AU2001293140A1 - Apparatus and method for maintaining compression of the active area in an electrochemical cell - Google Patents

Apparatus and method for maintaining compression of the active area in an electrochemical cell

Info

Publication number
AU2001293140A1
AU2001293140A1 AU2001293140A AU9314001A AU2001293140A1 AU 2001293140 A1 AU2001293140 A1 AU 2001293140A1 AU 2001293140 A AU2001293140 A AU 2001293140A AU 9314001 A AU9314001 A AU 9314001A AU 2001293140 A1 AU2001293140 A1 AU 2001293140A1
Authority
AU
Australia
Prior art keywords
active area
electrochemical cell
maintaining compression
compression
maintaining
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
AU2001293140A
Inventor
Mark E. Dristy
Greg A. Hanlon
Jason K. Shiepe
Thomas Skoczylas
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Proton Energy Systems Inc
Original Assignee
Proton Energy Systems Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Proton Energy Systems Inc filed Critical Proton Energy Systems Inc
Publication of AU2001293140A1 publication Critical patent/AU2001293140A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02Details
    • H01M8/0202Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0247Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the form
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25BELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/60Constructional parts of cells
    • C25B9/65Means for supplying current; Electrode connections; Electric inter-cell connections
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25BELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/70Assemblies comprising two or more cells
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02Details
    • H01M8/0202Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0204Non-porous and characterised by the material
    • H01M8/0223Composites
    • H01M8/0228Composites in the form of layered or coated products
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02Details
    • H01M8/0202Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/023Porous and characterised by the material
    • H01M8/0232Metals or alloys
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02Details
    • H01M8/0202Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/023Porous and characterised by the material
    • H01M8/0234Carbonaceous material
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02Details
    • H01M8/0202Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/023Porous and characterised by the material
    • H01M8/0239Organic resins; Organic polymers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02Details
    • H01M8/0202Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0247Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the form
    • H01M8/0254Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the form corrugated or undulated
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02Details
    • H01M8/0271Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02Details
    • H01M8/0297Arrangements for joining electrodes, reservoir layers, heat exchange units or bipolar separators to each other
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/24Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
    • H01M8/2465Details of groupings of fuel cells
    • H01M8/247Arrangements for tightening a stack, for accommodation of a stack in a tank or for assembling different tanks
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02Details
    • H01M8/0202Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0204Non-porous and characterised by the material
    • H01M8/0206Metals or alloys
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02Details
    • H01M8/0202Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0204Non-porous and characterised by the material
    • H01M8/0213Gas-impermeable carbon-containing materials
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02Details
    • H01M8/0202Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0204Non-porous and characterised by the material
    • H01M8/0221Organic resins; Organic polymers
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50Fuel cells
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49108Electric battery cell making
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49609Spring making
AU2001293140A 2000-09-27 2001-09-27 Apparatus and method for maintaining compression of the active area in an electrochemical cell Abandoned AU2001293140A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US23594400P 2000-09-27 2000-09-27
US60/235,944 2000-09-27
US23597500P 2000-09-28 2000-09-28
US60/235,975 2000-09-28
PCT/US2001/030252 WO2002027852A2 (en) 2000-09-27 2001-09-27 Apparatus and method for maintaining compression of the active area in an electrochemical cell

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
AU2001293140A1 true AU2001293140A1 (en) 2002-04-08

Family

ID=26929333

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AU2001293140A Abandoned AU2001293140A1 (en) 2000-09-27 2001-09-27 Apparatus and method for maintaining compression of the active area in an electrochemical cell

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (2) US6926988B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1327276A2 (en)
JP (1) JP2004510320A (en)
AU (1) AU2001293140A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2002027852A2 (en)

Families Citing this family (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7153409B2 (en) * 1999-12-16 2006-12-26 Proton Energy Systems, Inc. Electrochemical cell system and method of operation
US6500319B2 (en) * 2001-04-05 2002-12-31 Giner Electrochemical Systems, Llc Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrochemical cell having an integral, electrically-conductive, compression pad
US20030235737A1 (en) * 2002-06-19 2003-12-25 Yoocharn Jeon Metal-coated polymer electrolyte and method of manufacturing thereof
US7270906B2 (en) * 2002-06-24 2007-09-18 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Solid-oxide fuel cell module for a fuel cell stack
US6977009B2 (en) * 2002-08-07 2005-12-20 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Metal coated polymer electrolyte membrane having a reinforcement structure
JP3807370B2 (en) * 2003-01-06 2006-08-09 株式会社日立製作所 Fuel cell
US6893328B2 (en) 2003-04-23 2005-05-17 Rohm And Haas Electronic Materials Cmp Holdings, Inc. Conductive polishing pad with anode and cathode
US7510794B2 (en) * 2004-03-02 2009-03-31 Mti Microfuel Cells, Inc. Conformable fuel cell
ES2249989B1 (en) * 2004-08-02 2007-03-16 Celaya Emparanza Y Galdos, S.A. (Cegasa) FUEL MINIPIL WITH THREADED CLOSURE SYSTEM.
JP4996822B2 (en) * 2004-11-10 2012-08-08 本田技研工業株式会社 Manufacturing method of electrode layer for fuel cell
TW200623497A (en) * 2004-12-30 2006-07-01 Ind Tech Res Inst Fuel cell
US20080199774A1 (en) * 2007-02-20 2008-08-21 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Membrane electrode assembly with electrode support
DE112008001148A5 (en) * 2007-07-02 2010-08-05 Contitech Ag Strain sensor and sensor arrangement for this purpose
US8882972B2 (en) 2011-07-19 2014-11-11 Ecolab Usa Inc Support of ion exchange membranes
EP3222752B1 (en) * 2011-10-10 2019-11-06 3M Innovative Properties Company Catalyst electrodes for the electrolysis of water
CA2999482A1 (en) * 2015-09-21 2017-03-30 Nuvera Fuel Cells, LLC Bipolar plate with force concentrator pattern
KR102371046B1 (en) * 2016-07-15 2022-03-07 현대자동차주식회사 End cell heater for fuel cell

Family Cites Families (46)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB966407A (en) 1962-03-22 1964-08-12 Exxon Research Engineering Co Fuel cell pack construction
US3656027A (en) 1970-12-28 1972-04-11 Standard Oil Co Ohio Electrical capacitor having electrically-conductive, impervious connector
US4011360A (en) 1974-04-10 1977-03-08 Chomerics, Inc. Electrically conductive silicone rubber stock
DE2729640C3 (en) 1977-06-30 1980-07-24 Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen Battery made up of a plurality of electrochemical cells
JPS54147438A (en) * 1978-05-10 1979-11-17 Fuji Electric Co Ltd Laminated fuel battery
US4408259A (en) 1979-02-09 1983-10-04 Matsushita Electric Industrial Company, Limited Electrochemical double-layer capacitor
JPS58106264A (en) * 1981-12-16 1983-06-24 Nichias Corp Heat-resisting sheet gasket
JPS61231967A (en) 1985-04-04 1986-10-16 Ajinomoto Co Inc Food with low fat
US5126218A (en) 1985-04-23 1992-06-30 Clarke Robert L Conductive ceramic substrate for batteries
US4732660A (en) 1985-09-09 1988-03-22 The Dow Chemical Company Membrane electrolyzer
US4745301A (en) 1985-12-13 1988-05-17 Advanced Micro-Matrix, Inc. Pressure sensitive electro-conductive materials
US4902427A (en) 1988-04-25 1990-02-20 Ebonex Corporation Filter for removing heavy metals from drinking water
US4912286A (en) 1988-08-16 1990-03-27 Ebonex Technologies Inc. Electrical conductors formed of sub-oxides of titanium
JPH02102263A (en) 1988-10-11 1990-04-13 Shin Etsu Chem Co Ltd Conductive silicone rubber composition and cured product
US4971666A (en) 1988-11-14 1990-11-20 Weinberg Norman L Redox reactions in an electrochemical cell including an electrode comprising Magneli phase titanium oxide
US4936970A (en) 1988-11-14 1990-06-26 Ebonex Technologies, Inc. Redox reactions in an electrochemical cell including an electrode comprising Magneli phase titanium oxide
US5009968A (en) * 1989-09-08 1991-04-23 International Fuel Cells Corporation Fuel cell end plate structure
US5296570A (en) 1990-08-03 1994-03-22 The Dow Chemical Company Curable mixtures of mesogenic epoxy resins and mesogenic polyamines and cured compositions
US5173215A (en) 1991-02-21 1992-12-22 Atraverda Limited Conductive titanium suboxide particulates
DE4226841A1 (en) 1992-08-13 1994-02-17 Wacker Chemie Gmbh Organopolysiloxane compositions that crosslink to form electrically conductive elastomers
DE4234093A1 (en) 1992-10-09 1994-04-14 Siemens Ag Component for installation in a process engineering facility
US5324565A (en) * 1992-12-17 1994-06-28 United Technologies Corporation Conductive elastomeric compression pad for use in electrolysis cells
US5366823A (en) 1992-12-17 1994-11-22 United Technologies Corporation Metal compression pad
JPH0710992A (en) 1993-06-04 1995-01-13 Neste Oy Processible conductive polymer material and its production
US5498644A (en) 1993-09-10 1996-03-12 Specialty Silicone Products, Inc. Silcone elastomer incorporating electrically conductive microballoons and method for producing same
US5824199A (en) 1993-11-22 1998-10-20 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Electrochemical cell having an inflatable member
US5686200A (en) * 1993-12-22 1997-11-11 Ballard Power Systems Inc. Electrochemical fuel cell assembly with compliant compression mechanism
US5547777A (en) 1994-02-23 1996-08-20 Richards Engineering Fuel cell having uniform compressive stress distribution over active area
US5580672A (en) 1995-06-07 1996-12-03 United Technologies Corporation Method for reducing the risk of perforation or gas leakage in electrochemical and gas generating devices
US6296907B1 (en) * 1996-05-31 2001-10-02 Wacker Silicones Corporation Coating for silicone gaskets to reduce coefficient of friction
US6171719B1 (en) 1996-11-26 2001-01-09 United Technologies Corporation Electrode plate structures for high-pressure electrochemical cell devices
US6037075A (en) 1996-11-26 2000-03-14 United Technologies Corporation Electrically non-conductive plate structures and high pressure electrochemical cell devices employing same
US5942350A (en) 1997-03-10 1999-08-24 United Technologies Corporation Graded metal hardware component for an electrochemical cell
AUPO724997A0 (en) 1997-06-10 1997-07-03 Ceramic Fuel Cells Limited A fuel cell assembly
US6030718A (en) 1997-11-20 2000-02-29 Avista Corporation Proton exchange membrane fuel cell power system
US6096450A (en) 1998-02-11 2000-08-01 Plug Power Inc. Fuel cell assembly fluid flow plate having conductive fibers and rigidizing material therein
US6365032B1 (en) * 1998-12-31 2002-04-02 Proton Energy Systems, Inc. Method for operating a high pressure electrochemical cell
US6231053B1 (en) * 1999-06-11 2001-05-15 Nok Corporation Gasket for fuel cell
DE20008539U1 (en) 2000-05-06 2000-08-24 Heliocentris Energiesysteme Electrochemical element, in particular for teaching purposes
US6855450B2 (en) * 2000-07-20 2005-02-15 Proton Energy Systems, Inc. Proton exchange membrane electrochemical cell system
WO2002027851A2 (en) * 2000-09-27 2002-04-04 Proton Energy Systems, Inc. Method and apparatus for maintaining compression of the active area in an electrochemical cell
US6828056B2 (en) * 2000-09-27 2004-12-07 Proton Energy Systems, Inc. Electrode catalyst composition, electrode, and membrane electrode assembly for electrochemical cells
US6464846B1 (en) 2000-12-21 2002-10-15 Giner Electrochemical Systems, Llc Electrically-conductive elastomeric compression pad for use with proton exchange membrane electrochemical cells
US6663996B2 (en) * 2000-12-22 2003-12-16 Ballard Power Systems Inc. Compression mechanism for an electrochemical fuel cell assembly
US6500319B2 (en) * 2001-04-05 2002-12-31 Giner Electrochemical Systems, Llc Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrochemical cell having an integral, electrically-conductive, compression pad
US8048587B2 (en) * 2002-11-27 2011-11-01 Delphi Technologies, Inc. Compliant current collector for fuel cell anode and cathode

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2004510320A (en) 2004-04-02
WO2002027852A3 (en) 2003-01-16
EP1327276A2 (en) 2003-07-16
US20050142435A1 (en) 2005-06-30
US6926988B2 (en) 2005-08-09
US20020071984A1 (en) 2002-06-13
WO2002027852A2 (en) 2002-04-04

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
AU2001294855A1 (en) Regenerative electrochemical cell system and method for use thereof
AU2001293140A1 (en) Apparatus and method for maintaining compression of the active area in an electrochemical cell
AU8038000A (en) Method and apparatus for evaluating stored charge in an electrochemical cell or battery
AU2001290320A1 (en) Method for manufacturing gas diffusion electrode and method for manufacturing electrochemical device
AU2001253077A1 (en) Electrochemical cell and assembly for same
GB0319464D0 (en) Apparatus and method for electrochemical cell components
AU2001275997A1 (en) Electrochemical cell system output control method and apparatus
AU2003280670A1 (en) Porous electrode and electrochemical device using the same
AU7110900A (en) Method and apparatus for electronically evaluating the internal temperature of an electrochemical cell or battery
AU2002357810A1 (en) Electrolyte system and energy storage device using same
AU2001247638A1 (en) Flat, bonded-electrode rechargeable electrochemical cell and method of making same
AU1214601A (en) Separator for use in electrochemical cell devices
AU2324799A (en) Electrochemical battery structure and method
AU2002336358A1 (en) Electrolytic cell and electrodes for use in electrochemical processes
AU1215901A (en) Method of treating separator for use in electrochemical cell devices
AU2001293139A1 (en) Method and apparatus for maintaining compression of the active area in an electrochemical cell
AU2001293135A1 (en) Apparatus and method for maintaining compression of the active area in an electrochemical cell
GB0128491D0 (en) Method and apparatus for operating an electrochemical fuel cell
AU2003249263A1 (en) Electrode for an electrochemical cell and process for making the electrode
AU2001292869A1 (en) Electrochemical cell with manifold device and associated method of manufacture and operation
AU2002325211A1 (en) Electrochemical cells and method of making the same
AU4133601A (en) Method and apparatus for measurement of electrochemical cell and battery impedances
AU2001254976A1 (en) Electrochemical methods and cells
AU2003233310A1 (en) Agent and method for transporting biologically active molecules in cells
AU3580200A (en) Means of maintaining compression of the active area in an electrochemical cell