WO2015004828A1 - 光受信装置およびモニタ信号生成方法 - Google Patents
光受信装置およびモニタ信号生成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015004828A1 WO2015004828A1 PCT/JP2014/001793 JP2014001793W WO2015004828A1 WO 2015004828 A1 WO2015004828 A1 WO 2015004828A1 JP 2014001793 W JP2014001793 W JP 2014001793W WO 2015004828 A1 WO2015004828 A1 WO 2015004828A1
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- 230000007274 generation of a signal involved in cell-cell signaling Effects 0.000 title claims description 52
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 81
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 17
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0221—Power control, e.g. to keep the total optical power constant
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/07—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems
- H04B10/075—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal
- H04B10/079—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal using measurements of the data signal
- H04B10/0795—Performance monitoring; Measurement of transmission parameters
- H04B10/07957—Monitoring or measuring wavelength
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/07—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems
- H04B10/075—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal
- H04B10/079—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal using measurements of the data signal
- H04B10/0797—Monitoring line amplifier or line repeater equipment
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/07—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems
- H04B10/075—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal
- H04B10/079—Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal using measurements of the data signal
- H04B10/0799—Monitoring line transmitter or line receiver equipment
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/60—Receivers
- H04B10/61—Coherent receivers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/60—Receivers
- H04B10/61—Coherent receivers
- H04B10/615—Arrangements affecting the optical part of the receiver
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/60—Receivers
- H04B10/61—Coherent receivers
- H04B10/616—Details of the electronic signal processing in coherent optical receivers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0221—Power control, e.g. to keep the total optical power constant
- H04J14/02216—Power control, e.g. to keep the total optical power constant by gain equalization
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/06—Polarisation multiplex systems
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optical receiver and a monitor signal generation method, and more particularly to an optical receiver and a monitor signal generation method using a coherent optical transmission method.
- wavelength division multiplexing In wavelength division multiplex communication, multiplexed signal light in which signal light of a plurality of wavelengths is multiplexed is used, so that a large amount of information can be transmitted with one optical fiber.
- WDM wavelength division multiplexing
- the multiplexed signal light and the local oscillation light are caused to interfere and coherent detection is performed, whereby signal light corresponding to the wavelength of the local oscillation light is selectively extracted from the multiplexed signal light.
- Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 disclose techniques related to a coherent optical transmission system.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a technique that can stabilize the absolute wavelengths of a local oscillation light source and a transmission light source and facilitate wavelength setting.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a technique for improving the S / N ratio in the reception characteristics while suppressing an increase in cost even when the multiplexed signal light is selectively received by the wavelength of the local oscillation light. Has been.
- multiplexed signal light transmitted from an optical transmission device is received using an optical reception device.
- the power of the multiplexed signal light input to the optical receiving device is obtained by branching the multiplexed signal light input to the optical receiving device with an optical coupler, etc. It is possible to monitor by converting to.
- the multiplexed signal light is a signal light in which signal lights of a plurality of wavelengths are multiplexed
- all the signal lights input to the optical receiving device Will be monitored. Therefore, in this case, there is a problem that it is impossible to measure only the power of signal light having a specific wavelength.
- an object of the present invention is to provide an optical receiving apparatus and a monitor signal generating method capable of monitoring the power of signal light having a specific wavelength.
- An optical receiver receives a local oscillator that outputs a local oscillation light having a predetermined wavelength, a multiplexed signal light in which signal lights having different wavelengths are multiplexed, and the local oscillation light.
- An optical mixer that selects and outputs signal light corresponding to the wavelength of the local oscillation light from signal light, a photoelectric converter that converts the signal light output from the optical mixer into an electrical signal, and the photoelectric conversion
- a variable gain amplifier that amplifies the electrical signal converted by the amplifier and generates an output signal whose output amplitude is amplified to a constant level, and a gain control signal that generates a gain control signal for controlling the gain of the variable gain amplifier A generation circuit; and a monitor signal generation unit that generates a monitor signal corresponding to the power of the signal light output from the optical mixer using the gain control signal.
- a monitor signal generation method is a monitor signal generation method for generating a monitor signal corresponding to the power of signal light received by an optical receiver, and is a multiplexed signal light in which signal lights having different wavelengths are multiplexed. And interfering with local oscillation light having a predetermined wavelength, extracting signal light corresponding to the wavelength of the local oscillation light from the multiplexed signal light, converting the extracted signal light into an electrical signal, Amplifying the electrical signal using a variable gain amplifier to generate an output signal whose output amplitude is amplified to a constant level, generating a gain control signal for controlling the gain of the variable gain amplifier, and the gain control A monitor signal corresponding to the power of the signal light is generated using the signal.
- an optical receiver and a monitor signal generation method capable of monitoring the power of signal light having a specific wavelength.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an optical receiver according to a first embodiment
- FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram illustrating an example of an amplifier circuit included in the optical receiver according to the first embodiment
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an optical receiving apparatus according to a second embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a 90-degree optical hybrid circuit included in the optical receiver according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram for explaining details of an amplifier circuit included in the optical receiver according to the second embodiment;
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an optical receiving apparatus according to a third embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an optical receiving apparatus according to a fourth embodiment;
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an optical receiving apparatus according to a fifth embodiment. It is a block diagram which shows the optical receiver concerning a comparative example.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an optical receiver 1 according to the first embodiment.
- the optical receiver 1 according to this embodiment includes a local oscillator (LO) 11, an optical mixer 12, a photoelectric converter 13, a variable gain amplifier 15, a gain control signal generation circuit 16, and a monitor signal generation.
- the unit 17 is provided.
- the variable gain amplifier 15 and the gain control signal generation circuit 16 constitute an amplifier circuit 14.
- the optical receiving device 1 receives the multiplexed signal light 21 generated on the transmitting device side (not shown).
- the multiplexed signal light 21 is signal light in which signal lights having different wavelengths are multiplexed. That is, the multiplexed signal light 21 is signal light in which a plurality of signal lights having different wavelengths ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 ,..., ⁇ n (n is an integer of 2 or more) are multiplexed. Since WDM communication uses such multiplexed signal light, a large amount of information can be transmitted with a single optical fiber.
- the local oscillator 11 outputs a local oscillation light 22 with a wavelength lambda m corresponding to the wavelength of the signal light taken out from the multiplexed signal light 21 to the optical mixer 12.
- the local oscillator 11 includes a wavelength tunable laser, and changes the wavelength ⁇ m of the local oscillation light 22 output from the local oscillator 11 so as to correspond to the wavelength of the signal light extracted from the multiplexed signal light 21. Can do.
- the optical mixer 12 receives the multiplexed signal light 21 and the local oscillation light 22, selects the signal light 23 corresponding to the wavelength of the local oscillation light 22 from the multiplexed signal light 21, and photoelectrically selects the selected signal light 23. Output to the converter 13.
- a plurality of signal lights having wavelengths ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 ,..., ⁇ n are multiplexed by causing the multiplexed signal light 21 and the local oscillation light 22 to interfere and perform coherent detection.
- Signal light corresponding to the wavelength ⁇ m of the local oscillation light 22 can be selectively extracted from the multiplexed signal light 21. Therefore, the signal light to be extracted from the multiplexed signal light 21 can be arbitrarily selected by changing the wavelength ⁇ m of the local oscillation light 22 output from the local oscillator 11.
- the photoelectric converter 13 converts the signal light 23 output from the optical mixer 12 into an electrical signal 24 and outputs the electrical signal 24 to the amplifier circuit 14.
- a photodiode can be used for the photoelectric converter 13.
- the amplification circuit 14 includes a variable gain amplifier 15 and a gain control signal generation circuit 16.
- the amplifier circuit 14 constitutes an AGC (Automatic Gain Control) circuit.
- variable gain amplifier 15 amplifies the electrical signal 24 output from the photoelectric converter 13 and generates an output signal 25 whose output amplitude is amplified to a constant level. At this time, the variable gain amplifier 15 adjusts the gain of the variable gain amplifier 15 according to the gain control signal 26 generated by the gain control signal generation circuit 16.
- the gain control signal generation circuit 16 generates a gain control signal 26 for controlling the gain of the variable gain amplifier 15. For example, the gain control signal generation circuit 16 generates a gain control signal 26 for feedback control of the variable gain amplifier 15 based on the amplitude voltage of the output signal 25 output from the variable gain amplifier 15 and a preset target voltage Vt. Generate.
- the gain control signal generation circuit 16 performs gain control such that the amplitude voltage of the output signal 25 output from the variable gain amplifier 15 (in other words, the absolute value of the amplitude voltage of the output signal 25) is equal to the target voltage Vt.
- a signal 26 is generated.
- the gain control signal generation circuit 16 generates a gain control signal 26 that lowers the gain of the variable gain amplifier 15 when the amplitude voltage of the output signal 25 is larger than the target voltage Vt.
- a gain control signal 26 that increases the gain of the variable gain amplifier 15 is generated.
- a transimpedance amplifier 18 may be provided between the photoelectric converter 13 and the variable gain amplifier 15 as in the amplifier circuit 14 'shown in FIG.
- the electrical signal 24 output from the photoelectric converter 13 is a current signal
- the current signal can be converted into a voltage signal by providing the transimpedance amplifier 18.
- the monitor signal generator 17 generates a monitor signal 27 using the gain control signal 26.
- the monitor signal 27 is a signal corresponding to the power of the signal light 23 output from the optical mixer 12 (that is, the signal light 23 selected from the multiplexed signal light 21).
- the relationship between the power of the signal light 23 and the gain control signal 26 is It becomes as follows.
- the power of the signal light 23 is too small, the amplitude voltage of the electric signal 24 is also reduced.
- the difference between the amplitude voltage of the output signal 25 and the target voltage Vt becomes large, it is necessary to increase the amplification factor in the variable gain amplifier 15. Therefore, the signal voltage of the gain control signal 26 generated by the gain control signal generation circuit 16 becomes high.
- the power of the signal light 23 is close to the target value, the difference between the amplitude voltage of the output signal 25 and the target voltage Vt is small. In this case, since the amplification factor in the variable gain amplifier 15 is small, the signal voltage of the gain control signal 26 generated by the gain control signal generation circuit 16 is low.
- variable gain amplifier 15 when the variable gain amplifier 15 is configured so that the gain of the variable gain amplifier 15 increases as the signal voltage of the gain control signal 26 decreases, the power of the signal light 23 and the gain control signal 26
- the relationship is as follows.
- the power of the signal light 23 is too small, the amplitude voltage of the electric signal 24 is also reduced.
- the difference between the amplitude voltage of the output signal 25 and the target voltage Vt becomes large, it is necessary to increase the amplification factor in the variable gain amplifier 15. Therefore, the signal voltage of the gain control signal 26 generated by the gain control signal generation circuit 16 is lowered.
- the power of the signal light 23 is close to the target value, the difference between the amplitude voltage of the output signal 25 and the target voltage Vt is small. In this case, since the amplification factor in the variable gain amplifier 15 becomes small, the signal voltage of the gain control signal 26 generated by the gain control signal generation circuit 16 becomes high.
- the gain control signal 26 changes according to the power of the signal light 23.
- the monitor signal generator 17 can generate a monitor signal 27 corresponding to the power of the signal light 23 by using the gain control signal 26 that changes in this way.
- the monitor signal generation unit 17 may include an analog / digital conversion circuit.
- the gain control signal 26 that is an analog signal can be converted into a digital signal.
- an analog / digital conversion circuit (not shown) that converts the output signal 25 from an analog signal to a digital signal, and a digital signal that processes the output signal converted to the digital signal.
- a processing circuit (not shown) may be further provided.
- multiplexed signal light transmitted from an optical transmission device is received using an optical reception device.
- the power of the multiplexed signal light that is input to the optical receiving device is such that the multiplexed signal light that is input to the optical receiving device is branched by an optical coupler or the like, and the multiplexed signal light after branching is an electrical signal by a monitoring photoelectric converter It is possible to monitor by converting to.
- FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing an optical receiver 100 according to a comparative example.
- the optical receiver 100 shown in FIG. 9 includes an optical coupler 101, a photoelectric converter 104, a local oscillator (LO) 111, an optical mixer 112, a photoelectric converter 113, a variable gain amplifier 115, and a gain control signal generation circuit 116.
- the variable gain amplifier 115 and the gain control signal generation circuit 116 constitute an amplifier circuit 114.
- the multiplexed signal light 121 input to the optical receiving apparatus 100 is branched by the optical coupler 101, one multiplexed signal light 102 is supplied to the optical mixer 112, and the other multiplexed signal light 103 is supplied. Input to the photoelectric converter 104. Then, the power of the multiplexed signal light 121 input to the optical receiver 100 can be monitored by converting the branched multiplexed signal light 103 into an electrical signal by the photoelectric converter 104.
- the multiplexed signal light 121 is a signal light in which signal lights having a plurality of wavelengths are multiplexed
- the multiplexed signal light 121 is input to the optical receiver 100. All signal lights are monitored. Therefore, in this case, only the power of the signal light 123 having a specific wavelength cannot be measured.
- the gain control signal 26 for controlling the gain of the variable gain amplifier 15 is used to transmit the signal light 23 output from the optical mixer 12.
- a monitor signal 27 corresponding to the power is generated. That is, the variable gain amplifier 15 amplifies only the electric signal 24 corresponding to the signal light 23 selected from the multiplexed signal light 21.
- the gain control signal 26 is a signal for controlling the gain of the variable gain amplifier 15 and changes according to the power of the signal light 23. Therefore, the power of the signal light 23 can be monitored by generating the monitor signal 27 using the gain control signal 26.
- the power of the signal light 23 is monitored using the gain control signal 26, so that the optical coupler 101 for branching the multiplexed signal light or the photoelectric conversion for monitoring. There is no need to provide the device 104 (see FIG. 9).
- coherent detection is performed by causing the multiplexed signal light 21 and the local oscillation light 22 to interfere with each other, thereby corresponding to the wavelength of the local oscillation light 22 from the multiplexed signal light 21.
- the signal light 23 is selectively extracted. Therefore, there is no need to provide an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) or an optical filter for extracting signal light from the multiplexed signal light. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the size of the optical receiver and reduce the manufacturing cost of the optical receiver.
- ABG arrayed waveguide grating
- the invention according to the present embodiment described above can provide an optical receiver and a monitor signal generation method that can monitor the power of signal light having a specific wavelength.
- Embodiment 2 Next, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- the optical receiver described in Embodiment 1 is applied to a polarization multiplexing quaternary phase shift keying (DP-QPSK) system.
- DP-QPSK polarization multiplexing quaternary phase shift keying
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the optical receiver 2 according to the present embodiment.
- the optical receiver 2 according to this embodiment includes a local oscillator (LO) 31, a polarization separator (PBS) 32, 90-degree optical hybrid circuits 34_1 and 34_2, and photoelectric conversion.
- the optical receiving device 2 receives the multiplexed signal light 51 generated on the transmitting device side (not shown).
- the multiplexed signal light 51 is signal light in which signal lights having different wavelengths are multiplexed. Further, in the present embodiment, the multiplexed signal light 51 is multiplexed with X-polarized light (first polarized light) and Y-polarized light (second polarized light) that are orthogonal to each other. X-polarized light and Y-polarized light are modulated independently, and information can be transmitted independently. Further, the X-polarized light and the Y-polarized light are each modulated with four different phases.
- the polarization separator 32 receives the multiplexed signal light 51, separates the multiplexed signal light 51 into X-polarized light 52 and Y-polarized light 53 that are orthogonal to each other, and the separated X-polarized light 52 is a 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_1.
- the separated Y-polarized light is output to the (first optical hybrid circuit) to the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_2 (second optical hybrid circuit).
- the local oscillator 31 outputs local oscillation light 54 having a predetermined wavelength to the 90-degree optical hybrid circuits 34_1 and 34_2, respectively. That is, the local oscillator 31 outputs the local oscillation light 54 having a wavelength corresponding to the wavelength of the signal light extracted from the multiplexed signal light 51 to the 90-degree optical hybrid circuits 34_1 and 34_2.
- the local oscillator 31 includes a wavelength tunable laser, and the wavelength of the local oscillation light 54 output from the local oscillator 31 can be changed so as to correspond to the wavelength of the signal light extracted from the multiplexed signal light 51. .
- the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_1 includes an optical mixer (first optical mixer), inputs the X-polarized light 52 and the local oscillation light 54, and causes the X-polarized light 52 and the local oscillation light 54 to interfere with each other.
- the signal light corresponding to the wavelength of the local oscillation light 31 is separated from the X-polarized light 52.
- the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_1 separates the X-polarized light 52 into an in-phase component (I component) and a quadrature component (Q component), and uses two signal lights included in the in-phase component as first differential signals.
- the two signal lights included in the orthogonal component are output as a second differential signal.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_1.
- the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_1 includes optical couplers 61_1 to 61_3, 62_1 to 62_3, ⁇ / 2 phase shifter 63, ⁇ phase shifters 64_1 and 64_2, and optical mixers 65_1 to 65_4 (first light Mixer).
- the X-polarized light 52 input to the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_1 is branched by the optical couplers 61_1 to 61_3 and introduced into the optical mixers 65_1 to 65_4, respectively.
- the local oscillation light 54 input to the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_1 is branched by the optical coupler 62_1 and the optical coupler 62_3 and then introduced into the optical mixer 65_1.
- the local oscillation light 54 input to the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_1 is branched by the optical coupler 62_1 and the optical coupler 62_3, then the phase is shifted by ⁇ by the ⁇ phase shifter 64_1, and introduced into the optical mixer 65_2.
- the local oscillation light 54 input to the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_1 is branched by the optical coupler 62_1, then the phase is shifted by ⁇ / 2 by the ⁇ / 2 phase shifter 63, and is further branched by the optical coupler 62_2. It is introduced into the mixer 65_3.
- the local oscillation light 54 input to the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_1 is branched by the optical coupler 62_1, shifted in phase by ⁇ / 2 by the ⁇ / 2 phase shifter 63, and further branched by the optical coupler 62_2.
- the phase is shifted by ⁇ by the phase shifter 64_2 and introduced into the optical mixer 65_4.
- the local oscillation light 54 that is not out of phase is introduced to the optical mixer 65_1
- the local oscillation light 54 that is out of phase by ⁇ is introduced into the optical mixer 65_2
- the phase is shifted by ⁇ / 2 into the optical mixer 65_3.
- the local oscillation light 54 is introduced, and the local oscillation light 54 having a phase shift of 3 ⁇ / 2 is introduced into the optical mixer 65_4.
- the signal light Ip_1 whose phase is not shifted is output from the optical mixer 65_1, the signal light In_1 whose phase is shifted by ⁇ is output from the optical mixer 65_2, and the phase is shifted by ⁇ / 2 from the optical mixer 65_3.
- the signal light Qp_1 is output, and the signal light Qn_1 having a phase shift of 3 ⁇ / 2 is output from the optical mixer 65_4.
- the signal light Ip_1 and the signal light In_1 are output as a first differential signal (in-phase component differential signal), and the signal light Qp_1 and the signal light Qn_1 are second differential signals (orthogonal component differential signals). Is output as
- the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_2 is the same as the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_1. That is, the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_2 includes an optical mixer (second optical mixer), inputs the Y-polarized light 53 and the local oscillation light 54, and causes the Y-polarized light 53 and the local oscillation light 54 to interfere with each other. Thus, the signal light corresponding to the wavelength of the local oscillation light 31 is separated from the Y-polarized light 53. Further, the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_2 separates the Y-polarized light 53 into the in-phase component (I component) and the quadrature component (Q component), and the two signal lights (Ip_2, In_2) included in the in-phase component are third. As the differential signal, two signal lights (Qp_2, Qn_2) included in the orthogonal component are output as a fourth differential signal.
- the differential signal two signal lights (Qp_2, Qn_2) included in the orthogonal component are output as a fourth differential signal.
- signal light Ip_1, In_1 first differential signal
- signal light Qp_1, Qn_1 second differential signal
- signal light Ip_2 output from the 90-degree optical hybrid circuits 34_1 and 34_2.
- In_2 third differential signal
- signal lights Qp_2 and Qn_2 fourth differential signal
- the amplification circuit 36_1 amplifies the electrical signal corresponding to the first differential signal (Ip_1, In_1) output from the photoelectric converters PD # 1 and PD # 2, and the output amplitude is amplified to a certain level. Generate a signal. The generated output signal is output to the analog / digital conversion circuit 38_1.
- the analog / digital conversion circuit 38_1 converts the output signal from an analog signal to a digital signal and outputs the converted signal to the digital signal processing circuit 39.
- the monitor signal generator 37_1 generates a monitor signal 60_1 corresponding to the first differential signal (Ip_1, In_1).
- the amplification circuit 36_2 amplifies the electric signal corresponding to the second differential signal (Qp_1, Qn_1) output from the photoelectric converters PD # 3 and PD # 4, and outputs the output amplitude amplified to a constant level. Generate a signal. The generated output signal is output to the analog / digital conversion circuit 38_2. The analog / digital conversion circuit 38_2 converts the output signal from an analog signal to a digital signal and outputs the digital signal to the digital signal processing circuit 39.
- the monitor signal generator 37_2 generates a monitor signal 60_2 corresponding to the second differential signal (Qp_1, Qn_1).
- the amplifier circuit 36_3 amplifies the electric signal corresponding to the third differential signal (Ip_2, In_2) output from the photoelectric converters PD # 5 and PD # 6, and outputs the output amplitude amplified to a constant level. Generate a signal. The generated output signal is output to the analog / digital conversion circuit 38_3.
- the analog / digital conversion circuit 38_3 converts the output signal from an analog signal to a digital signal and outputs the converted signal to the digital signal processing circuit 39.
- the monitor signal generator 37_3 generates a monitor signal 60_3 corresponding to the third differential signal (Ip_2, In_2).
- the amplifier circuit 36_4 amplifies the electric signal corresponding to the fourth differential signal (Qp_2, Qn_2) output from the photoelectric converters PD # 7, PD # 8, and outputs the output amplitude amplified to a constant level. Generate a signal. The generated output signal is output to the analog / digital conversion circuit 38_4. The analog / digital conversion circuit 38_4 converts the output signal from an analog signal to a digital signal and outputs the converted signal to the digital signal processing circuit 39.
- the monitor signal generator 37_4 generates a monitor signal 60_4 corresponding to the fourth differential signal (Qp_2, Qn_2).
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram for explaining details of the amplifier circuit 36_1 included in the optical receiver 2 according to the present embodiment.
- the amplifier circuit 36_1 will be described, but the same applies to the other amplifier circuits 36_2 to 36_4.
- the amplifier circuit 36_1 includes a transimpedance amplifier 42, a variable gain amplifier 43, and a gain control signal generation circuit 44.
- the amplifier circuit 36_1 constitutes an AGC circuit.
- the differential signals (Ip_1, In_1) output from the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_1 are converted into differential signals 56_1, 56_2 by the photoelectric converters PD # 1, PD # 2, and supplied to the transimpedance amplifier 42.
- the transimpedance amplifier 42 converts the differential signals 56_1 and 56_2 from current signals to voltage signals, and outputs the differential signals 57_1 and 57_2 to the variable gain amplifier 43. Note that the transimpedance amplifier 42 may be omitted.
- the variable gain amplifier 43 amplifies the differential signals 57_1 and 57_2, and generates differential output signals 58_1 and 58_2 whose output amplitudes are amplified to a constant level. At this time, the variable gain amplifier 43 adjusts the gain of the variable gain amplifier 43 according to the gain control signal 59 generated by the gain control signal generation circuit 44.
- the gain control signal generation circuit 44 generates a gain control signal 59 for controlling the gain of the variable gain amplifier 43.
- the gain control signal generation circuit 44 performs gain control for feedback control of the variable gain amplifier 43 based on the amplitude voltages of the differential output signals 58_1 and 58_2 output from the variable gain amplifier 43 and a preset target voltage Vt.
- a control signal 59 is generated.
- the gain control signal generation circuit 44 generates the amplitude voltage of the differential output signals 58_1 and 58_2 output from the variable gain amplifier 43 (in other words, the absolute value of the amplitude voltage of the differential output signals 58_1 and 58_2) and the target voltage Vt.
- a gain control signal 59 is generated so that.
- the gain control signal generation circuit 44 generates a gain control signal 59 that lowers the gain of the variable gain amplifier 43 when the amplitude voltages of the differential output signals 58_1 and 58_2 are larger than the target voltage Vt.
- a gain control signal 59 that increases the gain of the variable gain amplifier 43 is generated.
- the monitor signal generator 37_1 generates the monitor signal 60_1 using the gain control signal 59.
- the monitor signal 60_1 is a signal corresponding to the power of the differential signals 55_1 and 55_2 (Ip_1, In_1) output from the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_1.
- the gain control signal 59 changes according to the power of the differential signals 55_1 and 55_2 (Ip_1, In_1).
- the monitor signal generation unit 37_1 can generate the monitor signal 60_1 corresponding to the power of the differential signals 55_1 and 55_2 (Ip_1, In_1) by using the gain control signal 59 that changes in this way.
- the monitor signal generation unit 37_1 may include an analog / digital conversion circuit.
- the gain control signal 59 that is an analog signal can be converted into a digital signal.
- the power of the signal light output from the 90-degree optical hybrid circuits 34_1 and 34_2 is monitored using the gain control signal 59 for controlling the gain of the variable gain amplifier 43. is doing. Therefore, the power of signal light having a specific wavelength can be monitored.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the case where the four monitor signal generation units 37_1 to 37_4 are provided, it is sufficient that at least one monitor signal generation unit is provided. That is, the first differential signal (Ip_1, In_1), the second differential signal (Qp_1, Qn_1), the third differential signal (Ip_2, In_2), and the fourth differential signal (Qp_2, Qn_2). Of these, a monitor signal generation unit may be provided only for differential signals that need to be monitored.
- the multiplexed signal light 51 includes X-polarized light and Y-polarized light has been described.
- the invention according to the present embodiment may be applied to a quaternary phase modulation (QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) method that does not use polarized light.
- QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
- the polarization separator 32, the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_2, the photoelectric converters PD # 5 to PD # 8, the amplifier circuits 36_3 and 36_4, the monitor signal generation units 37_3 and 37_4, and the analog / digital conversion circuit 38_3, 38_4 can be omitted.
- the multiplexed signal light and the local oscillation light are input to the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_1, and four signals are output from the 90-degree optical hybrid circuit 34_1.
- Optical Ip_1, In_1, Qp_1, Qn_1 (in other words, two differential signals) are output.
- the processing of the signal lights Ip_1, In_1, Qp_1, and Qn_1 is the same as that described above.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an optical receiving apparatus according to the third embodiment.
- the optical signal is output from the local oscillator 71 according to the monitor signal 27 generated by the monitor signal generating unit 17. The difference is that the power of the local oscillation light 22 is controlled. Since other than this is the same as the optical receiving apparatus 1 described in the first embodiment, the same components are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description is omitted.
- the optical receiver 3 includes a local oscillator (LO) 71, an optical mixer 12, a photoelectric converter 13, a variable gain amplifier 15, a gain control signal generation circuit 16, and a monitor signal generation.
- the unit 17 and the local oscillation light control unit 72 are provided.
- the optical mixer 12 receives the multiplexed signal light 21 and the local oscillation light 22, selects the signal light 23 corresponding to the wavelength of the local oscillation light 22 from the multiplexed signal light 21, and photoelectrically selects the selected signal light 23. Output to the converter 13. At this time, the optical mixer 12 causes the multiplexed signal light 21 and the local oscillation light 22 to interfere with each other to perform coherent detection, so that the signal light corresponding to the wavelength ⁇ m of the local oscillation light 22 is extracted from the multiplexed signal light 21. Selective extraction. Therefore, in order to appropriately extract the signal light 23 having a specific wavelength from the multiplexed signal light 21, it is necessary to adjust the power of the local oscillation light 22 input to the optical mixer 12 to an appropriate value.
- the power of the local oscillation light 22 output from the local oscillator 71 is controlled in accordance with the monitor signal 27 generated by the monitor signal generation unit 17. That is, the local oscillation light control unit 72 generates a control signal 73 for controlling the local oscillator 71 according to the monitor signal 27, and outputs the control signal 73 to the local oscillator 71.
- the local oscillator 71 adjusts the power of the local oscillation light 22 according to the control signal 73.
- the local oscillation light control unit 72 controls the local oscillator 71 so as to increase the power of the local oscillation light 22. .
- the local oscillation light control unit 72 controls the local oscillator 71 so as to make the power of the local oscillation light 22 smaller. .
- the local oscillation light control unit 72 may control the power of the local oscillation light 22 so that the value of the monitor signal 27 (that is, the power value of the signal light 23) becomes a predetermined value.
- the predetermined value can be arbitrarily determined.
- the power of the local oscillation light 22 can be controlled in accordance with the monitor signal 27, so that the signal light having a predetermined power out of the multiplexed signal light 21. 23 can be taken out.
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an optical receiving apparatus according to the fourth embodiment.
- the optical receiver 4 according to the fourth embodiment compared to the optical receiver 1 described in the first embodiment, the optical receiver 12 supplies the optical mixer 12 with the monitor signal 27 generated by the monitor signal generator 17. The difference is that the power of the multiplexed signal light 84 is adjusted. Since other than this is the same as the optical receiving apparatus 1 described in the first embodiment, the same components are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description is omitted.
- the optical receiver 4 includes a local oscillator (LO) 11, a multiplexed signal light adjusting unit 81, an optical mixer 12, a photoelectric converter 13, a variable gain amplifier 15, a gain control signal.
- a generation circuit 16, a monitor signal generation unit 17, and a multiple signal light control unit 82 are provided.
- the multiplexed signal light adjustment unit 81 adjusts the power of the multiplexed signal light 21 and outputs the adjusted multiplexed signal light 84 to the optical mixer 12.
- the multiplexed signal light control unit 82 controls the multiplexed signal light adjustment unit 81 according to the monitor signal 27.
- the multiplexed signal light adjustment unit 81 can be configured using an attenuator (attenuator) that attenuates the multiplexed signal light 21 in accordance with the control signal 83 output from the multiplexed signal light control unit 82, for example.
- the optical mixer 12 receives the multiplexed signal light 84 and the local oscillation light 22, selects the signal light 23 corresponding to the wavelength of the local oscillation light 22 from the multiplexed signal light 84, and photoelectrically selects the selected signal light 23. Output to the converter 13. At this time, the optical mixer 12 causes the multiplexed signal light 84 and the local oscillation light 22 to interfere and perform coherent detection, so that the signal light corresponding to the wavelength ⁇ m of the local oscillation light 22 is selected from the multiplexed signal light 21. Selective extraction. Therefore, in order to appropriately extract the signal light 23 having a specific wavelength from the multiplexed signal light 84, it is necessary to adjust the power of the multiplexed signal light 84 input to the optical mixer 12 to an appropriate value.
- the power of the multiplexed signal light 84 input to the optical mixer 12 is adjusted according to the monitor signal 27 generated by the monitor signal generator 17.
- the multiplexed signal light control unit 82 generates a control signal 83 for controlling the multiplexed signal light adjustment unit 81 according to the monitor signal 27, and outputs the control signal 83 to the multiplexed signal light adjustment unit 81.
- the multiplexed signal light adjustment unit 81 adjusts the power of the multiplexed signal light 21 according to the control signal 83 and outputs the adjusted multiplexed signal light 84 to the optical mixer 12.
- the multiplexed signal light control unit 82 reduces the power of the multiplexed signal light 84 input to the optical mixer 12.
- the multiplexed signal light adjustment unit 81 is controlled.
- the multiplexed signal light control unit 82 is configured so that the power of the multiplexed signal light 84 input to the optical mixer 12 is increased.
- the multiplexed signal light adjustment unit 81 is controlled.
- the multiplexed signal light control unit 82 may control the power of the multiplexed signal light 84 so that the value of the monitor signal 27 (that is, the power value of the signal light 23) becomes a predetermined value.
- the predetermined value can be arbitrarily determined.
- the power of the multiplexed signal light 84 input to the optical mixer 12 can be controlled according to the monitor signal 27, so that the signal light having a predetermined power 23 can be taken out.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an optical receiving apparatus according to the fifth embodiment.
- the optical receiver 5 according to the fifth embodiment has a configuration in which the optical receiver 3 according to the third embodiment and the optical receiver 4 according to the fourth embodiment are combined.
- the optical receiver 5 controls the power of the local oscillation light 22 according to the monitor signal 27 generated by the monitor signal generation unit 17, and further, the multiplexed signal light according to the monitor signal 27.
- the power of 84 is adjusted.
- the optical receiver 5 includes a local oscillator (LO) 71, an optical mixer 12, a photoelectric converter 13, a variable gain amplifier 15, a gain control signal generation circuit 16, a monitor signal generation.
- Unit 17 local oscillation light control unit 72, multiple signal light adjustment unit 81, and multiple signal light control unit 82. Since these constituent elements are the same as those described in the first, third, and fourth embodiments, the same constituent elements are denoted by the same reference numerals, and redundant description is omitted.
- the power of the local oscillation light 22 can be controlled according to the monitor signal 27, and the power of the multiplexed signal light 84 can be adjusted according to the monitor signal 27. it can. Therefore, since the power of the local oscillation light 22 and the power of the multiplexed signal light 84 can be controlled independently, the signal light 23 output from the optical mixer 12 compared to the optical receivers according to the third and fourth embodiments. Can be accurately adjusted.
- the power of the multiplexed signal light 84 input to the optical mixer 12 is adjusted using the multiplexed signal light adjustment unit 81 and the multiplexed signal light control unit 82 has been described.
- the power of the multiplexed signal light 21 may be adjusted on the transmission device side that transmits the multiplexed signal light 21. In this case, it is necessary to transmit the monitor signal 27 to the transmission device side.
- the invention described in the third to fifth embodiments can also be applied to the polarization multiplexed quaternary phase modulation (DP-QPSK) optical receiver described in the second embodiment.
- DP-QPSK polarization multiplexed quaternary phase modulation
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Abstract
Description
以下、図面を参照して本発明の実施の形態について説明する。図1は、実施の形態1にかかる光受信装置1を示すブロック図である。図1に示すように本実施の形態にかかる光受信装置1は、局部発振器(LO)11、光ミキサ12、光電変換器13、可変利得増幅器15、利得制御信号生成回路16、およびモニタ信号生成部17を備える。ここで、可変利得増幅器15および利得制御信号生成回路16は増幅回路14を構成している。
次に、本発明の実施の形態2について説明する。本実施の形態では、実施の形態1で説明した光受信装置を、偏波多重4値位相変調(DP-QPSK:Dual Polarization Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)方式に適用した場合について説明する。
次に、本発明の実施の形態3について説明する。図6は、実施の形態3にかかる光受信装置を示すブロック図である。実施の形態3にかかる光受信装置3では、実施の形態1で説明した光受信装置1と比べて、モニタ信号生成部17で生成されたモニタ信号27に応じて、局部発振器71から出力される局部発振光22のパワーを制御している点が異なる。これ以外は実施の形態1で説明した光受信装置1と同様であるので、同一の構成要素には同一の符号を付し、重複した説明は省略する。
次に、本発明の実施の形態4について説明する。図7は、実施の形態4にかかる光受信装置を示すブロック図である。実施の形態4にかかる光受信装置4では、実施の形態1で説明した光受信装置1と比べて、モニタ信号生成部17で生成されたモニタ信号27に応じて、光ミキサ12に供給される多重信号光84のパワーを調整している点が異なる。これ以外は実施の形態1で説明した光受信装置1と同様であるので、同一の構成要素には同一の符号を付し、重複した説明は省略する。
次に、本発明の実施の形態5について説明する。図8は、実施の形態5にかかる光受信装置を示すブロック図である。実施の形態5にかかる光受信装置5は、実施の形態3にかかる光受信装置3と実施の形態4にかかる光受信装置4とを組み合わせた構成を備える。
11 局部発振器(LO)
12 光ミキサ
13 光電変換器
14 増幅回路
15 可変利得増幅器
16 利得制御信号生成回路
17 モニタ信号生成部
18 トランスインピーダンスアンプ
21 多重信号光
22 局部発振光
23 信号光
24 電気信号
25 出力信号
26 利得制御信号
27 モニタ信号
31 局部発振器(LO)
32 偏波分離器
34_1、34_2 90度光ハイブリッド回路
35 光電変換器
36_1~36_4 増幅回路
37_1~37_4 モニタ信号生成部
38_1~38_4 アナログ・デジタル変換回路
39 デジタル信号処理回路
61_1~61_3、62_1~62_3 光カプラ
63 π/2位相シフタ
64_1、64_2 π位相シフタ
65_1~65_4 光ミキサ
71 局部発振器(LO)
72 局部発振光制御部
81 多重信号光調整部
82 多重信号光制御部
Claims (15)
- 所定の波長を有する局部発振光を出力する局部発振器と、
互いに波長が異なる信号光が多重化された多重信号光と前記局部発振光とを入力し、前記多重信号光の中から前記局部発振光の波長に対応した信号光を選択して出力する光ミキサと、
前記光ミキサから出力された前記信号光を電気信号に変換する光電変換器と、
前記光電変換器で変換された電気信号を増幅し、出力振幅が一定レベルに増幅された出力信号を生成する可変利得増幅器と、
前記可変利得増幅器の利得を制御するための利得制御信号を生成する利得制御信号生成回路と、
前記利得制御信号を用いて、前記光ミキサから出力された前記信号光のパワーに対応したモニタ信号を生成するモニタ信号生成部と、を備える、
光受信装置。 - 前記利得制御信号生成回路は、前記可変利得増幅器から出力された前記出力信号の振幅電圧と予め設定された目標電圧とに基づき前記利得制御信号を生成する、請求項1に記載の光受信装置。
- 前記利得制御信号生成回路は、前記可変利得増幅器から出力された前記出力信号の振幅電圧と前記目標電圧とが等しくなるような利得制御信号を生成する、請求項2に記載の光受信装置。
- 前記光電変換器で変換された電気信号を電流信号から電圧信号に変換するトランスインピーダンスアンプを更に備える、請求項1乃至3のいずれか一項に記載の光受信装置。
- 前記光ミキサを含み、前記多重信号光と前記局部発振光とを入力し、前記多重信号光を同相成分と直交成分とに分離して4つの信号光を出力する光ハイブリッド回路を更に備える、
請求項1乃至4のいずれか一項に記載の光受信装置。 - 前記光受信装置は、前記光ミキサとして第1の光ミキサと第2の光ミキサとを有し、
前記多重信号光は更に、互いに直交する第1の偏波光と第2の偏波光とが多重化されており、
前記光受信装置は更に、
前記多重信号光を前記第1の偏波光と前記第2の偏波光とに分離する偏波分離器と、
前記第1の光ミキサを含み、前記第1の偏波光と前記局部発振光とを入力し、前記第1の偏波光を同相成分と直交成分とに分離する第1の光ハイブリッド回路と、
前記第2の光ミキサを含み、前記第2の偏波光と前記局部発振光とを入力し、前記第2の偏波光を同相成分と直交成分とに分離する第2の光ハイブリッド回路と、を備える、
請求項1乃至4のいずれか一項に記載の光受信装置。 - 前記第1の光ハイブリッド回路は、前記第1の偏波光の同相成分に含まれる2つの信号光を第1の差動信号として出力し、前記第1の偏波光の直交成分に含まれる2つの信号光を第2の差動信号として出力し、
前記第2の光ハイブリッド回路は、前記第2の偏波光の同相成分に含まれる2つの信号光を第3の差動信号として出力し、前記第2の偏波光の直交成分に含まれる2つの信号光を第4の差動信号として出力する、
請求項6に記載の光受信装置。 - 前記光受信装置は、前記光電変換器と前記可変利得増幅器と前記利得制御信号生成回路とをそれぞれ複数備え、
前記光電変換器の各々は、前記第1および第2の光ハイブリッド回路から出力された前記第1乃至第4の差動信号をそれぞれ電気信号に変換し、
前記可変利得増幅器の各々は、前記光電変換器から出力された前記第1乃至第4の差動信号に対応した電気信号を増幅して、出力振幅が一定レベルに増幅された出力信号を生成し、
前記利得制御信号生成回路の各々は、前記各々の可変利得増幅器の利得を制御するための利得制御信号を生成し、
前記モニタ信号生成部は、前記第1乃至第4の差動信号のうちの少なくとも一つの差動信号のパワーに対応したモニタ信号を生成する、
請求項7に記載の光受信装置。 - 前記利得制御信号の信号電圧が高くなるにつれて前記可変利得増幅器の増幅率が増加するように前記可変利得増幅器を構成した場合、前記利得制御信号の信号電圧は、前記信号光のパワーが小さくなるにつれて高くなる、請求項1乃至8のいずれか一項に記載の光受信装置。
- 前記利得制御信号の信号電圧が低くなるにつれて前記可変利得増幅器の増幅率が増加するように前記可変利得増幅器を構成した場合、前記利得制御信号の信号電圧は、前記信号光のパワーが小さくなるにつれて低くなる、請求項1乃至8のいずれか一項に記載の光受信装置。
- 前記モニタ信号に応じて前記局部発振光のパワーを制御する局部発振光制御部を備える、請求項1乃至10のいずれか一項に記載の光受信装置。
- 前記局部発振光制御部は、前記モニタ信号の値が所定の値となるように前記局部発振光のパワーを制御する、請求項11に記載の光受信装置。
- 前記多重信号光のパワーを調整する多重信号光調整部と、
前記モニタ信号に応じて前記多重信号光調整部を制御する多重信号光制御部と、を備える、
請求項1乃至12のいずれか一項に記載の光受信装置。 - 前記多重信号光制御部は、前記モニタ信号の値が所定の値となるように前記多重信号光のパワーを制御する、請求項13に記載の光受信装置。
- 光受信装置が受信する信号光のパワーに対応したモニタ信号を生成するモニタ信号生成方法であって、
互いに波長が異なる信号光が多重化された多重信号光と、所定の波長を有する局部発振光とを干渉させて、前記多重信号光の中から前記局部発振光の波長に対応した信号光を取り出し、
前記取り出された信号光を電気信号に変換し、
可変利得増幅器を用いて前記電気信号を増幅して、出力振幅が一定レベルに増幅された出力信号を生成し、
前記可変利得増幅器の利得を制御するための利得制御信号を生成し、
前記利得制御信号を用いて前記信号光のパワーに対応したモニタ信号を生成する、
モニタ信号生成方法。
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US16/741,496 US10826642B2 (en) | 2013-07-11 | 2020-01-13 | Optical reception apparatus and monitor signal generating method |
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CN105379149B (zh) | 2018-01-05 |
JPWO2015004828A1 (ja) | 2017-03-02 |
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JP6512239B2 (ja) | 2019-05-15 |
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CN108173598A (zh) | 2018-06-15 |
JP6156496B2 (ja) | 2017-07-05 |
US20230283395A1 (en) | 2023-09-07 |
JP6806172B2 (ja) | 2021-01-06 |
US10187174B2 (en) | 2019-01-22 |
CN108173598B (zh) | 2021-06-08 |
CN105379149A (zh) | 2016-03-02 |
US10826642B2 (en) | 2020-11-03 |
JP2017201788A (ja) | 2017-11-09 |
US20200153534A1 (en) | 2020-05-14 |
JP7070619B2 (ja) | 2022-05-18 |
US11290202B2 (en) | 2022-03-29 |
US20160164624A1 (en) | 2016-06-09 |
US20210021366A1 (en) | 2021-01-21 |
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