WO2021168433A1 - Combined aeration and nanobubble delivery system for water treatment and carbon capture - Google Patents
Combined aeration and nanobubble delivery system for water treatment and carbon capture Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021168433A1 WO2021168433A1 PCT/US2021/019088 US2021019088W WO2021168433A1 WO 2021168433 A1 WO2021168433 A1 WO 2021168433A1 US 2021019088 W US2021019088 W US 2021019088W WO 2021168433 A1 WO2021168433 A1 WO 2021168433A1
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- Prior art keywords
- gas
- ozone
- fluid
- oxygen
- fluid stream
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 133
- 239000002101 nanobubble Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 title claims description 31
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 title abstract description 25
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 66
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 55
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 40
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 28
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005276 aerator Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009289 induced gas flotation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000645 desinfectant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical class OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000005653 Brownian motion process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005537 brownian motion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002332 oil field water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002455 scale inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012855 volatile organic compound Substances 0.000 description 2
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940076664 close up Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012372 quality testing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B41/00—Equipment or details not covered by groups E21B15/00 - E21B40/00
- E21B41/005—Waste disposal systems
- E21B41/0057—Disposal of a fluid by injection into a subterranean formation
- E21B41/0064—Carbon dioxide sequestration
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/16—Enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons
- E21B43/164—Injecting CO2 or carbonated water
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/20—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by degassing, i.e. liberation of dissolved gases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/24—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flotation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/40—Devices for separating or removing fatty or oily substances or similar floating material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/68—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition of specified substances, e.g. trace elements, for ameliorating potable water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/727—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation using pure oxygen or oxygen rich gas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/78—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with ozone
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/101—Sulfur compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
- C02F2101/32—Hydrocarbons, e.g. oil
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/10—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from quarries or from mining activities
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/008—Mobile apparatus and plants, e.g. mounted on a vehicle
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/78—Details relating to ozone treatment devices
- C02F2201/782—Ozone generators
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2301/00—General aspects of water treatment
- C02F2301/04—Flow arrangements
- C02F2301/043—Treatment of partial or bypass streams
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/04—Disinfection
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2303/00—Specific treatment goals
- C02F2303/26—Reducing the size of particles, liquid droplets or bubbles, e.g. by crushing, grinding, spraying, creation of microbubbles or nanobubbles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
- C02F2305/08—Nanoparticles or nanotubes
Definitions
- This invention relates to an apparatus and system for automatically and dynamically treated produced water from oil and gas production operations.
- produced water A variety of oil and gas operations generate large volumes of water mixed with hydrocarbons and various contaminants, generally referred to in the industry as "produced water.” Most produced water is contaminated with inorganic salts, metals, organic compounds, and other materials, such as emulsifiers or other agents that may be injected for various types of enhanced recovery operations. Typical hydrocarbons in produced water include semivolatile organic compounds (“SVOCs”) and volatile organic compounds (“VOCs"). In most operations, produced water is treated by a variety of means to separate hydrocarbons from the fluid stream, and remove or treat contaminants before ultimate disposal.
- SVOCs semivolatile organic compounds
- VOCs volatile organic compounds
- the present invention comprises an automated treatment system that injects ozone or an ozone-oxygen mixture upstream of the separators, with the dose rate changing dynamically as the produced water quality changes (as determined by continuous monitoring of the produced water quality by a plurality of sensors that detect water quality parameters in real time).
- the system may operate as a "slipstream" injection system, that draws a portion of produced water from the produced water pipeline and injects ozone or an ozone-oxygen mixture back into the pipeline with disrupting or slowing normal operations. Disinfectants or other additives may also be injected.
- the ozone is consumed rapidly by bacteria, iron, sulfides and other reducers in the produced water stream, while the oxygen bubbles in the produced water provides an Induced Gas Flotation (IGF) effect in the downstream separators.
- IGF Induced Gas Flotation
- the IGF effect clarifies the water by removing suspended matter in the produced water, such as oil or solids.
- the oxygen bubbles provide lift, floats lighter solids, and improves the oil/water separation process.
- the reject gas In the ozone generation process, oxygen is separated from ambient air, with the remaining "reject gas” typically vented to the atmosphere in prior art operations.
- the reject gas instead is directed to the separation tanks, where it is used as a blanket gas in the tanks.
- the reject gas comprises mostly nitrogen and thus is inert, and is used as a gas phase maintained above the liquid (i.e., produced water) in the separation tanks or other vessels to protect the liquid from air contamination and to reduce the hazard of explosion or fire.
- Some or all of the reject gas i.e., in conjunction with, or as an alternative to, the use of the reject gas as a blanket gas
- the nano-bubble diffuser introduces the inert gas (mostly nitrogen) into the produced water in the form of micro- or nano-bubbles, which provide friction reduction in the fluid, and reduces the injection/disposal well pump pressure.
- Various combined systems may introduce ozone/oxygen just prior to injection for "on-the-fly” disinfection and treatment, while also providing friction reduction benefits, in combination with a secondary system that introduces nitrogen or nitrogen-rich gas in the form of micro- and/or nano-bubbles (through nano-bubble diffusers) to increase or optimize friction reduction.
- the nitrogen nano-bubble delivery system also may be used independently as an "on-the-fly" stand-alone friction reduction system.
- a nitrogen concentrator also may be used to add nitrogen or increase the nitrogen concentration in a gas prior to forming the bubbles.
- some of the oxygen in larger bubbles will phase separate and create gas pockets within the pipeline.
- This gas typically off-gasses at the first release point.
- a de-aerator e.g., a riser under a vacuum
- separated oxygen may be recovered and reinjected using a nano/micro-bubble type injection system. This will allow the oxygen to stay in suspension and provide additional treatment/oxidation from the reinjected oxygen.
- This oxygen gas stream may be reinjected upstream of the treatment by the main system to provide pre-treatment.
- the injected oxygen gas can be added post-treatment as a pre-aeration step for produced water going into a storage system. Produced water going into a storage system is typically aerated to preserve the water. This posttreatment option will reduce and possibly eliminate the need for aeration during the storage phase.
- the present invention comprises a combined aeration system supplemented with a nanobubble delivery system to capture and store carbon, typically in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) (i.e., “carbon capture”).
- CO2 carbon dioxide
- produced water is generated as a byproduct of oil and gas extraction.
- Carbon dioxide is highly soluble in water, but is reduced at higher temperatures (see addendum below for details).
- Produced water at the wellhead often is in excess of 100 degrees F.
- carbon dioxide is introduced to produced water in the form of nanobubbles.
- Nanobubbles Gases introduced into water form bubbles. Depending on the size of the bubbles and the solubility and stability of the gases, the bubbles may rise to the surface and produce “off gas,” or may go into solution or be dissolved in the water. This process is dependent on the pressure and temperature of the water. Very small bubbles, called “nanobubbles,” generally stay in suspension in the fluid, do not rise to the surface, and rely more on Brownian Motion for movement. Nanobubbles are also very stable and will remain in the water (or other fluid) for long periods of time (the stability of the particular gas being a factor). Nanobubbles also allow for much higher concentrations of gases to be introduced well beyond the saturation point, thereby allowing for super-saturated concentrations of the gas.
- carbon dioxide In water, carbon dioxide often will convert to carbonates, bicarbonates and, to a lesser degree, carbonic acid. This converted carbon dioxide does not enter the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas. This process can be accelerated catalytically to form compounds such as calcium carbonate. In water storage systems, the formation of carbonates often increases the likelihood of “scaling” (although the use of scale inhibitors in oilfield water management can mitigate this). However, this concern is further mitigated as carbon dioxide in nanobubble form will itself help prevent scaling.
- Aeration is a process of introducing oxygen into water to help control bacteria and improve the overall quality of the water.
- aeration is used as a pre-treatment to oxidation and to preserve disinfection.
- the higher temperature of produced water from the wellhead can be reduced through the process of aeration. This reduction in temperature allows more carbon dioxide to be absorbed by the produced water. This absorption process can be accelerated by adding carbon dioxide to the airstream used in the aeration process.
- Aeration in accordance with the present invention allows for additional carbon capture by decreasing the temperature of the produced water, and increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide introduced to the produced water.
- Figure 1 shows a diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 2 shows a diagram of another exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 3 shows a diagram of an embodiment with reject gas injection.
- Figures 4-10 show exterior and interior views of single and dual unit embodiments of the present invention.
- Figure 11 shows an example of a system status display screen.
- Figure 12 shows a top view of a single unit embodiment of the present system.
- Figures 13-15 show top views of a dual unit embodiment of the present system.
- Figures 16-19 show examples of combined systems with friction reduction.
- Figures 20-21 show examples of an oxygen de-aeration or de-gassing system in combination with one or more of the above systems.
- Figures 22-24 show diagrams of exemplary embodiments of the present invention with carbon dioxide.
- Produced water originates at the wellhead, and then typically travels via pipeline 10 to tank batteries, where held for a gathering system for processing and treatment.
- oil or other hydrocarbons are separated and collected, and the remaining wastewater is directed to an injection or disposal well 30.
- One of the most common oil/water separation systems use one or more "gun barrel" separation tanks 20, as seen in Figure 1.
- the produced water travels from the wellhead and through the gathering system, it is subjected to various treatments or processes.
- the produced water receives injections of chemicals at or near the well head, either in batch or continuous treatments.
- bacteria can accumulate and hydrogen sulfide can form.
- biocidal agents typically are added upstream of the gun barrel separators.
- Chemical biocides generally are added at a predetermined, constant dose rate, but as produced water quality changes, this constant dose rate becomes ineffective.
- the present invention comprises an automated treatment system 2 that injects ozone or an ozone-oxygen mixture 40 upstream of the separators, with the dose rate changing dynamically as the produced water quality changes (as determined by continuous monitoring of the produced water quality). While ozone- oxygen may be added directly, in a preferred embodiment, as seen in Fig.l, the system may operate as a "slipstream" injection system 40, that draws a portion of produced water from the produced water pipeline and injects ozone or an ozone-oxygen mixture into this drawn-off portion, which is then introduced back into the main produced water pipeline without disrupting or slowing normal operations. Disinfectants or other additives may also be injected into the drawn-off portion (or directly into the main produced water pipeline).
- the ozone is consumed rapidly by bacteria, iron, sulfides and other reducers in the produced water stream, while the oxygen bubbles in the produced water provides an Induced Gas Flotation (IGF) effect in the downstream separators.
- IGF Induced Gas Flotation
- the IGF effect clarifies the water by removing suspended matter in the produced water, such as oil or solids.
- the oxygen bubbles adhere to suspended matter, provide lift, floats lighter solids to the surface of the water, and improves the oil/water separation process.
- this reject gas instead is directed to the separation tank 20, where it is used as a blanket gas 50 in the tanks, as seen in Fig. 2.
- This reject gas comprises mostly nitrogen and thus is inert, and is used as a gas phase maintained above the liquid (i.e., the produced water being treated) in the separation tanks or other vessels to protect the liquid from air contamination and to reduce the hazard of explosion or fire.
- some or all of the reject gas may also be injected 60 into the produced water or fluid stream using a nano-bubble diffuser prior to disposal in the injection well 30.
- the nano-bubble diffuser introduces the inert gas (mostly nitrogen) into the produced water in the form of micro- or nano bubbles, which provide friction reduction in the fluid being injected into the injection/disposal well, and reduces the injection/disposal well pump pressure.
- the system may be a permanently installed component of a produced water treatment facility, in various alternative embodiments, as seen in Figures 4-10, the system is contained in one or more portable, movable containers or trailers 110 with ventilation 112, such as a modified shipping container or wheeled trailer.
- ventilation 112 such as a modified shipping container or wheeled trailer.
- One or more doors 120 allow user access to the interior, which contains the components of the system.
- the container/trailer is moved to a desired location next to a section of the produced water pipeline, and fluid connection is made.
- the present system can thus be easily retro-fitted to existing produced water treatment facilities, removed when operations are terminated, or moved from location to location as needed.
- the system is fully automatic once installed, monitoring water quality and adjusting disinfectant and oxidation dosages automatically as water quality changes, and can be monitored and operated remotely, using a remote computer or mobile computing device (e.g., cell phone, tablet) (an example of a system monitoring display 122 is shown in Fig. 11).
- a remote computer or mobile computing device e.g., cell phone, tablet
- Figure 12 shows a top view of a schematic diagram of an exemplary insulated container 110 30 feet long and 7.5 feet wide with double doors 110 at one or both ends.
- the air/water handling system e.g., air compressor, chiller, CD A
- water processing systems 02 concentrator, 02 tank, ozone tank, injection system
- the system in this configuration has a processing capacity of 15,000 BPD (barrels per day).
- the interior comprises power supply connections, programmable logic controller (PLC), air compressor, compressed/clean dry air package, oxygen concentrator, oxygen gas tank, chilling unit, ozone generator, air conditioning unit, transformer, quality testing unit, and fluid connections and pumps (as also seen in Figures 8-10).
- PLC programmable logic controller
- air compressor compressed/clean dry air package
- oxygen concentrator oxygen gas tank
- chilling unit ozone generator
- air conditioning unit oxygen gas tank
- transformer ozone generator
- quality testing unit as also seen in Figures 8-10
- fluid connections and pumps as also seen in Figures 8-10.
- injection and water quality "slipstream" piping 160 with pump(s) 162 which may be contained in or suspended above a spill containment tank, pool, or pit.
- Some of the slipstream piping may or may not enter the interior of the unit, although as shown, the slipsteam piping is outside and adjacent thereto.
- Figures 13-15 shows a top view of dual container units 110a, 110b (Fig. 13 shows a view of both units, Figure 14 shows a close-up view of the "remote" air/water handling system unit not directly connected to the slipstream piping, and Figure 15 shows a close- up view of the water processing unit with the slipstream piping), each 20 feet long, with a processing capacity of 30,000 BPD.
- Several system components are doubled (e.g., two chillers, two air compressors, two ozone tanks, two 02 concentrators, and so on) for greater capacity, and the air/water handling system and water processing system are separately installed in respective container units as shown.
- Piping and conduits 114 extend between the units (e.g., A/C power conduits/cables, PLC communication conduits/cables, cooling water pipes, compressed air pipes).
- FIG. 1 While the figures show a side-by-side dual configuration, other configurations with two or more container units are possible, and are within the scope of this invention.
- the container units may be of various sizes, and the components therein may vary in placement and size from the figures.
- combined systems may be used to introduce ozone/oxygen (as described above) prior to or just prior to injection for "on-the-fly" disinfection and treatment, while also providing friction reduction benefits, in combination with a secondary nitrogen nano-bubble system that introduces nitrogen or nitrogen-rich gas in the form of micro- and/or nano-bubbles (through nano-bubble diffusers) to increase or optimize friction reduction.
- the nitrogen nano-bubble delivery system may be contained in a contained s) or trailer(s) in the same manner as described above for oxygen/ozone systems.
- the nitrogen nano-bubble delivery system 200 also may be used independently (i.e., without the ozone/oxygen system) as an "on-the-fly" stand-alone friction reduction system.
- a nitrogen concentrator also may be used to add nitrogen or increase the nitrogen concentration in a gas prior to forming the bubbles.
- Figure 16 shows two examples of optional placement for a nitrogen nano-bubble delivery system 200a, b at an oil/gas produced water (e.g., salt water) disposal facility.
- the system may be located just prior to 200a injection in the disposal well, or further upstream, such as prior to 200b treatment in a desander tank and gun barrel tanks (as described above).
- Figures 17 and 19 show similar options for fracking water treatment (e.g., typically prior to 200c or after 200d storage in the firac water tanks).
- Figure 18 shows a schematic of a nitrogen nano-bubble delivery manifold 220.
- a portion of produced water is drawn off, passed through strainers 222, and injected with nitrogen nano-bubbles 224, then mixed 226 back with the produced water.
- the treated water 230 then flows downstream for further treatment (if any) and injection.
- Flow meters are used to monitor fluid flow and control the introduction rates of nitrogen nano bubbles.
- the ozone reacts almost immediately, but some of the oxygen in larger bubbles will phase separate and create gas pockets within the pipeline. This gas typically off-gasses at the first release point.
- a de-aerator or de-gasser 300 e.g., a riser under a vacuum
- separated oxygen may be recovered and re-injected using a nano/micro-bubble type injection system. This will allow the oxygen to stay in suspension and provide additional treatment/oxidation from the reinjected oxygen.
- This oxygen gas stream may be reinjected as a pre-aeration step upstream 310 (either into water source storage or otherwise prior to the oxygen/ozone injection point) of the treatment by the main system to provide pre-treatment.
- the injected oxygen gas can be added into the water post treatment 320 as a pre-aeration step or post-aeration step for produced water going into a storage system.
- Produced water going into a storage system is typically aerated to preserve the water. This posttreatment option will reduce and possibly eliminate the need for aeration during the storage phase.
- Figure 20 shows a salt-water or saline-water disposal operation, with both upstream 310 and downstream 320 injection of oxygen gas.
- the present invention comprises a combined aeration system supplemented with a nanobubble delivery system to capture and store carbon, typically in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) (i.e., “carbon capture”).
- CO2 carbon dioxide
- produced water is generated as a byproduct of oil and gas extraction.
- Carbon dioxide is highly soluble in water, but is reduced at higher temperatures (see addendum below for details).
- Produced water at the wellhead often is in excess of 100 degrees F.
- carbon dioxide is introduced to produced water in the form of nanobubbles.
- Nanobubbles Gases introduced into water form bubbles. Depending on the size of the bubbles and the solubility and stability of the gases, the bubbles may rise to the surface and produce “off gas,” or may go into solution or be dissolved in the water. This process is dependent on the pressure and temperature of the water. Very small bubbles, called “nanobubbles,” generally stay in suspension in the fluid, do not rise to the surface, and rely more on Brownian Motion for movement. Nanobubbles are also very stable and will remain in the water (or other fluid) for long periods of time (the stability of the particular gas being a factor). Nanobubbles also allow for much higher concentrations of gases to be introduced well beyond the saturation point, thereby allowing for super-saturated concentrations of the gas.
- carbon dioxide In water, carbon dioxide often will convert to carbonates, bicarbonates and, to a lesser degree, carbonic acid. This converted carbon dioxide does not enter the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas. This process can be accelerated catalytically to form compounds such as calcium carbonate. In water storage systems, the formation of carbonates often increases the likelihood of “scaling” (although the use of scale inhibitors in oilfield water management can mitigate this). However, this concern is further mitigated as carbon dioxide in nanobubble form will itself help prevent scaling.
- Aeration is a process of introducing oxygen into water to help control bacteria and improve the overall quality of the water.
- aeration is used as a pre-treatment to oxidation and to preserve disinfection.
- the higher temperature of produced water from the wellhead can be reduced through the process of aeration. This reduction in temperature allows more carbon dioxide to be absorbed by the produced water. This absorption process can be accelerated by adding carbon dioxide to the airstream used in the aeration process.
- Aeration in accordance with the present invention allows for additional carbon capture by decreasing the temperature of the produced water, and increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide introduced to the produced water.
- the produced water is stored in large pits and tanks (e.g., aboveground storage tank, or AST 500, or a treatment pit 600. Aeration is employed in these storage devices to preserve the water and provide ongoing bacterial control; in the embodiment show, produced water is removed from the AST 500 by pipe 502 and pump 504 (flow is controlled by various valves 506 and monitored by various meters 508). The produced water is then directed to a manifold 510 and reinjected back into the tank 500 through a plurality of pipes (with control valves and meters) with Venturi mixers 512 to agitate and promote mixing of the produced fluid in the tank.
- a manifold 510 and reinjected back into the tank 500 through a plurality of pipes (with control valves and meters) with Venturi mixers 512 to agitate and promote mixing of the produced fluid in the tank.
- carbon dioxide in nanobubble form allow these storage devices to become carbon capture systems.
- Carbon dioxide from a source 520 is mixed with inflowing produced water 522 in a nanobubble generator 530.
- the water becomes super-saturated with carbon dioxide through the creation and utilization of nanobubbles.
- the nanobubbles also will reduce the friction of the produced water while in storage (e.g., in the storage tank).
- this reduced friction will reduce pump pressures and increase the efficiency of the pumps, thereby reducing emissions.
- using water infused with carbon dioxide nanobubbles 540 also benefits from the lower friction water by reducing the need for chemical friction reducers to be added to the completion fluid.
- the well completion process also becomes an additional carbon capture system when the completion fluid remains underground.
- water and produced water are used in conventional oil well development by being injected through a plurality of injection well into underground hydrocarbon reservoir/formations to add pressure, thereby enhancing the recovery of oil from the formation (resulting in increased production from production wells in that formation).
- Adding carbon dioxide in the form of nanobubbles to the injection water improves the hydraulic characteristics of the injection water (e.g., through reduced friction). This also results in a better storage process for the carbon dioxide, as carbon dioxide in the present invention remains in nanobubble form.
- This is an advantage over the simple introduction of carbon dioxide gas to underground formations as a carbon capture technology, as the gas in that form will often migrate upwards to the surface and re-enter the atmosphere, thereby reducing its effectiveness for carbon capture.
- the present invention avoids the conversion (and thus removal or elimination) of carbon dioxide.
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Abstract
A combined aeration system supplemented with a nanobubble delivery system to capture and store carbon, typically in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) (i.e., "carbon capture"). Produced water is generated as a byproduct of oil and gas extraction. Carbon dioxide is introduced to produced water in the form of nanobubbles. Aeration is used as a pre-treatment to oxidation and to preserve disinfection in produced water, and also reduces the higher temperature of produced water from the wellhead This reduction in temperature allows more carbon dioxide to be absorbed by the produced water, and the absorption process is accelerated by adding carbon dioxide to the airstream used in the aeration process.
Description
COMBINED AERATION AND NANOBUBBLE DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR WATER TREATMENT AND CARBON CAPTURE
This application claims benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/978,893, filed Feb. 20, 2020, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by specific reference for all purposes.
FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention relates to an apparatus and system for automatically and dynamically treated produced water from oil and gas production operations.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A variety of oil and gas operations generate large volumes of water mixed with hydrocarbons and various contaminants, generally referred to in the industry as "produced water." Most produced water is contaminated with inorganic salts, metals, organic compounds, and other materials, such as emulsifiers or other agents that may be injected for various types of enhanced recovery operations. Typical hydrocarbons in produced water include semivolatile organic compounds ("SVOCs") and volatile organic compounds ("VOCs"). In most operations, produced water is treated by a variety of means to separate hydrocarbons from the fluid stream, and remove or treat contaminants before ultimate disposal. Examples of systems and methods for treating produced water are described in Sullivan, et al., US 2009/0101572, Ikebe, et al., US 2010/0264068, Folkvang, US 2014/0346118, Patton, US Pat. App. No. 16/246,646, filed March 22, 2019, and Patton, US Pat. App. No. 16/701,210, filed Dec. 3, 2019, all of which are incorporated herein in their entireties by specific reference for all purposes.
Patton, US Pat. App. No. 16/661,899, filed Oct. 23, 2019, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by specific reference for all purposes, describes an automated treatment system that injects an apparatus and system for dynamically treating injection fluids or fracturing fluids or produced fluids with micro-bubbles and/or nano-bubbles for various oil and gas operations, including, but not limited to, produced water or salt water disposal/injection wells, waterflooding or other forms of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations, and hydraulic fracturing operations.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In various exemplary embodiments, the present invention comprises an automated treatment system that injects ozone or an ozone-oxygen mixture upstream of the separators, with the dose rate changing dynamically as the produced water quality changes (as determined by continuous monitoring of the produced water quality by a plurality of sensors that detect water quality parameters in real time). In several embodiments, the system may operate as a "slipstream" injection system, that draws a portion of produced water from the produced water pipeline and injects ozone or an ozone-oxygen mixture back into the pipeline with disrupting or slowing normal operations. Disinfectants or other additives may also be injected. The ozone is consumed rapidly by bacteria, iron, sulfides and other reducers in the produced water stream, while the oxygen bubbles in the produced water provides an Induced Gas Flotation (IGF) effect in the downstream separators. The IGF effect clarifies the water by removing suspended matter in the produced water, such as oil or solids. The oxygen bubbles provide lift, floats lighter solids, and improves the oil/water separation process.
In the ozone generation process, oxygen is separated from ambient air, with the remaining "reject gas" typically vented to the atmosphere in prior art operations. In the present process, the reject gas instead is directed to the separation tanks, where it is used as a blanket gas in the tanks. The reject gas comprises mostly nitrogen and thus is inert, and is used as a gas phase maintained above the liquid (i.e., produced water) in the separation tanks or other vessels to protect the liquid from air contamination and to reduce the hazard of explosion or fire. Some or all of the reject gas (i.e., in conjunction with, or as an alternative to, the use of the reject gas as a blanket gas) may also be injected into the produced water or fluid stream using a nano-bubble diffuser prior to disposal in an injection well. The nano-bubble diffuser introduces the inert gas (mostly nitrogen) into the produced water in the form of micro- or nano-bubbles, which provide friction reduction in the fluid, and reduces the injection/disposal well pump pressure.
Various combined systems may introduce ozone/oxygen just prior to injection for "on-the-fly" disinfection and treatment, while also providing friction reduction benefits, in combination with a secondary system that introduces nitrogen or nitrogen-rich gas in the form of micro- and/or nano-bubbles (through nano-bubble diffusers) to increase or
optimize friction reduction. The nitrogen nano-bubble delivery system also may be used independently as an "on-the-fly" stand-alone friction reduction system. A nitrogen concentrator also may be used to add nitrogen or increase the nitrogen concentration in a gas prior to forming the bubbles.
In further embodiments, during the ozone/oxygen injection step described above, some of the oxygen in larger bubbles will phase separate and create gas pockets within the pipeline. This gas typically off-gasses at the first release point. By use of a de-aerator (e.g., a riser under a vacuum), separated oxygen may be recovered and reinjected using a nano/micro-bubble type injection system. This will allow the oxygen to stay in suspension and provide additional treatment/oxidation from the reinjected oxygen. This oxygen gas stream may be reinjected upstream of the treatment by the main system to provide pre-treatment. Alternatively, such as when pre-treatment is not necessary, the injected oxygen gas can be added post-treatment as a pre-aeration step for produced water going into a storage system. Produced water going into a storage system is typically aerated to preserve the water. This posttreatment option will reduce and possibly eliminate the need for aeration during the storage phase.
In a further embodiment, the present invention comprises a combined aeration system supplemented with a nanobubble delivery system to capture and store carbon, typically in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) (i.e., “carbon capture”). As described in detail below, produced water is generated as a byproduct of oil and gas extraction. Carbon dioxide is highly soluble in water, but is reduced at higher temperatures (see addendum below for details). Produced water at the wellhead often is in excess of 100 degrees F. In the present invention, carbon dioxide is introduced to produced water in the form of nanobubbles.
Gases introduced into water form bubbles. Depending on the size of the bubbles and the solubility and stability of the gases, the bubbles may rise to the surface and produce “off gas,” or may go into solution or be dissolved in the water. This process is dependent on the pressure and temperature of the water. Very small bubbles, called “nanobubbles,” generally stay in suspension in the fluid, do not rise to the surface, and rely more on Brownian Motion for movement. Nanobubbles are also very stable and will remain in the water (or other fluid) for long periods of time (the stability of the particular
gas being a factor). Nanobubbles also allow for much higher concentrations of gases to be introduced well beyond the saturation point, thereby allowing for super-saturated concentrations of the gas.
In water, carbon dioxide often will convert to carbonates, bicarbonates and, to a lesser degree, carbonic acid. This converted carbon dioxide does not enter the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas. This process can be accelerated catalytically to form compounds such as calcium carbonate. In water storage systems, the formation of carbonates often increases the likelihood of “scaling” (although the use of scale inhibitors in oilfield water management can mitigate this). However, this concern is further mitigated as carbon dioxide in nanobubble form will itself help prevent scaling.
Aeration is a process of introducing oxygen into water to help control bacteria and improve the overall quality of the water. In the management of produced water, aeration is used as a pre-treatment to oxidation and to preserve disinfection. The higher temperature of produced water from the wellhead can be reduced through the process of aeration. This reduction in temperature allows more carbon dioxide to be absorbed by the produced water. This absorption process can be accelerated by adding carbon dioxide to the airstream used in the aeration process. Aeration in accordance with the present invention allows for additional carbon capture by decreasing the temperature of the produced water, and increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide introduced to the produced water.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 shows a diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 2 shows a diagram of another exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 3 shows a diagram of an embodiment with reject gas injection.
Figures 4-10 show exterior and interior views of single and dual unit embodiments of the present invention.
Figure 11 shows an example of a system status display screen.
Figure 12 shows a top view of a single unit embodiment of the present system.
Figures 13-15 show top views of a dual unit embodiment of the present system.
Figures 16-19 show examples of combined systems with friction reduction.
Figures 20-21 show examples of an oxygen de-aeration or de-gassing system in combination with one or more of the above systems.
Figures 22-24 show diagrams of exemplary embodiments of the present invention with carbon dioxide.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
Produced water originates at the wellhead, and then typically travels via pipeline 10 to tank batteries, where held for a gathering system for processing and treatment. In general, oil or other hydrocarbons are separated and collected, and the remaining wastewater is directed to an injection or disposal well 30. One of the most common oil/water separation systems use one or more "gun barrel" separation tanks 20, as seen in Figure 1.
As the produced water travels from the wellhead and through the gathering system, it is subjected to various treatments or processes. For example, the produced water receives injections of chemicals at or near the well head, either in batch or continuous treatments. As the produced water slows down in the gun barrel separators 20, bacteria can accumulate and hydrogen sulfide can form. To counter this, biocidal agents typically are added upstream of the gun barrel separators. Chemical biocides generally are added at a predetermined, constant dose rate, but as produced water quality changes, this constant dose rate becomes ineffective.
In several embodiments, the present invention comprises an automated treatment system 2 that injects ozone or an ozone-oxygen mixture 40 upstream of the separators, with the dose rate changing dynamically as the produced water quality changes (as determined by continuous monitoring of the produced water quality). While ozone- oxygen may be added directly, in a preferred embodiment, as seen in Fig.l, the system may operate as a "slipstream" injection system 40, that draws a portion of produced water from the produced water pipeline and injects ozone or an ozone-oxygen mixture into this drawn-off portion, which is then introduced back into the main produced water pipeline without disrupting or slowing normal operations. Disinfectants or other additives may also be injected into the drawn-off portion (or directly into the main produced water pipeline).
The ozone is consumed rapidly by bacteria, iron, sulfides and other reducers in the produced water stream, while the oxygen bubbles in the produced water provides an Induced Gas Flotation (IGF) effect in the downstream separators. The IGF effect clarifies the water by removing suspended matter in the produced water, such as oil or solids. The oxygen bubbles adhere to suspended matter, provide lift, floats lighter solids to the surface of the water, and improves the oil/water separation process.
In the ozone generation process, oxygen is separated from ambient air, with the remaining "reject gas" (i.e., the oxygen-depleted ambient air left after separation) typically vented to the atmosphere in prior art operations. In several embodiments of the present process, this reject gas instead is directed to the separation tank 20, where it is used as a blanket gas 50 in the tanks, as seen in Fig. 2. This reject gas comprises mostly nitrogen and thus is inert, and is used as a gas phase maintained above the liquid (i.e., the produced water being treated) in the separation tanks or other vessels to protect the liquid from air contamination and to reduce the hazard of explosion or fire.
In yet a further embodiment, as seen in Fig. 3, some or all of the reject gas (i.e., in conjunction with, or as an alternative to, the use of the reject gas as a blanket gas 50) may also be injected 60 into the produced water or fluid stream using a nano-bubble diffuser prior to disposal in the injection well 30. The nano-bubble diffuser introduces the inert gas (mostly nitrogen) into the produced water in the form of micro- or nano bubbles, which provide friction reduction in the fluid being injected into the injection/disposal well, and reduces the injection/disposal well pump pressure.
While the system may be a permanently installed component of a produced water treatment facility, in various alternative embodiments, as seen in Figures 4-10, the system is contained in one or more portable, movable containers or trailers 110 with ventilation 112, such as a modified shipping container or wheeled trailer. One or more doors 120 allow user access to the interior, which contains the components of the system.
The container/trailer is moved to a desired location next to a section of the produced water pipeline, and fluid connection is made. The present system can thus be easily retro-fitted to existing produced water treatment facilities, removed when operations are terminated, or moved from location to location as needed. The system is fully automatic once installed, monitoring water quality and adjusting disinfectant and
oxidation dosages automatically as water quality changes, and can be monitored and operated remotely, using a remote computer or mobile computing device (e.g., cell phone, tablet) (an example of a system monitoring display 122 is shown in Fig. 11).
Figure 12 shows a top view of a schematic diagram of an exemplary insulated container 110 30 feet long and 7.5 feet wide with double doors 110 at one or both ends. The air/water handling system (e.g., air compressor, chiller, CD A) and water processing systems (02 concentrator, 02 tank, ozone tank, injection system) are both contained in the same unit, and may be separated by an insulated panel 130 which also may have a door. The system in this configuration has a processing capacity of 15,000 BPD (barrels per day). The interior comprises power supply connections, programmable logic controller (PLC), air compressor, compressed/clean dry air package, oxygen concentrator, oxygen gas tank, chilling unit, ozone generator, air conditioning unit, transformer, quality testing unit, and fluid connections and pumps (as also seen in Figures 8-10). On one side of the unit is the injection and water quality "slipstream" piping 160 with pump(s) 162, which may be contained in or suspended above a spill containment tank, pool, or pit. Some of the slipstream piping may or may not enter the interior of the unit, although as shown, the slipsteam piping is outside and adjacent thereto.
Figures 13-15 shows a top view of dual container units 110a, 110b (Fig. 13 shows a view of both units, Figure 14 shows a close-up view of the "remote" air/water handling system unit not directly connected to the slipstream piping, and Figure 15 shows a close- up view of the water processing unit with the slipstream piping), each 20 feet long, with a processing capacity of 30,000 BPD. Several system components are doubled (e.g., two chillers, two air compressors, two ozone tanks, two 02 concentrators, and so on) for greater capacity, and the air/water handling system and water processing system are separately installed in respective container units as shown. Piping and conduits 114 extend between the units (e.g., A/C power conduits/cables, PLC communication conduits/cables, cooling water pipes, compressed air pipes).
While the figures show a side-by-side dual configuration, other configurations with two or more container units are possible, and are within the scope of this invention. The container units may be of various sizes, and the components therein may vary in placement and size from the figures.
In several embodiments, combined systems may be used to introduce ozone/oxygen (as described above) prior to or just prior to injection for "on-the-fly" disinfection and treatment, while also providing friction reduction benefits, in combination with a secondary nitrogen nano-bubble system that introduces nitrogen or nitrogen-rich gas in the form of micro- and/or nano-bubbles (through nano-bubble diffusers) to increase or optimize friction reduction. The nitrogen nano-bubble delivery system may be contained in a contained s) or trailer(s) in the same manner as described above for oxygen/ozone systems. The nitrogen nano-bubble delivery system 200 also may be used independently (i.e., without the ozone/oxygen system) as an "on-the-fly" stand-alone friction reduction system. A nitrogen concentrator also may be used to add nitrogen or increase the nitrogen concentration in a gas prior to forming the bubbles.
Figure 16 shows two examples of optional placement for a nitrogen nano-bubble delivery system 200a, b at an oil/gas produced water (e.g., salt water) disposal facility. As seen, the system may be located just prior to 200a injection in the disposal well, or further upstream, such as prior to 200b treatment in a desander tank and gun barrel tanks (as described above). Figures 17 and 19 show similar options for fracking water treatment (e.g., typically prior to 200c or after 200d storage in the firac water tanks).
Figure 18 shows a schematic of a nitrogen nano-bubble delivery manifold 220. A portion of produced water is drawn off, passed through strainers 222, and injected with nitrogen nano-bubbles 224, then mixed 226 back with the produced water. The treated water 230 then flows downstream for further treatment (if any) and injection. Flow meters are used to monitor fluid flow and control the introduction rates of nitrogen nano bubbles.
In further additional embodiments, as seen in Figure 19-21, during the ozone/oxygen injection step described above, the ozone reacts almost immediately, but some of the oxygen in larger bubbles will phase separate and create gas pockets within the pipeline. This gas typically off-gasses at the first release point. By use of a de-aerator or de-gasser 300 (e.g., a riser under a vacuum), as seen in Figures 19-21, separated oxygen may be recovered and re-injected using a nano/micro-bubble type injection system. This will allow the oxygen to stay in suspension and provide additional treatment/oxidation from the reinjected oxygen. This oxygen gas stream may be
reinjected as a pre-aeration step upstream 310 (either into water source storage or otherwise prior to the oxygen/ozone injection point) of the treatment by the main system to provide pre-treatment. Alternatively, such as in addition to pre-treatment or when pre treatment is not necessary, the injected oxygen gas can be added into the water post treatment 320 as a pre-aeration step or post-aeration step for produced water going into a storage system. Produced water going into a storage system is typically aerated to preserve the water. This posttreatment option will reduce and possibly eliminate the need for aeration during the storage phase. Figure 20 shows a salt-water or saline-water disposal operation, with both upstream 310 and downstream 320 injection of oxygen gas.
In various exemplary embodiments, the present invention comprises a combined aeration system supplemented with a nanobubble delivery system to capture and store carbon, typically in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) (i.e., “carbon capture”). As described in detail below, produced water is generated as a byproduct of oil and gas extraction. Carbon dioxide is highly soluble in water, but is reduced at higher temperatures (see addendum below for details). Produced water at the wellhead often is in excess of 100 degrees F. In the present invention, carbon dioxide is introduced to produced water in the form of nanobubbles.
Gases introduced into water form bubbles. Depending on the size of the bubbles and the solubility and stability of the gases, the bubbles may rise to the surface and produce “off gas,” or may go into solution or be dissolved in the water. This process is dependent on the pressure and temperature of the water. Very small bubbles, called “nanobubbles,” generally stay in suspension in the fluid, do not rise to the surface, and rely more on Brownian Motion for movement. Nanobubbles are also very stable and will remain in the water (or other fluid) for long periods of time (the stability of the particular gas being a factor). Nanobubbles also allow for much higher concentrations of gases to be introduced well beyond the saturation point, thereby allowing for super-saturated concentrations of the gas.
In water, carbon dioxide often will convert to carbonates, bicarbonates and, to a lesser degree, carbonic acid. This converted carbon dioxide does not enter the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas. This process can be accelerated catalytically to form compounds such as calcium carbonate. In water storage systems, the formation of
carbonates often increases the likelihood of “scaling” (although the use of scale inhibitors in oilfield water management can mitigate this). However, this concern is further mitigated as carbon dioxide in nanobubble form will itself help prevent scaling.
Aeration is a process of introducing oxygen into water to help control bacteria and improve the overall quality of the water. In the management of produced water, aeration is used as a pre-treatment to oxidation and to preserve disinfection. The higher temperature of produced water from the wellhead can be reduced through the process of aeration. This reduction in temperature allows more carbon dioxide to be absorbed by the produced water. This absorption process can be accelerated by adding carbon dioxide to the airstream used in the aeration process. Aeration in accordance with the present invention allows for additional carbon capture by decreasing the temperature of the produced water, and increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide introduced to the produced water.
Exemplary applications of the present invention are described below.
1. Produced Water Recvcling/Re-use.
In produced water reuse/recycle applications, as seen in Figs. 22-24, the produced water is stored in large pits and tanks (e.g., aboveground storage tank, or AST 500, or a treatment pit 600. Aeration is employed in these storage devices to preserve the water and provide ongoing bacterial control; in the embodiment show, produced water is removed from the AST 500 by pipe 502 and pump 504 (flow is controlled by various valves 506 and monitored by various meters 508). The produced water is then directed to a manifold 510 and reinjected back into the tank 500 through a plurality of pipes (with control valves and meters) with Venturi mixers 512 to agitate and promote mixing of the produced fluid in the tank.
The introduction of carbon dioxide in nanobubble form allow these storage devices to become carbon capture systems. Carbon dioxide from a source 520 is mixed with inflowing produced water 522 in a nanobubble generator 530. The water becomes super-saturated with carbon dioxide through the creation and utilization of nanobubbles. The nanobubbles also will reduce the friction of the produced water while in storage (e.g., in the storage tank).
When the produced water is reused/recycled, as seen in Figure 23, this reduced friction will reduce pump pressures and increase the efficiency of the pumps, thereby reducing emissions. In the well completion process, using water infused with carbon dioxide nanobubbles 540 also benefits from the lower friction water by reducing the need for chemical friction reducers to be added to the completion fluid. The well completion process also becomes an additional carbon capture system when the completion fluid remains underground.
2 Waterfloods/EOR
In waterflood applications, water and produced water are used in conventional oil well development by being injected through a plurality of injection well into underground hydrocarbon reservoir/formations to add pressure, thereby enhancing the recovery of oil from the formation (resulting in increased production from production wells in that formation). Adding carbon dioxide in the form of nanobubbles to the injection water improves the hydraulic characteristics of the injection water (e.g., through reduced friction). This also results in a better storage process for the carbon dioxide, as carbon dioxide in the present invention remains in nanobubble form. This is an advantage over the simple introduction of carbon dioxide gas to underground formations as a carbon capture technology, as the gas in that form will often migrate upwards to the surface and re-enter the atmosphere, thereby reducing its effectiveness for carbon capture. In addition, as mentioned above, the present invention avoids the conversion (and thus removal or elimination) of carbon dioxide.
3 Emissions Flaring.
Patton, US Pat. App. No. 16/653,864, filed Oct 15, 2019, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by specific reference for all purposes, describes a system and apparatus for flaring hydrocarbon gas from oilfield operations using produced water (referred to as the “hydroflare process”). Emissions from flaring are scrubbed. Ozone may be added. In the flaring combustion process, carbon dioxide is formed, which can be captured through a variety of processes (e.g., amine systems). Carbon dioxide from the hydroflare process can be used for the applications and processes described above. A unique benefit from this use is combining the reduction of emissions from the treatment of oilfield gas with the increased carbon capture through new uses for the captured
carbon dioxide in nanobubble form. Introducing carbon dioxide in the form of nanobubbles provides a unique way of storing carbon dioxide in a stable form by injecting it underground, particularly where produced water is already being used as an injection fluid. Thus, it should be understood that the embodiments and examples described herein have been chosen and described in order to best illustrate the principles of the invention and its practical applications to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited for particular uses contemplated. Even though specific embodiments of this invention have been described, they are not to be taken as exhaustive. There are several variations that will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Claims
1. A method for storage of carbon, comprising: infusing a fluid stream with carbon dioxide in the form of nanobubbles; and storing the infused fluid stream in one or more of the following: a storage tank, a fluid treatment pit, or an underground formation or formations.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the infused fluid stream is stored in an underground formation or formations by a well completion process.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbon dioxide is obtained from flaring of hydrocarbon gas in oilfield operations.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the fluid stream is produced water from oilfield operations.
5. A fluid treatment system for treating a fluid stream and storing carbon, comprising: a fluid injection or disposal well; one or more fluid treatment tanks, wherein the one or more fluid treatment tanks comprise at least one separator; one or more downstream pipes connecting the one or more fluid treatment tanks with the fluid injection or disposal well; upstream pipes in fluid connection with the one or more fluid treatment tanks; an ozone injection system configured to inject ozone gas or an ozone-oxygen mixture gas into the fluid stream prior to the fluid reaching the fluid injection or disposal well; an oxygen de-gasser or de-aerator, configured to remove gaseous oxygen from the fluid stream; a carbon dioxide nanobubble generator, configured to introduce carbon dioxide into the fluid stream.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the ozone injection system injects the ozone gas or ozone-oxygen mixture gas upstream of the one or more fluid treatment tanks.
7. The system of claim 5, wherein the ozone injection system is a slipstream injection system configured to draw off a portion of the fluid stream for ozone gas or ozone- oxygen mixture gas injection.
8. The system of claim 5, wherein the ozone injection system injects a dose rate of ozone gas or ozone-oxygen mixture gas that varies over time.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein the dose rate varies dynamically as the quality of the fluid stream changes based upon continuous monitoring of the fluid stream quality.
10. The system of claim 5, wherein the ozone gas or an ozone-oxygen mixture gas is injected as nano-bubbles or micro-bubbles.
11. The system of claim 5, wherein the ozone injection system produces oxygen- depleted reject gas in the process of producing oxygen and/or ozone.
12. The system of claim 5, wherein the reject gas is directed to the at least one separator as blanket gas.
13. The system of claim 5, wherein the ozone injection system is contained in whole or in part in a moveable container.
14. The system of claim 5, wherein the ozone injection system is contained in whole or in part in two or more moveable containers or trailers.
15. The system of claim 5, wherein the fluid stream is produced water from oil or gas wells.
16. The system of claim 5, wherein the fluid stream is fracturing fluid for a hydrocarbon fracturing operation.
17. The system of claim 5, further comprising a nitrogen nano-bubble delivery system, configured to inject nitrogen or nitrogen-rich gas into the fluid stream.
18. The system of claim 5, wherein nitrogen or nitrogen-rich gas is injected downstream of the one or more fluid treatment tanks.
19. The system of claim 17, wherein said nitrogen nano-bubble delivery system comprises a manifold with one or more strainers and a mixer.
20. The system of claim 5, further comprising an oxygen gas injector configured to reinject said gaseous oxygen in nano-bubble or micro-bubble form into the fluid stream at different points from the point of removal.
Priority Applications (1)
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EP21757546.3A EP4107129A4 (en) | 2020-02-20 | 2021-02-22 | Combined aeration and nanobubble delivery system for water treatment and carbon capture |
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US202062978893P | 2020-02-20 | 2020-02-20 | |
US62/978,893 | 2020-02-20 |
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US (1) | US20210261451A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP4107129A4 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2021168433A1 (en) |
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US20230038447A1 (en) * | 2021-08-09 | 2023-02-09 | Protostar Group Ltd. | System and method for permanent carbon dioxide sequestration using a renewable energy source |
US12006471B2 (en) * | 2022-01-26 | 2024-06-11 | Protostar Group Ltd. | Nanobubbles and gas-liquid mixtures for enhanced carbon dioxide sequestration |
US20240084672A1 (en) * | 2022-09-07 | 2024-03-14 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Systems and methods for microbubble and nanobubble co2 and other gas dissolution and sequestration in geological formations |
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EP4107129A4 (en) | 2023-11-08 |
US20210261451A1 (en) | 2021-08-26 |
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