AP456A - Load regulation system. - Google Patents
Load regulation system. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AP456A AP456A APAP/P/1993/000558A AP9300558A AP456A AP 456 A AP456 A AP 456A AP 9300558 A AP9300558 A AP 9300558A AP 456 A AP456 A AP 456A
- Authority
- AP
- ARIPO
- Prior art keywords
- load
- distress
- factor
- control system
- switching unit
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
- H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
- H02J3/14—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
- H02J3/144—Demand-response operation of the power transmission or distribution network
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
- H02J2310/50—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads
- H02J2310/56—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads characterised by the condition upon which the selective controlling is based
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
- Y02B70/3225—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
- Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
- Y04S20/222—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Remote Monitoring And Control Of Power-Distribution Networks (AREA)
Abstract
A load control system is provided for an electrical distribution network
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a load control or regulation system for an electrical supply network which comprises at least one electrical source and a plurality of loads supplied by the source.
In an electricity distribution network, the maximum required supply capacity of the network is dependent on the peak load requirements of the consumers, and not on the average load. The occurrence of peak loads varies daily and seasonally. Thus distribution networks of this kind are generally overrated, with greater capacity than is usually required, increasing the capital expenditure involved in the network
By regulating the load on the network to switch off non-critical loads as the total demand rises, the peak demand on the network can be reduced. This reduces the maximum required capacity of the network, with a consequent reduction in the capital expenditure involved, which in turn allows cheaper electricity.
At present, remote switching of loads in an electrical distribution network is carried out using so-called ripple control devices which are switched remotely, typically via transmission line signalling. In such systems, a load control unit switches an associated load on or off in accordance with a control signal emitted remotely at a central control system, the control signal identifying the load control units affected.
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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention there is provided a load control system for an electrical distribution network comprising at least one electrical source and a plurality of loads supplied by the at least one electrical source, the load control system comprising:
a controller associated with at least one electrical source, the controller being adapted to monitor the power supplied by the electrical source, to generate a distress factor signal corresponding thereto and to transmit it to the loads; and a plurality of load switching units associated with respective loads, each load switching unit being responsive to the distress factor signal generated by the controller to interrupt the supply of power to its associated load if the distress factor signal exceeds a load factor value of the load switching unit.
Each load switching unit may be adapted to store a variable load factor value, the load factor value being variable in response to at least one predetermined criterion.
The load switching unit may be programmable with an initial load factor value which is reduced automatically by a first predetermined amount when the distress factor signal exceeds the initial load factor value, so that the reduced load factor value is substantially less than the distress factor signal.
In that event, the reduced load factor value may be increased
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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 6 incrementally over a predetermined time period until the load factor value exceeds the distress factor signal, whereupon the load switching unit restores the supply of power to its associated load.
The load factor value may then be increased by a second predetermined amount so that it substantially exceeds the distress factor signal.
The increased load factor value may then be reduced incrementally over a predetermined time period until it is equal to the initial load factor value.
At least one load supplied by the at least one electrical source may be an auxiliary electrical source such as a substation or a local transformer, adapted to supply electrical power to further loads.
The distress factor signal may comprise a tone with a frequency which varies according to the value of the distress factor.
Alternatively, the distress factor signal may comprise a code representing the value of the distress factor.
The load switching unit is preferably adapted to interrupt the supply of power to its associated load only if the distress factor signal exceeds the load factor value of the load switching unit for longer than a delay period generated by the load switching unit.
Preferably, the delay period is random or pseudo-random in length.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an electrical distribution
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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 6 network incorporating a load control system according to the invention;
Figure 2 is a simplified block diagram of a controller of the load control system;
Figure 3 is a simplified block diagram of a load switching unit of the system;
Figures 4, and 6 are flow diagrams illustrating the operation of the system; and
Figure 7 is a graph illustrating graphically the operation of the system.
DESCRIPTION OF AN EMBODIMENT
Referring first to Figure 1, an electrical distribution network is shown in a simplified schematic form and comprises a power station 10 which feeds one of several substations 12 via a transmission line 14. One of several local transformers 16 is fed by the substation 12 and supplies electricity to several loads 18 which can be, for example, domestic dwellings, factories, or other conventional electricity consumers. The electricity distribution network as such is conventional. At the power station 10 a controller 20 is installed, which monitors the total power demand on the transmission line, and compares the load to a predetermined maximum load to calculate a distress factor which is calculated as a percentage of the maximum desirable or permissible load. For example, the maximum permissible load can be set as, say, 95% of the maximum output capacity of the power station.
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Similar controllers 20 to the one at the power station are provided at each substation and each local transformer, and monitor the loading of the substation or transformer relative to a respective maximum load.
The block diagram of Figure 2 shows a controller 20 schematically. The controller comprises a microprocessor 24 with an associated memory 26 in which a maximum load value or number is stored. This number is related to the installed infrastructure to which the controller is connected, and is used for the computation of a distress factor. The controller includes a distress factor receiver circuit 28, which receives distress factor signals from upstream controllers, if any, and a distress factor transmittor circuit 30, which transmits the distress factor generated by the controller to downstream controllers and load switching units. The controller further includes a load measurement circuit 32, which monitors the power being supplied by the power station, substation or transformer (as the case may be) associated with that controller. The microprocessor 24 calculates a distress factor from the magnitude of the load being supplied and the maximum load number stored in the memory 26. The microprocessor compares this distress factor with the external distress factor signal (if any) received from upstream controllers, and transmits the larger of the two distress factors via the transmitter 30.
Associated with each load 18, a load switching unit 22 is provided which is arranged to receive the distress factor signals from the controller at the power station (or from the relevant substation or local transformer) and is connected to a load which it can connect or disconnect from the mains supply. In the case of a domestic dwelling, the load will typically be a geyser or hot water cylinder. Generally, the load will be an item of equipment which consumes a significant amount of electricity, but which can be disconnected from its electrical supply without damage or undue inconvenience to users of the equipment.
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As shown in Figure 3, the load switching unit 22 comprises a microprocessor 34 with an associated memory 36 and a timer circuit 38, and also includes a distress factor receiver 40 similar to that in the controller 20. The microprocessor 34 controls the operation of a switch 42 via which the relevant load 18 is supplied with power.
Each load switching unit 22 is initialled with a predetermined minimum load factor value. This load factor value is based on the type of load connected to the load switching unit, and is stored in the memory 36. This initial load factor is expressed as a proportion or a percentage value and is continually compared with the distress factor signal transmitted from the controller at the power station, the substation or the local transformer. The microprocessor 34 continually compares the stored minimum load factor value with the received distress factor signal from the distress factor receiver 40. As long as the received distress factor signal is less than the stored load factor value of the load switching unit, the load switching unit keeps the load connected to the electrical supply.
If the value of the received distress factor signal exceeds the stored load factor value, the timer circuit 38 in the load switching unit generates a random or pseudo random time delay of between, say, 0 and 15 seconds. At the end of the delay period, the stored load factor is again compared to the transmitted distress factor signal. If the distress factor signal has now reduced, so that it is less than the stored load factor value, operation of the load switching unit continues as normal, with on-going monitoring of the transmitted distress factor signal.
If, after the random delay, the transmitter distress factor signals still greater than the stored load factor value, the microprocessor 34 operates the switch 42 to disconnect its associated load 18 from the mains supply.
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This reduces the load on the distribution network as a whole, and contributes to reducing the distress factor of the relevant controller.
The use of a random delay in the load switching unit effectively ensures that a minimum number of loads are switched off, by gradually reducing the total load. Without the random delay feature, all load switching units with the same stored load factor value would switch off their loads simultaneously as soon as the received distress factor exceeded the load factor. However, with the random delay feature, those load switching units with the shortest delays switch off their loads before other load switching units with longer delay times. These latter load switching units may then not necessarily have to switch off their loads, since by the time their longer delays are completed, the received distress factor may have reduced to below the stored load factor, due to the switching off of the loads connected to those load swiching units with shorter delay times.
In this way, the system effectively removes the minimum load required to keep the distress factor below a predetermined maximum value.
At the same time as disconnecting the load, the load switching unit reduces the stored initial load factor value by 20 percentage points (for example, from 95 to 75%). The unit then increases the load factor value incrementally, maintaining the load disconnected, until the load factor value exceeds the value of the distress factor signal. For example, the load factor value can be increased by one percentage point per minute, so that, in the present example, the load will be disconnected for approximately twenty minutes. Obviously, the degree of reduction of the load factor value, and the rate at which the reduced load factor value is increased towards its initial value, can be selected according to the circumstances.
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When the load factor value exceeds the current distress factor signal value, the load switching unit reconnects its load to the mains supply. At the same time, 10 percentage points are added to the load factor value, ensuring that it substantially exceeds the current distress factor signal value, and thus preventing the possibility of the load being switched off again immediately. The unit continues to monitor the value of the distress factor signal. While the load factor value remains greater than the initial predetermined load factor value, the load factor value is reduced incrementally (say, by one percentage point every five minutes) until the load factor value is again equal to the initial load factor value for that unit. Assuming that the distress factor signal does not fluctuate significantly in the meantime, this ensures that the load will remain on for approximately fifty minutes after being reconnected.
The graph of Figure 7 illustrates the above described operation of the load switching unit.
The above described process can be repeated indefinitely, every time the distress factor signal value exceeds the value of the load switching unit’s load factor value.
The distress factor signal transmitted by the controllers can be, for example, a continuous tone, the frequency of which varies as the measured load varies, or a digital number representing the magnitude of the load. The signal can be transmitted at predetermined intervals, for example, once a minute.
It will be appreciated that the controllers 20 at the power station, the substation and the local transformer form a hierarchy. A number of loads are connected to a single local transformer, a number of local transformers are connected to a single substation, and a number of
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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 6 substations are connected to a single power station. Thus, the load switching units of individual loads can act to control the load on a particular local transformer, while the load switching units of respective local transformers operate to control the load on a given substation. In this context, the substations and local transformers operate as auxiliary electrical sources. Similarly, the load switching units of respective substations operate to control the load on the power station itself. Clearly, it will only be necessary for local transformers and substations to be disconnected if the disconnection of individual loads is not sufficient to maintain the power demand on the power station within the required limits.
Where there are several controllers in the hierarchy, upstream controllers will generally have a higher priority than downstream controllers. For example, if there is a controller at a local transformer and also at the substation feeding that local transformer, the controller at the substation sends its distress factor signal to the controller at the local transformer. The controller at the local transformer compares this distress factor signal with its own distress factor, and transmits the greater of the two factors to its respective loads. Thus, the controller at the substation can control the load switching units of the various loads via the controller at the local transformer. In some cases, the load requirements of the local transformer, for example, may not be critical. In such a case, there need be neither a controller nor a load switching unit at the local transformer itself, and the distress factor signals transmitted from the substation are sent via the transformer directly to the load switching units of the various loads.
The effect of the system is that the loads supplied by the electrical distribution network are switched off randomly, without it being necessary for individual load switching units to be identified and
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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 6 addressed individually with signals transmitted to them from a central control station. The load switching units (or at least the control circuitry thereof) are identical, and do not require a unique identity or serial number.
It will be appreciated that since the decision to switch the load on or off is taken by an individual load switching unit, rather than centrally, the controllers required for the system can be very simple. Nevertheless, multiple loads can effectively be switched on or off from a single monitoring or control point. The system does not require any communication cabling or other link between the controllers and the load switching units, apart from the existing cabling of the electrical distribution network.
The system is flexible, in that the priority of a load can be set by changing the initial minimum load factor value for a particular load switching unit. For example, an industrial load can be given a higher priority than a domestic load. The period for which loads are disconnected or connected can be adjusted by varying the arbitrary increases/decreases in the load factor value of the load switching units, or the rate at which the adjusted load factor values are incremented or decremented in use.
Figures 4, 5 and 6 are flow diagrams indicating the operation of the system graphically. The diagram of Figure 4 illustrates the operation of a controller. The controller monitors its electrical connections to determine whether or not a signal from an external controller of higher priority is present. Depending on whether or not such a signal is present, the controller either outputs its own distress factor signal, or the distress factor signal of the higher priority controller.
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The diagram of Figure 5 illustrates the interaction of a controller and its associated load switching units, while the diagram of Figure 6 indicates the operation of an individual load switching unit.
Claims (12)
1. A load control system for an electrical distribution network comprising at least one electrical source and a plurality of loads supplied by the at least one electrical source, the load control system comprising a controller associated with at least one electrical source and a plurality of load switching units associated with respective loads, characterised in that the controller is adapted to monitor the power supplied by the electrical source, to generate a distress factor signal corresponding thereto and to transmit it to the loads; and in that each load switching unit is independently responsive to the distress factor signal generated by the controller to interrupt the supply of power to its associated load if the distress factor signal exceeds a load factor value of the load switching unit.
2. A load control system according to claim 1 wherein each load switching unit is adapted to store a variable load factor value, the load factor value being variable in response to at least one predetermined criterion.
3. A load control system according to claim 2 wherein the load switching unit is programmable with an initial load factor value which is reduced automatically by a first predetermined amount when the distress factor signal exceeds the initial load factor value, so that the reduced load factor value is substantially less than the distress factor signal.
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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 6
4. A load control system according to claim 3 wherein the load switching unit is adapted to increase the reduced load factor value incrementally over a predetermined time period until the load factor value exceeds the distress factor signal, whereupon the load switching unit restores the supply of power to its associated load.
5. A load control system according to claim 4 wherein the load
,. switching unit is adapted to increase the load factor value by a second predetermined amount, so that it substantially exceeds the distress factor signal, when the supply of power is restored to the load.
6. A load control system according to claim 5 wherein the increased load factor value is reduced incrementally over a predetermined time period until it is equal to the initial load factor value.
7. A load control system according to any one of claims 1 to 6 ( wherein at least one load supplied by the at least one electrical , source is an auxiliary electrical source adapted to supply electrical power to further loads.
8. A load control system according to claim 7 wherein the distribution means is a substation or a transformer.
9. A load control system according to any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein the distress factor signal comprises a tone with a frequency which varies according to the value of the distress factor.
10. A load control system according to any one of claims 1 to 8
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AP Ο Ο Ο 4 5 6 wherein the distress factor signal comprises a code representing the value of the distress factor.
11. A load control system according to any one claims 1 to 10 wherein the load switching unit is adapted to interrupt the supply of power to its associated load only if the distress factor signal exceeds the load factor value of the load switching unit for longer than a delay period generated by the load switching unit.
12. A load control system according to claim 11 wherein the delay period is random or pseudo-random in length.
DATED THIS 20th DAY OF July 1993
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ABSTRACT
A load control system is provided for an electrical distribution network having an electrical source and a plurality of loads supplied by the electrical source. The load control system comprises a controller associated with the electrical source, for monitoring the power supplied by the electrical source. The controller generates a distress factor signal corresponding to the power supplied by the electric source, and transmits this signal to the loads. The load control system also includes a plurality of load switching units associated with respective loads. Each load switching unit is responsive to the distress factor signal transmitted by the controller to interrupt the supply of power to its associated load if the distress factor signal exceeds a load factor value stored in the load switching unit.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA925475 | 1992-07-21 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AP9300558A0 AP9300558A0 (en) | 1993-10-31 |
| AP456A true AP456A (en) | 1996-02-01 |
Family
ID=25581909
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| APAP/P/1993/000558A AP456A (en) | 1992-07-21 | 1993-07-21 | Load regulation system. |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AP (1) | AP456A (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA935273B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10822107B1 (en) * | 2019-04-19 | 2020-11-03 | The Boeing Company | Integration of vehicle management system and power distribution control |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3721830A (en) * | 1971-06-18 | 1973-03-20 | Tokyo Electric Power Co | Pulse dip carrier system using ac distribution line |
| EP0023254A2 (en) * | 1979-07-02 | 1981-02-04 | Sangamo Weston, Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlling power distribution of an electric utility |
| DE3540434A1 (en) * | 1985-11-14 | 1987-05-21 | Siemens Ag | Circuit arrangement for interrogating the state of at least one keying device and for supplying an indication to an indicating device |
| EP0225657A1 (en) * | 1985-11-08 | 1987-06-16 | Philips Patentverwaltung GmbH | Method for controlling several electrical loads |
| WO1991003093A1 (en) * | 1989-08-21 | 1991-03-07 | Econolight Limited | Electrical power distribution control system |
| WO1992005616A1 (en) * | 1990-09-14 | 1992-04-02 | Hawker Fusegear Ltd. | Improvements in electrical load controllers |
| WO1992005615A1 (en) * | 1990-09-14 | 1992-04-02 | Hawker Fusegear Ltd. | Improvements in electrical zone load controllers |
| EP0597322A2 (en) * | 1992-11-12 | 1994-05-18 | I.M.C. ELETTRONICA S.r.l. | Consumption management and control device particularly for civil electric systems |
-
1993
- 1993-07-21 ZA ZA935273A patent/ZA935273B/en unknown
- 1993-07-21 AP APAP/P/1993/000558A patent/AP456A/en active
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3721830A (en) * | 1971-06-18 | 1973-03-20 | Tokyo Electric Power Co | Pulse dip carrier system using ac distribution line |
| EP0023254A2 (en) * | 1979-07-02 | 1981-02-04 | Sangamo Weston, Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlling power distribution of an electric utility |
| EP0225657A1 (en) * | 1985-11-08 | 1987-06-16 | Philips Patentverwaltung GmbH | Method for controlling several electrical loads |
| DE3540434A1 (en) * | 1985-11-14 | 1987-05-21 | Siemens Ag | Circuit arrangement for interrogating the state of at least one keying device and for supplying an indication to an indicating device |
| WO1991003093A1 (en) * | 1989-08-21 | 1991-03-07 | Econolight Limited | Electrical power distribution control system |
| WO1992005616A1 (en) * | 1990-09-14 | 1992-04-02 | Hawker Fusegear Ltd. | Improvements in electrical load controllers |
| WO1992005615A1 (en) * | 1990-09-14 | 1992-04-02 | Hawker Fusegear Ltd. | Improvements in electrical zone load controllers |
| EP0597322A2 (en) * | 1992-11-12 | 1994-05-18 | I.M.C. ELETTRONICA S.r.l. | Consumption management and control device particularly for civil electric systems |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AP9300558A0 (en) | 1993-10-31 |
| ZA935273B (en) | 1994-04-18 |
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