WO2010106326A1 - Optical coating - Google Patents
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- WO2010106326A1 WO2010106326A1 PCT/GB2010/000490 GB2010000490W WO2010106326A1 WO 2010106326 A1 WO2010106326 A1 WO 2010106326A1 GB 2010000490 W GB2010000490 W GB 2010000490W WO 2010106326 A1 WO2010106326 A1 WO 2010106326A1
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- Prior art keywords
- optical coating
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- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 95
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
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- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006117 anti-reflective coating Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003667 anti-reflective effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 25
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 26
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 26
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 13
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 7
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 6
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000000635 electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000005388 borosilicate glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- -1 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 239000013335 mesoporous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910004829 CaWO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000611 Zinc aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011127 biaxially oriented polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910019990 cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000004313 glare Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005661 hydrophobic surface Effects 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002346 layers by function Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanediyl Chemical compound [CH2] HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011112 polyethylene naphthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012048 reactive intermediate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005348 self-cleaning glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000391 spectroscopic ellipsometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/10—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
- G02B1/11—Anti-reflection coatings
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/10—Optical coatings produced by application to, or surface treatment of, optical elements
- G02B1/11—Anti-reflection coatings
- G02B1/113—Anti-reflection coatings using inorganic layer materials only
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B9/00—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0216—Coatings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0216—Coatings
- H01L31/02161—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0216—Coatings
- H01L31/02161—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/02167—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
- H01L31/02168—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells the coatings being antireflective or having enhancing optical properties for the solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
- H01L31/055—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means where light is absorbed and re-emitted at a different wavelength by the optical element directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. by using luminescent material, fluorescent concentrators or up-conversion arrangements
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24355—Continuous and nonuniform or irregular surface on layer or component [e.g., roofing, etc.]
- Y10T428/24372—Particulate matter
- Y10T428/24421—Silicon containing
Definitions
- the invention relates to an optical coating, comprising porous particles or obtained from porous particles, that is transmissive preferably to visible light, and preferably provides antireflective properties, and optionally provides other additional functionality.
- the coating is particularly, but not exclusively, suitable for application to photovoltaic cells, displays, light emitting diodes and solar concentrators.
- FIG. 1 illustrates schematically a conventional single-layer antireflective (AR) coating 1 on a substrate 2.
- AR antireflective
- the thickness of the AR coating 1 is d.
- the reflectance is reduced if the light reflected off the front and back surfaces of the AR coating 1 is arranged to destructively interfere. This is achieved (for normal incidence) if the thickness of the coating 1 is equal to a quarter of the wavelength of the incident light in the medium of the coating, i.e.:
- n ⁇ is the refractive index of the coating.
- n ⁇ is the refractive index of the coating.
- the thickness d may, of course, be any odd integer multiple of one quarter of the wavelength of the light in the coating. For complete destructive interference, the amplitude of the two reflected waves must be equal to each other.
- AR coatings are used to reduce reflectance which diminishes the viewability of the display i.e. reduce glare.
- Another desirable property of such coatings is a reduction in reflectance over a wide viewing angle.
- the AR coating is primarily applied to plastic substrates although glass may also be used.
- the present invention provides an optical coating comprising porous particles, wherein the average thickness of the coating is in the range from 75 to 400 nm, and wherein the surface roughness of the coating is in the range from 2 to 300 nm.
- the porous particles comprise at least one of mesoporous particles and microporous particles.
- the porous particles comprise at least one of zeolite particles, silica particles, and aluminosilicate particles.
- the optical coating my be obtainable by treating a coating as specified above with an alkali or base solution, such as a solution comprising potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide.
- Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of producing an optical coating comprising: providing a blend of porous particles with a mixture of maximum dimensions in the range of from 10 to 70 nm; and applying the particles to a substrate to form a layer with average thickness in the range of from 75 to 400 nm.
- the invention extends the bandpass of the AR coating by providing a textured surface of varying thickness on a scale less than the wavelength of the incident light.
- optical is used, for example in “optical coating”; however, this term is not intended to imply any limitation to visible light only.
- the invention may, if required, be applied to other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, for example including at least ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR).
- UV ultraviolet
- IR infrared
- Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of a conventional uniform-thickness, single-layer AR coating provided on a substrate
- Fig. 2 is an electron-micrograph of an optical coating according to a first example embodying the invention
- Fig. 3 is a graph of reflectance (%) against wavelength of incident light (nm) for a borosilicate glass substrate coated with an AR coating according to the first example embodying the invention (lower plot) and for an uncoated substrate (upper plot);
- Fig. 4a is an electron-micrograph of an optical coating according to a second example embodying the invention in plan view;
- Fig. 4b is an electron-micrograph of the optical coating according to the second example embodying the invention in cross-section;
- Fig. 5 is a graph of reflectance (%) against wavelength of incident light (nm) for a borosilicate glass substrate coated with an AR coating according to the second example embodying the invention (lower plot) and for an uncoated substrate (upper plot);
- Fig. 6 is an electron-micrograph of the optical coating according to a third example embodying the invention in cross-section
- Fig. 7 is a graph of reflectance (%) against wavelength of incident light (nm) for a glass substrate coated with an AR coating according to the third example embodying the invention (lower plot) and for an uncoated substrate (upper plot)
- Fig. 8 is a graph of reflectance (%) against wavelength of incident light (nm) for a glass substrate coated with an AR coating according to the fourth example embodying the invention (lower plot) and for an uncoated substrate (upper plot)
- the preferred embodiment of the optical coating relates to the use of porous nanoparticles in an antireflectance coating or as a precursor to forming an antireflectance coating.
- the particles have an open or porous structure. Porous particles are used as antireflectance coatings because the porous nature of the material naturally reduces the refractive index (i.e. the refractive index becomes a average of that of air and the material of the particles). As such they may be applied to a surface and fulfil the requirements of having a refractive index close to halfway between glass and air.
- the particles may be mesoporous (with pore diameters greater than 2 nm) or microporous (with pore diameters less than 2 nm).
- the particles are less than 100 nm in maximum dimension and have a regular pore structure with pore diameter less than 10 nm.
- Suitable materials for the porous particles include silica or aluminosilicate materials, examples of which are zeolites.
- Preferred materials for the porous particles are based on pure silica or silica with low levels of alumina. Specific examples include: LTL zeolites, which are 100% silica and have a space group of P6/mmm, or LTA zeolites.
- Other examples are mesoporous materials, which are not classed as zeolites because of their larger pore size, for example pore diameter in the range 2 to 10 run.
- a preferred mesoporous material is composed of pure silica, and a preferred pore size is 3 ran.
- Suitable porous particles are commercially available.
- a blend of porous silica particles or aluminosilicate particles is used to create an anti-reflectance coating with a broad transmission bandwidth.
- the particles comprise a blend of different sizes (maximum dimensions) preferably spanning the range from 10 to 70 run, to improve the bandwidth for an AR coating, but could comprise a mix of particles of 40 nm and 50 nm (or other intermediate values within the range 10 to 70 nm) which would lower the roughness and hence transmission bandwidth of the final film, but with improved abrasion resistance.
- the particles are used to create a layer on a substrate, such as glass or polymer, which has a mean thickness in the range from 75 to 400 nm, with a surface roughness in the range from 2 to 300 nm and a refractive index in the range of 1.1 to 1.4.
- a more preferred value for the thickness is in the range from 100 to 200 nm.
- a more preferred surface roughness is in the range from 10 to 150 nm, most preferably 20 to 80 nm.
- the layer is formed on the substrate by a wet-processing technique, such as spraying, spin-coating or dip-coating, using a suspension of the porous particles and a binder material.
- the binder can impart mechanical strength to the coating.
- Preferred embodiments of the binder are silicate based, silica, silicone based, siloxane based or acrylate based.
- the surface roughness forms spontaneously upon deposition of the layer because of the range of dimensions of the starting particles.
- the particles are attached to each other and bound together in a robust structure, preferably using silane chemistry.
- tetraethyl orthosilicate is formulated with water, alcohol and acid and spin coated onto the substrate in a pre-treatment step to provide an interface region that sticks the particles to the substrate.
- the optical layer may optionally undergo a further chemical bath treatment, for example with an alkali or base solution, such as a 0.1 M KOH bath, a 0.1 M NaOH bath or a 0. IM NH 4 OH bath, to bind the particles together.
- the chemical bath treatment is preferably, but not restricted to, a water-based solution. After chemical bath treatment the structure of the film is altered and the scratch resistance increased.
- Such a layer reduces reflectance throughout the visible part of the spectrum (wavelength range 400 to 700 nm) by over 80% on conventional glass surfaces.
- the preferred embodiment of the surface treatment is one in which the surface modification that is carried out introduces a chemical functional group to the substrate surface which is able to chemically bond, either co-valently or ionically, with the binder system.
- Suitable surface modification techniques include, but are not limited to, plasma, corona or flame treatment or reaction of the surface with a reactive intermediate such as an organic radical, carbene or nitrene.
- EXAMPLE 1 Anti-reflectance film based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles
- Particles comprised of mesoporous silica are formed into a 150 nm layer on a borosilicate glass substrate from a suspension of the particles as follows: 100 ⁇ l of 0.75% w/v mesoporous silica in methanol is spun onto a glass substrate at 4000 rpm for 10 seconds.
- the particles are primarily cubic or rectangular and comprise a blend of different size particles having a maximum dimension typically in the range from 25 to 50 nm.
- Fig. 2 is an electron-micrograph of the layer
- Fig. 3 is a graph of the reflectivity at near normal incidence in the visible part of the spectrum for the layer on the substrate (lower plot) in comparison with an uncoated glass substrate (upper plot).
- Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements on the layer show that the refractive index (at 500nm) is in the range 1.10 to 1.15.
- EXAMPLE 2 Anti-reflectance film obtained from mesoporous silica nanoparticles as precursor to the film.
- a film of mesoporous silica particles of 25 to 50 nm is spin-coated on to a glass surface that has been treated with a tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) solution of 2:40:1 of TEOS:Isopropyl alcohol: 0.1M HC1.
- TEOS tetraethylorthosilicate
- the silica particles are suspended as 0.75% w/v particles in methanol and lOO ⁇ l is flooded on to the surface of a substrate spinning at 4000 rpm to produce the film. After drying the coating is immersed in a 0.1M KOH solution for 24 hours at 80°C to produce the final film that passes ASTM Standard Pencil Hardness Test D3363-05 to 5H.
- Figure 4a a plan view of the film is shown and Figure 4b shows the cross-section.
- the reflectivity is given in Figure 5 (lower plot) - the minimum being 0.25% at 550nm - the reflectivity of an uncoated substrate is also given in Figure 5 for comparison (upper plot).
- the KOH treatment shows considerable modification of the structure indicating that the structure comprising the porous particles acts as a precursor to the final structure of the film.
- EXAMPLE 3 LTL nanozeolite film as anti-reflectance coating.
- a solution of 1% w/v LTL zeolites of particle size 10 to 70 nm are formulated as 25% zeolite formulation, 25% methanol and 50% isopropyl alcohol. This solution is spun down on to a glass substrate at 1000 rpm for 60 seconds. The film is dried and the spinning process is repeated until 5 layers have been formed.
- the structure of the film is shown in cross-section in Figure 6 and the reflectance properties in comparison to a clean glass slide is shown in Figure 7.
- EXAMPLE 4 Anti-reflectance coating obtained from mesoporous silica nanoparticles incorporating surface and bulk binder material.
- a solution of 1.4% w/v mesoporous silica in methanol is used as a source of particles (Solution A).
- the size range of the mesoporous silica particles is 20 - 30 nm.
- a binder solution comprising lOO ⁇ l tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), 2ml isopropanol (IPA) and 50 ⁇ l hydrochloric acid is prepared (Solution B). Glass substrates are prepared by washing in acetone at 6OC for 10 minutes, IPA at 6OC for 10 minutes and are then dried. The dimensions of the substrates are 25 mm x 25 mm.
- the anti-reflection coating is prepared using a spin coater.
- a substrate is spun at 4200rpm and 270 ⁇ l of Solution B is deposited on the substrate which continues spinning for 25 seconds. Following this 270 ⁇ l of Solution A is deposited on the substrate which is spun at 4200rpm for 25 seconds. These two deposition steps are then repeated to give a final coating with the correct optical and mechanical properties.
- the reflectance properties in comparison to a glass substrate are given in Figure 8.
- the preferred application of the optical coating is on a glass window on top of a photovoltaic solar cell.
- the solar cell may be of any suitable kind, such as monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, thin-film silicon and hybrid technologies.
- the optical coating may be used on other optical components, known as solar concentrators, used for collecting and directing sun light to a photovoltaic cell.
- Suitable polymer materials for such components include, but are not limited to, polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), and polyolefins such as biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP).
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEN polyethylene naphthalate
- BOPP biaxially oriented polypropylene
- the optical coating embodying the invention may also be used in general displays, and general window applications - for example for thermal management of buildings.
- An optical coating embodying the invention can also be employed in ophthalmic elements, whether made of glass or plastics materials, for example
- the coating can be employed to achieve good efficiency in light emission applications, especially broad band light emission, such as for colour displays, lighting in general, particularly white lighting, and so on.
- the substrate may be made of glass or plastics materials, for example polycarbonate and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), though these materials can, of course, be used in solar cells too.
- Further embodiments of the current invention also include multiple layer coatings based on nanoparticle and thin films that also include an anti-reflectance component on the outer layer as described above.
- This ability to combine and integrate optical management properties is unique and only available as a result of the nanoparticle based AR coating - in this way one can use certain desired optical properties of materials but minimise the effect of changes in the refractive index of the materials that have precluded the use of these materials in solar cell and other windows to date.
- Some types of solar cells require that the UV light be screened out due to its detrimental effects on device performance.
- Typical compounds used include TiO 2 and ZnO.
- TiO 2 and ZnO merely coating a glass substrate with a TiO 2 layer (refractive index 2.7) can increase the reflectance of the window by up to 21% under incident light. Consequently, the additional functionality of an anti- reflective coating as described above is used for maintaining cell efficiency.
- a major source of reduced efficiencies in solar cells comes as a result of phonons generated by thermalization of charge carriers within the conduction band of the absorbing semiconductor - this may be reduced by including a down conversion layer on top of the semiconductor window. This would typically convert UV to blue, blue to green, UV to red etc. Any material that will down convert from a higher frequency photon is useful - these materials are typically based on phosphor materials such as YAG:Ce, Y 2 SiO 5 :Ce or other luminescent oxides. As these materials have a higher refractive index than glass they can be coated with an anti- reflective coating according to the invention.
- a particular embodiment of this invention concerns dye sensitised solar cells - as mentioned previously there is a need to eliminate UV light from the cell.
- cell efficiency may be increased by converting the incident solar UV light to a less damaging wavelength - especially blue light in the region 400-450nm. This may be achieved by using a luminescent material with broad band absorption in the near UV (290-400nm) and converting via a small Stokes shift into emission at 400-450nm.
- a luminescent material with broad band absorption in the near UV (290-400nm) and converting via a small Stokes shift into emission at 400-450nm.
- materials include CaWO 4 and Y 2 SiO 5 :Ce which are near UV excited blue emitters. As before, these are used in conjunction with AR coatings as described above.
- a hydrophobic surface improves rain water run off from the cell surface - this acts to pick up dust and organic matter and retains window transmission properties.
- An addition to the anti-reflectance coating involves a chemical modification to the surface to render the surface permanently hydrophobic by covalent insertion of a group containing a hydrophobic tail component and reactive head component covalently bonded to one another.
- Such hydrophobic substituents are typically, but not limited to, non-polar or fluorinated compounds such as aromatic rings, silicone waxes, alkyl chains of various lengths with or without fluorine atoms in the organic structure.
- Suitable reactive head groups include, but are not limited to, silanes, silazanes, radicals, carbenes and nitrenes.
- Quantum cutting refers to the phenomena whereby an incident photon is absorbed by a luminescence material - usually, although not always, based on rare earth elements — which then emits two photons generating a quantum efficiency > 100%. Energy is conserved however, as the energy of the incident photon must be equal to or greater than twice the energy of the emitted photons. The applications of this phenomenon to solar cells are clear - an incident photon, split into two photons with energy higher than the band gap of the semiconductor absorber, will generate twice as much current per photon with a quantum cutting layer present. This layer is combined with an anti- reflectance layer to maximise light into the cell. Suitable quantum cutting systems can be based on wide band gap semiconductors, such as TiO 2 , in conjunction with one or more rare earth ions.
- An infrared reflecting layer in conjunction with an AR coating can be used to manage heat transfer within the cell on both module and concentrator photovoltaic systems. Heat generation within solar cells creates phonons within the semiconductor that act to scatter electrons and increase resistivity.
- Suitable IR reflecting compounds which can be used include, indium tin oxide, zinc aluminium oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide, but other n-type and p-type wide band gap semiconductors can be used.
- Self cleaning glass may also be made by coating with a thin film of titanium dioxide, which absorbs UV photons to produce electron-hole pairs which have a high probability of recombining via surface states and producing free radicals which break down organic contaminants.
- titanium dioxide absorbs UV photons to produce electron-hole pairs which have a high probability of recombining via surface states and producing free radicals which break down organic contaminants.
- a further complication is that the titanium dioxide must have direct contact to the organic contaminant to be effective, so one cannot simply overcoat TiO 2 with an AR coating.
- An effective coating can be made using porous nanoparticles of the type described herein blended with TiO 2 particles, in which multiple layers of nanoparticles are placed down and the ratio of TiO 2 to porous particles is varied from high to low as one moves away from the glass surface.
- porous nanoparticles of the type described herein blended with TiO 2 particles in which multiple layers of nanoparticles are placed down and the ratio of TiO 2 to porous particles is varied from high to low as one moves away from the glass surface.
- the ratio of TiO 2 to porous particles maximum at the interface with the glass substrate and minimum at the top (exposed) surface.
- These layers are porous so access to the TiO 2 particles is maintained, but the refractive index is graded from high to low across the coating so that it is anti- reflective.
- the above-described further functional layers can, of course, be used in any combination with each other along with the porous particle-based AR coating.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2012500306A JP2012521014A (en) | 2009-03-20 | 2010-03-18 | Optical coating |
US13/144,943 US20120111400A1 (en) | 2009-03-20 | 2010-03-18 | Optical coating |
EP10710396A EP2409182A1 (en) | 2009-03-20 | 2010-03-18 | Optical coating |
CN2010800064535A CN102308231A (en) | 2009-03-20 | 2010-03-18 | Optical coating |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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GB0904870.3 | 2009-03-20 | ||
GBGB0904870.3A GB0904870D0 (en) | 2009-03-20 | 2009-03-20 | Optical coating |
Publications (1)
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WO2010106326A1 true WO2010106326A1 (en) | 2010-09-23 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/GB2010/000490 WO2010106326A1 (en) | 2009-03-20 | 2010-03-18 | Optical coating |
Country Status (7)
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US (1) | US20120111400A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2409182A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2012521014A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20110137367A (en) |
CN (1) | CN102308231A (en) |
GB (1) | GB0904870D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010106326A1 (en) |
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WO2012022983A1 (en) | 2010-08-20 | 2012-02-23 | Oxford Energy Technologies Limited | Optical coating comprising porous silica nanoparticles |
CN102593224A (en) * | 2011-01-07 | 2012-07-18 | 张一熙 | Transparent film solar cell for regulating infrared incidence amount by using nano-film |
US20130194670A1 (en) * | 2012-01-30 | 2013-08-01 | Guardian Industries Corp. | Method of making coated article including anti-reflection coating and products containing the same |
WO2014016608A1 (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2014-01-30 | Oxford Energy Technologies Limited | Radiation curable optical coating |
US10059622B2 (en) | 2012-05-07 | 2018-08-28 | Guardian Glass, LLC | Anti-reflection glass with tin oxide nanoparticles |
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JP2016115927A (en) * | 2014-12-10 | 2016-06-23 | 旭化成株式会社 | Coating film for solar cell |
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Cited By (5)
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WO2012022983A1 (en) | 2010-08-20 | 2012-02-23 | Oxford Energy Technologies Limited | Optical coating comprising porous silica nanoparticles |
CN102593224A (en) * | 2011-01-07 | 2012-07-18 | 张一熙 | Transparent film solar cell for regulating infrared incidence amount by using nano-film |
US20130194670A1 (en) * | 2012-01-30 | 2013-08-01 | Guardian Industries Corp. | Method of making coated article including anti-reflection coating and products containing the same |
US10059622B2 (en) | 2012-05-07 | 2018-08-28 | Guardian Glass, LLC | Anti-reflection glass with tin oxide nanoparticles |
WO2014016608A1 (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2014-01-30 | Oxford Energy Technologies Limited | Radiation curable optical coating |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20120111400A1 (en) | 2012-05-10 |
KR20110137367A (en) | 2011-12-22 |
CN102308231A (en) | 2012-01-04 |
JP2012521014A (en) | 2012-09-10 |
GB0904870D0 (en) | 2009-05-06 |
EP2409182A1 (en) | 2012-01-25 |
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