Generation of a hybrid human/rat Ig locus for transgenesis The 3' end of the locus is obtained from the mouse (yellow) containing the mouse K 3' enhancer (yellow). The mouse constant coding sequences are replaced with those of the rat, including its 5' enhancer obtained by long range PCR from rat genomic 5 DNA (red). The human segment downstream from V,4-1 through to the human J, sequences are obtained from the mouse (yellow) to maintain the proper spacing between the V and J regions. The human J, segments are obtained from a PAC covering this part of the human locus (green). The green squares are V" segments added individually or as a block (see text). The puromycin resistance gene present in 10 the PAC vector is in red, black circle K-enhancer and red circle K-LCR sequences. Figure 9: A map of the VH4 heavy chain locus This locus containing a neomycin selectable marker at the 5' end is used as the starting material for the construction of the human/mouse hybrid locus. This locus is built as described in W02008/035216. The scale is in kilobases. The locus contains 15 four VH regions (1-46, 3-53, 3-23, 3-11), all of the human D segments, all of the human J segments and IgG constant regions and the 3' human IgH LCR. Figure 10: Generation of a 4 VH human/rat constant region IgH locus A Ceul site present in the VH4 human locus (Figure 6) is used to generate a human/rat locus by adding the rat constant coding and switch regions that have been amplified 20 by PCR from rat genomic DNA. Similarly the mouse LCR region is amplified from mouse genomic DNA as several fragments which are first cloned together to generate the complete mouse IgH LCR. The 5' end of the human VH4 locus containing the 4 VH segments, all of the human D and all the human J segments (Figure 6). All human sequences are in blue, all mouse sequences in light green, the rat sequences in red and 25 the neomycin resistance gene is shown in purple. Figure 11: Deletion of the Igk enhancers comprising the k LCR The k locus enhancers are removed by homologous recombination using standard replacement vectors using the hygromycin resistance gene flanked by sequences homologous to the regions flanking the enhancer 2-4 and the blasticin S resistance 30 gene flanked by segments homologous to the regions flanking the 4-10 enhancer. Replacement results in a k locus that has lost the enhancers and shows decreased WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 27 expression. Hygromycin resistance gene is shown in red, the blasticin S resistance gene in orange. The mouse V, segments are in green, the J segments in yellow and the constant regions in blue. The maps are copied from the IGMT database. Figure 12: A human rat V, locus for transgenesis 5 The locus is the same as in Figure 8, but additional human V, segments have been added to the locus. The resulting locus contains all of the frequently and moderately frequently used human V, segments. Green circle and green line, murine K-enhancer and intron; red square and circle, rat K-constant region and enhancer; blue squares, human VH segments; dark blue, puromycin selectable marker. 10 Figure 13A: Generation of a human rat hybrid locus The locus is generated by ligating VH regions together to a concatemer of 17 consecutive human VH regions cloned between Scel sites. A mouse spacer region is added to a human 40 kb fragment containing all the human DH and JH segments to keep the appropriate distance between the DH and VH segments. This is followed by 15 the addition of a VH6-1 segment containing an Scel site. The concatemer is then added onto the VH 6 -1. Finally, the various rat constant regions and the murine LCR are added at the 3'side. The resulting locus contains all of the frequently and moderately frequently used human VH segments. Figure 13B: The starting construct of the human/rat IgH locus 20 The gel shows the result of the first steps of the human rat IgH locus construction after the addition of VH6-1. The lanes on the right show a NotI digest of two of the cloned plasmids. The lanes (NotI x MluI) show the plasmid in lane 1 to have the correct orientation in the vector, whereas the plasmid in lane 2 has the wrong orientation. The lane 1 plasmid is used for the next step in the generation of the locus. 25 Figure 13C: Concatemer of VH segments The gel shows an XhoI/SalI digest of a concatemer of 17 different VH regions. The marker lane contains a k phage DNA digested with BstEII. Figure 14: Transgenic human rat heavy chain immunoglobulin loci. An example of two heavy chain gene loci introduced into the same animal. Selection 30 of one as opposed to another is through allelic exclusion. Additional VH segments WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 28 could be added to each of the loci. Alternatively, additional VH segments could be introduced using further heavy chain gene loci. Obviously, the same strategy could be used to increase diversity with K or k light chain loci. Figure 15: Human/rat X transgenic light chain locus 5 An example of a human/rat locus is shown. Its 3' end is obtained from the mouse (yellow) containing the mouse k 3' LCR (yellow). The mouse constant coding sequences are replaced with those of the rat by long range PCR from rat genomic DNA (red). The human segment downstream from Vx2-14 through to the human JK sequences are obtained from the mouse (yellow) to maintain the proper spacing 10 between the V and J regions. The human J; segments are obtained by long range PCR of a human PAC covering this part of the human locus (blue). The blue squares are V? segments added individually or as a block. The hygromycin resistance gene present in the PAC vector is in purple. EXAMPLES 15 In the following examples, transgenic mice are generated that express hybrid human/rat heavy chain and light chain loci as transgenes introduced by microinjection in fertilised eggs, a routine transgenesis procedure. The egg-donating mice are modified to have no or very low expression of the endogenous mouse heavy chain genes and mouse light chain genes. There are two light chain loci in mice, for K and X 20 chains, of which k is used only in approximately 2% of the mouse H2L2 antibodies. The examples are therefore in either mice which have the IgH locus and only the endogenous K locus inactivated or in mice which have the IgH and K locus inactivated and the regulatory sequences of the X locus removed to lower the expression of the k locus even further. 25 Methodology used for the construction of heavy and light chain loci, the generation and screening of transgenic mice following antigen challenge are essentially as previously described (Janssens et al. (2006) PNAS, 10, 103(41), 15130-5, W02006/008548, W02007/096779, GB0805281.3 and the PCT application filed on 11h June 2008 claiming priority from GB0805281.3) excepting that the CHI domain 30 is retained in all heavy chain loci. General methods for deriving vertebrates, including mammals, other than mice, which express functional heterologous WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 29 immunoglobulin loci and/or have engineered endogenous loci are as described in W02006/047367. In the examples below, recombination in ES cells is used and the modified ES cells are used to generate mice with the desired properties. However, the same procedures could be carried out in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) 5 which are then used to generate mice (e.g. Boland, Hazen, Nazor, Rodriguez, Gifford, Martin, Kupriyanov and Baldwin (2009), 461, 7260, 91-4 and references therein). Alternatively, the modifications are carried out in somatic cells or somatic stem cells which are subsequently reprogrammed into iPS cells to generate modified mice. Also, modified hematopoietic stem cells could be transplanted into recipient mice 10 lacking B cells to generate human or human hybrid antibodies. Example 1 In this example, the IgH locus (Figure 1A) is inactivated by a strategy similar to that published by Kitamura and Rajewsky with the difference that the stop codon is introduced into the C. regions at a position one amino acid before that described by 15 Kitamura et al. (1991) Nature, 350, 423-426. ES (or iPS) cells were transfected with a construct that changes the second codon of the first membrane exon of the mouse 1gM gene into a stop codon. This involves routine procedure including a neo selection for transfection. A Spel site was included in the recombination sequences to be able to monitor the successful recombination (Figure 1B). ES cells are 20 subsequently screened by Southern blots to confirm successful recombinant clones. This resulted in 10 correct recombinants (e.g. Figure 1C). Of these, 3 were injected into mouse blastocysts to obtain chimeras which were subsequently bred to obtain mice that are homozygous for the IgH mutation. FACS analysis (B220 versus CD 19) of the B cells of such mice shows the absence of B cells in peripheral blood (Figure 25 1D). The mice were subsequently crossed with recombinase-expressing mice to remove the neo gene (Figure 1 E). Similarly, the mouse Ig locus (Figure 2) is inactivated or reduced by recombination in ES cells (Figure 2, 3, 4-6). The resulting K inactivated mice are crossed to the heavy chain KO mice. A knock down of the activity is achieved by replacing the 3' K gene LCR with a neo resistance marker 30 flanked by lox sites (Figure 3). The neo gene is optionally removed by treatment with recombinase. Alternatively, the K alleles could be knocked out in the IgH KO cells directly. Several different strategies can be used to achieve the K inactivation. Blocking of the activity WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 30 of the K gene can be achieved by using homologous recombination in ES cells or iPS cells to insert into the 5' end of the CK exon a neo gene flanked by lox sites (Figure 4) or by inserting a neo gene flanked by lox sites and an additional sequence coding for stop codons (Figure 5 and 6A). Treatment of the recombined ES cells with cre will 5 leave the sequence out of frame (Figure 4) or additionally contain new stop codons (Figure 5-6A). Figure 6B shows a recombination result in ES cells after transfection of the construct shown in Fig 6A, resulting in two ES cells clones that have one C, allele inactivated (5 such clones were obtained in total). The cells are treated with recombinase by a standard transient transfection with an actin-driven recombinase 10 plasmid to remove the region between the two lox sites. The cells are subsequently used to generate mice by routine methods and the progeny bred to obtain homozygous mice. Such mice comprise B-cells in which the assembly of immunoglobulin tetramers comprising kappa light chains is substantially impaired or completely blocked. 15 Next, the most frequently used V, genes of the human Ig, locus (assessed using the Ig database; http:/imgt.cines.fr/; see Figures 7, 8) are amplified by standard PCR and subcloned between XhoI/SalI sites, as described previously for human VH segments. This allows the multimerisation of the VK regions, keeping the multimer between XhoI and SalI sites. 20 Also, the 3' end of the mouse K locus, including the 3' K enhancer, and the rat constant (C,) region plus the rat 5'enhancer are cloned together (Figure 8). Next, the human J, region and the region (17 kb) from between mouse V, and JK (Fig.2) are cloned in to maintain the normal spacing between V, regions and J. Finally, the human V, are inserted into the PAC (Figure 8) containing a puromycin selectable 25 marker by routine procedures (e.g. Janssens et al. (2006), supra). In the example shown, the most frequently used V, segments (4-1, 3-11, 3-15, 3-20 and 1-39) are multimerized and ligated into the PAC vector containing the human J regions and the mouse enhancers and rat C, regions. This results in a human-rat hybrid locus consisting of a puro resistance marker gene, human VK segments and a 30 rat constant (CQ) region (Figure 8).
WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 31 In parallel, a hybrid human/rat IgH locus is constructed. Again, there are a number of possibilities in terms of starting material. In this example, the starting material is a human PAC containing 4 human VH regions, all of the human DH and JH segments and two human constant regions and the human LCR (Figure 9 and UK patent 5 application No 0905023.8). The latter PAC has a unique Ceul meganuclease site in between the J regions and the constant regions. To allow easy construction of the hybrid locus, this Ceul site is used to remove the human 3' end sequence and replace these with rat constant and switch regions (Cp, Cy3, Cyl and Cy2). These have been amplified by standard long 10 range PCR from rat genomic DNA. Finally, the mouse heavy chain LCR is added. This regulatory sequence is amplified from mouse genomic DNA in three parts, subcloned together to restore the complete LCR and added to the 3' side of the rat constant regions (Figure 10). The resulting hybrid IgH locus thus contains a neo selection marker, human V, D and J regions and rat constant regions with mouse 15 regulatory sequences. The hybrid loci inserts are subsequently isolated from the PAC as large DNA fragments and injected into fertilized mouse eggs derived from the IgH/Ig heterozygous or homozygous null mice to generate mice that are transgenic for the human/rat hybrid IgH and IgK loci. All of this is done by routine methods (e.g. 20 Janssens et al. (2006), supra). The hybrid IgH and hybrid Ig, transgenic mice are subsequently bred to obtain mice that are homozygous null for the endogenous mouse IgH and Ig expression and positive for the human/rat hybrid IgH and Ig, expression. These mice are subsequently immunized to generate antigen-specific hybrid human/rat H 2
L
2 25 antibodies by routine procedures. When generating monoclonal human/rat Igs through hybridomas, double selection in puromycin and neomycin will ensure that only myeloma fusions containing both an IgH and an IgK locus will selected for. The skilled person will appreciate that variations to this procedure may be made to generate the hybrid transgenic mice, such as the use of different vectors, different 30 selection markers, different recombination positions to inactivate the mouse genes or variations in the actual (routine) cloning strategy of the hybrid loci. The same procedure can be used to generate any normal or hybrid locus using immunoglobulin WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 32 DNA derived from any single mammalian species, or hybrid loci derived using DNA from two or more species. Example 2 This example is in principle the same as Example 1 with the exception that the high 5 frequency of obtaining IgH/Ig, H 2
L
2 antibodies is increased even further by lowering the frequency of expression of the endogenous mouse Igx locus. This can be achieved by replacing the regulatory regions of both Igx with a selectable marker (Figure 11), in this case the hygromycin resistance gene and the TK-BSD gene. The latter allows positive selection, resistance to blasticidin S (Karreman, (1998) 10 NAR, 26, (10), 2508-2510). This combination of markers allows for positive selection in the two ES cell recombinations when replacing the regulatory regions. The recombination would be carried out in the ES cells generated in Example 1 or alternatively in parallel in normal ES cells and bred into the mice described above in Example 1. 15 The resulting transgenic mice would contain the hybrid human rat IgH and IgK loci, be negative for endogenous mouse IgH and Ig, (or express C, at very low levels) and express Igx at very low levels. After immunization and the generation of hybridomas by routine methods, the hybridomas expressing only human rat hybrid H2L2 antibodies would be selected for expression of the transgenic hybrid loci by neo 20 (Figure 10) and puro (Figure 8) selection. Example 3 Example 3 is analogous to the Examples described above but the hybrid Ig, locus would be extended by the addition of V, segments that are used less frequently (Figure 12; V, 1-9, 1-33, 2-30, 2-28, 1-27, 1-5). Alternatively, mutated/modified VK 25 segments or Vx segments could be added in addition. The addition of further segements would be carried out by using the same XhoI/SalI cloning strategy described above. Immunization of mice generated in this example would allow a greater complexity in response to the immunization with antigen. The number of VL regions could be varied further by adding other V, segments or the use of 30 combinations of all of the above VL segments.
WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 33 Example 4 Example 4 is analogous to that described in the examples described above, but here the hybrid human/rat IgH locus has been generated by using 18 VH segments and 5 rat constant regions (Figure 13A; human VH 6-1, 1-2, 4-4, 2-5, 3-07, 1-8, 4-39, 3-15, 1 5 18, 3-23, 3-30, 3-33, 3-48, 4-34, 3-49, 3-53, 4-59, 1-69). First a central 70kb DJ region of the human locus is extended at the 5' end with 8 kb from the mouse IgH intron to maintain the proper distance between VH segments and the D region. Next the first VH region (6-1) of 10 kb with an artificial Scel meganuclease site is cloned at the 5' end of the mouse intron sequences (Figure 1 OB). In a separate plasmid, all the 10 remaining VH region are cloned together by slotting in Xhol/SalI VH segments as described above (Figure 10C). One could also add to these loci more VH segments or VH segments that have been modified/mutated. One can also include CTCF sites. In the example shown, three such sites have been used. They are obtained by long range PCR of the VH region including the upstream CTCF site. Furthermore, the rat Ca has 15 been added when compared to the locus in Figure 10. In this Example, immunization would allow an even greater complexity in response to the immunization with antigen, particularly in combination with Example 3. The VH multimer is cloned into the VH6-1DJ plasmid, after which the rat constant regions are added to complete the locus. 20 In all of these Examples, the complexity of the response will be enhanced even further by adding V segments as part of additional heavy or light chain transgenic loci present in the same mouse. Since all the loci are subject to allelic exclusion (see W02007/096779), only the preferred rearrangement will be selected in vivo following antigen challenge, resulting in B-cell expansion and the accumulation of antibody in 25 serum. Figure 14 shows an example of two heavy chain gene loci that can be introduced into the same animal and each will be used through allelic exclusion. Obviously, more VH segments could be added (including modified VH segments) or even more loci could be introduced to increase the complexity of the transgenic immune repertoire. The method could also be applied to other species using V 30 segments specific for these species. Example 5 In this example, the diversity of the human/rat hybrid antibody is increased even further by the addition of a human/rat Igk locus through breeding to the mice that WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 34 carry human/rat IgH and/or IgK loci described in the examples above. The human/rat hybrid k locus is generated very much as described for the human/rat IgK locus described in the previous examples. The difference is caused by the fact that Jk and CA regions occur in pairs and hence 2 rat Cx regions are cloned onto 2 human Jx 5 regions (Figure 15). The spacing between the V? and Jx segments is maintained by cloning the normal mouse sequences that occur in that position (see Figure 11). In this example, 2 human J? and rat Cx segments are used together with four human V; segments. Together, these cover more than 80% of the human IgX response. The regulatory sequences (LCR, Figure 15) are derived from the mouse to ensure optimal 10 expression, and a selectable marker is added at the 5' end of the locus. As described above, the locus is isolated as a restriction fragment and injected into fertilised eggs to generate mice carrying the transgenic k locus. In all of these examples VH, VL, D, J and constant regions from different species can be used to generate other single species antibodies or hybrid species antibodies. It 15 will also be apparent to one skilled in the art that, once an antigen-specific antibody has been identified, the VHDJ and VLJ regions regions can be cloned onto alternative constant regions from the same species or from different species by completely routine methods.
Claims (38)
1. A non-human mammal containing an endogenous lambda light chain gene locus, an endogenous kappa light chain gene locus and an endogenous heavy chain gene locus, each of which can re-arrange so that immunoglobulin heavy and light 5 chain genes are formed and expressed in B-cells following antigen challenge but said loci have been mutated so that the ability to form functional immunoglobulin tetramers comprising re-arranged heavy and light chains produced from said mutated loci has been substantially reduced or eliminated.
2. The non-human mammal of claim 1, wherein at least one of the endogenous 10 lambda light chain gene locus, the endogenous kappa light chain gene locus and the endogenous heavy chain gene locus has been mutated by the introduction of a frame shift mutation, a polypeptide-encoding sequence and/or one or more stop codons into the or each endogenous locus.
3. The non-human mammal of claim 2, wherein the mutation is an insertion of 15 less than 50 nucleotides.
4. The non-human mammal of claim 1, wherein the expression of at least one of the endogenous lambda light chain gene locus, the endogenous kappa light chain gene locus and the endogenous heavy chain gene locus has been substantially reduced by elimination of part or all of the LCR. in the or each locus. 20
5. The non-human mammal of claim 2 or claim 3, in which the introduction is in the endogenous kappa light chain gene locus.
6. The non-human mammal of claim 2 or claim 3, in which the introduction is in the endogenous lambda light chain gene locus.
7. The non-human mammal of claim 2 or claim 3, in which the introduction is in 25 the endogenous kappa light chain gene locus and the endogenous lambda light chain gene locus.
8. The non-human mammal of claim 2 or claim 3, in which the introduction is in the endogenous heavy chain gene locus.
9. The non-human mammal of claim 2 or claim 3, in which the introduction is in 30 the endogenous kappa light chain gene locus and in the endogenous heavy chain gene locus. WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 36
10. The non-human mammal of claim 2 or claim 3, in which the introduction is in the endogenous lambda light chain gene locus and in the endogenous heavy chain gene locus.
11. The non-human mammal of claim 2 or claim 3, in which the introduction is in 5 the endogenous lambda light chain gene locus, in the endogenous kappa light chain gene locus and in the endogenous heavy chain gene locus.
12. The non-human mammal of claim 1, wherein there is an introduction, as defined in claim 2 or claim 3, in the endogenous kappa light chain gene locus and there is a partial or complete LCR deletion, as defined in claim 4, in the endogenous 10 lambda gene locus.
13. The non-human mammal of any one of claims 1 to 12, in which the endogenous heavy chain gene locus is mutated such that heavy chain gene rearrangement, mRNA transcription and protein synthesis occurs but that B-cell activation is blocked. 15
14. The non-human mammal of any one of the preceding claims comprising a transgene comprising one or more heterologous kappa light chain gene loci and associated B-cell specific regulatory elements.
15. The non-human mammal of any one of the preceding claims comprising a transgene comprising one or more heterologous lambda light chain gene loci and 20 associated B-cell specific regulatory elements.
16. The non-human mammal of claim 14 or claim 15, wherein the transgene comprising a heterologous light chain gene locus comprises a dominant selective marker gene.
17. The non-human mammal of any one of the preceding claims comprising a 25 transgene comprising one or more one or more heterologous heavy chain gene loci and associated B-cell specific regulatory elements.
18. The non-human mammal of claim 17 comprising two or more transgenes comprising two or more different heterologous heavy chain gene loci and associated B-cell specific regulatory elements. WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 37
19. The non-human mammal of claim 17 or claim 18, wherein the or each transgene comprising a heterologous heavy chain gene locus comprises a dominant selective marker gene.
20. The non-human mammal of any one of the claims 17 to 19 in which each 5 heterologous heavy chain gene locus comprises a CTCF binding sites.
21. The non-human mammal of any one of claims 14 and 16 to 19 comprising a transgene comprising a heterologous kappa light chain gene locus and a transgene comprising one or more heterologous heavy chain loci.
22. The non-human mammal of any one of claims 15 to 20 comprising a transgene 10 comprising a heterologous lambda light chain gene locus and a transgene comprising one or more heterologous heavy chain loci.
23. The non-human mammal of any one of claims 14 to 22 comprising a trangene comprising a heterologous kappa light chain gene locus, a transgene comprising a lambda light chain gene locus and a transgene comprising one or more heterologous 15 heavy chain gene loci.
24. The non-human mammal of any one of claims 14 to 23, wherein each heterologous locus incorporates a cognate LCR.
25. The non-human mammal of any one of claims 14 to 24, wherein each heterologous locus is a human locus. 20
26. The non-human mammal of any one of claims 14 to 25, wherein each heterologous locus is a hybrid locus comprising variable regions and constant regions derived from more than one species.
27. The non-human mammal of claim 26, wherein each heterologous locus is a hybrid locus comprising human variable regions and rat or murine constant regions. 25
28. The non-human mammal of any one of claims 14 to 27 comprising groups of transgenes comprising different groups of different heterologous heavy chain gene loci, wherein each group of transgenes comprises a different dominant selective marker gene.
29. The non-human mammal of any one of claims 14 to 27, comprising transgenes 30 comprising heterologous light chain loci and trangenes comprising heterologous heavy chain loci, wherein transgenes comprising heterologous light chain loci and WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 38 transgenes comprising heterologous heavy chain loci each comprise a different dominant selective marker gene.
30. The non-human mammal of any preceding claim which is a rodent.
31. The non-human mammal of claim 30, which is a mouse. 5
32. A method of producing an antigen-specific heterologous monoclonal antibody comprising: (a) immunising a non-human transgenic mammal of any of the preceding claims with the antigen; (b) preparing hybridomas or immortalised B-cell lines each of which produces a 10 monoclonal antibody from the B-cells of the immunised transgenic mammal; (c) optionally selecting at least one hybridoma or immortalised B-cell line expressing the heterologous antibody by use of the dominant selective marker genes present in the transgenes comprising the heterologous immunoglobulin light chain and heavy chain loci; and 15 (d) selecting at least one hybridoma or immortalised B-cell line which produces an antibody which binds specifically to the antigen.
33. A method of deriving a mammalian, preferably human, antibody from a hybrid antibody comprising: (a) carrying out the method of claim 32; 20 (b) selecting at least one hybridoma or immortalised B-cell line which produces an antibody which binds specifically to the antigen and comprises VH and VL binding domains of the species of choice; (c) cloning and sequencing the VH and VL domains; (d) recloning selected sequences comprising the VH and VL binding domain 25 coding sequences with constant effectors domains of choice from the same species; and (e) co-expressing the recloned sequences encoding heavy and light chain polypeptides of the desired species using an expression vector in a cell type of choice. WO 2010/070263 PCT/GB2009/002781 39
34. A method for the production of the non-human mammal of any one of claims I to 31 comprising mutating the endogenous heavy chain gene locus, the endogenous kappa light chain gene locus, and optionally the endogenous lambda light chain gene locus in a mammalian progenitor cell and producing a mammal from said progenitor 5 cell, wherein the mutation is such that, in the mammal, each locus can re-arrange so that immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes are formed and expressed in B-cells following antigen challenge but the ability to form functional immunoglobulin tetramers comprising re-arranged heavy and light chains produced from said mutated loci has been substantially reduced or eliminated. 10
35. The method of claim 34, wherein the progenitor cell is a non-human embryonic stem cell.
36. The method of claim 34 or claim 35, wherein the non-human mammal is a rodent.
37. The method of claim 34 or claim 35, wherein the non-human mammal is a 15 mouse.
38. The use of antigen-specific, heterologous, functional immunoglobulin tetramers, preferably human, derived using a non-human mammal of any one of the claims 14 to 31 or the method of claim 32 or claim 33 as medicaments, diagnostics or reagents.
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GB0909208A GB0909208D0 (en) | 2009-05-28 | 2009-05-28 | Allele selection II |
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PCT/GB2009/002781 WO2010070263A1 (en) | 2008-12-18 | 2009-11-30 | Non-human transgenic animals expressing humanised antibodies and use therof |
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