WO2019129928A1 - Preparation of an aviation fuel composition - Google Patents
Preparation of an aviation fuel composition Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019129928A1 WO2019129928A1 PCT/FI2018/050972 FI2018050972W WO2019129928A1 WO 2019129928 A1 WO2019129928 A1 WO 2019129928A1 FI 2018050972 W FI2018050972 W FI 2018050972W WO 2019129928 A1 WO2019129928 A1 WO 2019129928A1
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- jet fuel
- fuel component
- fuel
- wear scar
- kerosene fraction
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G69/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process
- C10G69/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only
- C10G69/04—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only including at least one step of catalytic cracking in the absence of hydrogen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G11/02—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils characterised by the catalyst used
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G11/14—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts
- C10G11/18—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils with preheated moving solid catalysts according to the "fluidised-bed" technique
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
- C10G3/42—Catalytic treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
- C10G3/42—Catalytic treatment
- C10G3/44—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G65/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only
- C10G65/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only
- C10G65/04—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only including only refining steps
- C10G65/043—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only including only refining steps at least one step being a change in the structural skeleton
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
- C10L1/08—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for compression ignition
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/08—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving lubricity; for reducing wear
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1003—Waste materials
- C10G2300/1007—Used oils
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1011—Biomass
- C10G2300/1014—Biomass of vegetal origin
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1011—Biomass
- C10G2300/1018—Biomass of animal origin
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/08—Jet fuel
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
- Y02P30/20—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
- Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
- Y02T50/678—Aviation using fuels of non-fossil origin
Definitions
- the invention relates to an aviation fuel composition, and more partic ularly to a method for preparing the aviation fuel composition.
- Renewable aviation fuel demand is expected to grow in the future due to global initiatives to decrease emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as C0 2 .
- GFG greenhouse gases
- One possibility to decrease greenhouse gas emissions is to increase the use of re newable fuels in preparation of aviation fuels.
- Figure 1 illustrates an exemplary process for preparation of an aviation fuel composition.
- cracking refers to a decomposition process in Jerusalem three (3), wherein higher molecular weight con stituents are converted to lower molecular weight products. Cracking reactions in volve carbon-carbon bond rupture. During the actual cracking process, some smaller molecules may combine to give a product of higher molecular weight.
- Cracking such as catalytic cracking
- the nature of the end products is dependent on the nature of the feed and on the process conditions under which the process is carried out, such as temperature, pressure and the nature of the catalyst.
- a widely used method for carrying out catalytic cracking of high-boiling, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum crude oils is a fluid cat- alytic cracking (FCC) process, in which a powdered catalyst is employed.
- the cata lyst particles are suspended in a rising flow of a heavy gas oil feed to form a fluid ized bed.
- the feed is typically pre-heated and then sprayed into a base of the riser via feed nozzles to bring the feed in contact with the hot fluidized catalyst.
- the tem perature of a FCC cracker is typically between 500°C and 800°C.
- Another type of catalytic cracking utilizes a thermal catalytic cracker
- TCC thermochemical vapor deposition
- the operation of a TCC unit is well known in the art. ln a typical TCC unit, the preheated feedstock flows by gravity through the catalytic reactor bed. The va pors are separated from the catalyst and sent to a fractionating tower. The spent catalyst is regenerated, cooled, and recycled. The flue gas from regeneration is sent to a carbon monoxide boiler for heat recovery.
- Catalyst used in a TCC unit is typi cally an amorphous silica-alumina catalyst, and the temperature in the thermal cat alytic cracking unit is typically from 400°C to 650°C.
- Lubricity of an aviation fuel is defined in a UK aviation fuel standard specification DEF STAN 91-091. Lubricity of aviation kerosene type fuel is limited by the DEF STAN 91-091 standard to a maxi mum wear scar diameter of 0.85 mm as measured with an ASTM D5001 test method called BOCLE (ball on cylinder lubricity evaluator). The requirement to measure lubricity is applied whenever synthesized fuel components are used in a final fuel blend. Fuel lubricity is important especially in military use.
- An embodiment enables improving fuel lubricity without lubricity im prover additive(s).
- An embodiment also enables up-grading the lubricity of poorly lubricating fuel components.
- a feedstock is provided.
- the feedstock is of renewa ble and/or recycled origin, and comprises tall oil pitch (TOP), a mixture of sludge palm oil, palm fatty acid distillate and animal fat (FATS), used lubricant oil (ULO), or any mixture thereof.
- TOP tall oil pitch
- FATS palm fatty acid distillate and animal fat
- UEO used lubricant oil
- the feedstock is cracked to obtain a cracking product.
- the cracking product is fractionated to obtain a kerosene fraction having a distillation range of 145°C to 300°C, preferably 170°C to 240°C.
- the kerosene fraction is hy drotreated in order to obtain a first jet fuel component of biological and/or recy cled origin.
- the obtained first jet fuel component is blended with a further jet fuel component in order to obtain a jet fuel composition having an improved lubricity compared to the neat components.
- the further jet fuel component used may be e.g. a renewable jet fuel component, a GTL based jet fuel component or a petroleum derived jet fuel component.
- the further jet fuel component is renewable jet fuel component of biological and/or recycled origin.
- aviation fuel lubricity may be improved, thus reducing or eliminating the use of lubricity additive(s).
- lubricity additive(s) may be reduced or even totally eliminated.
- feedstock for obtaining a renewable jet fuel (RJF) component comprises feeds containing glycerides or fatty acids, preferably com prising vegetable oil, animal fat, fish fat, fish oil, algae oil, microbial oil and/or wood and/or other plant based oil, or recyclable waste and/or residue thereof or any combination thereof.
- Recyclable waste comprises material such as used cooking oil, free fatty acids, palm oil side streams, sludge, and side steams from vegetable oil processing.
- Renewable fuel refers to biofuel produced from biological resources formed through contemporary biological processes.
- the renewable jet fuel compo- nent may be produced by means of a hydrotreatment process. Hydrotreatment in volves various reactions where molecular hydrogen reacts with other components, or the components undergo molecular conversions in the presence of molecular hydrogen and a solid catalyst. The reactions include, but are not limited to, hydro genation, hydrodeoxygenation, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrification, hy- drodemetallization, hydrocracking, and isomerization.
- the renewable jet fuel com ponent may have different distillation ranges which provide the desired properties to the component, depending on the intended use.
- Renewable jet fuel component typically comprises i-paraffins and n- paraffins, and only a minor amount of other compounds ln the renewable jet fuel component, the amount of i-paraffins is typically more than about 50 wt-%, more than about 70 wt-%, or more than about 90 wt-%. Typically the amount of C 15 to C18 paraffins in the renewable jet fuel component is more than about 70 wt-%, more than about 85 wt-%, or more than about 90 wt-%. ln the renewable jet fuel component, the amount of paraffins smaller than C 15 paraffins is typically less than about 20 wt-%, less than about 10 wt-%, or less than about 7 wt-%.
- the amount of paraffins larger than C18 paraffins is typi cally less than about 10 wt-%, less than about 5 wt-%, or less than about 3 wt-%.
- the amounts of C15, C16, C17 and C18 hydrocarbons may vary in the renewable jet fuel component.
- FIG 1 shows an embodiment of the process for producing an aviation fuel composition ln Figure 1, a feedstock stream 101 comprising tall oil pitch (TOP), a mixture of sludge palm oil, palm fatty acid distillate and animal fat (FATS), used lubricant oil (ULO), or any mixture thereof, is fed to a cracking unit (such as a catalytic cracking unit) 102 where the feedstock is cracked.
- a cracking unit such as a catalytic cracking unit
- the feedstock 101 may be subjected to pretreatment e.g. by adsorption, treatment with an ion exchange resin, heat treatment, distillation and/or washing (not shown in Figure 1).
- the temperature used to perform the cracking is from 400°C to 800°C, preferably from 500°C to 800°C when operating a FCC unit, and preferably 400°C to 650°C when operating a TCC unit.
- the cracking product stream 103 is fed to a distillation column 104 for fractionation, wherein fractions are di- rected to a distillation bottom recycle stream 111, or recovered as a kerosene frac tion 105.
- the kerosene fraction 105 is further fed to a hydrotreatment unit 106 to subject the stream 105 to e.g. hydrodesulphurisation, isomerization, and/or hydro deoxygenation.
- the hydrotreatment may be performed at a temperature from 200°C to 400°C, and/or at a pressure of 20 to 150 bar.
- a first jet fuel component 107 is thus obtained.
- a further jet fuel component 109 is mixed with the first jet fuel component 107 in a blending unit 108 (renewable/recycled component pool 108) to form a fuel blend (aviation fuel composition) 110 which has a wear scar diameter of 0.78 mm or less, as measured with BOCLE lubricity test method ac cording to ASTM D5001.
- the formed fuel blend 110 may contain from 85 to 95 wt- % of further jet fuel component 109, and from 5 to 15 wt-% of first jet fuel compo nent 107 originating from at least one of: tall oil pitch (TOP), a mixture of sludge palm oil, palm fatty acid distillate and animal fat (FATS), and used lubricant oil (ULO).
- TOP tall oil pitch
- FATS palm fatty acid distillate and animal fat
- UEO used lubricant oil
- the further jet fuel component 109 is preferably renewable jet fuel (RJF) and the formed fuel blend 110 may be further blended with fossil fuel (not shown in Figure 1).
- the kerosene fraction 105 has a distillation range from 145°C to 300°C, preferably from 150°C to 270°C, preferably from 170°C to 240°C.
- the cracking comprises thermofor catalytic crack ing (TCC). This method is less sensitive for varying feedstock materials.
- the cracking comprises fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) which is a widely used technique.
- FCC fluid catalytic cracking
- the feedstock 101 for obtaining the first jet fuel component comprises TOP and/or FATS which are readily available and acknowl edged waste material of biological origin.
- the feedstock 101 for obtaining the first jet fuel component comprises used lubricating oil (ULO) which is recycled waste material.
- UEO used lubricating oil
- the method further comprises subjecting the kero sene fraction 105 to hydrotreatment 106, preferably to hydrodesulphurisation and/or hydrodeoxygenation, before mixing the first jet fuel component 107 and the further jet fuel component 109 together.
- the hydrotreatment 106 is performed at a temper ature from 200°C to 400°C and at a pressure from 20 to 150 bar.
- the method further comprises subjecting the kero sene fraction 105/the first jet fuel component 107 to isomerization before mixing the first jet fuel component 107 and the further jet fuel component 109 together.
- the wear scar diameter of the fuel blend is lower than the wear scar diameter of the first jet fuel component or the wear scar diam eter of the further jet fuel component, as measured according to the DEF STAN 91- 091 standard which is a standard test method for determining the lubricity of fuels.
- the wear scar diameter of the fuel blend 110 is at least 0.02 mm lower, preferably at least 0.04 mm lower, than the wear scar diame- ter of the first jet fuel component 107 or the wear scar diameter of the further jet fuel component 109.
- the catalyst in the catalytic cracking 102 comprises aluminium based catalyst, lanthanum based catalyst, titanium based catalyst, sili con based catalyst and/or zeolite based catalyst.
- the temperature in the cracking 102 is from 480°C to 580°C, preferably from 510°C to 550°C.
- the method further comprises subjecting the feed stock 101 to pretreatment, such as selective pretreatment depending on the quality of the feedstock material and the type of impurity.
- pretreatment such as selective pretreatment depending on the quality of the feedstock material and the type of impurity.
- feedstock of renew- able or recycled origin is pretreated before the catalytic cracking by at least one of adsorption, treatment with an ion exchange resin, washing, heat treatment, or dis tillation.
- the method further comprises subjecting the cracked feedstock 103 to fractionation by distillation for selecting a suitable or de- sired boiling point fraction, preferably within the selected specification.
- the aviation fuel blend 110 comprises from 5 to 15 wt-% of first jet fuel component 107 originating from TOP, FATS and/or ULO, and from 85 to 95 wt-% of further jet fuel component 109.
- the aviation fuel blend 110 may be used for improv ing the lubricity of a fuel composition comprising fossil fuel.
- Renewable fuel refers to a biomass-derived fuel oil, a fuel oil prepared from the conversion of biomass.
- aviation fuel refers to transportation fuels which are fractions or cuts of hydrocarbons, and preferably have a distillation range (boiling point range) typical for aviation fuel (e.g. 145°C - 300°C, such as 170°C - 240°C).
- Renewable feedstock of biological origin or recycled feedstock is uti lized in the process.
- Tall oil pitch (TOP) is a non-volatile fraction that is obtained in crude tall oil vacuum distillation.
- Tall oil is lignocellulosic raw material oil obtained as a by-product from a pulp process of wood material lt comprises a varying mix- ture of resin acids, fatty acids, neutral materials, i.e. mainly sterols, and esters of these alcohols and acids.
- Tall oil is generally refined by distillation at a low pres sure. Primary oil, fatty acids and resin acids are recovered as overhead of the dis tillation, and TOP is generated as a distillation residue.
- TOP comprises in itself alcohol esters of fatty and resin acids, oligomers of fatty and resin acids, phytosterols, high-boiling neutral matters such as spirits, hydrocarbons, etc.
- the use of TOP is limited, firstly by its high viscosity (3000 cP/50°C), and secondly, by the fact that TOP is seldom totally in solid form. Conse quently, it is used in flaming torches and outdoor fire pots and similar applications. Additionally it is used as a binder in cement, an adhesive, and an emulsifier for as- phalt.
- TOP, FATS or ULO 101 is combined with RJF 109.
- TOP PE, FATS PE and ULO PE refer to kerosene fractions 105 obtained by cracking and fractionating the TOP, FATS and ULO feedstocks 101, respectively.
- An embodiment enables obtaining a BOCLE lubricity of the blend 110, which better than that for neat components 107, 109.
- This may also be utilized in blending of fossil based hydroprocessed components which might impair the lu bricity of aviation kerosene pool.
- Natural lubricity of the components and syner gistic behavior enable minimizing or even avoiding the lubricity additive ln mili tary specifications M1L-DTL-83133, M1L-DTL-5624, DEF STAN 91-87 and DEF STAN 91-86, the use of lubricity additive is mandatory.
- TCC Thermofor catalytic cracking
- TOP tall oil pitch
- FATS FATS mixture
- UAO used lub ricant oil
- the TCC reactor was operated at 530°C under atmospheric pres- sure with WHSV set to 0.3 l/h.
- the reactor was filled with TCC catalyst (silicon al uminium oxide, 3 mm - 5 mm).
- the liquid product obtained from TCC cracking was distilled into gaso line, kerosene, light gas oil, gas oil, cycle oil and bottom oil cuts.
- Kerosene fraction (PE) with distillation range 170°C - 240°C was then further processed by hy- drodesulphurization.
- Hydrodesulphurization was performed using a sulfided NiM0/AL203 catalyst and the reactor was operated at temperature 350°C, pres sure 45 bar and WHSV about 1.5 l/h. After hydrodesulphurization, the obtained fuel components were analyzed by using a test method according to the ASTM D2425-04 standard. The analysis results are presented in Table 4.
- FATS jet fuel had the highest saturated hydrocarbons content
- ULO jet fuel had the second highest saturated hydrocarbons content
- TOP jet fuel had the lowest saturated hydrocarbons content.
- Saturated hydrocarbons in FATS and ULO jet fuel comprise more paraffins than cycloparaffins.
- TOP jet fuel saturated hydrocarbons comprise more cycloparaffins than paraffins.
- Aromatic content of samples decreased in order: TOP > ULO > FATS.
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EP18833677.0A EP3732270A1 (en) | 2017-12-28 | 2018-12-21 | Preparation of an aviation fuel composition |
SG11202005520YA SG11202005520YA (en) | 2017-12-28 | 2018-12-21 | Preparation of an aviation fuel composition |
US16/958,406 US11377608B2 (en) | 2017-12-28 | 2018-12-21 | Preparation of an aviation fuel composition |
CN201880084019.5A CN111527185B (en) | 2017-12-28 | 2018-12-21 | Preparation of aviation fuel composition |
CA3086813A CA3086813C (en) | 2017-12-28 | 2018-12-21 | Preparation of an aviation fuel composition |
BR112020013332-9A BR112020013332B1 (en) | 2017-12-28 | 2018-12-21 | METHOD FOR PREPARING AN AVIATION FUEL COMPOSITION, AVIATION FUEL COMPOSITION AND USE OF A FIRST FUEL COMPONENT |
US17/676,536 US11773339B2 (en) | 2017-12-28 | 2022-02-21 | Preparation of an aviation fuel composition |
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WO2021105557A1 (en) | 2019-11-29 | 2021-06-03 | Neste Oyj | Method to prepare an aviation fuel component |
WO2022265930A1 (en) * | 2021-06-18 | 2022-12-22 | ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company | Upgrading bio-waste in fcc |
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CN115532307B (en) * | 2022-09-28 | 2023-09-01 | 河北工业大学 | Hierarchical porous molecular sieve supported metal oxide composite material and preparation method and application thereof |
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FR2937647A1 (en) * | 2008-10-24 | 2010-04-30 | Total Raffinage Marketing | PROCESS FOR OBTAINING BIOKEROSENE |
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US20170183593A1 (en) * | 2015-12-29 | 2017-06-29 | Neste Oyj | Method for producing renewable middle-distillate composition, use of the composition and fuel containing the same |
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BR112020013332A2 (en) | 2020-12-01 |
CA3086813A1 (en) | 2019-07-04 |
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