AU2004205887A1 - Microfluidic devices for fluid manipulation and analysis - Google Patents

Microfluidic devices for fluid manipulation and analysis Download PDF

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Publication number
AU2004205887A1
AU2004205887A1 AU2004205887A AU2004205887A AU2004205887A1 AU 2004205887 A1 AU2004205887 A1 AU 2004205887A1 AU 2004205887 A AU2004205887 A AU 2004205887A AU 2004205887 A AU2004205887 A AU 2004205887A AU 2004205887 A1 AU2004205887 A1 AU 2004205887A1
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AU
Australia
Prior art keywords
microfluidic channel
microfluidic
bellows pump
fluidly connected
sample
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
AU2004205887A
Inventor
C. Frederick Battrell
Jeffrey M. Houkal
Christy A. Lancaster
Patrick Saltsman
Mingchao Shen
Bernhard H. Weigl
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Revvity Health Sciences Inc
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MINCRONICS Inc
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Publication of AU2004205887A1 publication Critical patent/AU2004205887A1/en
Assigned to PERKINELMER HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. reassignment PERKINELMER HEALTH SCIENCES, INC. Request for Assignment Assignors: MINCRONICS INC.
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
    • B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
    • B01L3/5027—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip
    • B01L3/50273—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip characterised by the means or forces applied to move the fluids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/30—Injector mixers
    • B01F25/31—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows
    • B01F25/314—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced at the circumference of the conduit
    • B01F25/3141—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows wherein additional components are introduced at the circumference of the conduit with additional mixing means other than injector mixers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40—Static mixers
    • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
    • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
    • B01F25/433—Mixing tubes wherein the shape of the tube influences the mixing, e.g. mixing tubes with varying cross-section or provided with inwardly extending profiles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/40—Static mixers
    • B01F25/42—Static mixers in which the mixing is affected by moving the components jointly in changing directions, e.g. in tubes provided with baffles or obstructions
    • B01F25/43—Mixing tubes, e.g. wherein the material is moved in a radial or partly reversed direction
    • B01F25/433—Mixing tubes wherein the shape of the tube influences the mixing, e.g. mixing tubes with varying cross-section or provided with inwardly extending profiles
    • B01F25/4331—Mixers with bended, curved, coiled, wounded mixing tubes or comprising elements for bending the flow
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F33/00—Other mixers; Mixing plants; Combinations of mixers
    • B01F33/30—Micromixers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
    • B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
    • B01L3/5027—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip
    • B01L3/502738—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip characterised by integrated valves
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
    • B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
    • B01L3/5027—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip
    • B01L3/502753—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip characterised by bulk separation arrangements on lab-on-a-chip devices, e.g. for filtration or centrifugation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B43/00—Machines, pumps, or pumping installations having flexible working members
    • F04B43/02—Machines, pumps, or pumping installations having flexible working members having plate-like flexible members, e.g. diaphragms
    • F04B43/04—Pumps having electric drive
    • F04B43/043—Micropumps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2200/00—Solutions for specific problems relating to chemical or physical laboratory apparatus
    • B01L2200/06—Fluid handling related problems
    • B01L2200/0621—Control of the sequence of chambers filled or emptied
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2200/00—Solutions for specific problems relating to chemical or physical laboratory apparatus
    • B01L2200/10—Integrating sample preparation and analysis in single entity, e.g. lab-on-a-chip concept
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/06—Auxiliary integrated devices, integrated components
    • B01L2300/0681—Filter
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
    • B01L2300/0861—Configuration of multiple channels and/or chambers in a single devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/08—Geometry, shape and general structure
    • B01L2300/0861—Configuration of multiple channels and/or chambers in a single devices
    • B01L2300/0867—Multiple inlets and one sample wells, e.g. mixing, dilution
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2300/00—Additional constructional details
    • B01L2300/18—Means for temperature control
    • B01L2300/1805—Conductive heating, heat from thermostatted solids is conducted to receptacles, e.g. heating plates, blocks
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2400/00—Moving or stopping fluids
    • B01L2400/04—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means
    • B01L2400/0475—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means specific mechanical means and fluid pressure
    • B01L2400/0481—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means specific mechanical means and fluid pressure squeezing of channels or chambers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2400/00—Moving or stopping fluids
    • B01L2400/04—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means
    • B01L2400/0475—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means specific mechanical means and fluid pressure
    • B01L2400/0487—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means specific mechanical means and fluid pressure fluid pressure, pneumatics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2400/00—Moving or stopping fluids
    • B01L2400/04—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means
    • B01L2400/0475—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means specific mechanical means and fluid pressure
    • B01L2400/0487—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means specific mechanical means and fluid pressure fluid pressure, pneumatics
    • B01L2400/049—Moving fluids with specific forces or mechanical means specific mechanical means and fluid pressure fluid pressure, pneumatics vacuum
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2400/00—Moving or stopping fluids
    • B01L2400/06—Valves, specific forms thereof
    • B01L2400/0605—Valves, specific forms thereof check valves
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L2400/00—Moving or stopping fluids
    • B01L2400/06—Valves, specific forms thereof
    • B01L2400/0633—Valves, specific forms thereof with moving parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
    • B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
    • B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
    • B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
    • B01L3/5027—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip
    • B01L3/502723—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures by integrated microfluidic structures, i.e. dimensions of channels and chambers are such that surface tension forces are important, e.g. lab-on-a-chip characterised by venting arrangements

Description

WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES FOR FLUID MANIPULATION AND ANALYSIS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to microfluidic devices and 5 analysis methods, and, more particularly, to microfluidic devices and methods for the manipulation and analysis of fluid samples. Description of the Related Art Microfluidic devices have become popular in recent years for performing analytical testing. Using tools developed by the semiconductor industry to miniaturize 10 electronics, it has become possible to fabricate intricate fluid systems which can be inexpensively mass produced. Systems have been developed to perform a variety of analytical techniques for the acquisition and processing of information. The ability to perform analyses microfluidically provides substantial advantages of throughput, reagent consumption, and automatability. Another advantage 15 of microfluidic systems is the ability to integrate a plurality of different operations in a single "lap-on-a-chip" device for performing processing of reactants for analysis and/or synthesis. Microfluidic devices may be constructed in a multi-layer laminated structure wherein each layer has channels and structures fabricated from a laminate 20 material to form microscale voids or channels where fluids flow. A microscale or microfluidic channel is generally defined as a fluid passage which has at least one internal cross-sectional dimension that is less than 500 gm and typically between about 0.1 gim and about 500 Rm. U.S. Patent No. 5,716,852, which patent is hereby incorporated by 25 reference in its entirety, is an example of a microfluidic device. The '852 patent teaches a microfluidic system for detecting the presence of analyte particles in a sample stream using a laminar flow channel having at least two input channels which provide an 1 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 indicator stream and a sample stream, where the laminar flow channel has a depth sufficiently small to allow laminar flow of the streams and length sufficient to allow diffusion of particles of the analyte into the indicator stream to form a detection area, and having an outlet out of the channel to form a single mixed stream. This device, which is 5 known as a T-Sensor, allows the movement of different fluidic layers next to each other within a channel without mixing other than by diffusion. A sample stream, such as whole blood, a receptor stream, such as an indicator solution, and a reference stream, which may be a known analyte standard, are introduced into a common microfluidic channel within the T-Sensor, and the streams flow next to each other until they exit the channel. Smaller 10 particles, such as ions or small proteins, diffuse rapidly across the fluid boundaries, whereas larger molecules diffuse more slowly. Large particles, such as blood cells, show no significant diffusion within the time the two flow streams are in contact. Typically, microfluidic systems require some type of external fluidic driver to function, such as piezoelectric pumps, micro-syringe pumps, electroosmotic 15 pumps, and the like. However, in U.S. Patent Application No. 09/684,094, which application is assigned to the assignee of the present invention and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, microfluidic systems are described which are completely driven by inherently available internal forces such as gravity, hydrostatic pressure, capillary force, absorption by porous material or chemically induced pressures or 20 vacuums. In addition, many different types of valves for use in controlling fluids in microscale devices have been developed. For example, U.S. Patent No. 6,432,212 describes one-way valves for use in laminated microfluidic structures, U.S. Patent No. 6,581,899 describes ball bearing valves for use in laminated microfluidic structures, and 25 U.S. Patent Application No. 10/114,890, which application is assigned to the assignee of the present invention, describes a pneumatic valve interface, also known as a zero dead volume valve, for use in laminated microfluidic structures. The foregoing patents and patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Although there have been many advances in the field, there remains a 30 need for new and improved microfluidic devices for manipulating and analyzing fluid 2 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 samples. The present invention addresses these needs and provides further related advantages. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In brief, the present invention relates to microfluidic devices and methods 5 for manipulating and analyzing fluid samples. The disclosed microfluidic devices utilize a plurality of microfluidic channels, inlets, valves, filters, pumps, liquid barriers and other elements arranged in various configurations to manipulate the flow of a fluid sample in order to prepare such sample for analysis. Analysis of the sample may then be performed by any means known in the art. For example, as disclosed herein, microfluidic devices of 10 the present invention may be used to facilitate the reaction of a blood sample with one or more reagents as part of a blood typing assay. In a first embodiment, a microfluidic device for analyzing a liquid sample is provided that comprises (a) a microfluidic channel having a first end and a second end, (b) a sample inlet fluidly connected to the first end of the microfluidic channel for 15 receiving the liquid sample, (c) a filter interposed between the sample inlet and the first end of the microfluidic channel, wherein the filter removes selected particles from the liquid sample, (d) a bellows pump fluidly connected to the second end of the microfluidic channel, and (e) a liquid barrier interposed between the bellows pump and the second end of the microfluidic channel, wherein the liquid barrier is gas permeable and liquid 20 impermeable. In further embodiments, the bellows may comprise a vent hole, the filter may comprise a membrane, or the microfluidic device may further comprise (a) a first check valve interposed between the bellows pump and the liquid barrier, wherein the first check valve permits fluid flow towards the bellows pump, and (b) a second check valve 25 fluidly connected to the bellows pump, wherein the second check valve permits fluid flow away from the bellows pump. In a second embodiment, a microfluidic device for analyzing a liquid sample is provided that comprises (a) a first microfluidic channel having a first end and a second end, (b) a sample inlet fluidly connected to the first end of the first microfluidic 3 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 channel for receiving the liquid sample, (c) an active valve interposed between the sample inlet and the first end of the first microfluidic channel, (d) a means for actuating the active valve, (e) a first bellows pump fluidly connected to the second end of the first microfluidic channel, (f) a liquid barrier interposed between the first bellows pump and 5 the second end of the first microfluidic channel, wherein the liquid barrier is gas permeable and liquid impermeable, (g) a second microfluidic channel having a first end and a second end, wherein the first end is fluidly connected to the first microfluidic channel at a location adjacent to the active valve, (h) a passive valve interposed between the first end of the second microfluidic channel and the first microfluidic channel, 10 wherein the passive valve is open when the fluid pressure in the first microfluidic channel is greater than the fluid pressure in the second microfluidic channel, and (i) a sample reservoir fluidly connected to the second end of the second microfluidic channel. In further embodiments, the first bellows pump may comprise a vent hole, the means for actuating the active valve may comprise a second bellows pump and/or the 15 sample reservoir may comprise a vent hole. In a third embodiment, a microfluidic device for analyzing a liquid sample is provided that comprises (a) first and second microfluidic channels, each having a first end and a second end, (b) a sample inlet fluidly connected to the first end of the first microfluidic channel for receiving the liquid sample, (c) a first bellows pump fluidly 20 connected to, and interposed between, the second end of the first microfluidic channel and the first end of the second microfluidic channel, (d) a second bellows pump fluidly connected to the second end of the second microfluidic channel, wherein the second bellows pump has a fluid outlet, (e) a first check valve interposed between the sample inlet and the first end of the first microfluidic channel, wherein the first check valve 25 permits fluid flow towards the first microfluidic channel, (f) a second check valve interposed between the second end of the first microfluidic channel and the first bellows pump, wherein the second check valve permits fluid flow towards the first bellows pump, (g) a third check valve interposed between the first bellows pump and the first end of the second microfluidic channel, wherein the third check valve permits fluid flow towards 30 the second microfluidic channel, and (h) a fourth check valve interposed between the 4 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 second end of the second microfluidic channel and the second bellows pump, wherein the fourth check valve permits fluid flow towards the second bellows pump. In a fourth embodiment, a microfluidic device for analyzing a liquid sample is provided that comprises (a) a first microfluidic channel having a-first end and a 5 second end, (b) a sample inlet fluidly connected to the first end of the first microfluidic channel for receiving the liquid sample, (c) a first reagent inlet fluidly connected to the first end of the first microfluidic channel for receiving a first reagent, (d) a bellows pump fluidly connected to the second end of the first microfluidic channel, and (e) a first liquid barrier interposed between the bellows pump and the second end of the first microfluidic 10 channel, wherein the liquid barrier is gas permeable and liquid impermeable. In further embodiments, the bellows pump may comprise a vent hole or the microfluidic device may further comprise a check valve fluidly connected to the bellows pump, wherein the check valve permits fluid flow away from the bellows pump. In another further embodiment, the microfluidic device further comprises 15 (a) a second microfluidic channel having a first end, fluidly connected to the sample inlet, and a second end, fluidly connected to the bellows pump, (b) a second reagent inlet fluidly connected to the first end of the second microfluidic channel for receiving a second reagent, and (c) a second liquid barrier interposed between the bellows pump and the second end of the second microfluidic channel, wherein the second liquid barrier is 20 gas permeable and liquid impermeable. In yet another further embodiment, the microfluidic device further comprises (a) a third microfluidic channel having a first end, fluidly connected to the sample inlet, and a second end, fluidly connected to the bellows pump, (b) a third reagent inlet fluidly connected to the first end of the third microfluidic channel for receiving a 25 third reagent, and (c) a third liquid barrier interposed between the bellows pump and the second end of the third microfluidic channel, wherein the third liquid barrier is gas permeable and liquid impermeable. These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent upon reference to the attached figures and following detailed description. 5 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS Figures lA-1C are a series of cross-sectional views illustrating the operation of a first embodiment of a microfluidic device in accordance with aspects of the present invention. 5 Figures 2A-2C are a series of cross-sectional views illustrating the operation of a second embodiment of a microfluidic device in accordance with aspects of the present invention. Figures 3A-3F are a series of cross-sectional views illustrating the operation of a third embodiment of a microfluidic device in accordance with aspects of 10 the present invention. Figures 4A-4E are a series of cross-sectional views illustrating the operation of a fourth embodiment of a microfluidic device in accordance with aspects of the present invention. - Figures 5A-5C are a series of cross-sectional views illustrating the 15 operation of a fifth embodiment of a microfluidic device in accordance with aspects of the present invention. Figures 6A-6F are schematic illustrations of blood typing cards in accordance with aspects of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 20 As noted previously, the present invention relates to microfluidic devices and methods utilizing a plurality of microfluidic channels, inlets, valves, membranes, pumps, liquid barriers and other elements' arranged in various configurations to manipulate the flow of a fluid sample in order to prepare such sample for analysis and to analyze the fluid sample. In the following description, certain specific embodiments of 25 the present devices and methods are set forth, however, persons skilled in the art will understand that the various embodiments and elements described below may be combined or modified without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Figures 1A-IC are a series of cross-sectional views of the device 110 illustrating the operation of a first embodiment of the invention. As shown in Figure 1 A, 6 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 microfluidic device 110 comprises a microfluidic channel 120 having a first end 122 and a second end 124. As illustrated, device 110 is in the form of a cartridge, however, the form of device 110 is not essential to the present invention, and persons of ordinary skill in the art can readily select a suitable form for a given application. The microfluidic 5 devices of the present invention, such as device 110, may be constructed from a material, such as transparent plastic, mylar or latex, using a method such as injection molding or lamination. As further shown in Figure 1A, device 110 comprises a sample inlet 130 fluidly connected to first end 122 of microfluidic channel 120 for receiving a liquid 10 sample and a filter 140 interposed between sample inlet 130 and first end 122 of microfluidic channel 120. Filter 140 is capable of removing selected particles, such as white blood cells, red blood cells, polymeric beads, such as polystyrene or latex with sizes from 1-100 microns, and bacteria cells, such as E. coli, from the liquid sample, and may comprise a membrane (as illustrated). A bellows pump 150 having a vent hole 152 15 is fluidly connected to second end 124 of microfluidic channel 120 and a liquid barrier 160 is interposed between bellows pump 150 and second end 124 of microfluidic channel 120. Liquid barrier 160 is a gas permeable and fluid impermeable membrane. During operation, a liquid sample in placed into sample inlet 130 (as shown in Figure 1B), bellows pump 150 is depressed, either manually by a user or 20 mechanically by an external device, vent hole 152 is substantially sealed, such as by covering vent hole 152, and bellows pump 150 is then released. During depression of bellows pump 150, vent hole 152 remains uncovered so that fluid in bellows pump 150 may be expelled through vent hold 152. Upon release of bellows pump 150, a negative fluid pressure is created in microfluidic channel 120 and the liquid sample is drawn 25 through filter 140 into, and through, microfluidic channel 120 to the liquid barrier 160 (as shown in Figure IC). As further shown in Figure 1A, microfluidic channel 120 may comprise one or more optical viewing area(s) 170. Optical viewing area(s) 170 enable visual verification by a user that the liquid sample is flowing through microfluidic channel 120. 30 Figures 2A-2C are a series of cross-sectional views of the device 210 7 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 illustrating the operation of a second embodiment of the invention. Microfluidic device 210 illustrated in Figure 2A is similar to device 110 of Figure 1A and comprises a microfluidic channel 220 having a first end 222 and a second end 224, a sample inlet 230 fluidly connected to first end 222 of microfluidic channel 220 for receiving a liquid 5 sample, a filter 240 interposed between sample inlet 230 and first end 222 of microfluidic channel 220, a bellows pump 250 fluidly connected to second end 224 of microfluidic channel 220 and a liquid barrier 260 interposed between bellows pump 250 and second end 224 of microfluidic channel 220. Rather than providing a vent hole in bellows pump 250 as in Figure IA, 10 device 210 utilizes first and a second check valves, 254 and 256, respectively, to prevent the fluid in bellows pump 250 from being expelled into microfluidic channel 220 during depression of bellows pump 250. Check valves, also known as one-way valves, permit fluid flow in one direction only. Exemplary check valves for use in microfluidic structures are described in U.S. Patent No. 6,431,212, which is hereby incorporated by 15 reference in its entirety. First check valve 254 is interposed between bellows pump 250 and liquid barrier 224 and permits fluid flow towards bellows pump 250. Second check valve 256 is fluidly connected to bellows pump 250 and permits fluid flow away from the bellows pump (for example, by venting to the atmosphere). During operation, a liquid sample is placed into sample inlet 230 (as 20 shown in Figure 2B), bellows pump 250 is depressed, either manually by a user or mechanically by an external device, and, then, bellows pump 250 is released. During depression of bellows pump 250, first check valve 254 remains closed and prevents fluid flow from bellows chamber 250 into microfluidic channel 220; second check valve 256 opens and expels the fluid displaced from bellows pump 250. Upon release of bellows 25 pump 250, a negative fluid pressure is created, first check valve 254 opens and permits fluid flow from microfluidic channel 220 into bellows pump 250, second check valve 256 closes and prevents fluid flow into bellows pump 250 from, for example, the atmosphere, and the liquid sample is drawn through filter 240 into, and through, microfluidic channel 220 to liquid barrier 260 (as shown in Figure 2C). 30 In addition, similar to Figure 1A, microfluidic channel 220 may optionally 8 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 comprise one or more optical viewing area(s) 270 to enable visual verification by a user that the liquid sample is flowing through microfluidic channel 220. Figures 3A-3F are a series of cross-sectional views illustrating the operation of a third embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Figure 3A, 5 microfluidic device 310 comprises a first microfluidic channel 320 having a first end 322 and a second end 324. A sample inlet 330 is fluidly connected to first end 322 of first microfluidic channel 320 for receiving a liquid sample. A first bellows pump 350, having a vent hole 352, is fluidly connected to second end 324 of first microfluidic channel 320. Liquid barrier 360 is interposed between first bellows pump 350 and second end 324 of 10 microfluidic channel 320. As in Figures 1A and 2A, the liquid barrier 360 is a gas permeable and liquid impermeable membrane. Furthermore, device 310 comprises an on/off active valve 370 interposed between sample inlet 330 and first end 322 of first microfluidic channel 320 and a means 372 for actuating active valve 370. As illustrated, means 372 comprise a second bellows 15 pump 372, however, persons of ordinary skill in the art can readily select an alternative and suitable means for applying manual or fluidic pressure to actuate active valve 370. Device 310 also comprises a second microfluidic channel 380 having a first end 382 and a second end 384. As shown, first end 382 of second microfluidic channel 380 is fluidly connected to first microfluidic channel 320 at a location adjacent to active valve 370 and 20 second end 384 of second microfluidic channel 380 is fluidly connected to a sample reservoir 390 having a vent hole 392. A passive valve 375 is interposed between first end 382 of second microfluidic channel 380 and first microfluidic channel 320. Passive valve 375 is designed to be open when the fluid pressure in first microfluidic channel 320 is greater than the fluid pressure in second microfluidic channel 380. Exemplary passive 25 valves, also known as zero dead volume valves, for use in microfluidic structures are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 10/114,890, which application is assigned to the assignee of the present invention and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. During initial operation, a liquid sample is placed into sample inlet 330 (as shown in Figure 3B), first bellows pump 350 is depressed, either manually by a user or 30 mechanically by an external device, vent hole 352 is covered and, then, first bellows 9 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 pump 350 is released. During depression of first bellows pump 350, vent hole 352 remains uncovered so that fluid in first bellows pump 350 may be expelled through vent hold 352. Upon release of first bellows pump 350, a negative fluid pressure is created in microfluidic channel 320 and the liquid sample is drawn through active valve 370 and 5 into, and through, microfluidic channel 320 to liquid barrier 360 (as shown in Figure 3C). During this initial depression and release of first bellows pump 350, the fluid pressure in first microfluidic channel 320 is less than the fluid pressure in second microfluidic channel 380, thus passive valve 375 is closed and the liquid sample is prevented from flowing into second microfluidic channel 380. 10 During the next stage of operation, shown in Figure 3D, vent hole 352 is covered, second bellows pump 372 is depressed, thereby actuating (i.e., closing) active valve 370, and, then, first bellows pump 350 is depressed, thereby creating a positive fluid pressure in first microfluidic channel 320. As a result, the fluid pressure in first microfluidic channel 320 rises above (i.e., is greater than) the fluid pressure in second 15 microfluidic channel 380, passive valve 375 opens, and the liquid sample is pushed from first microfluidic channel 320 into second microfluidic channel 380. During an additional stage of operation, the foregoing two steps are repeated to draw an additional portion of the liquid sample into first microfluidic channel 320, and, then, push the additional portion of the liquid sample into second microfluidic 20 channel 380, thereby pushing the first portion of the liquid sample already in second microfluidic channel 380 into sample reservoir 390. Depending on the amount of liquid sample and the size of sample reservoir 390, the foregoing additional stage of operation may be repeated a number of times. As further shown in Figures 3A-3F, more than one of the microfluidic 25 channel, pump and valve assemblies of the present invention may be disposed in a single microfluidic device. In this way, a number of fluid manipulations and analysis may be performed contemporaneously. Figures 4A-4E are a series of cross-sectional views illustrating the operation of a fourth embodiment of the invention. As shown in Figure 4A, microfluidic 30 device 410 comprises a first microfluidic channel 420 having a first end 422 and a second 10 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 end 424, a second microfluidic channel 430 having a first end 432 and a second end 434, and a third microfluidic channel 440 having a first end 442 and a second end 444. A sample inlet 415, for receiving a liquid sample, is fluidly connected to, both, first end 422 of first microfluidic channel 420 and second end 444 of third microfluidic channel 440. 5 A first bellows pump 450 is fluidly connected to, and interposed between, second end 424 of first microfluidic channel 420 and first end 432 of second microfluidic channel 430 and a second bellows pump 460 is fluidly connected to, and interposed between, second end 434 of second microfluidic channel 430 and first end 442 of third microfluidic channel 440. 10 As shown, device 410 also comprises a plurality of check valves. A first check valve 470 is interposed between sample inlet 415 and first end 422 of first microfluidic channel 420, and permits fluid flow towards first microfluidic channel 420. A second check valve 472 is interposed between second end 424 of first microfluidic channel 420 and first bellows pump 450, and permits fluid flow towards first bellows 15 pump 450. A third check valve 474 is interposed between first bellows pump 450 and first end 432 of second microfluidic channel 430, and permits fluid flow towards second microfluidic channel 430. A fourth check valve 476 is interposed between second end 434 of second microfluidic channel 430 and second bellows pump 460, and permits fluid flow towards second bellows pump 460. A fifth check valve 478 is interposed between 20 second bellows pump 460 and first end 442 of third microfluidic channel 440, and permits fluid flow towards third microfluidic channel 440. A sixth check valve 480 is interposed between second end 444 of third microfluidic channel 440 and sample inlet 415, and permits fluid flow towards sample inlet 415. As in Figure 2A, first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth check valves, 470, 472, 474, 476, 478 and 480, permit fluid 25 flow in one direction only (as noted by the arrows in Figure 4A). As noted before, exemplary check valves for use in microfluidic structures are described in US. Patent No. 6,431,212. During operation, a liquid sample in placed into sample inlet 415 (as shown- in Figure 4B) and first and second bellows pumps 450 and 460 are alternately, 30 sequentially and/or repeatedly depressed and released, either manually by a user or 11 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 mechanically by an external device, to draw and push the liquid sample through first, second and third microfluidic channels 420, 430 and 440 (as shown in Figures 4C through 4E). During these series of depressions and releases, first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth check valves, 470, 472, 474, 476, 478 and 480, ensure that the liquid 5 sample flows in one continuous direction through microfluidic device 410. In variations of this fourth embodiment, rather than being fluidly connected to a third microfluidic channel 440, which is fluidly connected to sample inlet 415 to form a fluidic loop, one or more fluid outlet(s) of second bellows pump 460 may be fluidly connected to one or more microfluidic channel(s), which are, in turn, fluidly 10 connected to one or more additional microfluidic channel(s), bellows pumps and check valves. In this way, a person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a series of check valves and bellows pumps may be assembled and utilized in a multitude of different configurations to move a liquid sample through a network of microfluidic channels. 15 Figures 5A-5C are a series of cross-sectional views of a microfluidic device 510 illustrating the operation of a fifth embodiment of the invention. Microfluidic device 510 illustrated in Figure 5A comprises a first microfluidic channel 520 having a first end 522 and a second end 524, a second microfluidic channel 530 having a first end 532 and a second end 534, and a third microfluidic channel 540 having a first end 542 20 and a second end 544. Sample inlet 518 is fluidly connected to first ends 522, 532 and 542 of first, second and third microfluidic channels 520, 530 and 540. Device 510 further comprises a first reagent inlet 512 for receiving a first reagent, a second reagent inlet 514 for receiving a second reagent and a third reagent inlet 516 for receiving a third reagent. As illustrated, each of the first, second and third reagent inlets 512, 514 and 516 are 25 fluidly connected to first end 522 of first microfluidic channel 520. Bellows pump 550 is fluidly connected to second ends 524, 534 and 544 of first, second and third microfluidic channels 520, 530 and 540, and first, second and third liquid barriers 526, 536 and 546 are interposed between bellows pump 550 and second ends 524, 534 and 544 of first, second and third microfluidic channels 520, 530 and 540. As in Figures 1A, 2A and 3A, 30 first, second and third liquid barriers 526, 536 and 546 are gas permeable and liquid 12 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 impermeable membranes. As shown, bellows pump 550 is fluidly connected to a check valve 552, which permits fluid flow away from bellows pump 550. Alternatively, the bellows pump may comprise a vent hole as in the embodiments of Figure 1A and 3A. 5 During operation, a liquid sample in placed into sample inlet 518, a first reagent in placed into first reagent inlet 512, a second reagent is placed into second reagent inlet 514 and a third reagent is placed third reagent inlet 516 (as shown in Figure 5B), bellows pump 550 is depressed, either manually by a user or mechanically by an external device, and, then, bellows pump 550 is released. During depression of bellows 10 pump 550, check valve 546, or a vent hole (not shown), prevents fluid flow from bellows pump 550 into first, second and third microfluidic channels 520, 530 and 540. Upon release of bellows pump 550, a negative fluid pressure is created in first, second and third microfluidic channels 520, 530 and 540 and the liquid sample, the first reagent, the second reagent and the third reagent are drawn into, and through, first, second and third 15 microfluidic channels 520, 530 and 540 to first, second and third liquid barriers 526, 536 and 546 (as shown in Figure 5C). During this process, mixing of the liquid sample and the first, second and third reagents occurs within first, second and third microfluidic channels 520, 530 and 540. In addition, similar to Figures 1A and 2A, first, second and third 20 microfluidic channels 520, 530 and 540 may comprise one or more optical viewing areas 560, 562 and 564 to enable visual verification that the liquid sample and the first, second and third reagents are flowing through first, second and third microfluidic channels 520, 530 and 540. In addition, optical viewing areas 560, 562 and 564 enable a user to visually observe reactions occurring between the liquid same and the first, second and 25 third reagents. Microfluidic device 510 may be used as a rapid, disposable, blood typing assay. Such an assay may be utilized, for example, to provide bedside confirmation of a patient's ABO group prior to a blood transfusion. Figures 6A-6F are schematic illustrations of blood typing cards in accordance with aspects of the present invention. 30 Figure 6A illustrates a microfluidic device, or a card, 600. In this 13 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 embodiment reagent inlets for antibody-A 602, antibody-B 604, and antibody-D 606 are illustrated. Alternatively, such reagents may be loaded during the manufacture of device 600 and inlets 602, 604 and 606 may be eliminated. For ease of use, inlets 602, 604 and 606, which provide access to filling the corresponding reservoirs 608, 610, and 612, 5 respectively, are optionally marked with decorative indicators 614, 616, and 618. Figure 6A further shows a sample inlet 620 for accepting a blood sample or other fluid sample for testing. In the present embodiment sample 620 is labeled with a decorative indicator 622. The decorative indicator 622 encircles a transparent window 624 that provides a visual indicator of the reservoir for the fluid accepted through sample 10 inlet 620. In alternative embodiments, window 624 may be omitted. Figure 6A further illustrates verification windows for the three reagents 626, 628 and 630. These verification windows are aligned over the corresponding microfluidic channels in order to provide visual verification that the reagents are in fact traveling through the microfluidic channels as designed. As with the reagent inlets, the 15 reagent verification windows are appropriately marked. Figure 6A further illustrates appropriately marked optical viewing areas 632, 634 and 636 for viewing the blood typing results. In the current embodiment a legend 638 is provided to interpret the visual results and aid the user in determining the blood type. A further legend 640 is provided to aid the user in determining whether the 20 blood is Rh positive or Rh negative. Figure 6A further shows a bellows pump 642 for actuating fluid flow through the device. The bellows pump is fluidly connected with an outlet port 644. The embodiment in Figure 6A further comprises an aperture 646 designed to accept an affixing device such that the microfluidic device may be attached directly to 25 the container of fluid or bag of blood to be blood typed. In alternate embodiments, the affixing mechanism may include adhesive tape, a tie mechanism, a clamp, or may simply be inserted in a pocket on the fluid container, or any other standard means of affixing the device in position. Figure 6B illustrates an embodiment of microfluidic device 600 including 30 a faceplate 650 attached to the device. Figure 6B shows the inlets, verification windows, 14 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 legends, and markings as shown in Figure 6A, however, Figure 6B further shows an open faceplate or cover plate 650 attached to device 600. In the illustrated embodiment, faceplate 650 is hingedly connected to the device 600. In alternate embodiments, the faceplate may be detached. When faceplate 650 is in an open position, the exposed side 5 may further include operational instructions 652 for the convenience of the user. The faceplate additionally protects the viewing windows and inlets of the device when device 600 is not in use. Figure 6C illustrates yet another embodiment and shows microfluidic device 600 with a closed faceplate 650, covering the inlets, viewing windows, and 10 legends shown in Figure 6A, and a sheath 690. The sheath in the present embodiment is slideable and when slid in a downward direction, a lower lip 692 of the sheath provides a locking mechanism holding the faceplate in place. The faceplate 650, as noted previously, provides protection to the underlying inlets, viewing windows, legends, and legend drawings contained on the device. The faceplate 650 may additionally be used as 15 a containment mechanism after the blood typing is complete, thus preventing contact with the blood or fluid being tested. Figure 6D further illustrates the embodiment of Figure 6C and shows the device when sheath 690 is slid into the locking position, thus holding faceplate 650 in the closed position. Figure 6E illustrates another embodiment of the attached faceplate 650. In 20 this embodiment the faceplate 650 includes operational instructions 652 for completing the blood typing test. The faceplate cover in this embodiment further includes an adhesive strip 654 that may be used to seal the sample inlet, or alternatively may be used to hold the faceplate closed. Figure 6E further illustrates that the sheath 690 in this embodiment is covering the antigen reservoirs. In a further embodiment, downward 25 movement of the sheath 690 may be utilized to actuate release of the antigens from the reservoirs. Figure 6F shows an alternative configuration of device 600 and layout for user ease. In Figure 6F, the reagent verification windows 626, 628 and 630 are grouped together for easier verification. Furthermore, in this embodiment, a header 670 is 30 included identifying the blood type windows. Further use of the legends on alternative 15 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 embodiments may include use of specific colors to delineate various functions on the substrate. For example, a red circle may encircle the blood port. From the foregoing, and as set forth previously, it will be appreciated that, 5 although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. A person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a plurality of microfluidic channels, inlets, valves, membranes, pumps, liquid barriers and other elements may be arranged in various configurations in accordance with the present 10 invention to manipulate the flow of a fluid sample in order to prepare such sample for analysis. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims. 16

Claims (20)

1. A microfluidic device for analyzing a liquid sample, comprising: a microfluidic channel having a first end and a second end; a sample inlet fluidly connected to the first end of the microfluidic channel for receiving the liquid sample; a filter interposed between the sample inlet and the first end of the microfluidic channel, wherein the filter removes selected particles from the liquid sample; a bellows pump fluidly connected to the second end of the microfluidic channel; and a liquid barrier interposed between the bellows pump and the second end of the microfluidic channel, wherein the liquid barrier is gas permeable and liquid impermeable.
2. The microfluidic device of claim 1 wherein the bellows pump comprises a vent hole.
3. The microfluidic device of claim 1, further comprising: a first check valve interposed between the bellows pump and the liquid barrier, wherein the first check valve permits fluid flow towards the bellows pump; and a second check valve fluidly connected to the bellows pump, wherein the second check valve permits fluid flow away from the bellows pump.
4. The microfluidic device of claim I wherein the filter comprises a membrane. 17 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063
5. The microfluidic device of claim 1 wherein the microfluidic channel further comprises one or more optical viewing areas.
6. The microfluidic device of claim 1 wherein the selected particles removed from the liquid sample by the filter comprise white blood cells, red blood cells, polymeric beads or bacteria cells.
7. A microfluidic device for analyzing a liquid sample, comprising: a first microfluidic channel having a first end and a second end; a sample inlet fluidly connected to the first end of the first microfluidic channel for receiving the liquid sample; an active valve interposed between the sample inlet and the first end of the first microfluidic channel; a means for actuating the active valve; a first bellows pump fluidly connected to the second end of the first microfluidic channel; a liquid barrier interposed between the first bellows pump and the second end of the first microfluidic channel, wherein the liquid barrier is gas permeable and liquid impermeable; a second microfluidic channel having a first end and a second end, wherein the first end is fluidly connected to the first microfluidic channel at a location adjacent to the active valve; a passive valve interposed between the first end of the second microfluidic channel and the first microfluidic channel, wherein the passive valve is open when the fluid pressure in the first microfluidic channel is greater than the fluid pressure in the second microfluidic channel; and a sample reservoir fluidly connected to the second end of the second microfluidic channel.
8, The microfluidic device of claim 7 wherein the first bellows pump 18 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 comprises a vent hole.
9. The microfluidic device of claim 7 wherein the means for actuating the active valve comprise a second bellows pump.
10. The microfluidic device of claim 7 wherein the sample reservoir comprises a vent hole.
11. A microfluidic device for analyzing a liquid sample, comprising: first and second microfluidic channels, each having a first end and a second end; a sample inlet fluidly connected to the first end of the first microfluidic channel for receiving the liquid sample; a first bellows pump fluidly connected to, and interposed between, the second end of the first microfluidic channel and the first end of the second microfluidic channel; a second bellows pump fluidly connected to the second end of the second microfluidic channel, wherein the second bellows pump has a fluid outlet; a first check valve interposed between the sample inlet and the first end of the first microfluidic channel, wherein the first check valve permits fluid flow towards the first microfluidic channel; a second check valve interposed between the second end of the first microfluidic channel and the first bellows pump, wherein the second check valve permits fluid flow towards the first bellows pump; a third check valve interposed between the first bellows pump and the first end of the second microfluidic channel, wherein the third check valve permits fluid flow towards the second microfluidic channel; and a fourth check valve interposed between the second end of the second microfluidic channel and the second bellows pump, wherein the fourth check valve permits fluid flow towards the second bellows pump. 19 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063
12. A microfluidic device for analyzing a liquid sample, comprising: a first microfluidic channel having a first end and a second end; a sample inlet fluidly connected to the first end of the first microfluidic channel for receiving the liquid sample; a first reagent inlet fluidly connected to the first end of the first microfluidic channel for receiving a first reagent; a bellows pump fluidly connected to the second end of the first microfluidic channel; and a first liquid barrier interposed between the bellows pump and the second end of the first microfluidic channel, wherein the liquid barrier is gas permeable and liquid impermeable.
13. The microfluidic device of claim 12 wherein the bellows pump comprises a vent hole.
14. The microfluidic device of claim 12, further comprising a check valve fluidly connected to the bellows pump, wherein the check valve permits fluid flow away from the bellows pump.
15. The microfluidic device of claim 12 wherein the first microfluidic channel further comprises one or more optical viewing areas.
16. The microfluidic device of claim 12, further comprising: a second microfluidic channel having a first end, fluidly connected to the sample inlet, and a second end, fluidly connected to the bellows pump; a second reagent inlet fluidly connected to the first end of the second microfluidic channel for receiving a second reagent; and a second liquid barrier interposed between the bellows pump and the second end of the second microfluidic channel, wherein the second liquid barrier is 20 WO 2004/065930 PCT/US2004/001063 gas permeable and liquid impermeable.
17. The microfluidic device of claim 16 wherein the second microfluidic channel further comprises one or more optical viewing areas.
18. The microfluidic device of claim 16, further comprising: a third microfluidic channel having a first end, fluidly connected to the sample inlet, and a second end, fluidly connected to the bellows pump; a third reagent inlet fluidly connected to the first end of the third microfluidic channel for receiving a third reagent; and a third liquid barrier interposed between the bellows pump and the second end of the third microfluidic channel, wherein the third liquid barrier is gas permeable and liquid impermeable.
19. The microfluidic device of claim 18, wherein the liquid sample comprises a blood sample, the first reagent comprises antibody-A, the second reagent comprises antibody-B, the third reagent comprises antibody-D.
20. The microfluidic device of claim 18 wherein the third microfluidic channel further comprises one or more optical viewing areas. 21
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