AU2005301045B2

AU2005301045B2 - Disposable immunodiagnostic test system

Info

Publication number: AU2005301045B2
Application number: AU2005301045A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Uma Mahesh Babu
Original assignee: INTERNATIONAL BIO THERAPEUTIC Res Inc
Current assignee: INTERNATIONAL BIO-THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH Inc
Priority date: 2004-11-01
Filing date: 2005-11-01
Publication date: 2012-10-18
Anticipated expiration: 2025-11-01
Also published as: EP1815250A1; BRPI0516894A; WO2006047869A1; AP2007004015A0; CA2585695A1; JP5364266B2; CN101133326A; JP2008518215A; CN101133326B; CA2585695C; ZA200704512B; AU2005301045A1; EP1815250A4; MX2007005180A

Abstract

A disposable immunodiagnostic system tests for marker proteins in liquid sample analytes. It includes intimately contacting passage, protein, and absorbent layers. The passage layer is non-porous and has an aperture therethrough. The protein layer is porous and operatively enables immobilization of combinable proteins thereon, as well as passage of the analyte therethrough. The protein layer has an active surface area that is aligned with the passage layer aperture. The analyte is operatively introduced onto the protein layer through the passage layer aperture. In positive results, the marker proteins are operatively bound to the combinable proteins and immobilized relative to the protein layer. In negative results, the analyte operatively passes through the protein layer, and is absorbed by the absorbent layer. A housing may also be provided. The system is constructed of a combustible material that produces non-toxic by-products upon incineration, enabling ecologically responsible disposal after diagnostic use of the system.

Description

WO 2006/047869 PCT/CA2005/001677 DISPOSABLE IMMUNODIAGNOSTIC TEST SYSTEM FIELD OF THE INVENTION 5 The invention relates to the field of immunodiagnostic test systems, kits, and devices, and more particularly to a disposable immunodiagnostic test system for testing for the presence of marker proteins in a liquid sample analyte. 10 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Various diagnostic testing methods and kits have been used in clinical environments, such as, for example, 15 immunochromatographic assays, multi-immunoassay diagnostic systems that test for the presence of antigens and/or antibodies, assay sample analyzing devices, and rapid immunoassay test strips. Other rapid assay test devices and methodologies may be known to a greater or lesser extent in 20 the art, and these may be categorized into one of a number of formats, depending on whether the sample being tested flows through the device, and possibly also depending on the manner and/or direction of any such flow. For example, test devices may have a dipstick, a flow-through, and/or a lateral flow 25 format. There is, however, a continuing need for a test device that may provide quicker and more accurate test results, that may not require the purchase of additional specialized equipment nor the supplemental training of already 30 highly qualified testing personnel, and/or that may enable a single analyte sample to be tested on a substantially contemporaneous basis for the presence of any of a plurality WO 2006/047869 - 2 - PCT/CA2005/001677 of causative agents. There is likewise a need for an immunodiagnostic test system, kit and/or device (which may, hereinafter, simply be referred to as an "immunodiagnostic test system") that is effective and simple to use, and may be 5 quickly administered. There is also a pressing need - one that has not been adequately addressed by previous devices' - for a test system that might be readily used and/or disposed of at the "point of care" and/or "in the field" (that is, outside of 10 traditional clinical environments whether, for example, as part of a temporary outreach program, emergency response effort, in a field hospital, and/or in an actual field tending to a plant crop. or a herd of afflicted livestock). Additionally, there is a need for a test system that 15 may be manufactured and/or assembled in the field and/or in a manufacturing facility that is specifically designed for that purpose. There is also a need for such a system that might also involve lower production and packaging costs. A further need exists for a test system that may be 20 selectively adaptable to provide either qualitative and/or quantitative results, depending on user preferences and/or the nature of the test to be conducted. Previously, the disposal of "point of care" immunodiagnostic systems may have posed a significant 25 difficulty or problem for those workers given this duty. In the past, such a device (that had been potentially contaminated device following its use) would typically have been sent to a landfill for disposal, thus giving rise to a whole host of environmental costs and concerns, including the 30 potential that, over time, contaminants from the device might seep into the landfill and its surrounding regions. Landfill disposal of some currently marketed immunodiagnostic test C:WRPonbl\DCCU.GLWA144057_ .DOC.15/02/2012 -3 systems has heretofore been substantially necessitated by the fact that such systems have typically been primarily composed of materials (such as plastic) that cannot be safely burned or incinerated without generating harmful and/or toxic fumes. 5 The disposal of test systems in landfills has also typically involved additional transportation and disposal costs and efforts. Partially because of this last fact, field workers have been required to carry portable waste containers suited to securely transporting and disposing of such potentially 10 contaminated test systems. Such waste procedures may have involved sterile glassware, plastic ware, laboratory ware, and the like, as well as correspondingly stringent sterilizing and handling regimes. Accordingly, there is a continuing and acutely felt need for a test system that 15 might be readily disposed of in a simple yet ecologically responsible manner, such as, for example, by incineration over an open fire. There is also a need for a test system that may be selectively adaptable to detect for viral, fungal, 20 bacterial, and/or vector induced infections, any or all of these tests possibly being performed using a single sample. In addition to all of the foregoing, there is a need for a test system that provides visually discernable test results and/or results within a relatively short period of 25 time, such as, for example, within sixty to ninety seconds. Accordingly, the present invention seeks to obviate, mitigate, and/or address one or more of the above mentioned needs, shortcomings and/or disadvantages associated with the prior art. 30 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention, there is WO 2006/047869 4 PCT/CA2005/001677 disclosed a disposable immunodiagnostic test system for testing for the presence of marker proteins in a liquid sample analyte. The test system includes a substantially planar passage layer comprised of a first material having a 5 substantially non-porous structure that is shaped so as to define at least one aperture therethrough. The test system also includes a protein layer comprised of a second material that is adapted to enable, in an operative configuration, substantial immobilization of combinable proteins thereon. 10 The protein layer has a substantially porous structure so as to enable a portion of the liquid sample analyte to pass substantially therethrough. The protein layer is in intimate contacting relation with the passage layer so as to define an active surface area on the protein layer that is substantially 15 adjacent to, and substantially aligned with, the aperture of the passage layer. The test system also includes an absorbent layer comprised of a third material that enables absorption of at least a portion of the liquid sample analyte. The absorbent layer is in intimate contacting relation with the 20 protein layer. In the operative configuration, the combinable proteins are substantially immobilized on the protein layer as aforesaid, and the liquid sample analyte is introduced onto the protein layer through the at least one aperture of the passage layer. In a positive result configuration, the marker 25 proteins are bound to the combinable proteins and substantially immobilized relative to the protein layer. In a negative result configuration, at least a portion of the liquid sample analyte passes substantially through the protein layer. 30 According to a further aspect of the invention, the first material, the second material, and the third material are constructed of at least one combustible material that WO 2006/047869 - 5 - PCT/CA2005/001677 produces non-toxic by-products upon incineration. According to an aspect of a preferred embodiment of the invention, the test system may also preferably comprise a reagent that, in the positive result configuration, is 5 operatively bound to the marker proteins. that are substantially immobilized relative to the protein layer. According to an aspect of one preferred embodiment of the invention, the reagent may comprise a visually tagging substance that operatively provides a colored indicium of the 10 positive result configuration. According to an aspect of another preferred embodiment of the invention, the reagent may comprise a protein enzyme conjugate substance. In this embodiment, the test system may preferably further comprise an enzyme 15 substrate substance that is operatively bound to the protein enzyme conjugate substance in the positive result configuration, and that may preferably operatively display a colored indicium in the positive result configuration. According to an aspect of one preferred embodiment 20 of the invention, at least a visible portion of the active surface area may be viewable through the aperture of the passage layer. According to an aspect of one preferred embodiment of the invention, the test system may preferably further 25 comprise at least one sealant substantially juxtaposed between the passage layer and the protein layer, and between the protein layer and the absorbent layer. According to a further aspect of a preferred embodiment of the invention, the visible portion of the active 30 surface area may preferably 'comprise a first test surface area, with the combinable proteins preferably being substantially immobilized thereon in the operative WO 2006/047869 - 6 PCT/CA2005/001677 configuration. The visible portion of the active surface area may preferably further comprise a procedural control surface area. The procedural control surface area may preferably be adapted to display a control reading both in the positive 5 result configuration and in the negative result configuration, so as to operatively confirm that the test system has been used properly. According to an additional aspect of a preferred embodiment of the invention, the test system may preferably 10 further comprise a housing substantially encapsulating the passage layer, the protein layer, and the absorbent layer. A lower housing portion of the housing is in intimate contacting relation with the absorbent layer. An upper housing portion of the housing is in intimate contacting relation with the 15 passage layer. The upper housing portion is shaped so as to define at least one housing aperture therethrough. The housing aperture is substantially aligned in operative fluid communicating relation with the at least one aperture of the passage layer. 20 According to a further aspect of a preferred embodiment of the invention, the housing may preferably be constructed of the aforesaid at least one combustible material. According to an aspect of one preferred embodiment 25 of the invention, the housing may preferably be comprised of a housing material having a substantially non-porous housing structure. According to an aspect of one preferred embodiment of the invention, at least one sealant may preferably be 30 substantially juxtaposed between the upper housing portion and the passage layer, and between the lower housing portion and the absorbent layer.

WO 2006/047869 _ 7 _ PCT/CA2005/001677 According to a further aspect. of one of the preferred embodiments of the invention, the housing may preferably comprise an exterior surface portion with at least one labeling indicium marked thereon. The exterior surface 5 portion may preferably be provided on the upper housing portion. According to one aspect of the invention, the combinable proteins may preferably, but not necessarily, comprise proteins adapted to be bound to fungal marker 10 proteins, viral marker proteins, bacterial marker proteins, vector-induced marker proteins, plant marker proteins, and/or native proteins biosynthesizable by substantially healthy cells in at least one of the liquid sample analyte and a species furnishing same. 15 According to an aspect of one of the preferred embodiments of the invention, the visible portion of the active surface area may preferably further comprise a second test surface area. In the operative configuration, second combinable proteins are substantially immobilized on the 20 second test- surface area. In the positive result configuration, the marker proteins are bound to the second combinable proteins and substantially immobilized relative to the protein layer. According to a further aspect of this preferred 25 embodiment of the invention, the visible portion of the active surface area may preferably further comprise a supplemental first test surface area and a supplemental second test surface area. In the operative configuration, the combinable proteins are preferably, but not necessarily, substantially immobilized 30 on each of the first test surface area and the supplemental first test surface area. In the operative configuration, the second combinable proteins are preferably, but not WO 2006/047869 - 8 - PCT/CA2005/001677 necessarily, substantially immobilized on each of the second test surface area and the supplemental second test surface area. According. to an aspect of one preferred embodiment 5 of the invention, a substantially higher concentration of the combinable proteins are substantially immobilized on the supplemental first test surface area relative to a concentration of the combinable proteins on the first test surface area. 10 According to an aspect of one preferred embodiment of the invention, the first test surface area and the supplemental first test surface area may together preferably, but not necessarily, notionally define a substantially planar first test ring, with each of the first test surface area and 15 the supplemental first test surface area notionally situated therewithin. Likewise, the second test surface area and the supplemental second test surface area may together preferably, but not necessarily, notionally define a substantially planar second test ring, with each of the second test surface area 20 and the supplemental second test surface area notionally situated therewithin. The second test ring may preferably, but not necessarily, substantially circumscribe the first test ring. Likewise, according to an aspect of one preferred 25 embodiment of the invention, the first test ring may preferably, but not necessarily, substantially circumscribe the procedural control surface area. According to an aspect of one preferred embodiment of the invention, the at least one aperture of the passage 30 layer may preferably, but not necessarily, comprise at least two apertures. An upper surface of the passage layer may preferably, but not necessarily, be shaped so as to define a C \NRPorbI\DCC\HFSW\4637594 DOC-26A9/2' 2 -9 concave portion substantially adjacent to the at least two apertures and substantially aligned with the housing aperture. According to an aspect of another preferred embodiment 5 of the invention, an upper surface of the protein layer may preferably, but not necessarily, be shaped so as to define a concave portion. The concave portion is preferably, but not necessarily, substantially adjacent to the visible portion of the active surface area and substantially aligned with 10 the aperture of the passage layer. Other advantages, features and characteristics of the present invention, as well as methods of operation and functions of the related elements of the structure, and the combination of parts and economies of manufacture, will 15 become more apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description and the appended claims with reference to the accompanying drawings, the latter of which are briefly described hereinbelow. According to one aspect the present invention provides a 20 disposable immunodiagnostic test system for testing for the presence of a plurality of marker proteins in a liquid sample, said test system including: a passage layer including a first material having a substantially non-porous structure that is configured so'as 25 to define at least one aperture therethrough; a protein layer including a second material that is configured to enable immobilization of a first and a second combinable protein thereon, the protein layer having a substantially porous structure enabling a portion of said 30 liquid sample to pass therethrough; and an absorbent layer including a third material that enables absorption of at least a portion of said liquid C -\RPorblDCC\HFS4637594_I DOC-27A)9/2012 - 9A sample, the absorbent layer being in intimate contacting relation with the protein layer, wherein the at least one aperture of the passage layer is configured to receive the liquid sample; and 5 wherein the protein layer includes an active surface area that is aligned with the at least one aperture of the passage layer so as to be viewable through the at least one aperture, the active surface area including a plurality of first test areas arranged in a first ring having a first 10 diameter, and a plurality of second test areas arranged in a second ring having a second diameter, the second diameter being larger than the first diameter, with at least one of the first and second combinable proteins being immobilized in the first test area and at least the other one of the 15 first and second combinable proteins being immobilized in the second text area for binding of said marker proteins with said first and second combinable proteins when the liquid sample includes such marker proteins. 20 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of a disposable immunodiagnostic test system according to the present invention, as to its structure, organization, use and method of use, together with further 25 objectives and advantages thereof, will be better understood from the following drawings in which at least one presently preferred embodiment of the invention will now be illustrated by way of example. It is expressly understood, however, that the drawings are not necessarily depicted to 30 scale and are for the purpose of illustration and description only. For these and other reasons, it should be appreciated that the drawings PCT/CA2005/001677 28 August 2006 28-08-2006 - 10 are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention. In the accompanying drawings: Figure 1A is top front left perspective view of one preferred embodiment of a disposable immunodiagnostic test system according to the invention; Figure 1B is a top front left perspective view of the test system of Figure 1A, shown in an unsealed and exploded configuration with substantially aligning portions thereof shown in phantom outline; Figure 2A is a top front left perspective view of another preferred embodiment of a test system according to the invention that includes a housing; Figure 2B is a top front left perspective view of the test system of Figure 2A, shown in the unsealed and exploded configuration; Figure 2C is an enlarged view of encircled area 2C of Figure 3, which is discussed hereinbelow; Figure 2D is a top front left perspective view of a different preferred embodiment of a test system according to the invention that includes a plurality of passage layer apertures; Figure 2E is a top front left perspective view of the test system of Figure- 2D, shown in the unsealed and exploded configuration; Figure 2F is an enlarged view, similar to Figure 2C, of the test system shown in Figure 2D along sight line 2F-2F; Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of the test system of Figure 2A taken along sight line 3-3; Figure 4A is a top plan view of a further preferred embodiment of the test system according to the invention which is similar to that shown in Figure 2A; PCT/CA2005/001 6 7 7 28 August 2006 28-08-2006 - 11 Figure 4B is a top plan view of the test system of Figure 2A; Figure 4C is a top plan view of a still further preferred embodiment of the test system according to the invention which is similar to that shown in Figure 2A; Figure 4D is a top plan view of the test system of Figure 2D, showing the upper housing portion and the passage layer; Figure 4E is a top plan view of the test system of Figure 2D, showing the protein layer, with the housing and passage layer apertures shown in phantom outline; Figure 5A is a top front left perspective view of still another embodiment of the test system according to the invention, shown in a partially unsealed and exploded configuration; Figure 5B is a top front left perspective view of the test system of Figure 5A; Figure 6 is a top front left perspective view of a portion of yet another embodiment according to the invention, depicting a plurality of frangible test systems, each similar to that shown in Figure 2A; and Figure 7 is a top front left perspective view of a portion of a yet- further embodiment according to the invention, depicting a plurality of frangible test systems, each similar to that shown in Figure 2B. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to Figures 1A, 1B, 5A and 5B of the drawings, there is shown a preferred embodiment of a disposable immunodiagnostic test system 70, according to the invention, for testing for the presence of marker proteins PCT/CA2005/001 6 7 7 28 August 2006 28-08-2006 - 12 (alternatively referred to as "analytes") in a liquid sample analyte (not shown, but alternately referred to as a "liquid sample"). As best seen in Figure 5A, one of the preferred embodiments of the test system 70 includes a combined testing subassembly 50 and a housing 60. It is also noted that, as best seen in Figures 1A and 1B, the test system 70 may simply include the combined testing subassembly 50, without the housing 60. With further reference to Figure 1B, the combined testing subassembly 50 will be seen to include a substantially planar passage layer 12, a protein layer 14, and an absorbent layer 16, each of which is preferably constructed of a combustible material that produces non-toxic by-products upon incineration. For this reason, among others, the combined testing subassembly 50 may be easily disposed of in an environmentally responsible manner, such as, for example, by incineration over an open flame. As aforesaid, the passage layer 12 is substantially planar and has an aperture 24 therethrough that is defined by a corresponding inner edge 26 of the passage layer 12. While the preferred embodiment shown in Figures 1A, 1B, 5A and 5B has a single aperture 24 through the passage layer 12, the passage layers of other embodiments (see, for example, Figures 2D through 2F which are discussed in further detail hereinbelow) may be provided with more than one aperture 24. The passage layer 12 has a substantially non-porous structure, such that it will preferably have a substantially impermeable, non-sponge, and unwoven nature. The passage- layer 12 may preferably, but not necessarily, be constructed of a densely packed paper material, such as cardboard. Other relatively rigid materials, such as, for example, tree bark and/or packed leaf materials, may also be used in the construction of the ?CT/CA2005/00167 7 28 August 2006 28-08-2006 - 13 passage layer 12 according to the invention. Thus, whether as a result of its preferably densely packed nature, the inherent properties of its material of construction, or otherwise, the passage layer 12 preferably provides a measure of rigidity to the test system 70. The passage layer 12 is preferably, though not necessarily, between about 0.2 and 10 millimeters in thickness, with' an even more preferred thickness being substantially within the range of between about 2 and 4 millimeters. As best seen in Figures 1A and 1B, the protein layer 14 is in intimate contacting relation with the passage layer 12. The protein layer 14 has an active surface area 30 that is substantially adjacent to said aperture 24 of said passage layer 12, and substantially aligned therewith (as indicated generally by phantom line "A" in Figure 1B). As best seen in Figure 1A, at least a portion 31 of the active surface area 30 is preferably visible through the aperture 24. The protein layer 14 may preferably, though not necessarily, be constructed from nitrocellulose, nylon, and/or acetate, and indeed from any such other material upon which reactant and/or combinable proteins might be bound or immobilized (alternately, hereinafter "substantially immobilized"). In biotechnology, the terms "immobilization" and "immobilized" may be generally regarded as referring to the technique used for, and/or the state of, physical or chemical fixation of cells, organelles, enzymes, or other proteins (e.g., monoclonal antibodies) onto a solid support, into a solid matrix, and/or retained by a membrane, among other things, in order to increase their stability and/or for various other purposes. It is thought, though not essential to the working of the test system 70, that nitrocellulose is an effective protein-binding material that might be used in the PCT/CA2005/001677 28 August 2006 28-08-2006 - 13A protein layer 14. Suitable commercially available nitrocellulose membranes may be cast on a supporting thin paper backing and used in the protein layer 14 according to a preferred embodiment the present invention. The protein layer 14 is preferably, though not necessarily, no greater than about 5 millimeters in thickness, with an even more preferred thickness being substantially within the range of between about 0.5 and 2.0 millimeters. The protein layer 14 has a substantially porous structure, meaning that it is preferably provided with a WO 2006/047869 - 14 - PCT/CA2005/001677 plurality of pores (not shown) therethrough. In the case of nitrocellulose membranes and some of the other preferred protein layer 14 materials, it is now believed, though not essential to the working of the test system 70, that the 5 provision of larger sized pores in the protein layer 14 will afford correspondingly lower protein binding capabilities and/or capacities. As discussed in further detail hereinbelow, a protein layer 14 having lower protein binding capabilities may lower the sensitivity of any test performed 10 using the system 70. A nitrocellulose protein layer 14 will preferably, though not necessarily, have pore sizes between about 0.1 microns and 25 microns in diameter, with an even more preferred diametrical size being substantially within the range of between about 0.4 and 2.0 microns. It is believed 15 that protein layers 14 having pores (not shown) that are sized substantially within. the aforesaid range may afford an improved protein binding capacity. As best seen in Figure 1B, the absorbent layer 16 is in intimate contacting relation with the passage layer 12. As 20 its name suggests, the absorbent layer 16 is constructed of an absorbent material that is preferably adapted, depending on the nature of the test to be performed, to take in or absorb at least a portion (more preferably, an excess portion) of the liquid sample analyte that is to be tested. The absorbent 25 layer 16 may preferably be formed from a sponge material, or indeed any other material capable of taking in or absorbing at least a portion of the liquid sample analyte (not shown) . For example, the absorbent layer 16 may be constructed from a paper towel and/or an acetate material. The absorbent layer 30 16 is preferably, though not necessarily, between about 1 and 50 millimeters in thickness, with an even more preferred thickness being substantially within the range of between WO 2006/047869 - 15 - PCT/CA2005/001677 about 5 and 20 millimeters. Preferably, the absorbent layer 16 will be adapted so that it might absorb and retain three times, or more, of the volume of the liquid sample analyte that is to be administered during a single test. 5 As aforesaid, the absorbent layer 16 is in intimate contacting relation with the protein layer 14, and the protein layer 14 is in intimate contacting relation with the passage layer 12. Preferably, though not essential to the basic working of the test system 70, the passage layer 12 and the 10 protein layer 14 may be held together in the aforesaid intimate contacting relation with the aid of a sealant (not shown) that is substantially juxtaposed therebetween. Likewise, the protein layer 14 and the passage layer 16 may preferably be hel-d together in the aforesaid intimate 15 contacting relation with the aid of the same or a different sealant (not shown) that is substantially juxtaposed therebetween. Suitable sealants according- to the invention may preferably, but not necessarily, include glue and other adhesives, as well as the use of stapling, stitching, and 20 thermal and/or ultrasound sealing methodologies, or indeed any other material or process that is suitable to ensure that the layers 12, 14, 16 are substantially maintained in the aforesaid intimate contacting relation with one another. It is contemplated that, for ease of manufacture, a conventional 25 thermal sealer or glue intended for domestic use may suffice to provide sufficient sealing properties according to the invention. As best seen in Figures 1A and 5A, the combined testing subassembly 50 may preferably also include a 30 subassembly peripheral sealing 34. As shown in Figures 1A and 5A, the subassembly peripheral sealing 34 in a preferred embodiment of the test system 70 may securely engage WO 2006/047869 16 PCT/CA2005/001677 peripheral edge portions of each of the layers 12, 14, 16. The subassembly peripheral sealing 34 may be constructed of the same or a yet different sealant as that which is discussed hereinabove. For example, the subassembly peripheral sealing 5 34 may consist of an adhesive material that may be adhered to the peripheral edge portions of the layers 12, 14, 16. In addition to the aforesaid sealants and sealing methodologies, the subassembly peripheral sealing 34 may alternately be constructed of any material or indeed in a form that provides 10 physical compression of the layers 12, 14, 16 (possibly substantially. adjacent to their peripheral edge portions) to ensure that they are maintained in intimate contacting relation with one another. For example, the subassembly peripheral sealing 34 may consist of a clamping member (not 15 shown) that engages the peripheral edge portion of the passage layer 12 and the absorbent layer 16 so as to apply a compressive force to all three layers 12, 14, 16 in intimate contacting relation with one another. As best seen in Figures 5A and 5B, the housing 60 20 substantially encapsulates the passage layer 12, the protein layer 14, and the absorbent layer 16, as they may together be preferably, but not necessarily, assembled to form the combined testing subassembly 50. The housing 60 may preferably include an upper housing portion 10 and a lower 25 housing portion 18. The upper housing portion 10 and the lower housing portion 18 may be preferably, but not necessarily, in intimate contacting relation with the passage layer 12 and the absorbent layer 16 respectively. Preferably, the upper housing portion 10 and the passage layer 12 may be 30 held together in the aforesaid intimate contacting relation with the aid of. the same or a different sealant (not shown) as that aforesaid, which sealant is substantially juxtaposed WO 2006/047869 17 - PCT/CA2005/001677 therebetween. Likewise, the lower housing portion 18 and the absorbent layer 16 may preferably be held together in the aforesaid intimate contacting relation with the aid of the same or a still different sealant (not shown) that is 5 substantially juxtaposed therebetween. As best seen in Figure 5B, the housing 60 may preferably be further provided with housing edge portions 36 that are substantially contiguous with one or more peripheral edges of each of the upper and lower housing portions 10, 18. 10 The housing edge portion 36 in a preferred embodiment of the test system 70 may securely engage peripheral edge portions 34 of the combined testing subassembly 50 (as shown in Figure 5B), and/or it may engage the peripheral edge portions of each of the layers 12, 14, 16 (as shown in Figures 2A, 2D and 3, 15 and discussed in further detail hereinbelow). The housing edge portion 36 may be constructed of the same or a yet different sealant as that which is discussed hereinabove, including any of the alternate sealant materials, methodologies, and/or forms that are mentioned hereinabove 20 with reference to the subassembly peripheral sealing 34, preferably so as to maintain the combined testing subassembly 50 in intimate contacting relation with the housing 60. As best seen in Figures 5A and 5B (and as also shown in Figures 2A, 2B, 2D, 2E and 3, wherein other preferred 25 embodiments of the test system 70 are depicted, as may be discussed in further detail hereinbelow), the upper housing portion 10 is provided with a housing aperture 20 therethrough that is defined by a corresponding inner edge 22 of the upper housing portion 10. The housing 60 is preferably constructed 30 from substantially non-porous materials, meaning ones that are preferably substantially impermeable, and/or of a non absorbing and/or unwoven construction.

WO 2006/047869 - 18 - PCT/CA2005/001677 All portions of the housing 60 are preferably constructed of materials that produce non-toxic by-products upon incineration, so as to better ensure that the test system 70 might be disposed of in an environmentally responsible 5 manner, such as, for example, by combustion. Paper is one preferred material that may be suitable for the construction of the housing 60. Other like materials may also be used for the housing 60 according to the invention, and such materials might include cloth, nylon, silk, and/or biodegradable 10 membranes. Each of the upper and lower housing portions 10, 18 is preferably, though not necessarily, between about 0.1 and 3 millimeters in thickness, with an even more preferred thickness being substantially within the range of between about 0.2 and 0.4 millimeters. 15 Preferably, but not necessarily, the dimensions of a single test system 70 adapted for the testing of a single liquid analyte sample will be substantially in the order of about 20mm x 20mm x 10mm. As shown in Figure 5B, the upper housing portion 10 20 of the housing 60 preferably includes an exterior surface portion 46 with labeling indicia 11 marked thereon. Preferably, the labeling indicia 11 may be visible to the unaided human eye, and may include sequentially numbered barcode indicia 13 and/or text indicia 15. In embodiments not 25 including the housing 60, the labeling indicia 60 may alternately be directly marked (not shown) on an exterior surface portion of the passage layer 12. In either event, the labeling indicia 11 may be marked on the exterior surface portion by way of printing, adhering or being written. 30 Sequentially numbered barcode indicia 13 may preferably, but not necessarily, be provided to enable the tracking of each test system 70 and for other purposes, including, for example, WO 2006/047869 - 19 PCT/CA2005/001677 quality control purposes. Similarly, text indicia 15 may include information and data about the disposable immunodiagnostic test system 70 and its intended uses, such as, for , example, the name of the intended test, expiration 5 dates, instructions, storage conditions, disposal instructions, and/or the like. It is to be further appreciated that the labeling indicia 11 may also consist of color coding (not shown) to identify each different the type of specific test system 70. 10 As best seen in Figure 5A, the test system 70 may be assembled by preferably, but not necessarily, inserting the combined testing subassembly 50 in the hollow housing 60. The housing aperture 20 may preferably be in substantially vertical registration with the underlying aperture 24 in the 15 passage layer 12. The housing 60 may thereafter preferably be sealed at each of its open ends with the housing edge portion 36. As aforesaid, the material from which the housing edge portion 36 is formed may or may not be the same sealant material as that used for the subassembly peripheral sealing 20 34. Tn the aforesaid manner, the disposable immunodiagnostic test system 70 (as best seen in Figure 5B) may preferably, but not necessarily, be completely assembled. Figures 2A through 4E depict alternate preferred embodiments of the test system 70 wherein, as is the case with 25 all of the drawings, similar reference numerals have been used to designate like elements of the present invention, where possible, in the various views for ease of reference. The embodiment of the test system 70 that is shown in Figures 2A, 2B, 2C, and 3 is in most respects identical to that which has 30 been discussed hereinabove, save that the upper and lower housing layers 10, 18 each consist of substantially planar and PCT/CA2005/001677 28 August 2006 28-08-2006 - 20 substantially more discrete layer portions that the more pillow-shaped embodiment that is shown in Figures 5A and 5B. It may be appreciated from all of the foregoing, and as best seen in Figure 2B, the housing aperture 20 is substantially aligned with the passage layer aperture 24 (as generally indicated by phantom lines "B" in Figure 2B). As best seen in Figure 2C, the upper surface of the protein layer 14 may preferably, but not necessarily, be shaped so as to define a concave portion 58 that is substantially adjacent to, and substantially aligned with, the inner edges 22, 26 of the upper housing portion 10 and the passage layer 12. With reference to Figures 2D through 2F, there is shown an alternate preferred embodiment of the test system 70, wherein the passage layer 12 is provided with first apertures 24a, second apertures 24b, and a control, aperture 24c therethrough. As best seen in Figure 2F, the upper surface of the passage layer 12 may preferably, but not necessarily, be shaped so as to define a concave portion 56 that is substantially adjacent to, and substantially aligned with, the inner edge 22 of the upper housing portion 10. In accordance with yet further preferred embodiments of the invention which are shown in Figures 6 and 7 of the drawings, the disposable immunodiagnostic test system 70 may be provided in a multiple test format. In such embodiments, individual test systems 70 may be arranged in side-by-side removably connected and/or frangible relation by means of tearable housing perforations 38 that may be torn by an end user (not shown) , who .might determine the number of test systems 70 that are required for any particular or intended use. The individual test systems 70 that are shown in Figure 6 may each substantially correspond with those shown elsewhere WO 2006/047869 - 21 - PCT/CA2005/001677 in Figures 2A through 4E. Similarly, the individual test systems 70 that are shown in Figure 7 may each substantially correspond with those shown in Figures 5A and 5B. As aforesaid, the various preferred embodiments of 5 the test system 70 that are shown in the drawings are each preferably, but not necessarily, adapted to test for the presence of marker proteins in a liquid sample analyte (not shown). The liquid sample analyte is the sample that is intended to be tested by. the system 70, which sample may or 10 may not contain the sought-after marker proteins. That is, the liquid sample analyte is the substance or constituent being tested or undergoing analysis, and includes, for example, liquid sample matrices, serums, plasmas, perspiration, urine samples, and/or other aqueous extracts 15 that contain body substances in which tissue cells are embedded and/or suspended. Other analytes that may preferably, but not necessarily, be capable of testing using the system 70 might include environmental samples, such as, .for.example, well water samples. Accordingly, the test system 20 70 may preferably be adapted to test for the presence of marker proteins from a broad class, including those of a biological, agricultural, veterinary, and/or environmental origin. By way of example, in an agricultural application, 25 the system 70 may be used, in conjunction with aqueous plant or leaf extracts, to detect for the presence of various diseases in banana plants, such as, for example, the banana bract mosaic virus (a common banana plant disease in areas such as India, the Philippines and Sri Lanka), and/or the 30 abaca mosaic virus (a common banana plant disease in the Philippines).

WO 2006/047869 22 - PCT/CA2005/001677 Similarly, in a veterinary setting, the system 70 may be used to detect for the presence of various diseases in animals and/or household pets, such as dogs or cats. For example, the system 70 might be used to detect for the 5 presence of heartworm disease and/or other diseases, such as, for example, leishmaniasis, parvo viral infections, and/or lyme disease. By way of yet another example, the system 70 may preferably, but not necessarily, also be used to detect for 10 the presence of various environmental pollutants,' such as, for example, gasoline additives like methyl tertiary butyl ether. In the case of such gasoline additives, and while they may typically be used to benefit air quality by reducing automobile emissions, they may also problematically find their 15 way to groundwater supplies that may ultimately be destined for human consumption. By way of yet a further example, the test system 70 may also be used to detect for the presence of various diseases common to humans that may be caused by any number of 20 pathogens. For example, the test system 70 of the present invention may be capable of use to simultaneously detect for the presence of causative agents associated with a number of diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases. In the case of cardiovascular- diseases, the causative agents may include a 25 wide number of differing pathogens, such as, for example, agents of viral, fungal and/or bacterial origin. In such a test, the system 70 might also be used to test for the presence of antibodies to healthy cell markers, such as, for example, the.protein myosin which is found in heart muscles, 30 and/or to any of the causative agents listed hereinabove. The particular applications of the test system 70 which are discussed herein are merely intended to serve as WO 2006/047869 - 23 - PCT/CA2005/001677 examples of the testing capabilities of the invention, and are not intended to limit the potential applications of the test system 70 and its varied uses in conjunction with various liquid sample analytes. 5 Operatively, the protein layer 14 of the test device 70 will preferably have combinable proteins (not shown) bound to and/or substantially immobilized thereon. Within the scope of the invention, the combinable proteins may be stuck onto a surface of the protein layer 14 and/or they might be 10 substantially embedded therein. Indeed, a wide variety of different manners of binding and/or affixation of the combinable proteins to the protein layer 14 will preferably fall within the scope of the invention. The combinable proteins that are operatively bound 15 to the protein layer 14 of the test system 70 may preferably be specifically selected to correspond with the test to be conducted and/or so as to ensure binding with the sought-after marker proteins that may be present in the particular liquid sample analyte that is to be tested. For example, and without 20 limitation, if the test system 70 is intended to test for the presence of HIV 1, then combinable proteins that are particularly well suited to bind with HIV 1 and/or its marker proteins might be substantially immobilized on the protein layer 14. Similarly, if the test system 70 is to be used to 25 test for Hepatitis C, then combinable proteins that are particularly well suited to bind with Hepatitis C and/or its marker proteins might be substantially immobilized on the protein layer 14. As stated above, the test system 70 may preferably, 30 but not necessarily, be used to simultaneously detect for the presence of causative agents for a wide number of diseases, including, for example, agents of viral, fungal and/or WO 2006/047869 24 - PCT/CA2005/001677 bacterial origin, with corresponding combinable proteins immobilized on the protein layer 14 in such instances. That is the combinable proteins may comprise proteins which are adapted to be bound to fungal marker proteins, viral marker 5 proteins, bacterial marker proteins, and/or vector-induced marker proteins, as may be present in the tested liquid sample analyte. It may be appreciated that the protein layer 14 is a "reaction zone" of the test system 70. In an operative 10 configuration according to the invention, the combinable proteins will preferably be substantially immobilized on the protein layer 14, and more preferably, on the active surface area 30 and visible portion 31 of the protein layer 14. According to the invention, the nitrocellulose or other 15 protein layer 14 of the test system 70 may preferably be provided to the end user (not shown) with the combinable proteins already substantially immobilized thereon. Alternately, the combinable proteins may also preferably be immobilized on the protein layer 14 at, or near, the time of 20 testing. In either event, and as aforesaid, the combinable proteins will preferably be those to which the sought-after marker proteins, if present in the tested subject 'liquid sample analyte, will affix such as by sticking or binding. It is contemplated, though not essential to the 25 working of the system 70, that the combinable proteins may preferably be immobilized directly onto the protein layer 14 in the general vicinity of the active surface area 30, and more preferably in the visible portion 31 of the active surface area 30. The combinable proteins may be immobilized 30 in the visible portion 31 of the active surface area 30 in any . desired pattern, shape or design, even after the test system 70 has been fully assembled. For example, and without WO 2006/047869 - 25 - PCT/CA2005/001677 limitation, after assembly of the test system 70, HIV 1 combinable proteins might preferably be immobilized on the active surface area 30 in the visually discernable form of a numeral "1" (not shown), and likewise, Hepatitis C combinable 5 proteins might preferably be immobilized thereon in the form of the letter "C". Of course, any such other format might be used to suit the user and/or manufacturer of the test system 70. According to the invention, combinable proteins may 10 be, substantially immobilized on the protein layer 14 by applying and/or depositing a combinable protein solution (not shown) onto the active surface area 30 of the protein layer 14, such as, for example, by ink jet spraying, by physically using a pipette, and/or by touching the combinable protein 15 solution onto the designated area of the nitrocellulose membrane or other protein layer 14, such that the combinable proteins might then be absorbed onto the protein layer 14 by suction and/or capillary action. It should therefore be appreciated that, prior to 20 testing, when the test system 70 is assembled in the operative configuration, combinable proteins for the detection of a plurality of different marker proteins in the liquid sample analyte may preferably be selected and/or immobilized, in any useful pattern on the protein layer 14, substantially in the 25 region of the active surface area 30. With the combinable proteins substantially immobilized to the active surface area 30 of the protein layer 14, marker proteins (not shown) in the liquid sample analyte may be permitted, in some of the contemplated uses discussed 30 hereinbelow, to become substantially immobilized relative to the protein layer 14.

WO 2006/047869 26 PCT/CA2005/001677 As best seen in Figures 4A and 4B, the active surface area 30 is preferably viewable, by' the user, through the housing ,aperture 20 and the aperture 24 in the passage layer. In the embodiment shown in Figures 4A and 4B, the 5 active surface area 30 includes a first test surface area 32 and a procedural control surface area 28. In the operative configuration, the combinable proteins immobilized on the protein layer 14 are substantially immobilized on the first test surface area 32. The procedural control surface area 28 10 is adapted to display a control reading both in a positive result configuration (as shown in Figures 4A and 4B) and in a negative result configuration (not shown) of the test system 70, so as to preferably confirm that it has been used, handled and/or stored properly. 15 More specifically, and as best seen in Figures 4A and 4B, if the test system 70 has been used, handled and stored properly, a control reading may preferably be generated in and displayed from the procedural control surface area 28. The control reading may preferably, but not necessarily, take 20 the form of a color or other indication that may correspond to a pattern of the combinable proteins that are operatively immobilized on the active surface area 30 of the protein layer 14, as discussed above. The absence of a control reading in the procedural 25 control surface area 28 might preferably indicate that any test performed using the system 70 may be invalid. It should be appreciated that, while the procedural control surface area 28 need not, strictly speaking, be present in the test system 70 according to the invention, it is preferably present. 30 If a single type of qualitative marker protein test is to be performed using the system 70, the procedural control surface area 28 may preferably, but not necessarily, be WO 2006/047869 - 27 - PCT/CA2005/001677 arranged in relation to the first test surface area 32 in the manner depicted in Figure 4A. Alternately, if a quantitative marker protein test is to be performed using the system 70, the procedural control 5 surface area 28 may preferably, but not necessarily, be located in a substantially central location of the active surface area 30, as shown in Figure 4B. In Figure 4B, the active surface area 30 may preferably further comprise a supplemental first test surface area 32a. The -same combinable 10 proteins are preferably operatively immobilized on both the first test surface area 32 and the supplemental first test surface area 32a, albeit in preferably, though not necessarily, different concentrations. For example, a substantially higher concentration of combinable proteins may 15 be -substantially immobilized on the supplemental first test area 32a relative to a concentration of the combinable proteins on the first test surface area 32. Likewise, and as best seen in Figure 4C, if the user wishes to test for the presence of multiple marker proteins at 20 substantially the same time using a single system 70, the procedural control surface area 28 may preferably, but not necessarily, be located in a substantially central location of the active surface area 30. As shown in Figure 4C, the active surface area 30 may additionally include a second test surface 25 area 33, with a second set of different combinable proteins (not shown) operatively immobilized thereon. The second set of combinable proteins may preferably be selected and/or adapted to detect for the presence of different marker proteins than those of the (first set of) combinable proteins. 30 Likewise, the second set of combinable proteins may immobilized in any useful pattern on the protein layer 14.

WO 2006/047869 - 28 - PCT/CA2005/001677 In addition to the first test surface area 32, the supplemental first test surface area 32a, and the second test surface area 33, and as shown in Figure 4C, the active surface area 30 may also include a supplemental second test surface 5 33a. The same combinable proteins are preferably operatively immobilized on both the second test surface area 33 and the supplemental second test surface area 33a, albeit in preferably, though not necessarily, different concentrations. For example, a substantially higher concentration of 10 combinable proteins may be substantially immobilized on the supplemental second test area 33a relative -to a concentration of the combinable proteins on the second test surface area 33. As best seen in Figure 4C, the first test surface area 32 and the supplemental first test surface area 32a may 15 preferably, but not necessarily, together notionally define a substantially planar first test ring 40. Each of the first test surface area 32 and the supplemental first test surface area 32a are preferably, but not necessarily, notionally situated therewithin. In such a configuration, the' procedural 20 control surface area 28 may preferably, but not necessarily, be substantially circumscribed within the first test ring 40. The second test surface area 33 and the supplemental second test surface area 33a may also preferably, but not necessarily, together notionally define a substantially planar 25 second test ring 42. Each of the second test surface area 33 and the supplemental second test surface area 33a are preferably, but not necessarily, notionally situated therewithin. In such embodiments, and as best seen in Figure 4C, the second test ring 42 may preferably, but not 30 necessarily, substantially circumscribe the first test ring 40.

WO 2006/047869 - 29 - PCT/CA2005/001677 Alternatively, the first test surface area 32, the supplemental first test surface area 32a, the second test surface area 33, the supplemental second test surface area 33a, and the procedural control surface area 28 may together 5 notionally define various configurations, such as, for example, various other concentric and/or non-concentric geometric shapes. Of course, other geometric shapes may be formed that may, for example, comprise differing a multiple number of concentric shapes. 10 In another contemplated embodiment of the invention, the first and/or the second test surface area 32, 33 may consist of mimicry surface areas. More specifically, the combinable proteins substantially immobilized on the first and/or second test surface areas 32, 33 may be native proteins 15 that are biosynthesizable by substantially healthy cells in the liquid sample analyte and/or a species furnishing same. The embodiment of the test system 70 that is shown in Figures 4D and 4E is perhaps deserving of some additional explanation. In this embodiment, and as aforesaid (i.e., 20 corresponding generally to the discussion of Figures 2D through 2F hereinabove), the passage layer 12 is formed with first and second apertures 24a, 24b, and a control aperture 24c therethrough. As may be best appreciated from a consideration of Figures 2E and 4E, the first apertures 24a 25 are substantially aligned "A" with the first test ring 40, the second apertures 24b are substantially aligned with-the second test ring 42, and the control aperture 24c is substantially aligned with the procedural control surface area 28 on the protein layer 14. 30 The use of the test system 70 will now be described with reference to the various embodiments which are depicted in the drawings. It should, however, be appreciated, that the WO 2006/047869 - 30 - PCT/CA2005/001677 following discussion of use may also preferably, but not necessarily, apply generally to other embodiments which are not illustrated, but which may fall within the scope of the invention. 5 In a typical test, and prior to applying and/or testing the liquid sample analyte, a first drop of wash buffer is preferably added to the test system 70 through the housing aperture 20 of the upper housing portion 10, to wet the visible portion 31 of the active surface area 30 on the 10 protein layer 14, and is allowed to adsorb. The wash buffer will preferably, but not necessarily, act as a blocker for any areas on the active surface area 30 where no combinable proteins have been immobilized, so as to provide an inactive protein wash bound area 44 (as seen in, for example, Figure 4A 15 and 4B), thus preferably preventing the indiscriminate affixation of marker and/or other proteins from the liquid sample analyte thereon. The liquid sample analyte may preferably then be introduced, using a pipette or the like, through the housing 20 aperture 20 of the test system 70. The housing aperture 20 is in operative fluid communication with the passage layer aperture 24, such that the liquid sample analyte may preferably be deposited onto the active surface area 30 of protein layer 14 through the at least one aperture 24 of the 25 passage layer 12. The liquid sample analyte may be operatively introduced through the housing aperture 20 in a quantity that is preferably, though not necessarily, sufficient to cover the visible portion 31. As aforesaid, the test system 70 of the present 30 invention tests for the presence of marker proteins in the liquid sample analyte. In a positive result configuration, and as best shown in Figures 4A through 4E, use of the test WO 2006/047869 - 31 - PCT/CA2005/001677 system 70 will preferably reveal that the sought-after marker proteins are actually present in the liquid sample analyte. In the positive result configuration, one or more marker proteins from the liquid sample analyte will preferably be 5 bound to the combinable proteins and substantially immobilized relative to active surface area 30 of the protein layer 14. In the event that the analyte contains both first and second sought-after marker proteins, and in the further event that the active surface area 30 includes both first and 10 second test surface areas 32, 33, the first and second test surface areas 32, 33 may preferably have the first and second marker proteins respectively bound thereto in the positive result configuration. In the event that, as aforesaid, the combinable 15 proteins comprise native proteins substantially immobilized on the mimicry surface area, in the positive result configuration, the marker proteins may preferably be bound to the native proteins and substantially immobilized relative to the protein layer. 20 Conversely, in a negative result configuration, the use of the test system 70 will preferably not reveal the presence of any of the marker proteins in the liquid sample analyte. In the negative result configuration (not shown), at least a portion and preferably most and/or substantially all 25 of the liquid sample analyte will pass substantially through the protein layer 14, without affixing to any of the combinable proteins immobilized thereon. In any event, and whether due in part to gravity or under an influence of another force (such as, for example, 30 inertial forces which may be created in a centrifuge), a portion of the liquid sample analyte may preferably traverse WO 2006/047869 - 32 PCT/CA2005/001677 substantially vertically through the test system 70, and/or across the protein layer 14, away from its point of entry. Preferably, a sufficient quantity of the liquid sample analyte will be introduced onto the protein layer 14 so 5 as to ensure that any sought-after marker proteins which may be contained therein become substantially immobilized relative to the protein layer 14 (in a positive result configuration) or not (in a negative result configuration). The aforesaid substantially porous structure of the 10 protein layer 14 preferably enables a portion of the liquid sample analyte to pass therethrough. In the event of liquid sample analytes that contain particulate matter (such as whole blood), that are lipaemic, and/or that may require further clarification or amplification may not filter through pore 15 sizes smaller than about 5 to 6 microns in the protein layer 14, such liquid sample analytes may preferably, but not necessarily, be clarified and/or broken down prior to testing. Liquid sample analytes that may be tested without further clarification and/or amplification may preferably include, for 20 example, serum, plasma, urine, perspiration and/or exudates. Other aqueous extracts that may preferably be clarified by filtration and/or centrifugation may also form a part of the analyte to be tested using with test system 70. Thereafter, a drop or other necessary quantity of a 25 reagent may preferably then be added, in a preferred quantity that covers the visible portion 31 of the active surface area 30. The reagent is particularly selected and/or adapted to operatively bind to any marker proteins that may have been substantially immobilized relative to the protein layer 14 in 30 the positive result configuration. In one embodiment of the invention, the reagent (not shown) may preferably comprise a visually tagging substance PCT/CA2005/00 1677 28 August 2006 28-08-2006 - 33 that, when specifically bound to any marker proteins affixed to the combinable protein that are immobilized on the protein layer 14, provides colored indicia indicating and/or confirming that the test. system 70 is in the positive result configuration. The visually tagging substance (not shown) may comprise any one or more of a variety of substances, such as, for example, a radioactive isotope substance, a fluorescent substance,- a UV absorbing substance, and/or a colored substance. The colored visually tagging substances may consist of a colloidal carbon conjugate substance, a colloidal gold conjugate substance, a dyed latex bead substance, and/or the like. Preferably, for analytes in nanogram to femtogram quantities, amplifications by enzyme conjugates may be necessary.. Situations where amplifications by enzyme conjugates may be preferable might include, for example, IgE detection in allergy diagnosis,* and/or detection for drug abuse, industrial and environmental ' pollutants, diseases in plants, hormones, cancer markers, arthritis markers, and/or the like. Where these and/or other quantities of analytes are to be used, the aforesaid reagent may comprise a protein enzyme conjugate substance. (not shown) . As with the other reagents used according to the invention, the protein enzyme conjugate substance is particularly selected and/or adapted to operatively bind to any marker proteins that -may, have been substantially immobilized relative to the protein layer 14 in the positive result configuration. At that point, an additional drop of the same or a different wash buffer may then preferably be added to the active surface area 30 to preferably, but not necessarily, wash away any unbound material. At this point, the wash buffer PCT/CA2005/001 6 7 7 28 August 2006 28-08-2006 - 33A may be allowed to adsorb into the protein layer 14.

WO 2006/047869 34 - PCT/CA2005/001677 In situations where the aforesaid reagent comprises a protein enzyme conjugate substance, an enzyme substrate substance (not shown) may then be preferably added. Thereafter, the user will wait for a suitable period of time 5 to elapse, possibly in the order of approximately 10 to 60 seconds, during which period the enzyme substrate substance will be afforded an opportunity to operatively bind to the protein enzyme conjugate substance in the positive result configuration. The protein enzyme conjugate substance and the 10 enzyme substrate substance are together selected and/or adapted to operatively display coloured indicia indicating and/or confirming that the test system 70 is in the positive result configuration. In this embodiment of the test system 70, an additional drop of wash buffer may preferably then be 15 added through housing aperture 20, and allowed to traverse substantially vertically away from its point of entry into the test system 70 and through the multiple layers of the test system, as aforesaid, before the results are read. All materials, possibly including any excess marker 20 proteins, that do not become immobilized relative to the protein layer 14 by affixation (e.g., by sticking or binding) to the combinable proteins that are already immobilized thereon may preferably, though not necessarily, traverse through the protein layer 14 to be ultimately captured, 25 trapped and/or absorbed by the absorbent layer 16. Additional drops of wash buffer may thereafter be required and/or preferentially applied to clear the background of the visible portion 31 of the protein layer 14 so as to provide more unequivocal test result readings. 30 To recapitulate, and generally speaking, a liquid sample analyte (not shown) may preferably be introduced onto the protein layer 14 through the at least one aperture 24 of WO 2006/047869 - 35 - PCT/CA2005/001677 the passage layer 12 of the combined testing subassembly 50. Whether under the influence of gravity or some other force, the liquid sample analyte passes through the protein layer 14, and subsequently into the absorbent layer 16. 5 After the disposable immunodiagnostic test system 70 has been used, it may preferably be allowed to dry, after which it may be disposed of in an ecologically responsible mode of disposal, such as, for example, by incineration. It is generally thought, though not essential to the 10 basic working of the test system 70, that the denser and more impermeable the passage layer 12, the lower the likelihood of lateral diffusion of added liquid sample analytes. When the test system 70 is assembled, with the housing aperture 24 substantially aligned "B" with the passage 15 layer 12, the liquid sample analyte is permitted, in use, to traverse through the test system 70. Though not essential to the invention, it is believed that the upper housing portion 10, the layers 12, 14, 16, and/or the lower housing portion 18 of test system 70 20 should preferably be assembled in intimate contacting relation with one another, and/or in non-loose fitting relation, so as to provide the test system 70 with improved integrity. It is further believed, though not essential to the invention, that the test system 70 may function effectively so long as the 25 assembled layers are positioned in sufficient intimate contacting relation to cause a liquid sample analyte added to traverse away from its point of entry into the test system 70 and substantially vertically therethrough, under the influence of gravity and/or another similar force. 30 It is also generally thought, though not essential to the basic working of the test system 70, that the intimate contacting relation of the various layers 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 WO 2006/047869 - 36 - PCT/CA2005/001677 and the use of interstitial and/or peripheral sealing enables the liquid sample analyte to traverse substantially vertically away from its point of entry, and/or traversing the one or more of layers 12, 14, 16 of the test system 70, with any 5 excess being preferably absorbed by the absorbent layer 16. The substantially contemporaneous testing of a single liquid sample analyte for the presence of multiple marker proteins, using a single test system 70, may offer significant advantages. These advantages may preferably 10 include a quicker total administration time, and lower cost of materials, when compared to the corresponding administration of four or a like number of separate tests that may otherwise be required on multiple testing systems, along with corresponding controls. 15 Use of the test system 70 will preferably be simple to use and quick to administer and for provide quick and highly accurate and effective test results, without requiring the purchase of additional specialized equipment nor the supplemental training of already highly qualified testing 20 personnel. As aforesaid, its use preferably also enables a single analyte sample to be tested on a substantially contemporaneous basis for the presence of any of a plurality of causative agents. The test system 70 may preferably be used in a clinical setting, at the point of care, and/or in 25 the field. In fact, the test system 70 preferably may be manufactured and/or assembled in the field and/or in a manufacturing facility that is specifically designed for that purpose, and as such, it preferably also involves lower production and packaging costs. The test system 70 is 30 preferably selectively adaptable to provide qualitative and/or quantitative results, depending on the user's preferences and/or the nature of the test to be conducted.

WO 2006/047869 _7 - PCT/CA2005/001677 In addition to all of the foregoing, the. test system 70 may preferably be readily disposed of in a simple yet ecologically responsible manner, such as, for example, by incineration over an open fire. As aforesaid, the test system 5 70 may preferably be selectively adaptable to detect for viral, fungal, bacterial, and/or vector induced infections. Lastly, the test system 70 preferably provides visually discernable test results and/or results within a relatively short period of time. 10 Of course, other modifications and alterations may be used in design and manufacture of embodiments according to the disposable immunodiagnostice test system 70 without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, and without limitation, the housing 60 and/or the 15 various layers 12, 14, 16 of the test system 70 may be configured in various geometric shapes, such as, for example, in a square, rectangular, circular, and/or spherical shapes. Similarly, the test system 70 may be provided with a plurality of test surface areas (not shown) apart from the 20 first and second test surface areas 32, 33 which are described above. In such embodiments, the visible portion 31 of the active surface area 30 might further comprise a plurality of supplemental test surface areas that may, in combination, also be configured in various geometric shapes. 25 In addition, while an upper surfaces of the passage and protein layers 12, 14 may be shaped so as to define their respective concave portions 56, 58, the passage and protein layers 12, 14 may also each. define respective convex, or such other-shaped, portions as well. 30 Furthermore, 'the labeling indicia 11 may be marked on the upper housing portion 10 or on the passage layer 12 in WO 2006/047869 - 38 - PCT/CA2005/001677 a manner that is not restricted to being printed, adhered or written thereon. Moreover, while the above description only describes the presence of one housing aperture 20, multiple respective 5 housing apertures (not shown) may be present for each test system 70. Furthermore, the units of the disposable immunodiagnostic test system may be arranged in "multiple packs", or in any such other removably connected or frangible 10 relation that may be desired by the end user (i.e., other than in the representative side-by-side removably connected relation format shown in Figures 6 and 7). Similarly, the disposable immunodiagnostic test system 70 may be assembled without an upper housing portion 15 10, and in such embodiments, it would be comprised of at least the passage layer 12 (possibly with certain labeling indicia 11 marked on its exterior surface), the protein layer 14, the absorbent layer 16, the lower housing portion 18, and the housing side portions 36. 20 Likewise, only the lower housing portion 18 may be eliminated, such that the disposable immunodiagnostic test system 70 would then be comprised of at least the upper housing portion 10, the passage layer 12 (ensuring that the housing aperture 20 is aligned in substantial vertical 25 registration with the aperture 24 in the passage layer 12), the protein layer 14, the absorbent layer 16, and the housing side portions 36. Moreover, while the test system 70 may sometimes hereinabove have been described as a rapid assay test in a 30 flow through format, it may instead be constructed in a lateral flow format as well.

C.RPobrthlCC\LGI\444057_ IDOC-15A2/2012 -39 The test systems 70 discussed hereinabove are preferably disposable and cost-effective immunodiagnostic test systems that are utilizable for detection of one or more marker proteins in a liquid sample analyte or matrix. 5 As the present invention may be used to test for multiple marker proteins in a single test, as may preferably be administered through the use of a single liquid sample analyte, there is preferably a reduced wait time before the results might be obtainable. 10 While the present invention is contemplated to be used primarily as an immunodiagnostic system, it may also be manufactured for use in the detection of various marker proteins and such other materials as may be present in tissue culture fluids, plant extracts, seed extracts, soil 15 extracts, and/or water and other aqueous extracts. As aforesaid, the disposable immunodiagnostic test system 70 according to the present invention may preferably be disposed of in an ecologically responsible and inexpensive manner, such as, for example, by incineration or 20 burning in an open fire. The disposable immunodiagnostic test system 70 may preferably have lower costs of production and disposal associated with it, in comparison to other analyte testing devices that may be presently available. 25 Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise", and variations such as "comprises" or comprising", will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or 30 step or group of integers or steps but not the exclusion of any other integer or step or group of integers or steps.

C:\NRPonbI\DCC\LGLWI44057_I DOC-15412/2012 - 39A The reference in this specification to any prior publication (or information derived from it), or to any matter which is known, is not, and should not be taken as, an 5 acknowledgement or admission or any form of suggestion that that prior publication (or information derived from it) or known matter forms part of the common general knowledge in the field of endeavour to which this specification relates.

Claims

1. A disposable immunodiagnostic test system for testing for the presence of a plurality of marker proteins in a liquid sample, said test system including: 5 a passage layer including a first material having a substantially non-porous structure that is configured so as to define at least one aperture therethrough; a protein layer including a second material that is configured to enable immobilization of a first and a second 10 combinable protein thereon, the protein layer having a substantially porous structure enabling a portion of said liquid sample to pass therethrough; and an absorbent layer including a third material that enables absorption of at least a portion of said liquid 15 sample, the absorbent layer being in intimate contacting relation with the protein layer, wherein the at least one aperture of the passage layer is configured to receive the liquid sample; and wherein the protein layer includes an active surface 20 area that is aligned with the at least one aperture of the passage layer so as to be viewable through the at least one aperture, the active surface area including a plurality of first test areas arranged in a first ring having a first diameter, and a plurality of second test areas arranged in a 25 second ring having a second diameter, the second diameter being larger than the first diameter, with at least one. of the first and second combinable proteins being immobilized in the first test area and at least the other one of the first and second combinable proteins being immobilized in 30 the second text area for binding of said marker proteins with said first and second combinable proteins when the liquid sample includes such marker proteins. C \NRPorbI\DCC\HFS\4637594.1 DOC-269/2012 - 41

2. The disposable immunodiagnostic test system of claim 1, wherein the active surface area additionally includes a control area. 5

3. The disposable immunodiagnostic test system of claim 2, wherein the control area is disposed at the center of the first ring including the plurality of first test areas. 10

4. The disposable immunodiagnostic test system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein each of the first material, the second material, and the third material is respectively constructed from one or more different combustible materials, each of the combustible materials respectively 15 being one that produces non-toxic by-products upon incineration.

5. A test system according to any one of the preceding claims, further including a reagent, wherein if at least one 20 of the plurality of marker proteins binds to at least one of the first and second combinable proteins, the reagent' is bound to the marker proteins that are immobilized on the active surface. 25

6. A test system according to claim 5, wherein the reagent includes a visually tagging substance that provides a colored indicium of the binding of the at least one of the plurality of marker proteins to at least one of the first and second combinable proteins and the immobilization of at 30 least one of the first and second combinable proteins to the protein layer. C \NRorbI\DCC\NFS\4617594_1 DOC-26AN2I12 - 42

7. A test system according to claim 6, wherein said visually tagging substance includes dyed latex beads.

8. A test system according to claim 6, wherein said 5 visually tagging substance includes a colloidal gold conjugate substance.

9. A test system according to claim 6, wherein said visually tagging substance includes a colloidal carbon 10 conjugate substance.

10. A test system according to claim 5, wherein said reagent includes a protein enzyme conjugate substance, with said test system further including an enzyme substrate 15 substance that is operatively bound to said protein enzyme conjugate substance when at least one of the plurality of marker proteins binds to at least one of the first and second combinable proteins. 20

11. A test system according to claim 10, wherein when at least one of the plurality of marker proteins binds to at least one of the first and second combinable proteins, said enzyme substrate substance displays a colored indicium. 25

12. A test system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein when at least one of the plurality of marker proteins binds to at least one of the first and second combinable proteins, a portion of said liquid sample passes substantially through said protein layer. 30

13. A test system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the portion of the active surface area that C \RPoribl\DCC\HFS\637594_1 DOC-26A)92012 - 43 is visible through the at least one aperture further includes a procedural control surface area; and wherein said procedural control surface area is adapted to display a control reading both when at least one of the plurality of 5 marker proteins binds to at least one of the first and second combinable proteins, and when no marker proteins bind to any of the second combinable proteins, so as to operatively confirm that said test system has been used properly. 10

14. A test system according to claim 13, wherein said procedural control surface area is further adapted to confirm that said test system has been handled and stored properly. 15

15. A test system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said first material includes a densely packed paper material. 20

16. A test system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said first material includes a tree bark material.

17. A test system according to any one of the preceding 25 claims, wherein said first material includes a packed leaf material.

18. A test system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said second material is configured to define 30 pores therethrough, with each of said pores having a pore diameter between about 0.1 microns and about 25 microns. C \NRPonbhDCC\HFSA611594.1 DOC-2rA)'/201 - 44

19. A test system according to claim 18, wherein said pore diameter is between about 0.4 microns and about 2.0 microns.

20. A test system according to any one of the preceding 5 claims, wherein said second material includes a nitrocellulose material.

21. A test system according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein said second material includes an acetate material. 10

22. A test system according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein said second material includes a nylon material.

23. A test system according to any one of the preceding 15 claims, wherein said third material includes a sponge material.

24. A test system according to claim 23, wherein said sponge material includes a paper towel material. 20

25. A test system according to claim 23, wherein said sponge material includes an acetate material.

26. A test system according to any one of the preceding 25 claims, further including a housing substantially encapsulating said passage layer, said protein layer, and said absorbent layer, with a lower housing portion of said housing being in intimate contacting relation with said absorbent layer and an upper housing portion of said housing 30 being in intimate contacting relation with said passage layer, with said upper housing portion being shaped so as to define at least one housing aperture therethrough, with said C \NRPortbI\DCC\HFS\467594_1 DOC-2M19/12012 - 45 housing aperture being substantially aligned in operative fluid communicating relation with said at least one aperture of said passage layer. 5

27. A test system according to claim 26, wherein said housing is constructed of said at least one combustible material.

28. A test system according to claim 26 or 27, wherein said 10 housing includes a housing material having a substantially non-porous housing structure.

29. A test system according to claim 26 to 28, wherein each of said upper housing portion and said lower housing portion 15 has said substantially non-porous housing structure.

30. A test system according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one sealant is substantially juxtaposed between said upper housing portion and said 20 passage layer, and between said lower housing portion and said absorbent layer.

31. A test system according to claims 26 to 30, wherein said visible portion of said active surface area is viewable 25 through said housing aperture.

32. A test system according to claims 26 to 31, wherein at least one labeling indicium is marked on at least one of an exterior surface portion of said passage layer and an 30 exterior surface portion of said housing.

33. A test system according to claim 32, wherein said C \RPonb\DCC\HFSW6375941 DOC-26AN/2012 - 46 labeling indicium is marked on said housing.

34. A test system according to claim 32, wherein said labeling indicium includes a barcode indicium. 5

35. A test system according to claim 32, wherein said labeling indicium includes a text indicium.

36. A test system according to claim 13, wherein said 10 visible portion of said active surface area includes a supplemental first surface area; and wherein in an operative configuration in which at least a portion of the liquid sample passes through the protein layer, said first combinable proteins are immobilized on each of said first 15 test surface area and said supplemental first test surface area.

37. A test system according to claim 36, wherein a higher concentration of said first combinable proteins are 20 immobilized on said supplemental first test surface area relative to a concentration of said combinable proteins on said first test surface area.

38. A test system according to claim 37, wherein said first 25 test surface area and said supplemental first test surface area together notionally define a substantially planar first test ring, with each of said first test surface area and said supplemental first test surface area notionally situated therewithin. 30

39. A test system according to claim 38, wherein said first test ring substantially circumscribes said procedural C 4RPwobIIDCC\sm4o617594 DOC.2A9(2012 - 47 control surface area.

40. A test system according to claim 1, wherein said visible portion of said active surface area further includes 5 a supplemental first test surface area and a supplemental second test surface area; and wherein in an operative configuration in which at least a portion of the liquid sample passes through the protein layer, said first combinable proteins are immobilized on each of said first 10 test surface area and said supplemental first test surface area, and said second combinable proteins are immobilized on each of said second test surface area and said supplemental second test surface area. 15

41. A test system according to claim 40, wherein said first test surface area and said supplemental first test surface area together notionally define a substantially planar first test ring, with each of said first test surface area and said supplemental first test surface area notionally 20 situated therewithin; wherein said second test surface area and said supplemental second test surface area together notionally define a substantially planar second test ring, with each of said second test surface area and said supplemental second test surface area nationally situated 25 therewithin; and wherein said second test ring substantially circumscribes said first test ring.

42. A test system according to claim 1, wherein said second test surface area includes a mimicry surface area, wherein 30 said second combinable proteins include native proteins biosynthesizable by substantially healthy cells in at least one of said liquid sample and a species furnishing C\NRPoribI\DCC\HFS\4637594_I DOC-26/09/2(12 - 48 substantially healthy cells; wherein in an operative configuration in which at least a portion of the liquid sample passes through the protein layer, said native proteins are immobilized on said mimicry surface area, such 5 that in said positive result configuration, at least one of said plurality of said marker proteins are bound to said native proteins and immobilized relative to said protein layer. 10

43. A test system according to claim 26, wherein said passage layer includes at least two apertures, and wherein an upper surface of said passage layer is configured so as to define a concave portion in which the upper surface of the passage layer has a concave curvature, wherein the 15 concave portion is substantially adjacent to said at least two apertures and substantially aligned with said housing aperture.

44. A test system according to claim 13, wherein an upper 20 surface of said protein layer is configured so as to define a concave portion in which the upper surface of the passage layer has a concave curvature, with said concave portion being substantially adjacent to said visible portion of said active surface area and being substantially aligned with 25 said aperture of said passage layer.

45. A disposable immunodiagnostic test system substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying figures.