WO2010102135A1 - Temporally aligned exposure bracketing for high dynamic range imaging - Google Patents
Temporally aligned exposure bracketing for high dynamic range imaging Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010102135A1 WO2010102135A1 PCT/US2010/026250 US2010026250W WO2010102135A1 WO 2010102135 A1 WO2010102135 A1 WO 2010102135A1 US 2010026250 W US2010026250 W US 2010026250W WO 2010102135 A1 WO2010102135 A1 WO 2010102135A1
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- Prior art keywords
- image
- exposure
- prism
- temporally aligned
- aligned images
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/10—Beam splitting or combining systems
- G02B27/1066—Beam splitting or combining systems for enhancing image performance, like resolution, pixel numbers, dual magnifications or dynamic range, by tiling, slicing or overlapping fields of view
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/10—Beam splitting or combining systems
- G02B27/14—Beam splitting or combining systems operating by reflection only
- G02B27/144—Beam splitting or combining systems operating by reflection only using partially transparent surfaces without spectral selectivity
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B17/00—Details of cameras or camera bodies; Accessories therefor
- G03B17/02—Bodies
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
- G03B7/00—Control of exposure by setting shutters, diaphragms or filters, separately or conjointly
- G03B7/08—Control effected solely on the basis of the response, to the intensity of the light received by the camera, of a built-in light-sensitive device
- G03B7/091—Digital circuits
- G03B7/093—Digital circuits for control of exposure time
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/70—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/70—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene
- H04N23/741—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene by increasing the dynamic range of the image compared to the dynamic range of the electronic image sensors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/70—Circuitry for compensating brightness variation in the scene
- H04N23/743—Bracketing, i.e. taking a series of images with varying exposure conditions
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to imaging systems, and more particularly, to imaging systems that provide varying exposures for production of high dynamic range images.
- HDRI High dynamic range imaging
- HDRI is a term applied in image processing, computer graphics and photography, and generally relates to systems or techniques for providing a greater dynamic range of exposures. HDRI is most commonly employed in situations where the range between light and dark areas is great, and subsequently a normal exposure, or even a digitally enhanced exposure, are not adequate to resolve all of the image area.
- HDRI manipulates images and exposures to accurately represent the wide range of intensity levels found in real scenes, from direct sunlight to shadows.
- the user employs multiple exposures and bracketing with photo merging, to get greater detail throughout the tonal range.
- HDRI processing involves merging several exposures of a given scene into a, typically, 32-bit HDRI source file, which is then "tone mapped" to produce an image in which adjustments of qualities of light and contrast are applied locally to the HDRI source image.
- HDRI images are best captured originally in a digital format with a much higher bit depth than the current generation of digital imaging devices.
- Current devices are built around an 8-bit per channel architecture. That means that both the cameras and output displays have a maximum tonal range of 8-bits per RGB color channel.
- HDRl formats are typically 32-bits per channel. A few next generation cameras and displays are capable of handling this kind of imagery natively. It will probably be quite a few years until HDRI displays become common but HDRI cameras and acquisition techniques are already emerging.
- HDRI images are typically tone-mapped back to 8-bits per channel, essentially compressing the extended information into the smaller dynamic range. This is typically done automatically with a variety of existing software algorithms, or manually with artistic input through programs like Adobe Photoshop.
- the first is to use exotic high end cameras with special imaging chips (CMOS or CCD) like the Spheron HDR.
- CCD charge-coupled device
- CMOS complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
- image sensors convert light into electrons, though CMOS sensors are much less expensive to manufacture than CCD sensors.
- These types of cameras are typically used by professionals in controlled environments for the primary purpose of creating spherical photos to illuminate computer generated images (another important use of HDRI). They are not point and shoot cameras and are not capable of motion photography.
- the second is shooting multiple varying exposures in rapid succession (known as exposure bracketing) then combining those images taking the highlights from the underexposed images, mid tones from the normally exposed images, and shadows from the over exposed images to create a composite HDR image that retains massive detail in the highlights and shadows where normal cameras would lose detail.
- Both of these techniques have substantial disadvantages.
- the second technique can be done with conventional hardware, but it is time consuming and takes substantial expertise to pull off.
- the images are not temporally aligned, meaning they were taken one after another at different moments in time, there can be changes in the scene that produce artifacts when the HDRI software attempts to eliminate or synthesize the objects in motion across the frame.
- An example would be a car moving through the frame.
- HDRI exposure bracketed HDRI is typically restricted to still subjects, and any animals, cars, pedestrians, moving leaves or litter, clouds, etc., in fact anything that is shifting within the frame will preclude HDRI, or at the very least lead to unhappy results.
- HDRI requires multiple, huge files, multiple steps, and typically specialized and complicated software.
- the first technique is very expensive and requires exotic hardware or sophisticated electronic and software systems. While imaging chips are moving ever forward in sensitivity and dynamic range, they still do not produce the dramatic results that the first technique of changing exposures does. In addition, these special cameras are not capable of shooting higher frame rates required to shoot motion pictures. These products are used for narrow specialized purposes.
- United States Patent Application No. 20070126918, to Lee, published June 7, 2007, discloses cameras that can provide improved images by combining several shots of a scene taken with different exposure and focus levels is provided.
- cameras are provided, which have pixel-wise exposure control means so that high quality images are obtained for a scene with a high level of contrast.
- the system is complicated, and employs light reducing filters to create exposures of varying intensity. Much of the light is lost, reducing clarity and introducing sources of distortion and noise to the images.
- United States Patent Application No. 20080149812 discloses an electronic camera comprising two or more image sensor arrays. At least one of the image sensor arrays has a high dynamic range.
- the camera also comprises a shutter for selectively allowing light to reach the two or more image sensor arrays, readout circuitry for selectively reading out pixel data from the image sensor arrays, and, a controller configured to control the shutter and the readout circuitry.
- the controller comprises a processor and a memory having computer-readable code embodied therein which, when executed by the processor, causes the controller to open the shutter for an image capture period to allow the two or more image sensor arrays to capture pixel data, and, read out pixel data from the two or more image sensor arrays.
- United States Patent Application No. 20070177004 to Kolehmainen, et al., published August 2, 2007, is directed to an image creating method and imaging device comprising at least two image capturing apparatus, each apparatus being arranged to produce an image.
- the apparatus is configured to utilize at least a portion of the images produced with different image capturing apparatus with each other to produce an image with an enhanced image quality.
- Multiple lenses are required to implement this method, which is expensive and creates parallax and optic imagery distortions with each lens addition.
- an optical imaging system for temporally aligning bracketed exposures of a single image, the system comprising a light aperture, a prism and a image capturing device, where the prism is capable of splitting an incoming image from the light aperture into at least two temporally aligned images, and where the image capturing device captures the temporally aligned images at different levels of exposure.
- the prism splits the intensity of said incoming image to achieve a desired EV output interval between temporally aligned images.
- the capturing device further comprises image detection sensors, and the ISO of the sensors is adjusted to achieve a desired EV output interval between said images.
- the system comprises an image processing device connected to said image capturing device.
- the image processing device comprises a computer processor.
- the device further comprises a tone-mapping processor.
- the system comprises an eyepiece for viewing the image to be captured by the lens.
- the system comprises a digital readout monitor.
- the prism is capable of splitting the image into three or more levels of exposure.
- the three levels of exposure are about 14%, about 29% and about 57%, respectively, of the exposure level of the original image.
- the three levels of exposure are about 5%, about 19% and about 76%, respectively, of the exposure level of the original image.
- the three levels of exposure are about 1 %, about 11% and about 88%, respectively, of the exposure level of the original image.
- the prism is capable of splitting the image into four or more levels of exposure.
- the prism is capable of splitting the image into five or more levels of exposure.
- the invention provides a method for temporally aligning bracketed exposures of a single image, the method comprising the steps of a) using a prism to split an incoming image from a light aperture into at least two temporally aligned images, and b) using an image capturing device to capture the temporally aligned images at different levels of exposure.
- Figure 1 shows a diagrammatic view of the system produced according to the invention, demonstrating variations to exposure intervals are shown using different combinations of prism splits and sensor sensitivity settings.
- Figure 2 shows a diagrammatic view of a system of Figure 1 and further showing additional components of the system for processing the images.
- Figure 3 shows a perspective drawing of a two-way prism that could be utilized with the invention.
- Figure 4 shows a perspective drawing of a three-way prism that could be utilized with the invention.
- Figure 5 shows a perspective drawing of a four-way prism that could be utilized with the invention.
- Figure 6 shows a perspective drawing of a five-way prism that could be utilized with the invention.
- the optical imaging system of the present invention provides an improvement to high dynamic range imaging, and assemblies therefore, that allows temporally aligned exposure bracketing.
- the system is simple, elegant, leverages existing technologies, allows for motion capture with no temporal distortion, and is relatively inexpensive to implement.
- the present optical imaging system allows the user to capture light with confidence that the under and over exposed regions in the image will be imaged properly. The user simply captures all the available light with and image capturing device, and determines later how to map that information to the output device. With the optical imaging system the user can create stunning imagery that is otherwise impossible to capture, even with the most sophisticated of the current generation of normal photography equipment.
- the systems and methods utilize prism splitting by full spectrum brackets to several image detecting sensors of an image capturing device.
- the system eliminates exotic image sensors as a necessary feature.
- the system allows multiple exposures from existing commodity sensors simultaneously by simply dividing the incoming light for an image into multiple and different levels of exposure for the same image.
- the temporally aligned imaging system can be analogized to Technicolor. Before color film stock was developed, Hollywood was in search of a way to shoot films in color. Technicolor, Inc. was the first company to develop a way to create color pictures from black and white film stock. It utilized three rolls of black and white film exposed simultaneously through a special set of beam splitters with red, green, and blue filters on them.
- each black and white film negative recorded just the red, green, or blue information. This process was done in reverse with a projector that ran all three rolls of film simultaneously with the correct color filter in front of each. When the images are aligned properly, a full color picture is realized.
- This technique is used to this day in professional level video cameras, sometimes referred to as 3CCD sensor.
- the three red, green and blue sensors not only allow for sharper more saturated colors but also help enhance the dynamic range of the images they help create. But just as better color film stocks helped to usher out the era of the Technicolor process, better CMOS and CCD sensors are ushering out the era of 3CCD sensor systems in favor of full color single sensor systems.
- CMOS and CCD sensors are ushering out the era of 3CCD sensor systems in favor of full color single sensor systems.
- some of the highest end professional cameras like the lineup from RED Digital Cinema Camera Company as well as every professional Digital SLR use only one foil color sensor. It is quite apparent that sensor technology has progressed to the point where a single color sensor can replace and even outperform 3CCD sensor systems.
- the temporally aligned exposure bracketing system employs trichroic prisms adapted to split the entire spectrum to each of multiple foil color sensors, at different exposure levels, rather than splitting out the spectrum into different colors.
- the system allows a color neutral change in the amount, rather than the spectrum, of light going to each sensor, by the application of such prisms for the temporal alignment of images for HRDI.
- color neutral it is meant that while the temporally aligned images created by the prism may vary in intensity between themselves, or between themselves and the incoming image, they are not substantially different from one another in color spectrum, i.e., the prism creates split images that are similar in color spectrum, or spectrally neutral, even if differing substantially in intensity.
- the system 10 comprises an optical imaging system having an aperture 20 for capturing incoming light 30.
- a neutral prism 100 Internal to the system is a neutral prism 100 that is used to reflect the captured light to generate a color-neutral separation.
- the neutral film prism 100 is depicted as a three-way prism that splits the light to three separate foil color sensors image 101, 102 and 103.
- Various means can be employed to adjust the EV (Exposure Value, commonly referred to as a "stop") up and down with the intensity spectrum, and a camera can then capture the images simultaneously.
- two consecutive neutral films 104 and 105 are used, respectively capturing 57.1429% (4/7) of the light followed by a neutral film of 33.33% (1/3) for the remainder light.
- the neutral prism thus fractionates a captured image into three temporally aligned exposures 106, 107 and 108, that have relative light intensities of 1/7, 2/7 and 4/7 of the incoming light.
- the film coatings 104 and 105 for the prism 100 may be of any of numerous coatings known to the art and capable of achieving a color neutral split, or separation, of the image, by reflection of the incoming light 30.
- Two examples of such spectrally neutral films include a thin film metallic coating, typically aluminum or silver, with or without a set of dielectric layers, and a set of dielectric layers consisting of high and low refractive index materials with the thin film stack designed to reflect a certain percentage of the incident light over the visible wavelength range.
- These and related types of thin film coatings 104 and 105 shall be termed “spectrally neutral film” or, alternatively, "neutral film.”
- the prism is harnessed for the purpose of splitting out different exposures of the same image, that are temporally aligned (taken at the same moment).
- EV Exposure Value
- stop Exposure Value
- the system could split the light intensity in the prism 100 into equal amounts of roughly 33% each and then adjust the ISO of the sensors 101, 102 and 103 respectively to achieve different EV output intervals.
- the system could split the light intensity within the prism 100 into the desired EV intervals for the light 106, 107 and 108.
- the desired different EV output intervals are achieved for the recorded images. Any combination between these two extremes may be more or less desirable for various applications.
- Figure 2 illustrates some additional components of a system 10.
- a tone mapping processor 110 and an HDRI 120 processor that are used for combining the images.
- the processing chip is used to combine the 3 images in real time to an HDRI image, and another chip is used to complete the tone mapping. These functions can also be combined into a single processing chip.
- the individual sensors could benefit from some tuning for their respective exposure levels to reduce noise and other artifacts associated with under and over exposure, in ways known to the art.
- a high quality standard camera lens 140 can be used with the system 10 to gather and focus light from the light aperture.
- the system 10 also will typically include an eyepiece and/or monitor 150 for aligning the images for capture from the lens onto the sensors.
- Additional features of the system typically would include mass storage for either the 8 bit tone mapped data 160, or the raw 32 bit HDRI data 170.
- Other HDRI formats are known, for instance 16 bit and 14 bit formats, though the standard is evolving toward the higher 32 bit format.
- the ISO is a function of how sensitive the sensor/film is to light.
- the exposure generated by a particular aperture, shutter speed, and sensitivity combination can be represented by its exposure value "EV".
- Zero EV is defined by the combination of an aperture off/1 and a shutter speed of Is at ISO 100.
- Exposure value is used to represent shutter speed and aperture combinations only.
- An exposure value which takes into account the ISO sensitivity is called “Light Value” or LV and represents the luminance of the scene.
- Light Value is often referred to as “exposure value”, grouping aperture, shutter speed and sensitivity in one familiar variable. This is because in a digital camera it is as easy to change sensitivity as it is to change aperture and shutter speed.
- the EV will increase by 1. For instance, 6 EV represents half the amount of light as 5 EV.
- Table 2 shows the additional variations possible for adjusting output intervals on top of the prismatic split, for +/- 3EV, +/- 2EV and +/- IEV.
- the various exposure intervals can be modified or enhanced by using different combinations of prism splits with sensor sensitivity settings. This is accomplished by using differential exposure values (EV) to amplify the differences created by the prismatic split at the level of the sensors.
- EV differential exposure values
- Table 3 shows results for a diagrammatic view of a system produced according to the invention that as shown in Figures 1 and 2, only deploying a prism with two splits of light 104 and 105 corresponding to 76.1905% (16/21) followed by 20.00% (1/5) on the remainder light. This is used for splitting a captured image into temporally aligned exposures 106, 107 and 108 of levels of 76.1905%, 19.0476% and 4.7619%, respectively.
- Table 4 shows the results where variations to exposure intervals are shown using different combinations of prism splits and sensor sensitivity settings of +/- 3EV, +/- 2EV and +/- IEV.
- Table 4 shows the various ISO settings for each sensor that is used to produce alternative EV output intervals from each sensor (these settings are for +/-1EV input values only) as found in Table 3 (these settings are for +/-2EV input values only).
- Table 5 is the results for a system produced according to the invention as depicted in Figures 1 and 2, only showing a prism with two splits of light 104 and 105 corresponding to 87.6712% (64/73) followed by 11.11% (1/9) on the remainder light. This is used for splitting a captured image into temporally aligned exposures 106, 107 and 108 of levels of 87 .6712%, 10.9589% and 1.3699%, respectively.
- Table 6 is the settings for a system as would be configured for the Table 5 percentages, where variations to exposure intervals are shown using different combinations of prism splits and sensor sensitivity settings of +/- 3EV, +/- 2EV and +/- IEV. Table 6
- Figures 1 and 2 demonstrate configurations for two-way, three-way, four-way and five-way neutral prism configurations, respectively.
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Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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AU2010221241A AU2010221241A1 (en) | 2009-03-04 | 2010-03-04 | Temporally aligned exposure bracketing for high dynamic range imaging |
EP10749347A EP2404209A4 (en) | 2009-03-04 | 2010-03-04 | Temporally aligned exposure bracketing for high dynamic range imaging |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US15749409P | 2009-03-04 | 2009-03-04 | |
US61/157,494 | 2009-03-04 |
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US (3) | US20100225783A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2404209A4 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20120073159A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2010221241A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010102135A1 (en) |
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- 2010-03-04 WO PCT/US2010/026250 patent/WO2010102135A1/en active Application Filing
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US10511785B2 (en) | 2019-12-17 |
AU2010221241A1 (en) | 2011-10-27 |
KR20120073159A (en) | 2012-07-04 |
EP2404209A1 (en) | 2012-01-11 |
US20100225783A1 (en) | 2010-09-09 |
US20200084363A1 (en) | 2020-03-12 |
US20150029361A1 (en) | 2015-01-29 |
EP2404209A4 (en) | 2012-10-17 |
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