AU2003265019A1

AU2003265019A1 - Surface treatment of magnesium and its alloys

Info

Publication number: AU2003265019A1
Application number: AU2003265019A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Ian Grant Mawston; Serguei Panov
Original assignee: Magnesium Technology Ltd
Current assignee: Keronite International Ltd
Priority date: 2002-09-09
Filing date: 2003-09-09
Publication date: 2004-03-29
Anticipated expiration: 2023-09-09
Also published as: CN1777706A; US20060130936A1; GB0504294D0; WO2004022818A1; GB2407823A; AU2003265019B2; GB2407823B; DE10393234T5; JP2005538249A; CN100585024C

Description

WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 THE SURFACE TREATMENT OF MAGNESIUM AND ITS ALLOYS TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to surface treatment of magnesium and its alloys and in particular, though not solely, this invention relates to providing a bright shiny and/or textured 5 surface finish to magnesium or magnesium alloy. BACKGROUND ART Magnesium metal, either pure or in an alloy form, is a highly reactive-metal. In its usual fabricated forms the surface appearance is relatively dull and obscured by surface oxidation products or other compounds. Accordingly, magnesium metal does not usually manifest a 10 bright, shiny, metallic finish except when the article has been machined. Although a dull surface may not always be disadvantageous, it is often desirable to provide a bright or polished surface to magnesium for reasons of aesthetics or utility. Owing to the reactivity of magnesium, post-treatments are generally necessary to passivate the surface, and conventionally the desired surface finish is lost during this step. 15 Conventional treatment of magnesium and its alloys has mostly consisted of treatments that result in an anodic coating being applied to the metal, or a paint film, following some kind of pre-treatment process intended to promote paint adhesion. Mostly these processes neither brighten nor polish the metal. Anodising processes for magnesium differ from those employed for aluminium in that the resulting surface is opaque and frequently the coating is 20 inherently coloured. While in many applications this may be a desirable finish in itself, this is not regarded as surface polishing or brightening. Techniques for applying paint to magnesium or its alloys comprise in the main pre treatments such as chromating or non-chromating conversion treatments, followed by application of a paint. The paint may be in the form of a powder coat, which is 25 electrostatically applied then oven-cured, or a wet paint. The painted surface may have a shiny finish, but it is not a finish that is comparable to a shiny metallic surface. Techniques for chemically or electrochemically brightening other metals exist. Methods for brightening aluminium alloy articles are commonly employed'in anodising plants. However, these techniques are not applicable to magnesium alloys due to their different chemistry. 30 For example, an approach to brightening aluminium involves a combined acid mixture in which magnesium articles would dissolve rapidly. 41 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 Many different metals and alloys of aluminium can be brightened by either chemical or electro-chemical methods. Although, many brightening methods have been known for a long time, little work has been made to accommodate magnesium and its alloys. Two other problems exist that make the processing of magnesium and magnesium alloys 5 difficult. Firstly, many commercial alloy articles (especially die cast articles) exhibit significant amounts of segregation both of the surface and in the interior of the article. This together with commonly encountered casting defects produces a highly inhomogeneous surface which cannot be improved by conventional means. Secondly, as magnesium is a highly reactive metal that forms a non-continuous oxide layer, for a viable bright surface 10 finish to be attained the surface must be treated in a manner to prevent the oxide layer forming after surface brightening or polishing treatments. Traditionally such treatments include films or coatings which are opaque and/or are produced using heavy metals and other undesirable toxic chemicals. It is also possible in some circumstances to chemically or electrochemically plate other 15 metals, for instance, nickel, onto magnesium substrates. Although the resulting plated article has a shiny, metallic appearance, this is due to the plated metal and could not be regarded as a system for brightening or polishing magnesium or magnesium alloy articles. There are also profound disadvantages in plating other metals onto magnesium or magnesium alloy substrates including for example galvanic corrosion problems in corrosive 20 environments, expense, processing difficulties in a plating process and high reject rates from most processes. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a surface treatment for magnesium and its alloys which will go at least some way towards addressing the foregoing problems or at least to provide the industry and/or public with a useful choice. 25 All references, including any patents or patent applications cited in this specification are hereby incorporated by reference. No admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. The discussion of the references states what their authors assert, and the applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of the cited documents. It will be clearly understood that, although a number of prior art publications are 30 referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that any of these documents form part of the common general knowledge in the art, in New Zealand or in any other country.

WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 It is acknowledged that the term 'comprise' may, under varying jurisdictions, be attributed with either an exclusive or an inclusive meaning. For the purpose of this specification, and unless otherwise noted, the term 'comprise' shall have an inclusive meaning - i.e. that it will be taken to mean an inclusion of not only the listed components it directly references, but 5 also other non-specified components or elements. This rationale will also be used when the term 'comprised' or 'comprising' is used in relation to one or more steps in a method or process. Further aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the ensuing description which is given by way of example only. 10 DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Accordingly, in a first aspect the invention consists in a method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface comprising the steps of: i) polishing the surface, and ii) passivating the polished surface. 15 Preferably, the method comprises an initial step of pre-treating of said surface to remove surface contaminants. Preferably, said pre-treatment step comprises chemically etching said surface and/or degreasing said surface. Preferably, surface contaminants are removed prior during the pre-treatment step by 20 contacting said surface with one or more degreasing components, such as sodium hydroxide. Preferably, said chemical etching component comprises a nitric acid and/or phosphoric acid. Preferably, said pre-treatment step includes chemically blasting said surface. Preferably, said polishing step is carried out by a chemical polish and/or electro-chemical 25 polish while said surface is immersed in a polishing composition. Preferably, said chemical polish and/or electro-chemical polish removes surface layers and/or reduces microscopic high points from the surface.

WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 Preferably, said polishing step is carried out by immersing said surface in a bath comprising one or more of the following components; a phosphoric acid solution, monopropylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and nitric acid. Preferably, said electro-chemical polish is a galvanic electrolysis. 5 Preferably, said electro-chemical polish further includes the supply of an external voltage to said surface. Preferably, during said electro-chemical polish step an electrolyte anti-stagnation means is utilised or an AC voltage is applied to the electrolyte containing said surface. Preferably, said electrolyte anti-stagnation means is an electrolyte stirrer and/or an 10 ultrasonic wave generating means. Preferably, said polishing step is followed by an intermediary wash removing at least some of the chemical and/or electrolyte solution from said surface. Preferably, said intermediary wash is carried out in a composition containing monopropylene glycol and/or ethylene glycol. 15 Preferably, said polishing step and/or said intermediary wash is followed by an alkaline wash. Preferably, said alkaline wash is carried out in a composition containing sodium hydroxide. Preferably, said alkaline wash substantially neutralises acids and/or substantially removes Aluminium, Manganese or Zinc from said surface. 20 Preferably, said passivating step provides a substantially corrosion resistant and/or water insoluble surface coating or film. Preferably, said substantially corrosion resistant and/or water insoluble surface coating or film is a phosphate salt coating or film. Preferably, an inorganic material coating or sealer is applied to said substantially corrosion 25 resistant and/or water insoluble surface coating or film. Preferably, said inorganic material coating or sealer is substantially transparent and/or substantially provides corrosion protection and/or at least some protection from mechanically induced damage.

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WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 Preferably, said inorganic material coating or sealer is a silicon based composition, such as a disodium metasilicate, and a polyacrylamide coagulant in de-ionised water. Preferably, said passivating step and/or said inorganic material coating or sealer step is followed by a surface drying step. 5 Preferably, wherein a chemical blasting step comprises the steps of: a. immersing the surface in an iron based solution, b. activating said surface with said iron based solution, wherein said iron based solution is reduced to thereby deposit iron on said surface, c. etching said surface with an etch composition to modify the activated surface 10 layer, d. stripping iron deposits from said surface with an iron removal composition, and e. washing said surface to substantially remove compositions remaining on said surface. Preferably, said activator is a solution selected from the following; ferric chloride, 15 hydrochloric acid, ammonium bifluoride, and ammonium bromide. Preferably, said etch composition is selected from the following; ferric chloride; ferric chloride and phosphoric acid solution, or a reduced solution of ferric chloride and phosphoric acid. Preferably, said iron removal composition is selected from the following; nitric acid and 20 sodium borate in solution, or nitric acid and phosphoric acid in solution. Preferably, said step of washing said surface is carried out with a water wash or an alkaline wash. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 25 Further aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description which is given by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 30 Fiqure 1 illustrates a process flow diagram of various process steps of one embodiment according to the present invention, and

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WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 Figure 2 illustrates a passivation cell configuration of an embodiment according to the present invention. BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION A set of method steps for chemically and/or electro-chemically brightening or texturing (also 5 termed "polishing" herein) the surface of articles composed of magnesium or its alloys are described herein. The steps making up the processes by which the articles are polished as well as compositions of the chemical solutions that are used from the present invention. The following description is accordingly given by way of example only and it should be appreciated that a number of functional equivalents can be substituted for the compositions. 10 With reference to the drawings and in particular Figure 1, a flowchart of various steps involved in the polishing and/or brightening of a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface is shown. Prior to processing, it is usually appropriate to pre-treat (steps 1 to 4) magnesium or magnesium alloy articles to clean and prepare the surfaces for brightening or polishing. The 15 treatment depends on alloy, and the most preferred treatments are summarised below for some common alloys and forming processing. Alternative treatments may be possible and in some cases, depending on the original surface condition of the article, the omission of one or more steps may be possible without adverse effect on subsequent processing steps. This invention discloses a means for processing and treating magnesium or magnesium 20 alloys to preferably generate cosmetically acceptable bright textured surfaces which may be overlaid with an inorganic, transparent and/or corrosion resistant film. With reference to Table 1 examples of possible compositions (or process solutions and preferred operating conditions) for the surface treatment processing steps, subsequently to be described are set out. Table 2 illustrates possible pre-treatment process steps (and operating conditions) for a 25 number of commonly utilised alloys. Table 3 provides a useful summary of some combinations of process steps (from Table 1) and their sequencing for treating the surface of magnesium or magnesium alloys.

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4 '0 '- D (? m)C~ D' C D w I ~ ~ r e) 0 Cf) I 0) LO L (D C'J o5)2C 3. IL CL a- II M z a) CDL 0 CL a) 0. 4-' CD CL CO O 0 n U n - U 0 w 0 U) LO Tr, CD C a) CLD U) 0 > > CO* D U c' * ~ U) C) U) U) ~ U) C CD C Ci) -i-'U) =3C', CDD .0 0 CD U m C D 0 0 U ) Q) U) a In 2 U cn C co0 U) U) in C(a _O cO L6 0) U) (n U 6 0 - 4-'10 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 In the tables, references to concentrations and temperatures are illustrative examples only of values which provide a preferred surface finish. The processes operate over a range, both of concentrations and temperatures. Furthermore, substitutions may be made for chemical constituents; for instance, ethylene glycol may be used in place of monopropylene glycol. 5 Following the pre-treatment step(s), the magnesium or magnesium alloy article surface may be polished to a bright or metallic finish (step 6), or may be chemically "blasted" by a selective etch in step 5 to give a substantially light, textured finish similar to shot blasting. The method of producing these finishes is fundamentally similar in most cases and may be summarised in Table 3. 10 Figure 1 should be read in conjunction with the foregoing tables for details of times, temperatures and process solutions applicable to each step. The examples also provide illustrative details of how various alloys may be treated according to the present invention. The initial method described below may have particular application to high aluminium content alloys (for example, alloys containing greater than about 3% by weight of aluminium). Although 15 the overall concept remains similar for low aluminium content alloys (for example, less than about 3% by weight), the surface finish may not be as effective as that obtained by the low aluminium content polishing and/or brightening method also described below. HIGH ALUMINIUM CONTENT MAGNESIUM ALLOYS A process of chemical or electro-chemical selective etching 3 accomplishes the removal, from 20 the surface being treated, of discontinuities and severe alloy component segregation. This process may also impart a somewhat controllable altering to the texture of the surface. The term "etched" may be interchangeable replaced by "chemically blasted" (CB). The word "etched" may be reserved to describe processes as used in the pre-treatment (steps 1 to 4 in Figure 1) phases only. 25 An electro-chemical process using a modified phosphoric acid electrolyte may be able to "micro-polish" the surface to a high degree of brightness. The "electropolish" step 6 illustrated in Figure 1 and further described in Table 3 may involve two separate treatments that may be conducted in one process vessel. The first of these may be a "galvanic polish" in which the article is short-circuited to a copper counter-electrode 30 immersed in the EP3 I EP4 (composition given in Table 1) solution. During the galvanic polish 13 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 there is no externally imposed current. A second, and optional treatment may be conducted during the electro-polishing and may comprise the imposition of an AC voltage, at about 5 VAC. The current may not be controlled and may therefore reach a value that depends on the surface area of the work being 5 processed and the characteristics of the surface and alloy. A current density of 750 to 1,500 A/m 2 may be expected. A copper counter-electrode may be used in the electro-chemical cell/bath. A non-damaging method for the removal of electrolyte(s) from the surface after the electro chemical polishing step 6 may be made possible by washing the surface with a suitable 10 electrolyte removal component in step 7. For example, following the electro-chemical polishing step 6 in which the EP3 electrolyte is used; a suitable wash (intermediary wash) may be a monopropylene glycol or ethylene glycol. Step 7 may then be followed by an alkaline wash step 8 to neutralise any acids and further remove any electrolyte from the surface. Step 8 may then be followed by rinsing the surface 15 with de-ionised water in step 8A prior to the surface being treated in the passivation step 9. The resulting treated surface may then be passivated in step 9 by the anodic deposition of a transparent corrosion resistant film upon the surface, in which the deposition thickness may be controllable. A suitable corrosion resistant film may, for example, be a phosphate salt film, and such a salt may be a preferred film as a result of its useful corrosion resistance properties 20 such as water insolubility and being slightly alkaline. The thickness of this deposited film may be varied to provide increased corrosion resistance, as well as altering the final surface finish to provide a variety of surface finishes, for example, a bright shiny surface (a thin layer of film), a metallic slightly dulled surface finish (a thicker layer of film than the bright shiny finish), and a "pearl-type" surface finish (a thicker layer of film that the metallic finish). The thickness of the 25 film is of the order of about 1 00nm, although it should be noted that the thickness of the film should preferably not be around one quarter of the wavelength of visible light as interference effects will occur. Passivation of the brightened, metallic or chemically blasted surface may be undertaken chemically, using either of PM1 or PC1 described in Table 1 or by means of an 30 electropassivation step. As shown in Figure 2, in an electro-passivation step a DC voltage source of approximately 10-20 volts may be applied to the article to be passivated, which is made the anode of a circuit in a solution 14 of about 2% ammonium bifluoride (NH 4

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2 .2H 2 0) at ambient temperature, for about 30 seconds (refer to Figure 2 for the setup). An Aluminium 14 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 alloy counter-electrode 15 having at least twice the surface area of the article 13 being passivated may be employed. Articles to be passivated are connected to a conductive busbar which is made the anode of an electrochemical cell. Such electro-passivation methods may preferably avoid the use of heavy metals and provides substantially useful corrosion 5 resistance. De-ionised rinse step 10 may follow the passivation step 9 in order to remove any passivation composition components, and may then be followed by a drying step 11, which may be an air drying process. It may be desirable that a hot air dry process is employed. Finally, this passivated surface may be treated with an inorganic, transparent and substantially 10 corrosion resistant film, such as a solution formed by combining disodium metasilicate, a polyacrylamide coagulant and de-ionised water (IS1 - see below). Theory of Chemical Processing Operations Different alloys have different chemical and surface properties depending on the alloy composition and its method of fabrication. Generally for castings, there can be large areas of 15 phase segregation and sometimes several phases are present on the surface after cleaning. All cleaning, etching, polishing and post-treatment processes react with these different phases at different rates and produce different surface textures that may have different residual rates of reaction in corrosive environments. In the case of rolled sheet, extrusion and forged material, the metal grain size is smaller and the degree of segregation much lower, hence any 20 treatment will produce a more uniform result. The other major factors influencing the success of surface treatments are largely mechanical - in nature. These include a variety of casting faults, dross inclusions and surface mechanical damage. Various techniques have been developed to largely overcome the problems outlined above. 25 Chemical Blasting (CB) - Step 5 This is a process where iron in the process solution is reduced by the magnesium alloy and is selectively deposited on the surface as Fe or other insoluble Fe compounds. Depending on the alloy and the treatment conditions, these deposits can be controlled to give different deposition sizes and patterns. When these deposits are subsequently removed from the 30 surface a series of pits and ridges remain on the metal surface. A surface that has a more regular geometric pattern has now replaced the original metal surface (with random defects). Hence the appearance is enhanced. 15 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 Polishing - Step 6 This is a process that removes previously accumulated surface layers and selectively removes microscopic high points from the surface. The metal surface becomes microscopically smoother and hence more reflective or brighter. 5 There are two distinct processes included under this general heading; Chemical Polishing - in which the component to be polished is suspended in the polishing solution for a certain time under fixed conditions, and Galvanic Polishing - similar to the above except that the component is electrically connected to a sheet-copper counter electrode that lines the polishing tank and a galvanic current flows between the two to give a different 10 polishing effect. Sometimes the galvanic method is supplemented by the imposition of an AC current at certain stages. This is done to assist in breaking diffusion stagnation and to remove surface contamination. Alkaline Washes - Step 8 15 These hot strong alkaline solutions are employed in the process schemes as a convenient method for the following: In conjunction with surfactants, to remove oil, grease and die-lube (that is, basic cleaning). 1. To selectively remove Al, Mn and Zn from alloy surfaces. 2. To neutralise acidic films especially from the polishing process. 20 3. To act as a pre-conditioner and activator prior to the polishing processes. It is recommended that two separate baths are used, one for item 1 (DGA) and the other (free of surfactant) CW25 (see Table 1) or CW10 (described below) for other purposes. MPG Wash - Step 7 This is basically a bath of pure mono-propylene glycol or ethylene glycol run either cold or 25 moderately hot to act as an intermediary wash between strong phosphoric acid solutions and the alkaline wash solution. This is used so that the neutralisation reaction is less violent and may prevent the rapid stain-producing attack of dilute phosphoric acid on magnesium alloys. Accumulated water and acid in this solution can be controlled by external treatment. Passivation - Step 9 16 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 There are several methods of passivation of the finished surface available but the methods proposed by the present invention do not use chromium, are almost transparent, are easily controlled, can produce modified finishes and are effective against corrosion and handling damage. When used in conjunction with acrylic clear powder coatings they prevent interface 5 corrosion and resin degradation (yellowing). They also provide a compatible, stable inter-facial layer when used in conjunction with inorganic sealing. Inorganic Seal An inorganic sealing step is used to deposit a clear Silicon (Si) based coating over anodised or passive bright magnesium or alloy components. The coating is applied by dipping or by 10 spraying and by adjustment of the conditions different film thicknesses can be obtained. The inorganic seal is advantageously substantially transparent and gives the substrate good protection against corrosion and mechanical damage. It can be used effectively over only a limited number of dye coloured anodised magnesium substrates as there can be a colour shift due to the high pH of the inorganic seal or in some cases the dye can be destroyed. 15 Colouring A limited number of colours can be applied to bright surfaces so that the metallic lustre is preserved. This is done by establishing a very thin (<~1 00nm), transparent film of Magnesium Oxide (MgO) on the bright substrate by a variety of means. It can then be dyed by a modified procedure using standard Aluminium (AI) dyes. 20 Chemical Processing Operations For the purpose of this discussion, non-anodised finishes are defined as decorative finishes that are non-opaque and largely reveal the substrate metal. The appearance can be further sub-classified as bright, metallic, pearl, etc and the texture of the substrate may be classified as flat, brushed, etched etc. As well as having the normal "silver" colour of the alloy, it is 25 possible to produce finishes that incorporate other colours and, in general, the appearance is a "metallic" finish. A number of procedures have been developed to produce a range of finishes and a specific procedure is chosen according to given parameters such as; 1. Appearance e.g. bright. 30 2. Surface texture e.g. etched. 3. Colour e.g. silver 17 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 4. Alloy e.g. AZ31, AM50. 5. Alloy form e.g. cast, rolled sheet, forged. The following set out various examples and steps involved in treating magnesium and its alloys to achieve a brightened surface finish. They are not definitive, and are examples only to 5 illustrate preferred methodologies. Example 1 A die cast plate, 140mm x 100mm, 3mm thick, of AM50 alloy, was brightened, using the following steps: 1. Degrease in CW25 at 70 0C for one minute 10 2. Rinse in water for approximately 30 seconds 3. Pre-etch in PE3 for 30 seconds 4. Rinse in water 5. Electropolish in EP3 solution in two stages - galvanic polish (no imposed AC voltage) for six minutes, followed by an imposed AC voltage of 5 VAC for 20 15 seconds. 6. Rinse in monopropylene glycol for 5 seconds 7. Wash in CW25 for 20 seconds at 70 0C 8. Rinse in water 9. Passivate, using potassium permanganate solution, PMI, for 10 seconds 20 10. Rinse in water 11. Dry using hot air The result was a very bright finish, having a slight yellow tinge. The die cast structure was plainly visible. Example 2 25 A die cast plate of AZ91 D alloy having the same dimensions as in example 1 above, was treated using the following processes: 1. Degrease in CW25, 70 0C, for 1 minute 2. Rinse in water 3. Pre-etch in PE3 for 30 seconds 30 4. Rinse in water 5. Polish in EP3 solution for 5 minutes, using a galvanic polish (no AC voltage) 6. Rinse in monopropylene glycol for 5 seconds 7. Wash in CW25, 70 0C for 20 seconds 18 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 8. Rinse in water 9. Passivate using PCI for 30 seconds 10. Rinse in water 11. Dry using hot air 5 The result was a metallic finish in which casting structures were visible. Example 3 A die cast plate of AM50 alloy, having the same dimensions as that in examples I and 2 above, was treated using the following processes: 1. Degrease in CW25 at 70 0C for 1 minute 10 2. Rinse in water 3. Pre-etch in PE3 for 30 seconds 4. Wash in CW25, 70 0C for 30 seconds 5. Rinse in water 6. Chemical blast in three steps - 1 minute in CB2A solution followed by 7 minutes in 15 CB1 solution and finally, an additional minute in CB2A solution 7. Wash in CW25, 70 0C, 1 minute 8. Polish in EP3 solution in three steps - one minute using an imposed AC voltage of 5 VAC, 3 minutes without AC voltage, then an additional 20 seconds using an imposed AC voltage as before. 20 9. Rinse in monopropylene glycol for 5 seconds 10. Wash in CW25, 70 0C for 20 seconds 11. Rinse in water 12. Passivate in PM1 for ten seconds 13. Rinse in water 25 14. Dry using hot air The result was a bright finish, with a high degree of texturing which obscured most of the die cast structures. Examination through a microscope revealed a surface topography of sharp ridges adjacent to rounded pits. Example 4 30 A rolled flat plate, of AZ31 B alloy, 110mm x 80mm, 1mm thick was pre-conditioned so that it was clean of sundry corrosion and dirt. It was then processed as follows: 1. Degrease in CW25, 70 "C for one minute 2. Rinse in water 3. Pre-etch in PE3 for 15 seconds 19 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 4. Rinse in water 5. Polish using four steps - 30 seconds without AC, followed by 10 seconds using an imposed AC voltage of 5 VAC, another 20 seconds without AC and finally, a further 10 seconds with the AC voltage as before 5 6. Rinse in monopropylene glycol for 5 seconds 7. Wash in CW25, 70 *C for 30 seconds 8. Rinse in water 9. Passivate in PC1 for 30 seconds 10. Rinse in water 10 11. Dry using hot air The result was a mirror bright finish. Example 5 A flat plate, AM50 alloy, of the same dimensions as those in example 1 above, was processed using the following treatments: 15 1. Degrease in CW25, 70 IC for one minute 2. Rinse in water 3. Pre-etch in PE3 for 15 seconds 4. Rinse in water 5. Polish in EP3 solution in two stages - galvanic polish (no imposed AC voltage) for 20 six minutes, followed by an imposed AC voltage of 5 VAC for 20 seconds. 6. Rinse in monopropylene glycol for 5 seconds 7. Wash in CW25 for 20 seconds at 70 *C 8. Rinse in water The plate was then passivated by an electro-chemical treatment. It was immersed in a solution 25 of 2% ammonium bifluoride (NH 4

HF

2 .2H 2 0) which was contained in a plastic tank with attached stainless steel plates on each side. These were connected to the negative terminal of a suitable power supply while the article itself was attached to a bus-bar that was connected to the positive terminal. After twenty seconds, the power was switched on and maintained at around 15 VDC (± about 1 VDC). Upon the application of the electric current the article 30 became noticeably brighter. There was no gas evolution. Initially the current was 20 Amps, but this decayed to around 1 Amp after about 5 seconds and finally to about 0.3 Amps after about 30 seconds. At this time the power was switched off, the plate was removed from the solution, rinsed with deionised water and dried. The article was bright and shiny in appearance with no obvious surface film. However, its passivity was obvious when tested using reagents towards 35 which magnesium metal articles are normally highly reactive. 20 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 LOW ALUMINIUM CONTENT MAGNESIUM ALLOYS (VARIANT PROCESS) In addition to the above mentioned exampled and process steps, as an alternative, the process may be modified to provide an optimised or superior treatment for low aluminium content magnesium alloys, preferably magnesium alloys containing approximately 3% 5 aluminium (by weight) or less. In particular, it has been discovered that this alternative surface treatment process works well with the fine-grained AZ31 alloy in either rolled sheet or extrusion form. A new additional process solution (EP4 - described below) tailored to the special requirements of fine-grained AZ31 alloy in either rolled sheet or extrusion form has been developed for low 10 electropolishing low aluminium content magnesium alloys. The process including EP4 solution is superior to the above described high Aluminium content method as it has fewer process steps, superior finish, reduced cost and preferably uses less energy intensive process conditions. When used in conjunction with previously defined post treatments, for example passivation, the finished material has a more aesthetic appearance and is more corrosion 15 resistant than previously obtainable when surface treating low Aluminium content magnesium alloys using the above described high aluminium content method. In addition the process can be used with greater simplicity alongside the surface texturing or polishing process. The following are specifications of preferred solutions and operating conditions utilised in the low Aluminium content magnesium alloy polishing or brightening method. 20 Further Specifications of Solutions and Operating Conditions Chemical polishing solution (EP4) 750 mL MPG 115 mL H 2 0 115 mL 69% HNO 3 25 20 mL 85% H 3 PO4 Temperature: 20-30 C 10% caustic soda (washing solution) CW10 100 g NaOH 30 Water addition to make I L of the solution Temperature: 70-80 1C, optimum 75 0C CB solution 1 (CB1) 21 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 900 mL H 2 0 50 mL 40% FeC 3 50 mL 85% H 3 PO4 Temperature: 25-40 0C 5 CB1A solution Reduced CB1 solution Temperature: 25-40 0C 10 CB2A solution Activator 780 mL H 2 0 66 mL 40% FeCl 3 52 mL 3.5-3.7 % HCI 15 102 mL 2% NH 4

HF

2 16.7 g NH 4 Br Temperature: 20-30 0C Mild chemical blasting solution CB3 20 55 mL 85% H 3 P04 25 g Fe(N0 3

)

3 .9H 2 0 11 mL 40% FeCl 3 Water addition to make I L of the solution Temperature: ambient (20-25 0C) 25 Iron (Fe) removal solution FRS2 95 mL 85% HNO 3 35 g Na 2

B

4 0 7 .5H 2 0 Water addition to make I L of the solution 30 Temperature: ambient (20-25 0C) Electropassivator BPT1 30 g Na 4

P

2 07 51.7 g Na 2

B

4

O

7 .5H20 35 7.5 NaF Temperature: 15-30 0C Finishes: Bright - up to 70 V (except AZ31 extrusion: up to 50 V) 22 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 (Compositions shown are for I litre of solution.) Phosphoric etch (PE3) 605 mL 85% H 3 P0 4 5 365 mL H 2 0 30 mL 69% HNO 3 Temperature: Ambient Electropolishing solution (EP3) 10 645 mL 85% H 3 P0 4 323 ml monopropylene glycol: CH 3

CH(OH)CH

2 OH (MPG) 32 mL H 2 0 Operating temperature: 35-45 OC Important: Overheating above 50 0C is prohibited 15 Chemical polishing solution (EP4) 750 mL MPG 115 mL H 2 0 115 mL 69% HNO 3 20 20 mL 85% H 3 PO4 Temperature: 35-45 OC, optimum 40 0C 7% Caustic soda (washing solution) (CW7) 70 g NaOH 25 Water addition to make 1 L of the solution Temperature: 70-80 OC, optimum 75 C Mild chemical blasting solution CB3 55 mL 85% H 3 PO4 30 25 g Fe(N0 3

)

3 .9H 2 0 11 mL 40% FeCI 3 Water addition to make 1 L of the solution Temperature: ambient (20-25 0C) 35 Iron (Fe) removal solution FR1 15 mL 98% H 2 SO4 30 mL 85% H 3 PO4 23 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 Water addition to make 1 L of the solution Temperature: ambient (20-25 0C) Technical grade MPG (washing solution) (PGI) 5 Operating temperature: 35-45 OC 25% caustic soda washingq solution) (CW25) 250 g NaOH 750 mL H 2 0 10 Operating temperature: 70-80 *C Electropassivator BPT1 30 g Na 4

P

2

O

7 51.7 g Na 2

B

4

O

7 .5H 2 0 15 7.5 NaF Temperature: 15-30 0C Finishes: Bright - up to 70 V (except AZ31 extrusion: up to 50 V) 20 CB solution 1 (CB1) 900 mL H 2 0 50 mL 40% FeCl 3 50 mL 85% H 3

PO

4 Temperature: 30-40 0C 25 CB1a solution Reduced CB1 solution Temperature: 30-40 OC 30 CB2a solution Activator 780 mL H 2 0 66 mL 40% FeC 3 52 mL 3.5-3.7 % HCI 35 102 mL 2% NH 4

HF

2 16.7 g NH 4 Br Temperature: 20-30 OC 24 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 Inorganic seal (IS1) 12% Na 2 SiO 3 viscosity stabilised Temperature: 55-65 0 C 5 Preparation of I L of the seal: a) Dissolve 1g of "Irrigaid" polyacrylamide coagulant in 700 mL of stirred DI water until fully dissolved b) Slowly add 300 mL 40% Na 2 SiO 3 c) Filter. 10 Chemical polishing solution (EP4) 750 mL MPG 115 mL H 2 0 115 mL 69% HNO 3 15 20 mL 85% H 3 P0 4 Temperature: 30-35 0C 10% caustic soda (washing solution) CW1 0 100 g NaOH 20 Water addition to make 1 L of the solution Temperature: 70-80 OC, optimum 75 0C Mild chemical blasting solution CB3 55 mL 85% H 3 PO4 25 25 g Fe(N0 3 )3.9H 2 0 11 mL 40% FeCI 3 Water addition to make 1 L of the solution Temperature: ambient (20-25 1C) 30 Iron (Fe) removal solution FRS1 15 mL 98% H 2 SO4 30 mL 85% H 3 PO4 Water addition to make I L of the solution Temperature: ambient (20-25 0C) 35 Iron (Fe) removal solution FRS2 95 mL 85% HNO 3 25 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 35 g Na 2

B

4 0 7 .5H 2 0 Water addition to make I L of the solution Temperature: ambient (20-25 0C) If the AZ31 (or similar low aluminium content alloy) surface is not covered in contaminants, no 5 initial treatment to remove these is required. However, if the surface is covered with a protective corrosion resistant coating, then the FRS2 solution (which may for example be an iron removal solution) may be used to prepare the surface for subsequent treatment. Further, for this alternative process the use of mixed acids in the polishing step may be used; compared to generally phosphoric acid only in the previously mentioned process for 10 magnesium alloys having an Aluminium content of approximately 3% (by weight) or greater; together with a carrier solvent, such as monopropylene glycol (MPG). This alternative polishing step may produce an enhanced surface polish in a more controlled manner compared to the previously described process. Phosphoric acid and predominantly nitric acid may comprise the preferred mixed acids utilised 15 for the polishing step with low aluminium content surfaces. In fact, it is believed that the phosphoric acid is consequently now used as a catalytic component, rather than as a major consumable component, such as the nitric acid component. The polishing step using the EP4 solution may also be operated at approximately room temperature (~20*C); although it is appreciated that variation in the operating temperature may increase or decrease the rate of 20 the surface treatment steps. Advantageously the components of the polishing step are consumed at lower rates, which may result in reduced frequency of polishing solution replenishment. The requirement of an AC supply in the AC electro-chemical polishing step 6 becomes optional as the combined mixed acid and MPG provide sufficient polishing of the surface. The 25 intermediary wash step 7, for example using MPG as previously described in the process above is also no longer required, and advantageously it may be that any "washing marks" resulting from the previously described intermediary process are also eliminated. A variety of process steps with preferred process solutions and operating conditions may now be provided by way of example. Steps I to 4 may be omitted although in some cases an 30 etching pre-treatment step may be required to remove any external protective coating from the surface. 26 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 Surface Texturing Heavy chemical blasting 1. CB2A activator 20-25 s 2. CB1A solution 3-6 min 5 3. FRS2 solution 2-2.5 min (with intensive stirring) 4. Water wash Mild chemical blasting 1. CB2A activator 20-25 s 2. CB3 solution 3-6 min 10 3. FRS2 solution 2-2.5 min (with intensive stirring) 4. Water wash Surface Polishing Treatments 1. Chemical polishing in EP4 solution 20-90 s 2. Washing in CW10 15-45 s 15 3. Water wash Post-treatment 1. Passivation (BPTI, voltage according to desired finish) 2. Water wash 3. Dry 20 An Experimental set-up A brightening process was trialled and was conducted in a 2000ml beaker at 20 to 30 'C in EP4 solution. The bath was stirred with a mechanical stirrer and its temperature recorded. At various intervals the bath conductivity was measured and small samples of EP4 were 25 removed for later analysis. Weight loss measurements were made on the Magnesium test plates at regular intervals as well as the amount of EP4 drag-out. All measured parameters have been evaluated as a function of the cumulative area processed. Typical sample plate processing consisted of; 1. Test plates were AZ31 alloy (Spectrolite) sheets 110 x 80 x 1.2 mm. Total area 0.0176 0 m 2 each. Plates were recycled for a number of process runs and hence only one pre treatment in dilute nitric acid was given for each new plate introduced. 2. Plate accurately weighed. 27 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 3. Plate polished in EP4 for 2 min and drained for 10 sec. 4. Plate washed in 10% NaOH for 15 sec. 5. Plate rinsed in DI water for 10 to 15 sec, hot air dried and reweighed. The brightness of the finished plates were monitored and some plates were passivated in 5 BPT2 solution to obtain either bright, metallic or pearl finishes to assess this process. Any passivated plates were stripped in dilute nitric acid after assessment before return to the start of the process. Results: 1. A total of 247 test plates were processed through the polishing bath with no 10 chemical replenishment during this time. The total area processed was 4.488m 2 or 2.244 m 2 /L. 2. The cut-off point for the trial was defined to be when the metal removal rate (MMR) fell to less than 60% of the initial rate. 3. All test plates were brightened very satisfactorily up to the end of the trial. 15 4. After the trial had ended a replenishment was made to the bath and the results measured were in close agreement with prediction. 5. The experimental data fits the bath operating model. This model accounts for both component consumption and dragout. 6. Satisfactory methods have been developed for the analysis of Magnesium, total 20 acid, MPG, phosphate, nitrate and MRR. This process has proven to be capable of producing excellent results on fine-grained AZ31 sheet in a very consistent manner. The process is simple, has few steps and utilises relatively low cost chemicals and simple low cost plant and equipment. The process is easily managed using simple laboratory tests. 25 The bath is easily maintained with a two-part addition mixture on a periodic basis. General Procedure (and codes) for All Finishes 1. Pre-treatment(s) E 2. Surface texturing X 30 3. Surface treatment S 4. Post-treatment(s) T 5. Colouring (optional) C 28 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 Examples of Procedures Pre-treatments EO- No pre-treatment step El Step No. Operation Chemicals Temp. *C Time min 1 Degrease* DGA 70-80 5 2 Water rinse* Tap 15-50 0.5-1 3 Phosphoric PE3 15-35 0.5 etch 4 Water rinse Tap 15-50 0.5-1 5 Alkaline wash DGA 70-80 1-1.5 6 Water rinse Tap 15-50 0.5-1 5 These steps can be omitted if metal surface does not have lubricants E2 Step No. Operation Chemicals Temp. 0C Time min 1 Degrease CW25 70-80 2-3 2 Water rinse Tap 15-50 0.5-1 Illustrative Surface Texturing (CB) XO-No Surface texturing step 10 X1 Step No. Operation Chemicals Temp. 0C Time min I Activation CB2a 30-40 0.3 2 Chemical blast CB1 (CB1a) 30-40 1-5 3 Alkaline wash CW25 70-80 5 4 Water rinse Tap 15-50 0.5-1 X2 Step No. Operation Chemicals Temp. *C Time min 1 Chemical Blast CB1 (CB1a) 30-40 1-6 2 Alkaline wash CW25 70-80 5 3 Water rinse Tap 15-50 0.5-1 X3 Step No. Operation Chemicals Temp. 0C Time min 1 Activation CB2a 30-40 0.3-0.5 2 Chemical blast CB3 30-40 1-5 3 Iron removal FR1 20-40 0.5-1.5 29 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 4 Water rinse Tap 15-50 0.5-1 Illustrative Surface Treatments S1 Step No. Operation Chemicals Temp. 0C Time min 1 Chemical polish EP3 35-45 2 2 Galvanic polish EP3 35-45 2-3 3 Chemical polish EP3 35-45 1-1.5 4 Glycol wash PG1 35-40 0.3 5 Alkaline wash CW25 70-80 1.5-2 6 Water wash Tap 20-40 0.5-1 5 S2 Step No. Operation Chemicals Temp. 0C Time min 1 AC polish EP3 35-45 1 2 Galvanic polish EP3 35-45 3-4 3 AC polish EP3 35-45 0.3-0.5 4 Glycol wash PG1 35-40 0.3 5 Alkaline wash CW25 70-80 0.5-1 6 Water wash Tap 20-40 0.5-1 S3 Step No. Operation Chemicals Temp. *C Time min 1 Chemical polish EP3 35-45 2 2 Galvanic polish EP3 35-45 1-1.5 3 AC polish EP3 35-45 0.2-0.5 4 Glycol wash PG1 35-40 0.25-0.3 5 Alkaline wash CW25 70-80 0.5-1 6 Water wash Tap 20-40 0.5-1 S4 Step No. Operation Chemicals Temp. *C Time min 1 Chemical polish EP4 35-45 0.3-2 2 Alkaline wash CW7 70-80 0:2-0.75 3 Water wash Tap 20-40 0.5-1 I0 30 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 Illustrative Post-treatments (Passivation) T1 (Bright) Step No. Operation Chemicals Temp. 0C Voltage V Time min 1 Electro- BPT1 15-30 40-70 2 passivation 2 Water rinse DI water 15-30 - 0.5-1 3 Hot air dry - 70-110 1 T2 (Metallic) Step No. Operation Chemicals Temp. 0C Voltage V Time min 1 Electro-passivation BPT1 15-30 90-100 2 2 Water rinse DI water 15-30 - 0.5-1 3 Hot air dry - 70-110 - 1 5 T3 (Pearl) Step No. Operation Chemicals Temp. 0C Voltage V Time min 1 Electro-passivation BPT1 15-30 115-125 2 2 Water rinse DI water 15-30 - 0.5-1 3 Hot air dry - 70-110 - 1 Treatment Component Table Procedure codes are shown in table below. Finish/Alloy AZ31 extrusion AM50 cast AZ91 cast or sheet* Flat Bright EO+S4+T1 E1+S2+T1 E1+S1+T1 Metallic EO+S4+T2 E1+S2+T2 E1+S1+T2 Pearl EO+S4+T3 E1 +S2+T3 E1+S1+T3 CB Bright EO+X3+S4+T1 E1+X1+S2+T1 E1+X1+S1+T1 Metallic EO+X3+S4+T2 E1+XI+S2+T2 E1+X1+SI+T2 Pearl EO+X3+S4+T3 E1+X1+S2+T3 E1+X1+S1+T3 [0 Results from Salt Spray (Corrosion testing) of Treated Surfaces: 31 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 Salt spray testing was conducted on samples of AZ31 alloy sheet or extrusion which had been brightened or polished according to the above described low Aluminium content method to determine resistance to corrosion. 5 Sample preparation: The samples were prepared using following technique: 1. No pre-treatment for clean metal (sheet or extrusion) 2. Surface cleaning by FRS2 solution (Spectrolite sheet) 3. CB2A* 20s 10 4. CB1A (heavy blasting) or CB3 (mild blasting)* 3 min 5. FRS2* 2 min 6. EP4 1 min 7. CW10 15-30 s 8. Water wash 15 9. BPTI 1 min 10. Water wash 11. Drying 12. Acrylic powder coating# 20 * For CB finishes only # When required List of samples Sample Alloy No of Finish Passivating Commentary samples voltage, V CN1 AZ31, 2 Mild CB, 50 Powder Spectrolite bright, coated sheet CB2A+CB3 CN2 AZ31 2 Coarse CB, 50 Powder bright, coated CB2A+CB1A CN3 AZ31 2 Mild CB, 50 Powder bright, coated CB2A+CB3 CN4 AZ31 2 Mild CB, 90 Powder metallic, coated CB2A+CB3 ON5 AZ31 2 Mild CB, pearl, 120 Powder CB2A+CB3 coated CN6 AZ31 2 Flat, bright 50 Powder 32 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 coated CN7 AZ31, 2 Mild CB, 50 Powder extrusion bright, coated CB2A+CB3 CN8 AZ31, 2 Coarse CB, 50 Powder extrusion bright, coated CB2A+CB1A CN9 AZ31, 2 Flat, bright 50 Powder extrusion coated CN10 AZ31, 2 Heavy CB, 50 Powder Spectrolite bright, coated sheet CB2A+CB1A CN1 1 AZ31 2 CB, bright 50 No powder coating CN12 AZ31 2 CB, metallic 90 No powder coating CN13 AZ31 2 CB, pearl 120 No powder coating Experimental results Sample Alloy Finish Passivation Protective coating Hours in Commentary salt spray Passivated metal (passivated, no protective acrylic coating) CN11 AZ31 CB, BPT1 No coating 24 Significant pitting bright corrosion on front side. Rear side: no corrosion CN12 AZ31 CB, BPT1 No coating 24 As above metallic CN13 AZ31 CB, pearl BPT1 No coating 24 As above Bright finish (passivated, acrylic coating) CNI AZ31, Mild CB, BPT1 Powder coating 48 Heavy corrosion on Spectrolite bright, the top and on the sheet CB2A+ bottom of the CB3 sample. Uncoating of acrylic layer CN2 AZ31 Coarse BPT1 Powder coating 48 As above CB, bright, CB2A+ '12 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 CB1A CN3 AZ31 Mild CB, BPT1 Powder coating 48 As above bright, CB2A+ CB3 CN6 AZ31 Flat, BPT1 Powder coating 48 Heavy corrosion bright CN7 AZ31, Mild CB, BPTI Powder coating 24 Pitting corrosion extrusion bright, The sample could CB2A+ endure additional CB3 24 hours. Corrosion was caused by uneven powder coating Sample Alloy Finish Passivation Protective coating Hours in Commentary salt spray CN8 AZ31, Coarse BPT1 Powder coating 48 Heavy filiform extrusion CB, corrosion bright, Sample had CB2A+ imperfect powder CB1a coating: brown colour on the top of CB hills CN9 AZ31, Flat, BPT1 Powder coating 48 Heavy bottom extrusion bright corrosion. Uncoating of acrylic layer CN10 AZ31, Heavy BPT1 Powder coating 48 As above Spectrolite CB, sheet bright, CB2A+ CBIA Metallic finish (passivated, acrylic coating) CN4 AZ31 Mild CB, BPT1 Powder coating 168 Corroded from metallic, edges with CB2A+ uncoating of acrylic CB3 layer Passivated samples + acrylic powder coating (local) CN5 AZ31 Mild CB, BPT1 Powder coating 336 Middle part of pearl, samples in good CB2A+ conditions. Edge CB3 corrosion only WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200 Corrosion Testing Conclusions Corrosion resistance of passivated (BPT1) and powder coated (optionally) AZ31 samples was tested. Spectrolite sheet and extrusion were used in the experiments. 5 Tolerance to salt spray 1. Sheet (bright, not passivated, powder coated) - less than 24 hrs (from previous experiments) 2. Sheet (passivated, not powder coated) - up to 24 hours 10 3. Sheet or extrusion (bright, passivated, powder coated) - 48 hrs 4. Sheet (metallic, passivated, powder coated) - 168 hrs 5. Sheet (pearl, passivated, powder coated) - 336 hrs Relatively low corrosion resistance of bright passivated AZ31 alloy presumably is due to 15 uneven powder coating (extrusion) and small thickness of plates (0.8 mm sheet). The latter produced centres of corrosion on the sample edges. Aspects of the present invention have been described by way of example only and it should be appreciated that modifications and additions may be made thereto without departing from the scope thereof as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface comprising the steps of: 5 i) polishing the surface, and ii) passivating the polished surface.

2. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method further comprises an initial step of pre-treating said surface to remove surface contaminants. 10

3. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein said pre-treating step comprises chemically etching said surface and/or degreasing said surface.

4. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in claim 2 or claim 3, wherein surface contaminants are removed prior during the pre 15 treatment step by contacting said surface with one or more degreasing components, such as sodium hydroxide.

5. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in claim 3, wherein said chemical etching component is nitric acid solution and/or phosphoric acid. 20

6. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the polishing step is carried out by a chemical polish and/or electro-chemical polish while said surface is immersed in a polishing composition.

7. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as 25 claimed in claim 3, wherein said chemical polish and/or electro-chemical polish removes surface layers and/or reduces microscopic high points from the surface.

8. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein polishing step is carried out by immersing said surface in a bath of one or more of the following components; a phosphoric acid solution, 30 monopropylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and nitric acid.

9. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein said electro-chemical polish is a galvanic electrolysis. WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200

10. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein said electrochemical process further includes the supply of an external voltage to said surface.

11. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as 5 claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein during said electro-chemical polish an electrolyte anti-stagnation means is utilised or an AC voltage is applied to the electrolyte containing said surface.

12. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in any one of claims 5 to 11, wherein said electrolyte anti-stagnation means is an 10 electrolyte stirrer and/or an ultrasonic wave generating means.

13. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in claim 12, wherein said polishing step is followed by an intermediary wash removing at least some of the chemical and/or electrolyte solution from said surface.

14. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as 15 claimed in claim 13, wherein said intermediary wash is carried out in a composition containing monopropylene glycol and/or ethylene glycol.

15. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein said polishing step and/or said intermediary wash is followed by an alkaline wash. 20

16. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in claim 15, wherein said alkaline wash is carried out in a composition containing sodium hydroxide.

17. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in claim 15 or claim 16, wherein said alkaline wash substantially neutralises acids 25 and/or substantially removes Aluminium, Manganese or Zinc from said surface.

18. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein said passivating step provides a substantially corrosion resistant and/or water insoluble surface coating or film.

19. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as 30 claimed in claim 18, wherein said substantially corrosion resistant and/or water insoluble surface coating or film is a phosphate salt coating or film.

20. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in claim 18 or claim 19, wherein said passivating step voltage is varied to alter said substantially corrosion resistant and/or water insoluble surface coating or film thickness. 027 WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200

21. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein an inorganic material coating or sealer is applied to said substantially corrosion resistant and/or water insoluble surface coating or film. 5

22. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in claim 21, wherein said inorganic material coating or sealer is substantially transparent and/or substantially provides corrosion protection and/or at least provides some protection from mechanically induced damage.

23. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as 10 claimed in claim 21 or claim 22, wherein said inorganic material coating or sealer is a silicon based composition, such as a disodium metasilicate, and a polyacrylamide coagulant in de ionised water.

24. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein said passivating step and/or said 15 inorganic material coating or sealer step is followed by a surface drying step.

25. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in any one of the preceding claims including the pre-treatment steps of: a. immersing the surface in an iron based solution, b. activating said surface with said iron based solution, wherein said iron based 20 solution is reduced to thereby deposit iron on said surface, c. etching said surface with an etch composition to modify the activated surface layer, d. stripping iron deposits from said surface with an iron removal composition, and e. washing said surface to substantially remove compositions remaining on said 25 surface.

26. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in claim 25, wherein said activator is a solution selected from the following; ferric chloride, hydrochloric acid, ammonium bifluoride, and ammonium bromide.

27. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as 30 claimed in claim 25 or claim 26, wherein said etch composition is selected from the following; ferric chloride; ferric chloride and phosphoric acid solution, or a reduced solution of ferric chloride and phosphoric acid. WO 2004/022818 PCT/NZ2003/000200

28. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in claim any one of claims 25 to 27, wherein said iron removal composition is selected from the following; nitric acid and sodium borate in solution, or nitric acid and phosphoric acid in solution. 5

29. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface as claimed in any one of claims 25 to 28, wherein said step of washing said surface is carried out with a water wash or an alkaline wash.

30. A method of polishing and/or brightening a magnesium or magnesium alloy surface substantially as hereinbefore described and with reference to any one of the accompanying 10 drawings.

31. A magnesium or magnesium alloy surface polished or brightened according to the method substantially as hereinbefore described and with reference to any one of the accompanying drawings.