WO2010147191A1 - カーボンナノチューブの製造装置および製造方法 - Google Patents
カーボンナノチューブの製造装置および製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010147191A1 WO2010147191A1 PCT/JP2010/060317 JP2010060317W WO2010147191A1 WO 2010147191 A1 WO2010147191 A1 WO 2010147191A1 JP 2010060317 W JP2010060317 W JP 2010060317W WO 2010147191 A1 WO2010147191 A1 WO 2010147191A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/158—Carbon nanotubes
- C01B32/16—Preparation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for producing a carbon nanotube aggregate having high purity and high specific surface area with high efficiency under a catalyst activation material-containing, high carbon concentration environment.
- CNT carbon nanotubes
- Chemical vapor deposition (hereinafter also referred to as synthesis) is known as one of the methods for producing CNTs (see Non-Patent Document 1, Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- This method is characterized in that a raw material gas such as a carbon compound is brought into contact with the catalyst fine particles of the catalyst under a high temperature atmosphere of about 500 ° C. to 1000 ° C. It is possible to produce CNTs in various aspects such as carrier gas, synthesis furnace and reaction conditions, and is noted as being suitable for mass production of CNTs.
- this synthesis method can produce both single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and by using a substrate supporting a catalyst, a large number of substrates are oriented perpendicularly to the substrate surface. Has the advantage of being able to produce CNTs.
- single-walled CNTs have electrical properties (very high current density), thermal properties (thermal conductivity comparable to diamond), optical properties (emission in the optical communication band wavelength range), hydrogen storage capacity, and Because it is excellent in various properties such as metal catalyst loading ability and has both semiconductor and metal properties, it has attracted attention as a material for electrodes of electronic device storage devices, MEMS members, and fillers of functional materials There is.
- the low carbon concentration atmosphere refers to a growth atmosphere in which the ratio of the source gas to the source gas and the gas containing the atmosphere gas is about 0.1% to 1%.
- the catalyst when the carbon concentration is increased, the catalyst is more easily deactivated and the growth efficiency of CNTs is further reduced.
- Non-Patent Document 1 reports that it is possible to produce an assembly.
- the catalyst activating substance added in the synthesis atmosphere of CNT removes carbon-based impurities covering the catalyst fine particles and cleans the ground of the catalyst layer.
- the activity of the catalyst is significantly improved and the life is extended.
- the addition of the catalyst activating material enhances the activity of the catalyst and extends the life of the catalyst.
- the growth of single-walled CNT which has conventionally been completed in at most about 2 minutes, continues for several tens of minutes. It has been improved from a few percent at most to 84%.
- the height is increased several hundred times significantly from the conventional height of 4 ⁇ m (in Non-Patent Document 1, the height is 2.5 mm, 4 ⁇ m to 625 times improvement) single-walled CNT aggregate was to be obtained.
- the catalyst activity is significantly improved in the presence of the catalyst activating material, and the catalyst does not lose its activity even in a high carbon concentration environment, enabling long-term CNT growth and a remarkable growth rate. It is to improve.
- the high carbon concentration environment means a growth atmosphere in which the ratio of the raw material gas to the raw material gas, the atmosphere gas, and the raw material containing gas containing the catalyst activation material is about 2% to 20%.
- the raw material gas is blown horizontally from a plurality of raw material gas discharge ports onto the surface of the catalyst layer on the base, and the raw material gas is brought into contact with the surface of the catalyst layer substantially uniformly.
- a CNT manufacturing apparatus and manufacturing method that can be manufactured substantially uniformly and efficiently over the area are disclosed.
- the CNT manufacturing apparatus described in Patent Document 4 includes a U-shaped source gas supply pipe 101 so as to surround the catalyst layer 2 which is a region where catalyst particles are disposed on the surface of a substrate. The source gas is jetted out to the catalyst from a plurality of gas discharge ports 102 provided in the source gas supply pipe 101.
- a portion of the source gas supply pipe disposed in the reaction furnace has a length sufficient to heat the source gas discharged from the source gas discharge port to a temperature near a predetermined temperature.
- the raw material gas is sprayed from the gas supply pipe having a single flow path to the surface of the catalyst layer, the raw material gas contacts the catalyst after passing through different residence times in the heating area. That is, there is no technical idea to equalize the residence time of the source gas in contact with the catalyst.
- Patent Document 5 a plurality of hollow members are provided in the first portion in the heating region to which the source gas is supplied, and the contact area between the source gas and the heating body is increased to promote the decomposition of the source gas.
- An apparatus for producing CNTs at low temperatures is disclosed.
- the formed CNTs are exposed to a high concentration of source gas, carbon impurities are attached, and the purity and the specific surface area are likely to be reduced.
- the growth rate and the growth efficiency such as yield are heavy factors for mass production of inexpensive CNTs. It is important to develop synthetic methods to improve growth efficiency under substance-containing and high carbon concentration environments.
- the main object of the present invention is not only to adjust the carbon weight flux of the raw material gas, but also to increase the length of the raw material gas conventionally.
- the decomposition of the raw material gas is promoted and optimized, and by bringing the raw material gas most suitable for CNT growth into contact with the catalyst, high efficiency, high purity and high ratio can be achieved. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for producing surface area CNT aggregates.
- another main object of the present invention is to contact the carbon weight flux and the raw material gas whose residence time has been adjusted, by making the supply amount per unit area substantially uniform to the area on the substrate where the catalyst is disposed. It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for producing a high purity, high specific surface area CNT aggregate substantially uniformly and efficiently over a large area.
- CNT aggregates having high purity and high specific surface area can be obtained by equalizing the residence time of the raw material gas whose carbon weight flux and residence time are adjusted when contacting the catalyst on the substrate. It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and a manufacturing method for manufacturing a large area substantially uniformly and efficiently.
- CNT assembly refers to an aggregate of a plurality of CNTs grown in a certain direction from a growth substrate, and is obtained by collectively separating the CNT assembly from the substrate. It may be another object. In that case, the CNT aggregate may be in powder form.
- the growth rate is defined as the height ( ⁇ m / min) of CNT grown in 1 minute from the growth start time of CNT.
- the growth rate may be determined from the height at 1 minute growth time using the telecentric measurement system described in Patent Document 3.
- the CNT aggregate may be manufactured more simply by setting the growth time of the growth step to one minute, and the height may be measured after the manufacture.
- the inventors of the present invention have found that, in a chemical vapor deposition method in which a raw material gas is brought into contact with a substrate having a metal catalyst on the surface to grow carbon nanotubes in a furnace under high temperature, the raw material gas is heated. Optimize the carbon weight flux indicating the amount of carbon flowing per unit time per unit area and unit time, and activate the catalyst by contacting the raw material gas with the catalyst disposed on the substrate with a substantially uniform amount and a substantially equal residence time.
- the apparatus for producing carbon nanotubes according to the present invention comprises a synthesis furnace, a gas supply pipe and a gas exhaust pipe communicating with the synthesis furnace, a heating means for heating the inside of the synthesis furnace to a predetermined temperature, and the gas supply pipe.
- the apparatus for producing carbon nanotubes according to the present invention comprises a synthesis furnace, a gas supply pipe and a gas exhaust pipe communicating with the synthesis furnace, a heating means for heating the inside of the synthesis furnace to a predetermined temperature, and the gas supply pipe.
- a gas injection means for injecting a raw material gas supplied via the inside into the synthesis furnace, and a gas injection means provided in a heating area heated by the heating means, the raw material supplied from the gas supply pipe
- a gas flow forming means for distributing the gas in a plurality of directions, a residence time adjusting means for adjusting the residence time of the source gas heated by the heating means, and a carbon weight flux adjusting means for adjusting the carbon weight flux of the source gas
- the residence time adjustment unit includes a turbulent flow suppression unit.
- the residence time adjusting means adjust the heating volume of the source gas heated in the heating area.
- the adjustment of the heating volume increases the heating volume.
- the gas flow forming means form a raw material gas flow substantially parallel to the plane of the substrate.
- the gas jetting means form a raw material gas flow substantially perpendicular to the plane of the substrate.
- the residence time adjusting means be provided in communication with the gas flow forming means.
- the distance between the surface of the catalyst layer provided on the substrate and the gas jetting means provided on the gas flow forming means provided opposite to the catalyst surface is 40 mm or more. Is preferred.
- the residence time adjusting means be provided in communication with the gas supply pipe.
- the residence time adjusting unit includes a plurality of gas jetting units.
- the residence time adjusting unit includes a gas flow forming unit that distributes the source gas supplied from the gas supply pipe in a plurality of directions.
- At least one of the residence time adjusting means, the gas flow forming means, and the turbulent flow suppressing means is a heat-resistant alloy.
- At least one of the residence time adjusting means, the gas flow forming means, and the turbulence suppressing means be provided with a carburization preventing layer.
- the heating volume of the flow path of the raw material gas heated by the heating unit in the heating area and the exhaust volume of the exhaust flow path are defined, and the heating volume is the exhaust volume. It is preferable that it is larger.
- the cross-sectional area of the flow path of the raw material gas jetted from the plurality of gas jetting means substantially coincides with the area of the surface intersecting the flow path of the raw material gas and the catalyst formation surface. Is preferred.
- the raw material gas and the atmospheric gas obtained by adjusting the carbon weight flux from the supply amounts of the raw material gas and the atmospheric gas are supplied to the synthesis furnace, and the raw material gas is substantially uniform.
- the carbon nanotubes are brought into contact with the catalyst layer on the substrate with an amount of H 2 and a substantially equal residence time.
- the source gas forms a source gas flow in a plurality of directions substantially parallel to the substrate plane, and then the catalyst layer surface on the substrate from the direction substantially perpendicular to the substrate plane. It is preferable to contact with
- the carbon nanotube manufacturing method it is preferable to further include the step of supplying a reducing gas to form catalyst fine particles on the catalyst film before the step of growing the carbon nanotubes.
- the method prior to the step of growing carbon nanotubes, the volume of the flow path contained in the heating region in the flow path from the source gas coming into contact with the base material to the discharge from the gas exhaust pipe.
- the exhaust volume defined as is adjusted to be smaller than the heating volume defined as the volume of the flow path contained in the heating area in the flow path until the raw material gas is supplied from the gas supply pipe and contacts the substrate.
- the method further comprises the step of placing the substrate in the heating area.
- FIG. 2 is a view conceptually showing a CNT manufacturing apparatus in Example 1.
- FIG. 6 is a photograph of an example of an aligned CNT aggregate produced in Example 1.
- FIG. It is an example of the growth result of CNT by heating length and carbon weight flux. It is the figure which showed notionally another example of the CNT manufacturing apparatus applied to this invention.
- the synthesis apparatus includes a synthesis furnace 3 made of, for example, quartz glass or the like for receiving the base material 1 having the catalyst layer 2, a gas supply pipe 4 provided on the upper wall of the synthesis furnace 3 and communicating with the synthesis furnace 3
- a heating means 6 comprising a gas exhaust pipe 5 provided on the lower wall or side wall and communicating with the synthesis furnace 3 and, for example, a resistance heating coil provided around the synthesis furnace 3;
- the heating area 7 in the synthesis furnace 3 heated to a predetermined temperature by the heating temperature adjustment means for adjusting the temperature, the heating means 6 and the heating temperature adjustment means is provided.
- the base material holder 8 for holding the base material 1 provided with the catalyst layer 2 is provided in the heating area
- the raw material gas supplied from the gas supply pipe 4 is distributed and dispersed to form a raw material gas flow flowing in a plurality of directions.
- Forming means 21 are arranged.
- the gas flow forming means 21 forms a flow of the source gas in a plurality of directions substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate 1.
- the gas flow forming means 21 is provided with a plurality of gas jetting means 20 for forming a raw material gas flow in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the substrate 1.
- the gas jetting means 20 is disposed in the same plane substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate 1.
- the source gas supplied from the gas supply pipe 4 is expanded and dispersed in a plane substantially parallel to the plane of the substrate 1, and then the direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the substrate 1 Can be brought into contact with the catalyst. Therefore, the source gas can be brought into contact with the catalyst on the substrate 1 in a region where the catalyst is disposed with a substantially uniform supply amount per unit area.
- a residence time adjusting means 14 is provided which is composed of a turbulent flow suppressing means 22 composed of a plate-like straightening plate and having a plurality of holes.
- the distance between the surface of the catalyst layer 2 provided on the substrate 1 and the gas jetting means 20 provided opposite to the catalyst surface is set to 40 mm or more (more preferably 70 mm).
- the cross-sectional area of the flow path of the source gas in the residence time adjustment means 14 becomes large, and it becomes easy to increase and adjust the heating volume and the residence time.
- the raw material gas can be supplied uniformly to the catalyst layer 2 (10 mm) Degree), it has been considered preferable to reduce the distance.
- the heating volume in which the source gas is heated in the heating area 7 is increased, and the residence time which has not been studied conventionally is adjusted to be longer. Therefore, the decomposition of the raw material gas was promoted, and the raw material gas in a more preferable form was brought into contact with the catalyst to grow the CNT, and the CNT was able to be synthesized more efficiently than before.
- the turbulent flow suppressing means 22 suppresses the turbulent flow of the raw material gas in the residence time adjusting means 14 and makes the residence times of the raw material gas flowing in the residence time adjusting means 14 substantially equal, as a result, the catalyst on the substrate 1 There is a remarkable effect on making the residence time when contacting the contact approximately equal.
- turbulent flow is likely to occur, and in the presence of turbulent flow, the residence time of the source gas flowing in the residence time adjusting means 14 becomes longer, but it is equally It does not.
- the synthesis apparatus includes a raw material gas cylinder 9 containing a carbon compound serving as a raw material of CNT, a catalyst activation material cylinder 10 containing a catalyst activation material, an atmosphere gas cylinder 11 containing a raw material gas and a carrier gas of the catalyst activation material, and a catalyst. And a carbon weight flux adjusting means 13 capable of controlling the amount of gas supplied from each of the cylinders by means of a gas flow device.
- the carbon weight flux adjusting means 13 is suitable for contacting the optimized amount of the source gas with the catalyst.
- a check valve, a flow control valve, and a flow sensor are provided at appropriate positions of the gas supply pipe 4, the gas discharge pipe 5, and each supply unit, and each flow control is performed by a control signal from a control device not shown.
- the raw material gas, the catalyst activating material, the atmosphere gas, and the reducing gas at predetermined flow rates are continuously or intermittently supplied to the synthesis furnace 3 from the gas supply pipe 4 according to the reaction process. It is supposed to be supplied.
- Carbon weight flux broadly indicates the weight of carbon contacting the catalyst layer per unit area per unit time. Carbon weight flux is an important manufacturing condition of CNT because it represents the amount of carbon contacting the catalyst.
- the synthesis furnace 3 refers to a furnace that receives the catalyst-supported substrate 1 and performs CNT synthesis. It is preferable that the material of the synthesis furnace 3 can receive the substrate 1 carrying a catalyst at a growth temperature without inhibiting the growth of CNTs, and can maintain the uniformity of heat in the furnace. Furthermore, in order to synthesize a large amount of CNTs, the synthesis furnace 3 may be equipped with a system that supplies and removes the base material 1 plurally or continuously.
- the synthesis furnace 3 is preferably vertical rather than horizontal.
- the vertical synthesis furnace refers to a synthesis furnace in which the source gas is supplied from the vertical (vertical) direction. If the source gas is supplied from the vertical (vertical) direction, it is preferable because the base material 1 is disposed in the horizontal direction and the source gas can be easily brought into contact with the catalyst from the vertical direction.
- the gas supply pipe 4 is provided in the synthesis furnace 3 and / or the gas flow forming means 21 and / or the residence time adjusting means 14 for the raw material gas, the catalyst activating substance, the atmosphere gas, the reducing gas and the like supplied from the carbon weight flux adjusting means 13.
- the gas supply pipe 4 may supply not only gas but also liquid.
- the gas supply pipe 4 is preferably inserted from the opening provided in the upper wall and / or the side wall of the synthesis furnace 3 into the synthesis furnace 3 in order to supply the source gas from the vertical (vertical) direction.
- a portion of the piping may be inserted into the synthesis furnace 3 and its end may be provided in the heating area 7.
- the piping inserted in the synthesis furnace 3 does not react with various gases and may be any material that can maintain its quality and shape even under high heat, and examples thereof include quartz and various metal materials.
- the gas exhaust pipe 5 indicates a means such as a pipe, a duct or the like for exhausting an atmosphere gas, a catalyst activating material, a reducing gas, a raw material gas and the like from the synthesis furnace 3.
- the gas exhaust pipe 5 may exhaust not only gas but also liquid.
- the material of the gas exhaust pipe 5 does not react with various gases, as long as it can maintain its quality and shape, and quartz, various metal materials and the like can be mentioned.
- the gas exhaust pipe 5 is preferably inserted into the synthesis furnace 3 from an opening provided on the lower wall of the synthesis furnace 3 and / or the side wall below the gas supply pipe 4.
- the raw material gas is supplied to the catalyst from the vertical (vertical) direction in the synthesis furnace 3, and the turbulent flow is suppressed as described later. It is preferable to bring the source gas into contact with the surface of the catalyst layer 2 provided on the material 1 in a substantially uniform amount and with a substantially equal residence time.
- the heating means 6 refers to a synthesis furnace 3 provided to surround the synthesis furnace 3 and / or a device for heating the residence time adjustment means 14.
- Existing heating means 6 such as one using a heating wire or one using an infrared ray can be used.
- region 7 said in this specification means the space inside the synthetic
- the gas flow forming means 21 is a means for distributing the source gas supplied from the gas supply pipe 4 in a plurality of directions.
- the material, shape, and the like of the gas flow forming means 21 are not particularly limited as long as the raw material gas can be distributed and dispersed in a plurality of directions, and known ones can be appropriately used.
- the shape and form of the gas flow forming means 21 are, as shown in FIG. 3, a disk shape, a cylindrical shape, one having a hollow structure on a plane, one using a pipe shape pipe, a plurality of branched pipe shapes Piping or a combination of these can be exemplified.
- the source gas supplied in a point shape from the gas supply pipe 4 is distributed and dispersed in a planar shape, and the supply amount per unit area to the area on the flat substrate 1 where the catalyst is arranged.
- the source gas distributed in a plurality of directions using the gas flow forming means 21 forms a source gas flow which flows in a plurality of different directions.
- the source gas supplied in the form of a point from the gas supply pipe 4 may be planarized such that the maximum angle between the axes of the plurality of directions of flow of the source gas flow is 90 degrees or more (more preferably 180 degrees or more). It is preferable for distribution and dispersion.
- the fact that the gas flow forming means 21 has a symmetry axis and the gas supply pipe 4 is in communication on the symmetry axis means that the source gas supplied in a point shape from the gas supply pipe 4 is distributed in a planar manner. It is preferable for dispersion.
- the gas flow forming means 21 for forming the raw material gas flow in a plurality of directions substantially parallel to the plane of the substrate 1 is preferable in order to obtain the above effect.
- the substantially parallel direction is a direction in which the axis line of the direction in which the raw material gas distributed and dispersed in a plurality of directions flows by the gas flow forming means 21 forms an angle of 45 or more and less than 135 ° with the normal to the substrate 1.
- the substantially uniform supply amount means that the supply of the source gas is uniform to the extent that the effect of the present invention can be obtained. That is, it is sufficient that the CNTs can be synthesized from almost the entire surface of the region on the substrate 1 where the catalyst is disposed.
- the gas jetting means 20 is a means for jetting the source gas, the catalyst activating material, the atmosphere gas, the reducing gas and the like supplied from the gas supply pipe 4 into the synthesis furnace 3 in the synthesis furnace 3.
- the amount of the raw material gas coming into contact with the catalyst of the substrate 1 is equalized, or It is effective to equalize the residence time of the source gas in contact with the As the gas jetting means 20, there can be exemplified a porous material in which there are an infinite number of jet holes, nozzles and substantial jet holes substantially arranged in the gas flow forming means 21 composed of piping, hollow members and the like. If there is the above effect, an appropriate form can be used.
- the intervals of the gas injection means 20 be such that the gases ejected from the plurality of gas injection means 20 form a substantially uniform source gas flow.
- substantially uniform means that the source gas flows in a substantially uniform amount on the cross-sectional plane of the source gas flow.
- a plurality of gas jetting means 20 disposed to form a raw material gas flow in a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the substrate 1 is preferable in order to obtain the above effect. Further, it is preferable that the plurality of gas jetting means 20 be disposed in the same plane substantially parallel to the surface of the base material 1 in order to obtain the above-mentioned effect.
- the substantially vertical direction indicates a direction in which the angle between the injection axis of the gas injection means 20 and the normal to the substrate 1 is 0 or more and less than 45 °. That is, the direction of the gas flow ejected from the gas ejection means 20 provided in the gas pipe is in contact with the catalyst layer 2 of the base 1 from the vertical direction.
- the residence time adjusting means 14 is a means for increasing, adjusting, and optimizing the residence time of the source gas by intentionally increasing and / or adjusting the residence time.
- the residence time adjustment means 14 is a means that can adjust and optimize the residence time of the raw material gas, any known means can be used as appropriate regardless of the shape and shape.
- the residence time adjusting means 14 can be used to adjust and optimize the residence time, which was conventionally not considered to be extended, in a direction to increase the catalyst activation material-containing, in a high carbon concentration environment There are significant effects in efficiently producing CNT aggregates with high yield and high-speed growth.
- the residence time adjusting means 14 prefferably has means for intentionally increasing and / or adjusting the heating volume of the raw material gas heated in the heating area 7 in order to obtain the above effect.
- the distance between the surface of the catalyst layer 2 provided on the substrate 1 and the gas injection means 20 provided opposite to the catalyst surface in the heating area 7 Is 40 mm or more, a hollow structure having a large heating volume 15 is provided in the raw material gas flow path, and a meandered and elongated pipe shape having a cross-sectional area to the extent that turbulent flow does not occur.
- region 7 etc. can be illustrated.
- residence time adjusting means 14 adjusting the distance between the surface of the catalyst layer 2 provided on the substrate 1 and the gas injection means 20 provided opposite to the catalyst surface, the large heating volume
- the residence time can be adjusted by installing a block or the like for reducing the heating volume in the hollow structure having the above, or by adjusting the length of the gas piping in the heating area 7. Furthermore, it is also possible to finely adjust the residence time by increasing or decreasing the flow rate of the atmosphere gas. It is desirable that the residence time adjustment means 14 have a large cross-sectional area of the flow path of the source gas.
- the residence time adjustment means 14 is communicated after the gas flow formation means 21 and distributed and dispersed in a plurality of directions by the gas flow formation means 21, and the raw material gas flowing in a large flow passage cross sectional area is the residence time adjustment means 14. It is preferable to flow in.
- the residence time is adjusted to a range of 4 seconds to 30 seconds. Is facilitated and preferred. Conversely, if the distance between the surface of the catalyst layer 2 provided on the substrate 1 and the gas injection means 20 provided opposite to the catalyst surface is less than 40 mm, the residence time is extended to an optimum value. It becomes difficult to adjust.
- the distance between the surface of the catalyst layer 2 provided on the substrate 1 and the gas injection means 20 provided opposite to the catalyst surface It is preferable that it is 100 cm or less.
- the boundary between the surface of the catalyst layer 2 provided on the substrate 1 and the gas jetting means 20 provided opposite to the catalyst surface is 70 mm or more in all points of the catalyst layer 2 Is more preferable because the residence time can be easily adjusted in the range of 6 seconds to 30 seconds.
- the turbulent flow suppressing means 22 is a means for suppressing the turbulent flow from being supplied from the gas supply pipe 4 to the heating area 7 in the synthesis furnace 3 and coming into contact with the catalyst.
- the shape and the like are not particularly limited, and a known method such as a shape, a material, a straightening vane, a honeycomb and the like can be appropriately used.
- gas piping in which turbulent flow is less likely to occur may be used.
- turbulent flow suppressing means 22 it is possible to make the residence time when contacting the catalyst on the substrate 1 substantially equal.
- the residence time adjustment means 14 since the residence time adjustment means 14 generally has a large heating volume, turbulent flow is likely to occur, so the residence time adjustment means 14 may be provided with the turbulence control means 22.
- the turbulent flow occurs, the residence times of the raw material gases are not equal, and it becomes difficult to contact the raw material gas with the surface of the catalyst layer 2 provided on the substrate 1 with a substantially equal residence time.
- the substantially equal residence time may be equal to the residence time as long as the effects of the present invention can be obtained.
- the residence time is in the range of 4 seconds to 30 seconds, and more preferably in the range of 7 seconds to 15 seconds. It is.
- the material of part of the manufacturing apparatus in particular, the residence time adjusting means 14, the gas flow forming means 21, the gas jetting means 20, and the turbulent flow suppressing means 22 may be any material that can exhibit its function, and known materials are appropriately used. be able to.
- the material of such a part of the production apparatus, in particular, the residence time adjusting means 14, the gas flow forming means 21, the gas jetting means 20, and the turbulent flow suppressing means 22 may be a heat-resistant alloy.
- the heat-resistant alloy is preferable in order to form a shape having a complicated structure because it is excellent in workability and mechanical strength.
- heat-resistant alloy examples include heat-resistant steel, stainless steel, nickel base alloy and the like.
- a carburization preventing layer may be formed on part of the manufacturing apparatus, in particular, on at least one of the front surface and the back surface of the residence time adjustment means 14, the gas flow formation means 21, the gas injection means 20 and the turbulent flow suppression means 22. .
- a carburization preventing layer is formed on both the front and back surfaces. This carburization preventing layer is preferable in order to suppress a chemical reaction between a part of the manufacturing apparatus and the raw material gas.
- the anti-carburizing layer is desirably composed of a metal element or a compound thereof that does not exhibit catalytic activity alone.
- a metal element such as alumina (Ai 2 O 3 ), silicon oxide (SiO 2 ), zirconia (ZrO 2 ), magnesium oxide (MgO), and metals such as copper and aluminum can be applied.
- ⁇ Residence time With the residence time, in the heating area 7 in the synthesis furnace 3 heated by the heating means 6, the gas is supplied from the gas supply pipe 4 to the heating area 7 in the synthesis furnace 3 and then contacts the catalyst of the substrate 1. The time until the gas passes through the heating volume 15 is represented.
- the residence time when the residence time is extended, the source gas is exposed to high temperature for a long time, the decomposition reaction of the source gas proceeds, and when the source gas comes in contact with the catalyst, the reaction easily occurs and the production of CNT is promoted. Be done. However, if the residence time is too long, the decomposition reaction of the raw material gas proceeds too much, and a large amount of carbon impurities are generated, which adhere to the synthesis furnace and the manufactured CNT.
- residence time adjustment means 14 it is preferable to make residence time longer than usual by the residence time adjustment means 14.
- the heating temperature of the growth step is in the range of 600 ° C. to 1000 ° C., the range of 4 seconds to 30 seconds is preferable. If the residence time is less than 1 second, the decomposition of the raw material gas does not proceed sufficiently, and it is difficult to efficiently produce CNTs at high speed with high yield. In addition, if the residence time is longer than 30 seconds, the decomposition of the raw material gas proceeds too much, a large amount of carbon impurities are generated in a large amount, and they adhere to the synthesis furnace 3 and the manufactured CNT [heated volume] With the heating volume 15, as shown in FIG. 2, in the heating area 7 in the synthesis furnace 3 heated by the heating means 6, the source gas supplied from the gas supply pipe 4 to the heating area 7 in the synthesis furnace 3 is It is defined by the volume of the flow path which has passed before contacting the catalyst of the substrate 1.
- the temperature of the flow path in the heating area 7 through which the source gas flows is at least 400 ° C. or more in order to sufficiently heat the source gas and efficiently synthesize CNTs on the catalyst. It is. Below 400 ° C., decomposition of the source gas is not promoted, and it becomes difficult to obtain the effects of the present invention.
- the base material 1 is composed of an assembly of powdery or bead-like structures and the source gas contacts the catalyst multiple times, the flow path from the place where the source gas finally contacts the catalyst is heated 15 It prescribes.
- the exhaust volume 16 is, as shown in FIG. 2, the inside of the heating area 7 heated by the heating means 6 in the flow path from when the raw material gas comes in contact with the substrate 1 until it is exhausted from the gas exhaust pipe 5. It is defined by the volume of the heated source gas (dark gray area).
- the carbon weight flux adjusting means 13 respectively adjusts the supply amount of the raw material gas to be a carbon compound serving as the raw material of CNT and the supply amount of the atmosphere gas which is a carrier gas of the catalyst activation material by using a gas flow device or the like. It is a means to supply any carbon weight flux into the furnace. By using such means, the carbon weight flux can be adjusted, an optimum amount of carbon can be supplied to the catalyst, and the effect of the present invention can be obtained.
- the catalyst activation material containing by carbon weight flux and 40g / cm 2 / min ⁇ 4300g / cm 2 / min in a high carbon concentration environment, fast and in high yield efficiency CNTs can be produced well and the objects of the present invention can be achieved. If the carbon weight flux is less than 40 g / cm 2 / min, the raw material gas supplied to the catalyst is not sufficient and CNTs can not be produced at high speed. On the other hand, when the carbon weight flux exceeds 4300 g / cm 2 / min, a large amount of carbon impurities are generated, and adhere to the manufactured CNT and the inside of the synthesis furnace 3.
- the carbon impurity suppressing means refers to a means for suppressing the generation of carbon impurities in the heating area 7 of the synthesis furnace 3, particularly in the vicinity of the base material 1.
- the decomposition of the raw material gas proceeds, so the raw material is decomposed By exhausting the gas immediately after contacting with the catalyst, the amount of carbon impurities generated in the synthesis furnace 3 can be reduced.
- the cross sectional area of the gas exhaust pipe 5 be larger than the cross sectional area of the gas supply pipe 4.
- a plurality of the exhaust gas may be provided on the side wall of the gas exhaust pipe 5 and / or the lower wall of the synthetic furnace 3.
- the base material 1 is installed in the heating area 7 so that the exhaust volume 16 is larger than the heating volume 15, the raw gas is quickly exhausted out of the heating area 7 after coming into contact with the catalyst. It is possible to suppress the generation of carbon impurities. In this way, it is suitable for producing CNT aggregates with high specific surface area by reducing the amount of carbon impurities while producing CNTs with high yield and efficiency.
- the residence time of the source gas and the carbon weight flux are adjusted, and optimization of the source gas by a substantially uniform amount and an approximately equal amount is performed using the gas flow forming unit 21, the plurality of gas jetting units 20 and the residence time adjusting unit 14.
- the mechanism that can be used to contact the catalyst at the specified residence time to produce CNTs with high purity and high specific surface area efficiently at high speed and high yield efficiently with high catalyst concentration and high carbon concentration environment It is guessed as follows.
- the residence time of the raw material gas is too short or the amount of the raw material gas per unit time / unit area is small, the decomposition / reaction efficiency of the carbon compound on the catalyst is lowered, and the CNT can not be synthesized efficiently.
- these amounts are too long or too high, the amount of decomposition in the catalyst is too large, the catalyst life is significantly shortened, or the decomposed carbon compound adheres to the already grown CNTs to deteriorate the purity This is undesirable because a large amount of carbon impurities such as tar may be deposited downstream of the synthesis furnace 3.
- the residence time adjustment means 14 and the turbulence suppression means 22 as needed are used.
- the residence time of the source gas is adjusted to be longer and adjusted, and the carbon weight flux is intentionally defined within the above range, so that the form of the source gas optimum for CNT growth is obtained.
- the catalyst By contacting with the catalyst, it was possible to minimize the amount of generated impurities while obtaining CNTs synthesized efficiently with high speed growth and high yield.
- the source gas supplied to the synthesis furnace 3 in a point form from the gas supply pipe 4 is diffused and distributed in a plurality of directions, It can be brought into contact with the surface of the catalyst layer 2 on the surface of the substrate 1 in a uniform amount and approximately the same residence time, and uniform CNT aggregates can be produced on the large substrate 1.
- the raw material gas flows through the adjusted heating volume 15 and, after an optimized residence time, contacts the catalyst layer 2 in an amount optimized using the carbon weight flux adjusting means 13 and adheres to the substrate 1 CNTs are efficiently grown at high speed and with high yield from the catalyst fine particles (growth step).
- these gases are quickly exhausted from the gas exhaust pipe 5, and the generation of carbon impurities is minimized.
- the residence time is defined by the time the gas passes through the heating volume 15.
- the residence time t is defined as follows.
- the carbon weight flux broadly indicates the weight of carbon contacting the catalyst layer 2 per unit area per unit time.
- the carbon weight flux 19 contains the weight of carbon atoms contained in the raw material gas passing through the flow path 17 of the raw material gas per unit time as the catalyst layer 2 (includes the catalyst on the base 1). Divided by the area 18 of the surface where the raw material gas flow path 17 intersects with the surface or space), the unit cross-sectional area of the catalyst layer 2 and the weight of carbon contacting per unit time are represented.
- the carbon weight flux can be set by adjusting the carbon weight flux adjusting means 13 configured by mass flow or the like.
- Carbon weight flux (g / cm 2 / min) 12 ⁇ number of carbon contained in one molecule of raw material gas ⁇ flow rate of raw material gas ⁇ furnace pressure ⁇ (gas constant ⁇ absolute temperature in heated furnace) / It is determined by the area of the intersecting surfaces.
- the substrate 1 is composed of a planar substrate and the substrate is placed parallel to the flow path, the area of the face intersecting the flow path is calculated to be substantially zero. This indicates that most of the carbon supplied from the raw material gas does not come in contact with the catalyst layer 2. Therefore, when manufacturing CNTs in such an arrangement, most of the source gas supplied into the synthesis furnace 3 does not contact the catalyst.
- the catalyst layer 2 (surface or space including the catalyst on the base 1) and the flow path 17 of the source gas generally intersect vertically, It is suitable for producing CNTs efficiently with high yield.
- the cross-sectional area of the flow path 17 of the source gas be approximately the same as the area 18 of the surface where the flow path 17 of the source gas and the catalyst layer 2 intersect.
- a granular material is used as the substrate 1, and a plurality of granular materials are arranged in a cylinder so that the flow path 17 of the raw material gas intersects generally vertically with the cylindrical catalyst layer 2 containing it. And the case where the cross-sectional area of the flow path 17 of source gas makes the area 18 of the surface where the flow path 17 of source gas and the catalyst layer 2 cross substantially coincide is illustrated.
- the surface of the catalyst layer 2 when the catalyst layer 2 is a space is defined as the surface of the catalyst layer 2 in which the flow path 17 of the source gas contacts the catalyst layer 2, and the surface area is the area of the catalyst layer 2 I assume.
- the cross-sectional area of the flow path 17 of the source gas, and the area of the catalyst layer 2 differ by 20% from each other, 20% or more of the source gas
- the catalyst is wasted, making it difficult to efficiently produce CNTs.
- the catalyst layer 2 (for example, an alumina-iron thin film) is separated in the synthesis furnace 3 filled with the atmosphere gas (for example, helium) supplied from the gas supply pipe 4.
- the substrate 1 (for example, a silicon wafer) previously deposited in the process is carried in and placed on the substrate holder 8.
- the base material 1 is disposed so that the surface of the catalyst layer 2 and the flow path of the raw material gas generally intersect perpendicularly, so that the raw material gas is efficiently supplied to the catalyst.
- the base material 1 is disposed in the heating area 7 so that the exhaust volume 16 is smaller than the heating volume 15, so that the source gas in contact with the catalyst layer 2 is quickly exhausted.
- the residence time of the source gas in the synthesis furnace 3 is previously adjusted by the residence time adjustment means 14 so as to be optimal for the growth of CNTs.
- reducing gas for example, hydrogen
- the inside of the synthesis furnace 3 is heated to a predetermined temperature (for example, 750.degree. C.), and the formation process for holding the state for a desired time Do.
- the catalyst layer 2 is micronized and adjusted to a state suitable as a catalyst of CNT.
- a catalyst activation material may be added as necessary.
- the carbon weight flux adjusting means 13 is used to stop or reduce the supply of the reducing gas and the atmosphere gas from the gas supply pipe 4 according to the desired (reaction conditions), and at the same time, the source gas (eg ethylene), the atmosphere gas, A catalyst activation material (for example, water) is supplied from the gas supply pipe 4.
- the source gas eg ethylene
- the atmosphere gas e.g. ethylene
- a catalyst activation material for example, water
- These gases supplied from the gas supply pipe 4 form gas flows directed in a plurality of directions substantially parallel to the plane of the substrate 1, and then, from the jet holes, substantially perpendicular to the plane of the substrate 1 From the surface of the catalyst layer 2 on the substrate 1 in a substantially uniform amount,
- these gases flow through the heating volume 15 increased and adjusted by the residence time adjustment means 14, and after an optimized residence time, the catalyst in the amount optimized using the carbon weight flux adjustment means 13
- CNTs grow efficiently from the catalyst fine particles deposited on the substrate 1 at high speed and in a high yield (growth step).
- these gases contact the catalyst fine particles on the substrate 1 with a substantially equal residence time by using the turbulence suppression means 22 as needed.
- these gases are quickly exhausted from the gas exhaust pipe 5, and the generation of carbon impurities is minimized.
- the plurality of CNTs simultaneously grown from the catalyst layer 2 on the substrate 1 grow in a direction perpendicular to the catalyst layer 2 and are oriented, having a high specific surface area and high purity that are approximately aligned in height. Construct a CNT assembly.
- the formation step is a step of making the surrounding environment of the catalyst supported on the substrate 1 a reducing gas environment and heating at least one of the catalyst and the reducing gas.
- This step at least one of the effects of reduction of the catalyst, promotion of micronization in a state adapted to the growth of the CNT of the catalyst, and improvement of the activity of the catalyst appear.
- the catalyst is an alumina-iron thin film
- the iron catalyst layer is reduced to form fine particles, and a large number of nanometer-sized catalyst particles are formed on the alumina layer.
- the growth step means a step of growing a CNT aggregate by heating a catalyst or at least one of the raw material gases as well as making the surrounding environment of the catalyst suitable for CNT production into a raw material gas environment. Performing a growth step after the formation step is suitable for the production of CNT aggregates.
- Carbon impurity adhesion suppression step In the carbon impurity adhesion suppression step, the raw material gas, the catalyst activating material, the decomposition products thereof, the carbon impurities present in the synthesis furnace 3 and the like remaining in the synthesis furnace 3 after the termination of the production of CNT It is a process which controls that it adheres, and if it has such an effect, what kind of form and process may be sufficient.
- the atmosphere gas is allowed to flow for a certain period of time after the production of CNT is finished (flash step), or the raw material gas, catalyst activators, their decomposition products, carbon impurities, etc. remaining in the synthesis furnace 3 It can be illustrated to transfer the substrate 1 to the non-region.
- the substrate 1 it is preferable to transfer the substrate 1 not upstream of the synthesis furnace 3 rich in carbon impurities but upstream.
- the cooling step is a step of cooling the CNT assembly, the catalyst, and the substrate 1 after the growth step. Since the CNT assembly, catalyst, and substrate 1 after the growth step are in a high temperature state, they may be oxidized when placed in an oxygen-containing environment. In order to prevent it, the CNT assembly, catalyst, and substrate 1 are cooled to preferably 400 ° C. or less, more preferably 200 ° C. or less in a cooling gas environment.
- a cooling gas an inert gas is preferable, and nitrogen is particularly preferable in terms of safety, economy, and purgeability.
- the base material 1 (substrate) is a member capable of supporting a catalyst for growing CNTs on its surface, and any suitable one can be used as long as it can maintain its shape even at a high temperature of at least 400 ° C. it can.
- a planar form such as a flat plate is preferable in order to produce a large amount of CNT using the effect of the present invention.
- it may be a flat substrate 1 in the form of a powder or an assembly of linear bodies.
- the materials proven so far for producing CNTs include iron, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, aluminum, manganese, cobalt, copper, silver, gold, platinum, niobium, tantalum, lead, zinc, gallium, etc.
- Metals such as indium, germanium, arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, and alloys and oxides containing these metals, or silicon, quartz, magnesia, spinel, calcia, dolomite, chromia, zirconia, titania, Murai, glass, mica, graphite
- Non-metals such as alumina, magnesium oxide, potassium titanate, zirconium oxide, zeolite, silica, titanium oxide, diamond, and ceramics and mixtures thereof.
- Metals are preferable because they are inexpensive compared to silicon and ceramics, and in particular, iron-chromium (Fe-Cr) alloy, iron-nickel (Fe-Ni) alloy, and iron-chromium-nickel (Fe-Cr-). Ni) alloys are suitable for the practice of the present invention.
- any suitable catalyst can be used as far as it has been proven in the production of CNT so far. Iron, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, and chlorides and alloys thereof, and compounds in which these are further complexed or layered with ammonium, alumina, titania, titanium nitride, silicon oxide and the like may be used.
- the amount of catalyst present in the practice of the present invention may be within the range proven in CNT production so far, but when using metal thin films of iron or nickel, for example, the thickness is 0.1 nm to 100 nm. Preferably, 0.5 nm to 5 nm or less is more preferable, and 0.8 nm to 2 nm is particularly preferable.
- the reducing gas used in the formation step is a gas having at least one effect of reduction of the catalyst, promotion of micronization in a state compatible with the growth of CNT of the catalyst, and improvement of the activity of the catalyst.
- any suitable gas having a reducibility which has been proven in the production of CNT so far can be used, and for example, hydrogen, ammonia, water, and a mixture thereof Gas can be applied.
- the atmosphere gas (carrier gas) for chemical vapor deposition may be any gas that is inert at the growth temperature of CNT and does not react with the growing CNT, and the atmosphere gas used in the practice of the present invention is Any appropriate one can be used as long as it has a track record in the production of CNTs.
- inert gases are preferred, and helium, argon, hydrogen, nitrogen, neon, krypton, carbon dioxide, chlorine and the like, and mixtures thereof are particularly preferable. Nitrogen, helium, argon, hydrogen and the like are particularly preferable. Mixed gases are preferred.
- Raw material raw material gas
- the growth rate, synthesis efficiency and the like are greatly inferior to the production method of the present invention.
- a source gas containing oxygen when such a source gas containing oxygen is used, the effect of the catalyst activating material is significantly reduced, and therefore the effect of the present invention can not be obtained.
- ethanol and carbon monoxide are used as catalyst activation materials, not as source gases.
- this raw material gas include gaseous carbon compounds such as aromatic compounds, saturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated hydrocarbons, unsaturated chain hydrocarbons, saturated chain hydrocarbons, cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons and cyclic saturated hydrocarbons. it can.
- hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, propylene, ethylene, butadiene, polyacetylene and acetylene are preferable.
- the pressure of the atmosphere for growing CNTs is preferably 10 4 Pa or more and 10 6 Pa (100 atm) or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 4 Pa or more and 2 ⁇ 10 5 Pa (2 atmospheric pressure) or less, 9 ⁇ 10 5 or more. 4 Pa or more and 1.1 ⁇ 10 5 Pa or less are particularly preferable.
- the production efficiency of CNT is very good at pressures of 9 ⁇ 10 4 Pa or more and 1.1 ⁇ 10 5 Pa, without using vacuum or high pressure, at atmospheric pressure or near atmospheric pressure.
- an open system manufacturing apparatus that does not use a shutter or a valve can be used, which is preferable from the viewpoint of mass production.
- a catalyst activator may be added. By the addition of the catalyst activating material, the life of the catalyst can be extended and the activity can be enhanced, and as a result, the production efficiency of CNT can be promoted and the purification can be promoted.
- the catalyst activating substance used here is a substance having an oxidizing power such as oxygen or sulfur and may be any substance which does not cause much damage to the CNT at the growth temperature, such as water, oxygen, ozone, acid gas, And oxygenated compounds with low carbon number such as nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, alcohols such as ethanol, methanol and isopropanol, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, ketones such as acetone, aldehydes, acids and salts Amides, esters, and mixtures thereof are effective.
- water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ethers, and alcohols are preferable, and in particular, water which can be obtained extremely easily is preferable.
- carbon in the catalyst activation material can be a raw material of CNT.
- the raw materials contain carbon and do not contain oxygen, and (2) the catalyst activators contain oxygen, so that CNTs are highly efficient. Important in manufacturing.
- reaction temperature The reaction temperature for growing CNTs is appropriately determined in consideration of the metal catalyst, the raw material carbon source, the reaction pressure, etc., but a catalyst activator is added to eliminate byproducts that cause catalyst deactivation. It is desirable to set to the temperature range which the effect fully expresses, when including the process.
- the temperature at which the catalyst activating substance can remove byproducts such as amorphous carbon and graphite is the lower limit
- the temperature at which the main product CNT is not oxidized by the catalyst activating substance is the upper limit. It is to assume.
- the temperature is preferably 400 ° C. to 1000 ° C. If the temperature is less than 400 ° C., the effect of the catalyst activating material does not appear, and if the temperature exceeds 1000 ° C., the catalyst activating material reacts with the CNTs.
- the temperature is more preferably 400 ° C. to 1100 ° C. or less. If the temperature is less than 400 ° C., the effect of the catalyst activator does not appear. If the temperature exceeds 1100 ° C., the catalyst activator reacts with the CNTs.
- the growth rate of CNTs is proportional to the number of carbon atoms contained in the source gas contacting the catalyst. That is, the higher the ratio of the raw material gas to the total flow rate (raw material concentration), the higher the growth rate, so it can be said that the production efficiency of CNTs is improved.
- the catalyst activity is significantly improved in the presence of the catalyst activation material, so the ratio of the raw material gas to the total flow rate is about 2% to 20% exceeding 1%.
- the catalyst does not lose its activity, and can grow CNTs for a long time. Under this high carbon concentration environment, the growth rate of CNTs is remarkably improved, which is suitable for producing a high purity, high specific surface area carbon nanotube aggregate.
- CNT assembly With the above-described production apparatus and production method, it is possible to grow CNTs with high efficiency using a raw material gas from a catalyst on a substrate in a high carbon environment / catalyst activated material-containing atmosphere
- the CNTs are oriented in a specific direction to form a CNT assembly.
- the aligned CNT aggregate may be an object obtained by peeling from the substrate 1. In that case, the CNT aggregate may be in powder form.
- the specific surface area of the single-walled CNT aggregate decreases.
- Single-walled CNT aggregate according to the present invention in order to generate carbon impurity is suppressed, the specific surface area is very large and 800m 2 / g ⁇ 2600m 2 / g.
- the specific surface area of the CNT assembly can be determined by measuring the adsorption and desorption isotherm at 77 K of liquid nitrogen. Such a large specific surface area is effective as a catalyst carrier or energy / material storage material, and is suitable for applications such as supercapacitors and actuators.
- the unopened ones whose specific surface area is less than 800 m 2 / g or the one whose opening is less than 1300 m 2 / g may contain carbon impurities at several tens% (about 40%) of the weight, CNT It becomes difficult to express the original function.
- the purity referred to herein is carbon purity.
- the carbon purity indicates what percentage of the weight of the CNT assembly is composed of carbon, and may be determined from elemental analysis or the like using fluorescent X-rays. There is no upper limit to the carbon purity to obtain a large specific surface area, but it is difficult to obtain a CNT aggregate having a carbon purity of 99.9999% or more for the convenience of production. If the carbon purity is less than 95%, in the case of unopened CNTs, it becomes difficult to obtain a specific surface area exceeding 800 m 2 / g.
- the evaluation of the orientation of the single-walled CNT aggregate is performed, for example, based on Hermann's orientation coefficient. For example, from an X-ray diffraction intensity obtained by the ⁇ -2 ⁇ method or Laue method, or an FFT image obtained by subjecting an SEM image or an atomic force microscope (hereinafter also referred to as AFM) image to fast Fourier transform (FFT)
- AFM atomic force microscope
- FFT fast Fourier transform
- the orientation aggregate of Herman calculated using the obtained strength profile is greater than 0.1 and less than 1 in the CNT assembly, and the aligned CNT aggregate exhibits good electrical properties, good mechanical properties, and good thermal properties. And thermodynamic, electrical, and mechanical anisotropy, which is suitable for various applications.
- the direction of orientation is an average of the direction vectors of the individual single-walled CNTs constituting the single-walled CNT assembly. Therefore, the direction of orientation may differ depending on the location of the single-walled CNT aggregate and the size of the region for evaluating the orientation.
- the FFT image of the single-walled CNT aggregate having orientation has a flat elliptical shape, and the flatter the ellipse, the higher the orientation.
- the major axis direction of the ellipse is the direction in which the periodicity of the single-walled CNT caused by the orientation is the largest, and the minor axis direction of the ellipse is the orientation direction in the field of view of the original image of the FFT image.
- the reference orientation for calculating the Hermann orientation coefficient is the long axis direction of the ellipse.
- the orientation of the CNT assembly can be evaluated by at least any one method of the following 1 to 3. That is, 1.
- X-ray diffraction intensity is measured ( ⁇ -2 ⁇ method) by injecting X-rays from a first direction parallel to the longitudinal direction of the CNT and a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, from the second direction
- ⁇ -2 ⁇ method X-ray diffraction intensity is measured ( ⁇ -2 ⁇ method) by injecting X-rays from a first direction parallel to the longitudinal direction of the CNT and a second direction orthogonal to the first direction, from the second direction
- Hermann's orientation coefficient is greater than 0.1 and less than 1 when using the X-ray diffraction intensity obtained by the ⁇ -2 ⁇ method or Laue method. More preferably, it is 0.25 or more and less than 1.
- Example 1 Using the CNT manufacturing apparatus shown in FIGS. 1 and 6, a CNT aggregate and a CNT aligned aggregate were manufactured using the same method as the manufacturing apparatus described above. Description will be made with reference to FIGS. 1, 2 and 6.
- a quartz tube (inner diameter 80 mm) such as a cylinder was used.
- the length of the heating means 6 and the heating area 7 was 265 mm.
- the base material holder 8 made of quartz was provided 20 mm downstream from the horizontal position of the central portion.
- the substrate holder 8 is installed in the horizontal direction, and the flat substrate 1 can be placed thereon.
- the upper wall of the synthesis furnace 3 is provided with a gas supply pipe 4 made of a heat resistant alloy having a diameter of 22 mm (inner diameter 20 mm) inserted in the vertical direction at an opening provided at the center of the synthesis furnace 3 upper wall.
- the gas exhaust pipe 5 inserted in the vertical direction was provided at the opening provided at the center of the lower wall of the synthetic furnace 3.
- a heating unit 6, a heating unit 6, and a heating temperature control unit, each of which comprises a resistance heating coil provided to surround the synthesis furnace 3, define a heating region 7 in the synthesis furnace 3 heated to a predetermined temperature
- the total length of 6 was 265 mm, and the length of the heating area 7 was 265 mm).
- a gas flow forming means 21 made of a heat-resistant alloy Inconel 600 having a cylindrical and flat hollow structure with a diameter of 60 mm was provided so as to be connected in communication with the end of the gas supply pipe 4 in the synthesis furnace 3.
- the gas supply pipe 4 was communicated with and connected to the center of the gas flow forming means 21.
- the gas flow forming means 21 was disposed in the same plane substantially parallel to the surface of the substrate 1, and the center of the substrate 1 was arranged to coincide with the center of the gas flow forming means 21. Further, the gas flow forming means 21 is provided with a gas jetting means 20 comprising a plurality of jetting holes having a jetting hole diameter of 0.5 mm.
- the gas flow forming means 21 is a cylindrical shape having a hollow structure, and the dimension is, for example, the surface size: 60.0 mm ⁇ 16.7 mm, the diameter of the gas jetting means 20: 0.5 mm, the gas jetting means The number of 20: 82.
- the injection holes of the gas injection means 20 were provided at positions facing the catalyst layer 2 of the base 1, and the source gas was discharged from the catalyst from a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the base 1.
- the facing position indicates the arrangement of the jet holes such that the angle between the jet axis line and the normal to the substrate is 0 or more and less than 90 °.
- the distance between the gas injection means 20 and the opposing catalyst surface was 140 mm.
- the source gas supplied to the synthesis furnace 3 in a point form from the gas supply pipe 4 is diffused and distributed, so that the source gas flows in all directions extending substantially 360 degrees parallel to the plane of the substrate 1.
- the raw material gas contacts the surface of the catalyst layer 2 on the substrate 1 from a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the substrate 1.
- the residence time adjusting means 14 is connected to the gas flow forming means 21 in which eight holes of ⁇ 4 mm are opened in the first layer and 101 holes of ⁇ 0.5 mm are opened in the second layer. 22, two flow regulating plates made of a heat-resistant alloy Inconel 600.
- a distance of 140 mm between the gas flow forming means 21, the gas jetting means 20 and the catalyst surface is defined as the length of the residence time adjusting means 14.
- the length of the residence time adjusting means 14 matches the distance to the gas jetting means 20 provided in the gas flow forming means 21 provided opposite to the catalyst surface.
- the carbon weight flux adjusting means 13 reduces a raw material gas cylinder 9 to be a carbon compound to be a raw material of CNT, a catalyst activation material cylinder 10 as needed, an atmosphere gas cylinder 11 which is a carrier gas for the raw material gas and the catalyst activation material, and a catalyst.
- the reduction gas cylinders 12 for each are connected to the gas flow device, and the supply amount is controlled independently, and the supply amount of the source gas is controlled by supplying to the gas supply pipe 4.
- the carbon weight flux that can be adjusted in the configuration of this device is 0 g / cm 2 / min to 1000 g / cm 2 / min, but it can be adjusted more broadly by using a gas flow device with an appropriate supply amount as appropriate. It is possible.
- the length of the residence time adjusting means 14 is 140 mm
- the heating volume 15 444Cm 3 retention time volume 396.2Cm 3 of the adjusting means 14 (cross-sectional area 28.3 cm 2 ⁇ length 14cm) + Gas
- the volume of the flow forming means 21 is defined as 47.3 cm 3 (cross-sectional area 28.3 cm 2 ⁇ height 1.67 cm).
- a thermally oxidized film-attached Si substrate (40 mm long ⁇ 40 mm wide) with a thickness of 500 nm was used, in which 30 nm of Al 2 O 3 as a catalyst and 1.8 nm of Fe were sputtered.
- the base material 1 was carried onto the substrate holder 8 installed 20 mm downstream from the horizontal position of the center of the heating area 7 of the synthesis furnace 2 (carrying-in step).
- the substrate was placed horizontally.
- the heating means 6 is set as the inside of the synthesis furnace 3 having a furnace pressure of 1.02 ⁇ 10 5 Pa.
- the temperature in the synthesis furnace 3 was raised from room temperature to 810 ° C. over 15 minutes, and the substrate with catalyst was heated for 3 minutes while being kept at 810 ° C. (formation step).
- the iron catalyst layer is reduced to promote micronization in a state compatible with the growth of single-walled CNT, and a large number of nanometer-sized catalyst fine particles are formed on the alumina layer.
- the temperature in the synthesis furnace 3 was set to 810 ° C., and the pressure in the furnace was set to 1.02 ⁇ 10 5 Pa (atmospheric pressure), and the total flow rate was 2000 sccm so that the carbon weight flux would be 192 g / cm 2 / min.
- He total flow ratio 84% (1680 sccm)
- source gas C 2 H 4 total flow ratio 10% (200 sccm)
- catalyst activating material H 2 O-containing He (relative humidity 23%): total flow ratio 6% (120 sccm) was supplied for 10 minutes (growth step).
- the residence time in the furnace was 7 seconds.
- the substrate was cooled to 400 ° C. or less, and then the substrate was taken out from the inside of the synthesis furnace 3 (cooling / substrate taking-out step) to complete a series of production steps of single-walled CNT aggregate.
- the growth rate of the CNT assembly was 620 ⁇ m / min. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, p. 143115 2008, etc. Since the growth rate of CNT reported so far is at most about 200 ⁇ m / min, the device configuration and manufacturing method of the present invention are oriented at high speed It can be seen that it is significantly effective in producing CNT aggregates.
- the yield in the present production method is 7.6 mg / cm 2
- the yield in the production method and the synthesis apparatus without the conventional means for adjusting residence time is about 1.5 to 2.0 mg / cm 2 .
- the device configuration and manufacturing method of the present invention are remarkably effective in manufacturing CNT aggregate with high efficiency.
- a CNT aggregate can be produced on the surface of the catalyst layer 2 on the substrate 1 at a uniform height on one surface, and the device configuration and production method of the present invention are substantially uniform and efficient on large areas. It can be seen that it is significantly effective in producing aggregates.
- Example 2 shows the example which changed and implemented the furnace and the base material 1.
- FIG. Description will be made with reference to FIGS. 1, 2 and 6.
- a 500 nm thick foil material YEF 426, 0.3 mm thick
- the base material 1 (20 mm long ⁇ 20 mm wide) was carried in.
- the total length of the heating means 6 and the heating area 7 was 420 mm.
- the distance from the horizontal position of the central portion of the heating means 6 to the substrate 1 was 120 mm downstream, and the gas exhaust pipe 5 was installed at 5 cm in the heating area 7.
- the gas flow path forming unit 21, the gas jetting unit 20, and the residence time adjusting unit 14 similar to those of the first embodiment are provided.
- the distance between the gas injection means 20 and the opposing catalyst surface was 140 mm. This distance is defined as the length of the residence time adjustment means 14.
- the structural material of the other part of the manufacturing apparatus, the flow ratio of various gases in the other steps, and the operation are the same as in the first embodiment.
- the gas supply pipe 4 is closely loaded to the synthesis furnace 3 by Wilson seal, and by manually raising and lowering it, it is possible to adjust the length and volume of the residence time adjusting means 14, that is, the heating volume 15.
- Example 1 CNT assembly with various lengths of residence time adjustment means 14 and carbon weight flux using residence time adjustment means 14 of the apparatus and carbon weight flux adjustment means 13 using the manufacturing apparatus of Example 1 and Example 2 And the results are shown in FIG.
- the device configuration other than the length of the residence time adjusting means and the carbon weight flux, and the manufacturing process were the same as in Example 1 or 2.
- ⁇ indicates that a high-purity CNT aggregate having high speed, high yield, and high purity could be produced efficiently with a yield of 3 mg / cm 2 or more, a growth rate of 200 ⁇ m / min or more, and a specific surface area of 1000 m 2 / g or more.
- x indicates a case where one of the above conditions is not satisfied.
- Example 2 From Example 2, it can be seen that if the length of the residence time adjusting means is 40 mm or more, high-speed, high-yield, efficient, and high-purity aligned CNT aggregates can be produced. There is no particular upper limit to the length of the residence time adjusting means, and it was confirmed that in Example 2, high-speed, high-yield, efficient, and high-purity CNT aggregate can be manufactured up to 300 mm. Furthermore, it can be seen that if the carbon weight flux is in the range of 50 g / cm 2 / min to 550 g / cm 2 / min, high-speed, high-yield, efficient, and highly pure CNT aggregates can be produced.
- the turbulent flow prevention means 22 in the residence time adjustment means 14 shown in FIG. 9 is composed of a plurality of hollow members or tubular members such as a honeycomb aggregate or a plurality of pipes.
- the CNT manufacturing apparatus will be described.
- the plurality of hollow members and tubular members extend in the direction along which the source gas flows. According to the residence time adjustment means 14 of the present embodiment, a plurality of gas flow paths in which the turbulent flow is suppressed extending in the flow direction of the raw material gas are formed.
- the other parts of the manufacturing apparatus and the carbon manufacturing method may use the parts of the manufacturing apparatus described in the first embodiment and the manufacturing method, and the details thereof will be omitted here.
- the manufacturing apparatus of this embodiment in each gas flow passage, the flow passage cross-sectional area of the raw material gas is narrowed, so that the raw material gas can flow in the residence time adjustment means 14 while suppressing the turbulent flow. Therefore, the residence time can be made approximately equal while increasing the residence time.
- Example 4 In this embodiment, the distance between the gas flow forming means 21 described in the first embodiment and the surface of the catalyst layer 2 facing the gas jetting means 20 provided in the gas flow forming means 21 shown in FIG.
- a residence time adjusting means comprising a hollow structure (gas retaining means) having a large heating volume 15 in communication with both the gas supply pipe 4 in the heating area 7 and the gas flow forming means 21.
- the CNT manufacturing apparatus provided with 14 will be described.
- the other parts of the manufacturing apparatus and the carbon manufacturing method may use the parts of the manufacturing apparatus described in the first embodiment and the manufacturing method, and the details thereof will be omitted here.
- the turbulent flow of the residence time adjusting means 14 is suppressed, and it becomes easy to bring the raw material gas into contact with the catalyst with substantially equal residence time. Further, even if the heating volume 15 of the residence time adjusting means 14 is increased or adjusted, the positional relationship between the gas jetting means 20 provided in the gas flow forming means 21 and the surface of the catalyst layer 2 is fixed. Can be easily supplied to the surface of the catalyst layer 2 in a substantially uniform amount.
- the gas flow forming unit 21 and the gas jetting unit 20 are included in the residence time adjusting unit 14 in the hollow structure having a large heating volume 15 and used in the fourth embodiment shown in FIG.
- the CNT manufacturing apparatus provided with The other parts of the manufacturing apparatus and the carbon manufacturing method may use the parts of the manufacturing apparatus described in the first embodiment and the manufacturing method, and the details thereof will be omitted here.
- the flow of the raw material gas in the residence time adjusting means 14 can be made more uniform, and it is effective to bring the raw material gas into contact with the catalyst with substantially equal residence time. Further, even if the heating volume 15 of the residence time adjusting means 14 is increased or adjusted, the positional relationship between the gas jetting means 20 provided in the gas flow forming means 21 and the surface of the catalyst layer 2 is fixed. Can be easily supplied to the surface of the catalyst layer 2 in a substantially uniform amount. (Example 7) In this embodiment, the distance between the gas flow forming means 21 used in Example 1 and the surface of the catalyst layer 2 facing the gas jetting means 20 provided in the gas flow forming means 21 shown in FIG. 13 is less than 40 mm.
- a pipe-like gas pipe having a large heating volume 15 and having a large heating volume 15 and in communication with both between the gas supply pipe 4 in the heating area 7 and the gas flow forming means 21 and having a cross-sectional area to the extent that turbulence does not occur The CNT manufacturing apparatus provided with the residence time adjustment means 14 which consists of these is demonstrated.
- the residence time adjustment means 14 since the cross-sectional area of the flow path of the raw material gas is reduced, the raw material gas can flow in the residence adjustment means 14 while suppressing the turbulent flow.
- the time can be kept approximately equal. That is, the residence time adjustment means 14 of the CNT manufacturing apparatus of the present embodiment is provided with the turbulent flow prevention means 22. According to the CNT manufacturing apparatus of this embodiment, even if the heating volume 15 of the residence time adjusting means 14 is increased or adjusted, the positional relationship between the gas injection means 20 provided in the gas flow forming means 21 and the surface of the catalyst layer 2 Because it is fixed, it becomes easy to supply the source gas to the surface of the catalyst layer 2 in a substantially uniform amount.
- Example 8 In this embodiment, the distance between the gas flow forming means 21 used in Example 1 and the surface of the catalyst layer 2 facing the gas jetting means 20 provided in the gas flow forming means 21 shown in FIG. 14 is less than 40 mm.
- a heating furnace is provided outside the synthesis furnace 3, and the gas supply pipe 4 and the gas flow forming means 21 are communicated with each other to have a large heating volume 15 and a cross-sectional area to the extent that turbulent flow does not occur.
- a CNT manufacturing apparatus provided with a residence time adjustment means 14 comprising a pipe-like gas pipe or a residence time adjustment means 14 comprising a hollow structure (gas retention means) having a large heating volume 15 will be described.
- the heating furnace and the synthesis furnace 3 may be independently controlled to heat.
- the state of decomposition of the source gas can be effectively controlled, and the same effect as adjusting the residence time can be substantially obtained.
- the synthesis furnace 3 can be miniaturized. Further, the synthesis furnace 3 is provided with a plurality of heating partitions which can be independently controlled for heating, and the heating partitions are controlled to increase or decrease the number of heating partitions being heated and / or increase or decrease the temperature. As a result, the heating volume 15 and / or the residence time can be adjusted. Furthermore, even if the heating volume 15 of the residence time adjustment means 14 is increased or adjusted, the positional relationship between the gas injection means 20 provided in the gas flow formation means 21 and the surface of the catalyst layer 2 is fixed. It becomes easy to supply the gas to the surface of the catalyst layer 2 in a substantially uniform amount.
- the manufacturing apparatus of the present invention may be a combination of the specific embodiments and means exemplified in the above-mentioned first to eighth embodiments.
- the properties of the single-walled CNT assembly depend on the details of the production conditions, but in the production conditions of Example 1 and Example 2, the single-walled CNT content is 99% as a typical value (bilayer CNT, multi-walled CNT The ratio of the number of single-walled CNTs is calculated, and the synthesized single-walled CNT aggregate is observed with a transmission electron microscope to obtain it from an image), weight density: 0.03 g / cm 3 , BET-specific surface area: 1150 m 2 / g, The carbon purity is 99.9%, and the Herman's orientation coefficient is 0.7.
- the adsorption / desorption isotherm of the unopened CNT assembly showed high linearity in the region where the relative pressure was 0.5 or less.
- the ⁇ s plot also showed linearity in the region of 1.5 or less.
- Low angle (0-15 degrees) (CP) diffraction peaks are observed, which reflect the spacing between single-walled CNTs.
- a loose diffraction peak is observed near 25 degrees, reflecting the spacing of the carbon six-membered ring sheets of different single-walled CNTs.
- a diffraction peak is observed near 42 degrees, reflecting the (100) plane of the carbon six-membered ring of single-walled CNT.
- a diffraction peak is observed around 77 to 78 degrees, reflecting the (110) plane.
- the carbon six-membered ring structure of single-walled CNT does not closely match the diffraction peak of graphite because the carbon six-membered ring structure of CNT is rounded and curved. Although the peak positions of the single-walled CNTs slightly change in both the size and the degree of orientation, identification of diffraction peaks is possible.
- the Herman's orientation coefficient F was calculated from this result, and was 0.4 to 0.62 for the (CP) diffraction peak and 0.75 for the (002) diffraction peak.
- the degree of orientation of the obtained CNT assembly was evaluated by the X-ray diffraction measurement method by the Laue method.
- the apparatus used was a Bruker (Bruker SMART APEX CCD area-detector diffractometer).
- Mo-Ka was used as an X-ray source (BRUKERAXS MO CE-SRA) at a power of 4.5 kW.
- the distance between the sample and the X-ray detector was 5.968 cm, the size of the CCD detector was 6.1 ⁇ 6.1 cm, and the spot diameter of the X-ray was 0.5 mm.
- the main specification of the single-walled CNT aggregate orientation used as a sample is a cylindrical shape having a diameter of 1 mm and a height of 0.5 mm.
- the Herman's orientation coefficient F was calculated from this result, and it was 0.38 for the (CP) diffraction peak and 0.61 for the (002) diffraction peak.
- Comparative example 1 In the same CNT manufacturing apparatus (without the residence time adjusting means 14) comprising the synthesis furnace 3, the gas flow forming means 21 and the gas jetting means 20 as in Example 1, the same substrate 1 and catalyst as in Example 1 are provided. Using this, a CNT assembly was manufactured in the same process as in Example 1. Since the residence time adjustment means 14 is not provided, the distance between the gas flow forming means 21 and the gas injection means 20 and the catalyst surface is 10 mm.
- the heating volume 15 is 116 cm 3 (volume 28.3 cm 3 (cross-sectional area 28.3 cm 2 ⁇ distance 1 cm) between the gas jetting means 20 and the surface of the catalyst layer 2) + volume 47 of the gas flow forming means 21 3 cm 3 (cross-sectional area 28.3 cm 2 ⁇ height 1.67 cm) + volume of gas supply pipe 4 40.3 cm 3 (cross-sectional area 3.1 cm 2 ⁇ 13 cm)) are defined.
- a CNT aggregate was manufactured using the same process and manufacturing method as in Example 1.
- the yield in this production method was 1.5 mg / cm 2 , and the growth rate was 80 ⁇ m / min.
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Abstract
Description
〔炭素重量フラックス〕
炭素重量フラックスとは、広義には、単位時間当たりに単位面積当たりの触媒層に接触する炭素の重量を表したものである。炭素重量フラックスは、触媒に接触する炭素の量を表すため、CNTの重要な製造条件である。
〔合成炉〕
合成炉3とは、触媒を担持した基材1を受容し、CNTの合成を行う炉のことを指す。合成炉3の材質は、CNTの成長を阻害せず、成長温度で触媒を担持した基材1を受容することができ、炉内の均熱性を保ち得るものとすると良い。さらには、大量のCNTを合成するために、合成炉3は、基材1を複数、もしくは連続的に供給・取り出しを行うシステムを装備していてもよい。
〔ガス供給管〕
ガス供給管4は炭素重量フラックス調整手段13から供給された原料ガス、触媒賦活物質、雰囲気ガス、還元ガスなどを、合成炉3内、及びまたはガス流形成手段21、及びまたは滞留時間調整手段14に供給する配管を指す。なお、ガス供給管4は、ガスのみならず、液体を供給してもよい。ガス供給管4は、合成炉3の上壁、およびまたは、側壁に設けられた、開口から合成炉3内へ挿設するのが、原料ガスを縦(鉛直)方向から供給するために好ましい。配管の一部は合成炉3の中に挿入されていてもよく、加熱領域7内にその末端が設けられていてもよい。合成炉3の中に挿入されている配管は各種ガスと反応せず、高熱下においてもその品質、形状を保ち得るものであればよく、石英、各種金属材料などが挙げられる。
〔ガス排気管〕
ガス排気管5は、合成炉3から、雰囲気ガス、触媒賦活物質、還元ガス、原料ガス等を排気する配管、ダクト等の手段を指す。なお、ガス排気管5は、ガスのみならず、液体を排気してもよい。ガス排気管5の材料は各種ガスと反応せず、その品質、形状を保ち得るものであればよく、石英、各種金属材料などが挙げられる。ガス排気管5は、合成炉3の下壁、およびまたは、ガス供給管4より下側の側壁に設けられた、開口から合成炉3内へ挿設するのが好ましい。このように、ガス供給官4とガス排気管5を配設すれば、合成炉3内で原料ガスが縦(鉛直)方向から触媒に供給され、後述するように、乱流を抑制し、基材1上に設けられた触媒層2表面に、原料ガスを略均一の量で、かつ略等しい滞留時間をもって接触させるのに好ましい。
〔加熱手段および加熱領域〕
加熱手段6は、合成炉3を外囲するように設けられた合成炉3、およびまたは滞留時間調整手段14を加熱するための装置を指す。電熱線を用いるもの、赤外線を用いるものなど既存の加熱手段6を用いることができる。なお、本明細書で言う加熱領域7とは、加熱手段6により、加熱された合成炉3、及びまたは滞留時間調整手段14の内部の空間を言う。
〔ガス流形成手段〕
ガス流形成手段21とは、ガス供給管4から供給される原料ガスを、複数の方向に分配する手段のことである。ガス流形成手段21は、原料ガスを複数の方向に分配・分散することができれば、材質、形状等は特に制限されず、公知のものを適宜用いることができる。
〔ガス噴出手段〕
ガス噴出手段20とは、ガス供給管4から合成炉3内に供給された、原料ガス、触媒賦活物質、雰囲気ガス、還元ガス等を合成炉3内で噴出する手段である。ガス噴出手段20を複数、適宜ガス流形成手段21およびまたは滞留時間調整手段14に分散・配設することで、基材1の触媒に接触する原料ガスの量を均一化する、およびまたは、触媒に接触する原料ガスの滞留時間を等しくすることに効果がある。ガス噴出手段20としては、配管、中空部材などから構成されるガス流形成手段21に配設された噴出孔や、ノズル、実質的な噴出孔が無数にあるようなポーラス材料を例示できるが、上記の効果があれば、適宜の形態の物を用いることができる。
〔滞留時間調整手段〕
滞留時間調整手段14とは、滞留時間を意図的に増加、及びまたは調整させることで、原料ガスの滞留時間を増加・調整し、最適化する手段のことである。しかるに滞留時間調整手段14は、原料ガスの滞留時間を調整、最適化できる手段であれば、形状形態を問わず、公知の何らかの手段を適宜用いることができる。滞留時間調整手段14を用いると、従来は長くすることを検討されることのなかった滞留時間を、長くする方向に調整し、最適化することができ、触媒賦活物質含有、高炭素濃度環境下で、高収量、高速成長で効率良くCNT集合体を製造することに著しい効果がある。
〔乱流抑制手段〕
乱流抑制手段22とは、原料ガスが、ガス供給管4から合成炉3内の加熱領域7に供給されてから、触媒に接触するまでの間に乱流となることを抑制する手段であればよく、形状等はとくに制限されず、形状、材質等、整流板、ハニカム等、公知の方法を適宜用いることができる。
〔製造装置の材質〕
製造装置の一部、特に滞留時間調整手段14、ガス流形成手段21、ガス噴出手段20、乱流抑制手段22の材質は、その機能を発現できるものであればよく、公知の物を適宜用いることができる。このような、生産装置の一部、特に滞留時間調整手段14、ガス流形成手段21、ガス噴出手段20、乱流抑制手段22の材質は耐熱合金とすると良い。耐熱合金は、加工性、機械的強度に優れるために、構造が複雑な形状を生産装置の一部の作るために好ましい。
〔浸炭防止層〕
製造装置の一部、特に滞留時間調整手段14、ガス流形成手段21、ガス噴出手段20、乱流抑制手段22の表面又は裏面の少なくともいずれか一方には、浸炭防止層が形成してもよい。もちろん、表面及び裏面の両面に浸炭防止層が形成されていることが望ましい。この浸炭防止層は、製造装置の一部と原料ガスの化学反応を抑制するために好ましい。また、原料ガスの分解により、生産装置の一部が浸炭されて変形してしまうのを防止するために好ましい。
〔滞留時間〕
滞留時間とは、加熱手段6により加熱された合成炉3内の加熱領域7において、ガス供給管4より合成炉3内の加熱領域7にガスが供給されてから基材1の触媒に接触するまでの時間、すなわち加熱体積15をガスが通過する時間を表す。
〔加熱体積〕
加熱体積15とは、図2に示すように、加熱手段6により加熱された合成炉3内の加熱領域7において、ガス供給管4より合成炉3内の加熱領域7に供給された原料ガスが基材1の触媒に接触するまでに経た流路の体積で規定される。
〔排気体積〕
排気体積16とは、図2に示すように、原料ガスが基材1に接触してからガス排気管5より排出されるまでに経た流路において、加熱手段6により加熱された加熱領域7内にある加熱された原料ガスの体積(濃灰色部位)で規定される。
〔炭素重量フラックス調整手段〕
炭素重量フラックス調整手段13は、ガスフロー装置等により、CNTの原料となる炭素化合物となる原料ガスの供給量及び原料ガスや触媒賦活物質のキャリアガスである雰囲気ガスの供給量をそれぞれ調整し、任意の炭素重量フラックスを炉内に供給する手段である。このような手段を用いることにより、炭素重量フラックスを調整でき、最適な量の炭素を触媒に供給することが可能になり、本発明の効果を得ることができる。
〔炭素不純物抑制手段〕
炭素不純物抑制手段は、合成炉3の加熱領域7内、特に基材1近傍での炭素不純物の発生を抑制する手段のことを示す。触媒賦活物質含有、高炭素環境下で、加熱体積15を増やすことで滞留時間を長くし最適に調整されたCNTの成長工程においては、原料ガスの分解が進んでいるため、分解が進んだ原料ガスを、触媒と接触後に速やかに排気することで、合成炉3内で発生する炭素不純物の量を低減することができる。そのためには、ガス排気管5の断面積をガス供給管4の断面積より大きくすると好適である。また、ガス排気管5の側壁、及びまたは、合成炉3の下壁に複数設けてもよい。
〔本発明のメカニズム〕
原料ガスの滞留時間や炭素重量フラックスを調整し、ガス流形成手段21と、複数のガス噴出手段20と、滞留時間調整手段14とを用いて、原料ガスを略均一な量かつ略等しい最適化された滞留時間で触媒に接触させて、触媒賦活物質含有、高炭素濃度環境下で、高速にかつ高収量で効率良く効率よく、高純度、高比表面積のCNTを製造することができるメカニズムは以下のように推察される。
〔滞留時間の規定法〕
滞留時間は、加熱体積15をガスが通過する時間で規定される。ガス供給量を制御する炭素重量フラックス調整手段13での流量設定が、室温で計算されている場合、加熱された炉内における原料ガスの流量は、(加熱された炉内における原料ガスの流量)=(室温(25℃)で供給された流量)×{(293+T)/298}1/2となる。
〔炭素重量フラックスの規定法〕
炭素重量フラックスとは、広義には、単位時間当たりに単位面積当たりの触媒層2に接触する炭素の重量を表したものである。図4に示すように、炭素重量フラックス19は、単位時間当たりに原料ガスの流路17を通過する原料ガスに含まれる炭素原子の重量を、触媒層2(基材1上での触媒を包含する面もしくは空間)と原料ガスの流路17とが交わる面の面積18で割って、触媒層2の単位断面積、単位時間当たりに接触する炭素の重量を表したものである。炭素重量フラックスは、マスフロー等で構成される炭素重量フラックス調整手段13の調節により設定可能である。
炭素重量フラックス(g/cm2/min)=12×原料ガスの1分子内に含まれる炭素の数×原料ガスの流量×炉内圧力/(気体定数×加熱された炉内の絶対温度)/交わる面の面積
によって求められる。
また、これらのガスは滞留時間調整手段14によって、増加・調整された加熱体積15を流れ、最適化された滞留時間を経た後に、炭素重量フラックス調整手段13を用いて最適化された量で触媒層2の表面に接触し、基材1に被着した触媒微粒子から高速にかつ高収量で効率良くCNTが成長する(成長工程)。さらには、必要に応じて乱流抑制手段22を用いることで、これらのガスは、略等しい滞留時間で、基材1上の触媒微粒子に接触する。また、触媒層2に接触した後には、これらのガスは速やかにガス排気管5より排気され、炭素不純物の発生は最小限に抑えられる。
〔フォーメーション工程〕
フォーメーション工程とは、基材1に担持された触媒の周囲環境を還元ガス環境とすると共に、触媒または還元ガスの少なくとも一方を加熱する工程である。この工程により、触媒の還元、触媒のCNTの成長に適合した状態の微粒子化促進、および触媒の活性向上の少なくとも一つの効果が現れる。例えば、触媒がアルミナ-鉄薄膜である場合、鉄触媒層は還元されて微粒子化し、アルミナ層上にナノメートルサイズの触媒微粒子が多数形成される。
〔成長工程〕
成長工程とは、CNTの生産に好適な触媒の周囲環境を原料ガス環境とすると共に、触媒または原料ガスの少なくとも一方を加熱することにより、CNT集合体を成長させる工程のことを意味する。フォーメーション工程の後に成長工程を行うことはCNT集合体の生産に好適である。
〔炭素不純物付着抑制工程〕
炭素不純物付着抑制工程とは、CNTの生産終了後、合成炉3内に残余する、原料ガス、触媒賦活物質、それらの分解物、または合成炉3内に存在する炭素不純物等がCNT集合体へ付着することを抑制する工程のことであり、かかる効果があれば、どのような形態、工程でもよい。炭素不純物付着抑制工程として、CNTの生産終了後に、雰囲気ガスを一定時間流したり(フラッシュ工程)、合成炉3内に残余する、原料ガス、触媒賦活物質、それらの分解物、または炭素不純物等がない領域に基材1を移送することが例示できる。基材1を移送する際には、炭素不純物が多い合成炉3の下流ではなく、上流に向けて基材1を移送すると好ましい。
〔冷却工程〕
冷却工程とは、CNT集合体、触媒、および基材1を、成長工程後に冷却する工程のことである。成長工程後のCNT集合体、触媒、および基材1は高温状態にあるため、酸素存在環境下に置かれると酸化してしまうおそれがある。それを防ぐために冷却ガス環境下でCNT集合体、触媒、および基材1を、好ましくは400℃以下、より好ましくは200℃以下に冷却する。冷却ガスとしては、不活性ガスが好ましく、特に安全性、経済性、およびパージ性などの点から窒素が好ましい。
〔基材(基板)〕
基材1(基板)とは、その表面にCNTを成長させる触媒を担持することのできる部材であり、最低限400℃以上の高温でも形状を維持できるものであれば適宜のものを用いることができる。
〔触媒〕
本発明の実施において基材1に担持され、触媒層2を形成する触媒としては、これまでのCNTの製造に実績のあるものであれば適宜のものを用いることができるが、具体的には、鉄・ニッケル・コバルト・モリブデン、およびこれらの塩化物並びに合金や、これらがさらにアムミニウム・アルミナ・チタニア・窒化チタン・酸化シリコンと複合化、または重層化したものでもよい。
〔還元ガス〕
フォーメーション工程で用いる還元ガスは、触媒の還元、触媒のCNTの成長に適合した状態の微粒子化促進、および触媒の活性向上の少なくとも一つの効果を持つガスである。本発明の実施に用いる還元ガスとしては、これまでのCNTの製造に実績のある還元性を有するガスであれば適宜のものを用いることができるが、例えば水素・アンモニア・水、およびそれらの混合ガスを適用することができる。
〔不活性ガス(雰囲気ガス)〕
化学気相成長の雰囲気ガス(キャリアガス)としては、CNTの成長温度で不活性であり、成長するCNTと反応しないガスであればよく、本発明の実施に用いる雰囲気ガスとしては、これまでのCNTの製造に実績のあるものであれば適宜のものを用いることができる。一般的には、不活性ガスが好ましく、ヘリウム・アルゴン・水素・窒素・ネオン・クリプトン・二酸化炭素・塩素などや、これらの混合ガスが挙げられ、特に窒素・ヘリウム・アルゴン・水素、およびこれらの混合ガスが好適である。
〔原料(原料ガス)〕
本発明の実施においてCNTの製造に用いる原料としては、これまでのCNTの製造に実績のあるものであれば、成長温度において原料炭素元素を含み、酸素元素を含まない適宜な物質を用いることができる。酸素を含有する、エタノールや、一酸化炭素等を原料ガスとして用いてCNTが製造できることが知られている。一般的に、エタノールや、一酸化炭素等を原料ガスとして用いてCNTを製造する場合には、成長速度、合成効率等が、本発明の製造法と比較して大きく劣る。本発明においては、このような酸素を含有する原料ガスを用いた場合、触媒賦活物質の効果が著しく低減するため、本発明の効果を得ることができない。本発明においては、エタノールや、一酸化炭素は、原料ガスではなく、触媒賦活物質として用いる。
この原料ガスとしては、芳香族化合物・飽和炭化水素・不飽和炭化水素・不飽和鎖式炭化水素・飽和鎖式炭化水素・環状不飽和炭化水素・環状飽和炭化水素などのガス状炭素化合物を例示できる。中でも、メタン・エタン・プロパン・ブタン・ペンタン・ヘキサン・ヘプタン・プロピレン・エチレン・ブタジエン・ポリアセチレン・アセチレンなどの炭化水素が好適である。これらの原料ガスが成長工程において触媒と接触することにより、触媒表面にCNTが生成される。
〔雰囲気圧力〕
CNTを成長させる雰囲気の圧力は、104Pa以上、106Pa(100気圧)以下が好ましく、5×104Pa以上、2×105Pa(2大気圧)以下がさらに好ましく、9×104Pa以上、1.1×105Pa以下が特に好ましい。9×104Pa以上、1.1×105Paの間で、真空や高圧を用いない、大気圧や大気圧に近い圧力下では、CNTの製造効率は非常に良好である。また、シャッターやバルブを用いない開放系の製造装置が使用可能となるので量産の観点からも好ましい。
〔触媒賦活物質の添加〕
CNTの成長工程において、触媒賦活物質を添加するとよい。触媒賦活物質の添加により、触媒の寿命を延長し、且つ活性を高め、結果としてCNTの生産効率向上や高純度化を推進することができる。
触媒賦活物質として、炭素を含むものを用いた場合、触媒賦活物質中の炭素が、CNTの原料となりうる。
〔触媒賦活物質および原料の条件〕
成長工程において触媒賦活物質と原料とを用いてCNTを製造する際には、(1)原料は炭素を含み酸素を含まず、(2)触媒賦活物質は酸素を含むことが、CNTを高効率で製造する上に重要である。
CNTを成長させる反応温度は、金属触媒、原料炭素源、および反応圧力などを考慮して適宜に定められるが、触媒失活の原因となる副次生成物を排除するために触媒賦活剤を添加する工程を含む場合は、その効果が十分に発現する温度範囲に設定することが望ましい。
〔高炭素濃度環境〕
CNTの成長速度は、触媒に接触する原料ガスに含まれる炭素原子の数に比例する。つまり、全流量に対する原料ガスの割合(原料濃度)が高ければ高いほど成長速度が高くなるので、CNTの生産効率が向上すると言える。
〔CNT集合体〕
上記した生産装置、および製造法により、高炭素環境化・触媒賦活物質含有雰囲気で、基材上の触媒から原料ガスを用いて、高効率でCNTを成長させることができ、触媒から成長した多数のCNTは特定の方向に配向し、CNT集合体を形成する。CNT配向集合体とは基材1から剥離して得られた物体でも良い。その場合、CNT集合体は粉体状であっても良い。
[配向性]
単層CNT集合体の配向性の評価は、例えばヘルマンの配向係数に基づいて行う。
例えば、θ-2θ法またはラウエ法で得られたX線回折強度または、SEM画像または原子間力顕微鏡(以下、AFMとも称す)画像を高速フーリエ変換(FFT変換)して得られたFFT画像から得た強度プロフィールを用いて計算したヘルマンの配向係数が、CNT集合体において0.1より大きく1より小さいCNT配向集合体は、良好な電気特性、良好な機械的特性、良好な熱特性を示し、且つ熱力学的、電気的、機械的な異方性もあり、様々な用途に好適である。
1. CNTの長手方向に平行な第1方向と、第1方向に直交する第2方向とからX線を入射してX線回折強度を測定(θ-2θ法)した場合に、第2方向からの反射強度が、第1方向からの反射強度より大きくなるθ角と反射方位とが存在し、且つ第1方向からの反射強度が、第2方向からの反射強度より大きくなるθ角と反射方位とが存在すること。
2. CNTの長手方向に直交する方向からX線を入射して得られた2次元回折パターン像でX線回折強度を測定(ラウエ法)した場合に、異方性の存在を示す回折ピークパターンが出現すること。
3. ヘルマンの配向係数が、θ-2θ法またはラウエ法で得られたX線回折強度を用いると0.1より大きく1より小さいこと。より好ましくは0.25以上1未満であること。
(実施例1)
図1および図6に示したCNT製造装置を用いて、上記に記載の製造装置と同様の方法を採用して、CNT集合体、およびCNT配向集合体を製造した。図1、図2、および図6を参照しながら説明する。
〔加熱体積の規定〕
本装置の構成において、滞留時間調整手段14の長さは140mmであり、加熱体積15は444cm3(滞留時間調整手段14の体積396.2cm3(断面積28.3cm2×距離14cm)+ガス流形成手段21の体積47.3cm3(断面積28.3cm2×高さ1.67cm))と規定される。
〔CNT集合体の成長速度〕
CNT集合体の成長速度は620μm/minであった。Appl. Phys. Lett.93巻,143115頁2008年などで今までに報告されているCNTの成長速度は高々200μm/min程度であるので、本発明の装置構成と製造法は、高速に配向したCNT集合体を製造するのに著しく効果があることが分かる。
(実施例2)
実施例1とは炉および基材1を変えて実施をした例を示す。図1、図2、および図6を参照しながら説明する。石英管の合成炉3(内径80mm、断面積5024mm2、全長550mm)に触媒であるAl2O3を30nm、Feを1.8nmスパッタリングした厚さ500nmのフォイル(材質YEF426、厚さ0.3mm)基材1(縦20mm×横20mm)を搬入した。加熱手段6、および加熱領域7の全長は420mmとした。加熱手段6の中心部の水平位置から基材1までの距離は120mm下流側であり、加熱領域7内5センチのところにガス排気管5を設置した。実施例1と同様な、ガス流路形成手段21、ガス噴出手段20、及び滞留時間調整手段14を設けた。ガス噴出手段20と対向する触媒表面との距離は140mmとした。この距離を滞留時間調整手段14の長さと定義する。
また、排気体積16は、113cm3(原料ガスの流路の断面積28.3cm2×排気側の長さ42/2―12-5=4cm)であり、加熱体積15よりも小さい。
(実施例3)
本実施例では、図9に示す、滞留時間調整手段14中の、乱流防止手段22が、複数のパイプの蜂の巣状の集合体やハニカムなどの、複数の中空部材や筒状部材から構成されるCNT製造装置について説明する。
(実施例4)
本実施例では、図10に示す、実施例1で説明したガス流形成手段21と、ガス流形成手段21に設けられたガス噴出手段20と対向する触媒層2表面との距離を40mm未満とし、加熱領域7内のガス供給管4と、ガス流形成手段21の間に、両者に連通させて、大きな加熱体積15を有する、中空状の構造体(ガス保留手段)からなる滞留時間調整手段14を設けるCNT製造装置について説明する。
(実施例5)
本実施例では、図11に示す、実施例4で用いた、大きな加熱体積15を有する中空状の構造体中である滞留時間調整手段14中に、乱流防止手段22を備えるCNT製造装置について説明する。製造装置の他の部位、およびカーボン製造方法に関しては実施例1で説明した製造装置の部位、および製造方法を用いることができ、それぞれの詳細については、ここでは省略する。
(実施例6)
本実施例では、図12に示す、実施例4で用いた、大きな加熱体積15を有する中空状の構造体中である滞留時間調整手段14中に、ガス流形成手段21とガス噴出手段20とを備えるCNT製造装置について説明する。製造装置の他の部位、およびカーボン製造方法に関しては実施例1で説明した製造装置の部位、および製造方法を用いることができ、それぞれの詳細については、ここでは省略する。
(実施例7)
本実施例では、図13に示す、実施例1で用いたガス流形成手段21と、ガス流形成手段21に設けられたガス噴出手段20と対向する触媒層2表面との距離を40mm未満とし、加熱領域7内のガス供給管4と、ガス流形成手段21の間に、両者に連通させて、大きな加熱体積15を有する、乱流が発生しない程度の断面積を有するパイプ状のガス配管からなる滞留時間調整手段14を設けたCNT製造装置について説明する。
(実施例8)
本実施例では、図14に示す、実施例1で用いたガス流形成手段21と、ガス流形成手段21に設けられたガス噴出手段20と対向する触媒層2表面との距離を40mm未満とし、合成炉3外に、加熱炉を設け、ガス供給管4と、ガス流形成手段21の間に、両者に連通させて、大きな加熱体積15を有する、乱流が発生しない程度の断面積を有するパイプ状のガス配管からなる滞留時間調整手段14、もしくは大きな加熱体積15を有する、中空状の構造体(ガス保留手段)からなる滞留時間調整手段14を設けたCNT製造装置について説明する。加熱炉と合成炉3は独立に加熱制御してもよい。
〔実施例1および2で製造されるCNTの特性〕
単層CNT集合体の特性は、製造条件の詳細に依存するが、実施例1、および実施例2の製造条件では、典型値として、単層CNT含有率99%(2層CNT、多層CNTに対する単層CNTの本数割合であり、合成した、単層CNT集合体を透過型電子顕微鏡で観察し画像から求める)、重量密度:0.03g/cm3、BET-比表面積:1150m2/g、炭素純度99.9%、ヘルマンの配向係数0.7である。
〔CNT集合体のラマンスペクトル評価〕
実施例1により得られたCNT集合体のラマンスペクトルを計測した。鋭いGバンドピークが1590カイザー近傍で観察され、これより本発明のCNT集合体を構成するCNTにグラファイト結晶構造が存在することが分かる。
〔CNT集合体の比表面積〕
基板から剥離したCNT集合体から50mgの塊を取り出し、これをBELSORP-MINI(株式会社日本ベル製)を用いて77Kで液体窒素の吸脱着等温線を計測した(吸着平衡時間は600秒とした)。この吸脱着等温線からBrunauer, Emmett, Tellerの方法で比表面積を計測したところ、1150m2/gであった。
〔CNT集合体の純度〕
CNT集合体の炭素純度は、蛍光X線を用いた元素分析結果より求めた。基板から剥離したCNT集合体を蛍光X線によって元素分析したところ、炭素の重量パーセントは99.98%、鉄の重量パーセントは0.013%であり、その他の元素は計測されなかった。この結果から、炭素純度は99.98%と計測された。
〔θ―2θ法による配向性評価〕
得られたCNT集合体の配向性評価をCu-Ka X線源として15kWのパワーでX線回折装置(Rigaku Gorp Diffractometer :RINT-2500/HRPBO)を用いて、θ-2θ法によるX線回折測定法で行った。X線のスポット径は0.6mmであった。試料として用いた単層CNT集合体の主要諸元は、形状寸法:1m×1m×10mmの四角柱である。
〔ラウエ法による配向性評価〕
得られたCNT集合体の配向度をラウエ法によるX線回折測定法で評価した。使用した装置はBruker社製(Bruker SMART APEX CCD area-detector diffractometer)。4.5kWのパワーでX線源(BRUKERAXS MO CE-SRA)としてMo-Kaを用いた。試料とX線検出器の距離は5.968cmでCCD検出器のサイズは6.1x6.1cmであり、X線のスポット径は0.5mmであった。
(比較例1)
実施例1と同じ、合成炉3、ガス流形成手段21、ガス噴出手段20からなるCNT製造装置(滞留時間調整手段14を有さない)において、実施例1と同じ、基材1、触媒を用いて、実施例1と同じ工程でCNT集合体を製造した。滞留時間調整手段14を有さないため、ガス流形成手段21とガス噴出手段20と触媒表面の間の距離は10mmとした。
2 触媒層
3 合成炉
4 ガス供給管
5 ガス排気管
6 加熱手段
7 加熱領域
8 基材ホルダ
9 原料ガスボンベ
10 触媒賦活物質ボンベ
11 雰囲気ガスボンベ
12 還元ガスボンベ
13 炭素重量フラックス調整手段
14 滞留時間調整手段
15 加熱体積
16 排気体積
17 原料ガスの流路
18 触媒層と原料ガスの流路とが交わる面の面積
19 炭素重量フラックス
20 ガス噴出手段
21 ガス流形成手段
22 乱流抑制手段
Claims (20)
- 合成炉と、前記合成炉に連通するガス供給管およびガス排気管と、前記合成炉内を所定温度に加熱するための加熱手段と、前記ガス供給管を介して供給される原料ガスを前記合成炉内に噴出するガス噴出手段とを備え、前記ガス供給管を介して供給される原料ガスを、前記加熱手段により加熱された前記合成炉の加熱領域内に供給して、基材に設けられた触媒層表面からカーボンナノチューブを製造し、前記ガス排気管より、原料ガスを排気するカーボンナノチューブの製造装置であって、前記基材上に設けられた前記触媒層表面に、原料ガスを略均一の量で、かつ略等しい滞留時間をもって接触させる滞留時間調整手段を備えることを特徴とするカーボンナノチューブの製造装置。
- 合成炉と、前記合成炉に連通するガス供給管およびガス排気管と、前記合成炉内を所定温度に加熱するための加熱手段と、前記ガス供給管を介して供給される原料ガスを前記合成炉内に噴出するガス噴出手段と、前記加熱手段によって加熱された加熱領域内に配設されたガス噴出手段を備え、前記ガス供給管から供給される原料ガスを複数の方向に分配するガス流形成手段と、前記加熱手段により加熱される原料ガスの滞留時間を調整する滞留時間調整手段と、原料ガスの炭素重量フラックスを調整する炭素重量フラックス調整手段とを備え、原料ガスを前記加熱手段により加熱された前記合成炉の前記加熱領域内に供給して、基材に設けられた触媒からカーボンナノチューブを製造し、前記ガス排気管より、原料ガスを排気することを特徴とするカーボンナノチューブの製造装置。
- 前記滞留時間調整手段が、乱流抑制手段を備えることを特徴とする、請求項1または2に記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造装置。
- 前記滞留時間調整手段が、加熱領域内で加熱される原料ガスの加熱体積を調整することを特徴とする請求項1から3のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造装置。
- 前記加熱体積の調整が加熱体積を増大させることを特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造装置。
- 前記ガス流形成手段が、基材平面に対して略平行方向の原料ガス流を形成することを特徴とする請求項1から5のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造装置。
- 前記ガス噴出手段が基材平面に対して略垂直方向の原料ガス流を形成することを特徴とする請求項1から6のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造装置。
- 前記滞留時間調整手段がガス流形成手段と連通して設けられていることを特徴とする請求項1から7のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造装置。
- 基材上に設けられた触媒層表面と、該触媒表面に対向して設けられたガス流形成手段に設けられたガス噴出手段との距離が40mm以上を有することを特徴とする請求項1から8のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造装置。
- 前記滞留時間調整手段がガス供給管と連通して設けられていることを特徴とする請求項1から9のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造装置。
- 前記滞留時間調整手段が、複数のガス噴出手段を備えることを特徴とする、請求項1から10のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造装置。
- 前記滞留時間調整手段が、ガス供給管から供給される原料ガスを、複数の方向に分配する、ガス流形成手段を備えることを特徴とする、請求項1から11のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造装置。
- 滞留時間調整手段、ガス流形成手段、乱流抑制手段のいずれかすくなくとも一つが耐熱合金であることを特徴とする、請求項1から12のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造装置。
- 前記滞留時間調整手段、ガス流形成手段、乱流抑制手段のいずれかすくなくとも一つが浸炭防止層を備えることを特徴とする請求項1から13のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造装置。
- 前記加熱領域で加熱手段により加熱される原料ガスの流路の加熱体積と排気流路の排気体積とを規定し、前記加熱領域は、該加熱体積が該排気体積より大きいことを特徴とする請求項1から14のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造装置。
- 前記複数のガス噴出手段から噴出される原料ガスの流路の断面積が、該原料ガスの流路と触媒形成面と交わる面の面積とほぼ一致してなることを特徴とする請求項1から15のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブ製造装置。
- 原料ガスと雰囲気ガスとの供給量から炭素重量フラックスを調整して得られた該原料ガスと該雰囲気ガスとを合成炉に供給し、原料ガスを略均一の量で、かつ略等しい滞留時間をもって基材上の触媒層に接触させてカーボンナノチューブを成長することを特徴とするカーボンナノチューブの製造方法。
- 原料ガスは基材平面に対して略平行方向に複数の方向に原料ガス流を形成した後に、基材平面に対して略垂直方向から基材上の触媒層表面に接触することを特徴とする請求項17に記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造方法。
- カーボンナノチューブを成長する工程の前に、還元ガスを供給して触媒膜に触媒微粒子を形成する工程をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項17または18に記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造方法。
- カーボンナノチューブを成長する工程の前に、原料ガスが基材に接触してからガス排気管より排出されるまでの流路において加熱領域内に含まれる流路の体積として規定される排気体積を、原料ガスがガス供給管より供給され基材に接触するまでの流路において加熱領域内に含まれる流路の体積として規定される加熱体積より小さくなるように調節して基材を加熱領域に設置する工程をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項17から19のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブの製造方法。
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EP2444370A1 (en) * | 2009-06-17 | 2012-04-25 | National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science And Technology | Method for producing carbon nanotube assembly having high specific surface area |
JP2012140266A (ja) * | 2010-12-28 | 2012-07-26 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology | カーボンナノチューブの製造装置および製造方法 |
JPWO2013027797A1 (ja) * | 2011-08-24 | 2015-03-19 | 日本ゼオン株式会社 | カーボンナノチューブ配向集合体の製造装置及び製造方法 |
JP2016172646A (ja) * | 2015-03-16 | 2016-09-29 | 東洋インキScホールディングス株式会社 | カーボンナノチューブの製造装置 |
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CN103922310B (zh) * | 2014-04-09 | 2016-01-13 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | 低温气相宏量生长高质量、平直碳纳米管的方法及装置 |
CN105070619B (zh) * | 2015-07-17 | 2017-05-03 | 兰州空间技术物理研究所 | 一种铁基金属合金衬底上碳纳米管阵列阴极的制备方法 |
WO2020171047A1 (ja) * | 2019-02-22 | 2020-08-27 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | カーボンナノチューブの製造方法、カーボンナノチューブ集合線の製造方法、カーボンナノチューブ集合線バンドルの製造方法、カーボンナノチューブ製造装置、カーボンナノチューブ集合線製造装置及びカーボンナノチューブ集合線バンドル製造装置 |
US20240053772A1 (en) * | 2022-08-12 | 2024-02-15 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Method and system for controlling production and storage of industrial gases |
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