WO2010044985A2 - Light emitting diode-based lamp having a volume scattering element - Google Patents
Light emitting diode-based lamp having a volume scattering element Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010044985A2 WO2010044985A2 PCT/US2009/057756 US2009057756W WO2010044985A2 WO 2010044985 A2 WO2010044985 A2 WO 2010044985A2 US 2009057756 W US2009057756 W US 2009057756W WO 2010044985 A2 WO2010044985 A2 WO 2010044985A2
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- light
- lamp
- light pipe
- emitting diode
- scattering element
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/48—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor body packages
- H01L33/52—Encapsulations
- H01L33/54—Encapsulations having a particular shape
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V3/00—Globes; Bowls; Cover glasses
- F21V3/02—Globes; Bowls; Cover glasses characterised by the shape
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21K—NON-ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES USING LUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING CHARGES OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL; LIGHT SOURCES USING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AS LIGHT-GENERATING ELEMENTS; LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21K9/00—Light sources using semiconductor devices as light-generating elements, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] or lasers
- F21K9/60—Optical arrangements integrated in the light source, e.g. for improving the colour rendering index or the light extraction
- F21K9/61—Optical arrangements integrated in the light source, e.g. for improving the colour rendering index or the light extraction using light guides
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
- F21S8/00—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation
- F21S8/04—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation intended only for mounting on a ceiling or the like overhead structures
- F21S8/06—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation intended only for mounting on a ceiling or the like overhead structures by suspension
- F21S8/065—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation intended only for mounting on a ceiling or the like overhead structures by suspension multi-branched, e.g. a chandelier
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21V29/00—Protecting lighting devices from thermal damage; Cooling or heating arrangements specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- F21V29/50—Cooling arrangements
- F21V29/70—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks
- F21V29/74—Cooling arrangements characterised by passive heat-dissipating elements, e.g. heat-sinks with fins or blades
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21K—NON-ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES USING LUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING CHARGES OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL; LIGHT SOURCES USING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AS LIGHT-GENERATING ELEMENTS; LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F21K9/00—Light sources using semiconductor devices as light-generating elements, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] or lasers
- F21K9/60—Optical arrangements integrated in the light source, e.g. for improving the colour rendering index or the light extraction
- F21K9/64—Optical arrangements integrated in the light source, e.g. for improving the colour rendering index or the light extraction using wavelength conversion means distinct or spaced from the light-generating element, e.g. a remote phosphor layer
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- F21W2121/00—Use or application of lighting devices or systems for decorative purposes, not provided for in codes F21W2102/00 – F21W2107/00
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F21—LIGHTING
- F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
- F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
- F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]
Definitions
- the present invention is directed to a light emitting diode-based lamp having a volume scattering element inside the bulb.
- candles Prior to the invention of the light bulb, candles were a stylish choice for fancy lighting.
- a chandelier would hang from the ceiling of a room, and would support several candles, often arranged in an ornate and decorative manner around the circumference of the chandelier.
- the bulbs used in these chandeliers were stylishly shaped, often resembling the tall, thin shape of a candle flame.
- the light was produced by a relatively small filament inside the bulb, with thin wires supporting the filament and electrically connecting the filament to the electrical contacts in the threaded base of the bulb.
- LEDs light-emitting diodes
- the lamp 200 is commercially available from Cao Group, Inc., which is based in West Jordan, UT.
- the lamp 200 is currently sold under the brand name DYNASTY, which is a registered trademark of Cao
- the specific lamp is sold as a "BlO LED Candelabra Lamp".
- the "BlO” refers to a bulb shape and size, with a maximum diameter of 1.26 inches (32.0 mm), a maximum overall length of 3.87 inches (98.3 mm), and a light center length (distance from the tip of the threads to the light emission point) of 2.17 inches (55.0 mm).
- the “Candelabra” refers to the base into which the lamp screws.
- the standard “Candelabra” base is also known as "E12", so that the base cap of an "E12" lamp has a 12 mm diameter at the thread peaks. This particular lamp uses only 1.7 watts, compared to typical incandescent wattages of 25, 40 or 60 watts, so there is a considerable energy savings for the user.
- the Dynasty lamp 200 has a glass outer bulb 201, an LED 202 located inside the bulb 201 at the light emission point, a heat sink 203 inside the bulb for dissipating the heat generated by the LED 202, and control electronics 204 inside the bulb for converting the line voltage (120 volts, AC) to a relatively low voltage (on the order of 5 volts, DC) and electrically powering the LED 202.
- the Dynasty lamp 200 has many advantages over incandescent lamps. For instance, it uses very little power (1.7 watts), has a very long lifetime (35,000 hours, according to Cao Group, Inc.), and is backwards-compatible with many incandescent fixtures. However, there are several drawbacks to this lamp.
- the primary drawback is that the lamp itself is cosmetically unappealing.
- the heat sink 203 is clearly visible through the bulb 201.
- the control electronics 204 although hidden by a shell, are also present within the bulb 201.
- Such structures detract from the overall appearance of the Dynasty lamp 200. Considering that its primary use is in stylish chandeliers, the Dynasty lamp 200 is an unattractive choice.
- FIG. 1 Another example of an LED-based lamp is commercially available from Watt-Man, which is based in Charlottesville, VA.
- the lamp is sold as the "Watt-Man LED Decor Lamp - BlO".
- the lamp has a 1.25 inch diameter and a 4.0 inch maximum overall length.
- the lamp is available in candelabra (E 12) or medium (E26) base styles.
- the advantages and drawbacks of the Watt-Man lamp are similar to those of the Dynasty lamp 200 of Figure 19.
- Another known lamp is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,329,029, titled "Optical device for LED-based lamp", and issued on February 12, 2008 to Chaves et al. Figure 20 of the present application is reproduced from Figure 34A of Chaves.
- Chaves discloses an optical element for receiving the light output from an LED and redirecting in into a predominantly spherical pattern.
- the element includes a so-called “transfer section” that receives the LED's light within it and a so-called “ejector section” positioned adjacent the transfer section to receive light from the transfer section and spread the light generally spherically.
- a base of the transfer section is optically aligned and/or coupled to the LED so that the LED's light enters the transfer section.
- the transfer section can be a compound elliptic concentrator operating via total internal reflection.
- the ejector section can have a variety of shapes.
- Figure 20 shows one of many optical element shapes disclosed by Chaves.
- the LEDs are shown as the small rectangles at the bottom of Figure 20, and light emitted from the LEDs travels upward within the element 600, undergoing a variety of internal reflections and/or refractions, until it exits the element 600 near the top of the element 600.
- Figure 20 shows virtual filament 600 comprising equiangular-spiral transfer section 601 with center on opposite point 60 If, protruding cubic spline 602, and central equiangular spiral 603 with center at proximal point 603f.
- the element 600 has an optical axis, and requires fairly careful alignment to operate properly. If the LEDs are misaligned slightly away from their target positions, the light pattern within the element 600 shifts dramatically, with some exiting angles receiving more light and some exiting angles receiving less.
- element 600 operates in a deterministic manner and relies on a generally smooth surface for its optimal operation, element 600 is especially vulnerable to defects. Specifically, surface defects, such as scratches, structure defects, such as size or shape errors, and material defects, such as refractive index variations or contamination, can seriously degrade the performance of the element 600.
- an LED directs light into a lens 270.
- Light enters the bottom of a transfer section 271, which contains the light via total internal reflection and directs it upward into an ejector section 272.
- the ejector section 272 has a diffuser on its surface, which can redirect light rays at its surface into a range of exiting angles out of the lens 270.
- the diffusive surface of ejector section 272 may be referred to as a "surface diffuser" or a "surface scatterer", because any randomization of the light path occurs at only one point in the light path, at the diffuse surface itself.
- the surface diffuser on the surface of the ejector has an advantage over Chaves in that it reduces the sensitivity to defects (the second drawback noted above). However, it still has the drawback that the deterministic propagation within the lens 270 creates a fairly tight alignment tolerance between the LEDs and the lens 270. If the LEDs are displaced away from their target positions, portions of the transfer section 272 become dimmer, and other portions become brighter.
- a useful analogy to the surface diffuser is a frosted-glass light bulb, where the frosting of the glass directs the exiting light rays into a variety of angles.
- the deterministic propagation issues discussed above would have the effect of making portions of the bulb surface brighter or dimmer than other portions. This variation in brightness would be visible from a variety of angles, because of the glass frosting, but the surface diffuser would not mask the variations in brightness on the frosted bulb surface.
- An embodiment is lamp, comprising: a transparent bulb enclosing a volume and having an opening at a longitudinal end; a light emitting diode disposed proximate the opening in the transparent bulb for emitting light into the transparent bulb; a transparent light pipe disposed inside the transparent bulb proximate the opening in the transparent bulb for receiving light from the light emitting diode, the light entering a proximal end of the light pipe and propagating longitudinally away from the proximal end to a distal end of the light pipe; and a volume scattering element disposed inside the transparent bulb adjacent to the distal end of the light pipe for receiving light from the transparent light pipe and for scattering light into a plurality of exiting angles. The scattered light exits the lamp through the transparent bulb.
- the volume scattering element comprises a transparent base material and a plurality of particles distributed throughout the base material. Each particle in the plurality is transparent and has a refractive index different than that of the base material.
- Another embodiment is a method of providing light, comprising: locating a light emitting diode proximate an opening in a transparent bulb; electrically powering the light emitting diode with a driver disposed outside the transparent bulb; dissipating heat generated by the light emitting diode with a heat sink disposed outside the transparent bulb; collecting light emitted by the light emitting diode with a proximal end of a light pipe disposed inside the transparent bulb; transmitting the collected light to a distal end of the light pipe by transmission through the light pipe and by total internal reflection from a lateral edge of the light pipe; receiving the light from the distal end of the light pipe at a volume scattering element, the volume scattering element comprising a transparent base material and a plurality of particles distributed throughout the base material, each particle in the
- An additional embodiment is a lamp, comprising: a transparent bulb having an opening; a light emitting diode disposed proximate the opening in the transparent bulb for emitting light into the transparent bulb; a heat sink proximate the light emitting diode and in thermal contact with the light emitting diode, the heat sink comprising a distal edge facing the light emitting diode and a lateral edge extending longitudinally proximally away from the distal edge around a circumference of the lamp, the lateral edge and distal edge forming an interior of the heat sink; a light emitting diode driver disposed within the interior of the heat sink for supplying electrical power to the light emitting diode; and an electrically conductive base extending proximally from the lamp for receiving electrical power from a socket and supplying electrical power to the light emitting diode driver, the base being thermally insulated from the heat sink.
- Fig. 1 is a plan drawing of a lamp.
- Fig. 2 is an exploded-view drawing of the lamp of Fig. 1.
- Fig. 3 is a side-view cross-section drawing of the assembled lamp of Figs. 1 and 2.
- Fig. 4 is an end-on view drawing of the lamp of Figs. 1-3.
- FIG. 5 is a close-up detail drawing of the lamp of Figs. 1-4.
- Fig. 6 is a side-view cross-section drawing of the secondary optics of the lamp of
- Fig. 7 is a schematic drawing of the light leaving the light emitting diode and entering the proximal end of the light pipe, for the lamp of Figs. 1-6.
- Fig. 8 is a schematic drawing of the light propagating down an exemplary light pipe.
- Fig. 9 is a schematic drawing of the light propagating down another exemplary light pipe.
- Fig. 10 is a schematic drawing of the light propagating down a third exemplary light pipe.
- Fig. 11 is a schematic drawing of an exemplary volume scattering element, with a detail showing a base material and various particles.
- Fig. 12 is a schematic drawing of an exemplary light pipe and an exemplary volume scattering element.
- Fig. 13 is a schematic drawing of another exemplary light pipe and another exemplary volume scattering element.
- Fig. 14 is a schematic drawing of an exemplary light pipe made integral with an exemplary volume scattering element.
- Fig. 15 is a schematic drawing of the light exiting the light pipe and entering the volume scattering element.
- Fig. 16 is a schematic drawing of the light scattered from the volume scattering element, with proximal and distal directions.
- Fig. 17 is a plot of simulated scattering versus direction, as a function of particle density and particle refractive index.
- Fig. 18 is a plot of additional simulated scattering versus direction, as a function of the wavelength of light.
- Fig. 19 is a schematic drawing of the "Dynasty BlO LED Candelabra Lamp".
- Fig. 20 is a reproduction of Fig. 34A of the known lamp of Chaves.
- Fig. 21 is a reproduction of Fig. 7A of the known lamp of Miiiano. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
- a lamp having a candle-like appearance and using one or more light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as its light source is presented.
- the candle-like appearance arises because light is emitted from only a small volume at or near the center of the bulb.
- the heat sink and control electronics are located outside the bulb of the lamp.
- Inside the bulb is a set of secondary optics that guide the light from one or more LEDs to an emission point at a prescribed location in the interior of the bulb.
- the secondary optics include a light pipe that guides light away from the LED chip, and a volume scattering element that receives the light from the light pipe and scatters it into various directions.
- the volume scattering element is made from a transparent base material, and includes transparent particles of a predetermined size and refractive index.
- the density of particles in the volume scattering element, the particle size and the particle refractive index are chosen to produce a scattering pattern that directs more light downward (toward the base of the bulb) than upward, while maintaining a reasonable efficiency (fraction of produced light that successfully exits the lamp). Simulation results are presented.
- the first section covers Figures 1 through 5
- the second section covers Figures 6 through 16
- the third section covers Figures 17 and 18, describe the optical modeling and simulations of the optical path.
- Figures 1 through 5 are a plan drawing, an exploded- view drawing, a side-view cross-section drawing, an end-on view drawing and a close-up detail drawing, respectively, of the lamp 10.
- the lamp 10 is described below in conjunction with all five figures. Our description will proceed from right- to-left in Figure 2.
- the bulb 20 is a transparent bulb made from glass or plastic, with a hollow interior and an opening at one longitudinal end.
- the bulb may be any suitable size and shape.
- the bulb is a so-called "B-IO” bulb.
- the "B-IO” describes a particular bulb shape, known in the industry and widely commercially available in existing decorative light bulbs.
- the "B-IO” shape is elongated or torpedo-shaped, with relatively small longitudinal ends and a relatively wide central portion.
- the bulb shape itself somewhat resembles the shape of a candle flame.
- the transverse diameter of a B- 10 bulb is 1.25 inches, or 32 mm.
- the secondary optics 30 extend into the interior of the bulb 20 when assembled.
- the secondary optics 30 include a light pipe 31 and a volume scattering element, both of which are described in more detail in the next section below.
- An optic mount 40 serves both as a mount to mechanically secure the secondary optics 30 in place, and as a cover for the LED package.
- the light pipe 31 is spaced apart from the LED package by an air gap, so that the heat generated by the LED chip is largely kept away from the secondary optics.
- the optic mount 40 may act as a spacer between the LED package and the secondary optics 40.
- the optic mount 40 may be made from any suitable metal or plastic material, such as brass, aluminum or steel.
- the optic mount 40 includes a reflective cylindrical inner surface 41, which reflects high-exiting-angle light emitted from the LED and reflects it back toward the proximal face of the light pipe 31.
- the reflective surface may be molded to its smooth finish, or may be polished to its smooth finish.
- the reflective surface may optionally include one or more reflective thin films that increase its reflectivity.
- the LED package 50 includes the LED chip itself, which is the area that emits light, and the mechanical package that supports the LED chip.
- the LED package includes one or more lenses over the LED chip, which can protect the chip and may optionally alter the angular light output from the chip.
- Ostar Lighting LEDs may have an emission color of "white”, which has color coordinates (x,y) of (0.33, 0.33), or "warm white”, which has color coordinates of (0.42, 0.4). Ostar Lighting LEDs typically have an array of LED chips, rather than a single chip.
- the array layout may be 2-by-2 or 2-by-3 chips, with full array extending over a rectangular area of about 2.31 mm by 1.9 mm.
- Ostar Lighting LEDs may have an optional lens over the chip array.
- Ostar Lighting LEDs may have an angular output described by a full-width-at-half- maximum (FWHM) of 120 degrees for the un-lensed LEDs and either 120 or 130 degrees for the lensed LEDs.
- FWHM full-width-at-half- maximum
- Ostar LEDs are phosphor based, meaning that the actual LED chips themselves emit relatively short- wavelength light, typically in the blue, violet or UV portions of the spectrum.
- a phosphor absorbs the short-wavelength light and emits longer-wavelength light into a desired spectrum.
- the precise characteristics of the spectrum, such as width, flatness and so forth, are determined largely by the chemistry of the phosphor and its interaction with the short-wavelength light. For lighting applications, it is generally desirable that the human eye perceives the lamp-emitted light as being roughly "white", which has a color coordinate
- the mechanical package of the Ostar Lighting LEDs is generally hexagonal, in the plane of the package, with indentations at the six corners that can accommodate a screw head.
- the Ostar Lighting LEDs include pads that electrically connect to the chip, but do not include the driver circuitry to control the current to the LEDs.
- the circuitry is included with the LED driver 80, and is described below.
- the LED package 50 produces heat, which is dissipated and directed away from the
- the LED package by a heat sink 60.
- the heat sink 60 is made from a thermally conductive metal, such as aluminum, although any suitable material may be used.
- the heat sink 60 includes a distal-facing face that is generally flush with the proximal side of the LED package 50 and is in good thermal contact with the LED package 50.
- the distal-facing face may include one or more screw holes and/or one or more holes that accommodate an electrical connection to the LED package 50.
- the heat sink 60 is generally shaped as a shell, having a generally solid distal face in contact with the LED chip, having generally solid transverse-facing walls, and having a hollow interior, with no bounding proximal-facing wall. It is desirable that the exterior portion of the heat sink 60 have as large a surface area as possible, so the heat sink may include a striped pattern or "fins" that increase its surface area. In some applications, the heat sink 60 may also include cosmetic features, such as decorative stripes, possibly of varying length around the circumference of the heat sink. Optionally, the heat sink may include features that resemble wax dripping from the top of a candle. In some applications, the heat sink may includes holes in its surface.
- the heat sink 60 may be metallic, and therefore electrically conducting, it is desirable to electrically insulate the LED driver from the heat sink 60. Therefore, a driver insulator 70 is disposed within most or all of the interior of the heat sink. The driver insulator
- driver insulator 70 may be made from any suitable non-conducting material, such as plastic.
- the driver insulator 70 should be able to withstand slightly elevated temperatures, such as those experienced by the heat sink 60.
- the driver insulator 70 is also generally hollow, with no proximal-facing wall.
- the LED driver 80 is disposed within the driver insulator 70, which in turn resides within the heat sink 60.
- Such LED drivers 80 supply a prescribed amount to the LED chip, and may include circuitry that that takes line voltage, such as 120 volts or 240 volts AC, and converts it to a much lower voltage, such as 5 volts DC.
- the LED driver 80 may include filtering circuitry that can ensure the LED chips against damage from fluctuations in the line voltage.
- a typical current level for the Ostar Lighting LEDs described above is 350 milliamps, although any suitable current level may also be used.
- the LED driver 80 may have two or more electrical leads that extend through holes in the driver insulator 70 and the heat sink 60 to the LED package 50.
- a base insulator 90 On the proximal side of the LED driver 80 is a base insulator 90, which serves a similar function as the driver insulator 70.
- the base insulator may include one or more holes that can accommodate electrical connections to the base, for receiving the line voltage.
- the base insulator 90 may be made from any suitable material, such as plastic.
- the base 100 is a male threaded portion that interfaces with a socket.
- the threads are for one electrical connection to the line voltage, with the longitudinal end (the proximal-most end) of the base 100 being for the other electrical connection.
- the lamp may be available in any suitable thread size.
- Two common thread sizes are candelabra (E 12) or medium (E26), which have a diameter at the thread peaks of 12 mm and
- the lamp 10 When assembled, the lamp 10 will include as a single unit all the elements from the bulb 20 to the base 100. In Figure 1, all elements but 110 are included as the single unit, with the threaded base 100 extending from the proximal end of the unit.
- Element 110 is a telescoping extension tube that is typically part of the socket fixture, rather than part of the lamp unit (elements 20 through 100).
- the tube 110 is hollow, and generally drops into place under the influence of gravity.
- the tube 110 may have any desired length, and may be cosmetically designed to look like a candle or candlestick.
- the extension tube may be made from plastic, metal, or any suitable material, and may optionally be white or light-colored to provide a dignified, stylish appearance to the lamp 10.
- the extension tube 110 is typically considered part of the socket holder.
- the socket itself not shown in the figures, includes the female threads that match the male threads of the base 100. In some applications, the base 100 and socket use non-threaded plug-in connectors, rather than screw-in threads.
- Figure 6 is a side-view cross-section drawing of the secondary optics 30 of the lamp of Figures 1-5.
- the secondary optics 30 include a light pipe 31 that transmits light from an exiting surface 51 of the LED package 50 to a volume scattering element 32. To the viewer, there is little or no emission from the light pipe 31, and all or nearly all of the light from the lamp 10 appears to radiate from the volume scattering element 32.
- Such a volume scattering element 32 is significantly smaller than the full bulb 20.
- the lamp 10 may be more aesthetically pleasing than a lamp in which the whole bulb area emits light, such as a frosted bulb, or a compact fluorescent lamp with a frosted bulb.
- the relatively small area of the volume scattering element provides a "twinkle" of the light for the viewer, which is a desirable feature and is quite stylish.
- This "twinkle” arises from the relatively small emission area inside the bulb, and is analogous to the "twinkle” of a star in the sky.
- a frosted bulb which may have light radiating from its entire surface area, may not exhibit such a pleasing "twinkle”.
- Figure 7 is a schematic drawing of the light leaving an exiting surface 51 the light emitting diode package 50 and entering the proximal end of the light pipe 31, for the lamp of
- the angular profile is Lambertian, which has a cosine dependence of power versus propagation angle. The most (peak) power is radiated perpendicular to the plane of the LED, and the angular falloff from such a Lambertian distribution varies as the cosine between the surface normal and the angle of the propagating ray.
- the Lambertian distribution has a full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of 2 cos "1 (0.5), or 120 degrees.
- FWHM full-width-at-half-maximum
- the optical power propagating at 60 degrees away from the surface normal is half of the optical power propagating parallel to the surface normal.
- the angular distribution falls to zero at 90 degrees, so there is effectively no optical power propagating parallel to the face of the LED.
- the angular profile of the LED package is the same at all emitting locations in the LED array, although this is not required.
- Figure 7 shows a variety of light rays leaving the LED package 50.
- the LED package is drawn as having a curved exiting face 51 , which corresponds to a lensed LED package, although this is not required.
- a flat exiting face may also be used.
- the rays refract upon exiting the lens in the LED package, going from a higher refractive index, on the order of 1.5, to a lower refractive index of 1 , corresponding to free-space propagation.
- the proximal surface of the light pipe 31 is drawn as being flat, although it may optionally be curved. If the proximal surface is flat, the light pipe 31 will be less sensitive to misalignment with respect to the LED package than if the surface is curved. Such a decrease in sensitivity may be desirable, as it tends to relax some of the alignment tolerances and therefore improve yields in the assembly process.
- the proximal surface may optionally include a dielectric thin film coating that reduces reflections from the surface; the dielectric coating may be a single layer, or may be multilayer.
- a dielectric thin film coating that reduces reflections from the surface; the dielectric coating may be a single layer, or may be multilayer.
- Such anti-reflection coatings are well known in the industry, and may include a quarter-wave coating (a "V” coat), a "W” coat, or a more complicated structure.
- light rays travel from the proximal end, near the LED, to the distal end, near the volume scattering element. Most of the light rays travel simply by propagating longitudinally along the light pipe or at a slight incline to a longitudinal axis of the light pipe. Some higher-angle rays reflect off the lateral side or lateral sides of the light pipe. Such a reflection occurs at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle within the light pipe, and is total internal reflection. For total internal reflection, there is no light transmitted through the lateral side of the light pipe, and from the outside of the bulb, no light is seen leaving through the lateral side of the light pipe.
- the light pipe 31 is made from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), which has a refractive index of about 1.49 at a wavelength of 550 nm. Such a material is relatively inexpensive, relatively durable, and is moldable, so that the light pipe 31 may be molded. In other cases, other materials may be used, such as glass or another form of plastic.
- the light pipe 31 may include scattering elements, in addition to the scattering elements in the volume scattering element 32.
- the optional scattering elements in the light pipe 31 may be similar in construction to those in the volume scattering element 32, such as small particles of a slightly different refractive index than the base material of the light pipe 31.
- the light pipe 31 is largely cylindrical in shape, with a pronounced longitudinal shape.
- Figures 8, 9 and 10 show several possibilities for this largely cylindrical shape.
- light pipe 31A is truly cylindrical, with circular cross-sections, taken parallel to a longitudinal axis of the light pipe. Because the light pipe is truly a cylinder, these circular cross-sections have the same size everywhere between the proximal and distal ends of the light pipe 3 IA.
- light pipe 3 IB is slightly conical, so that the circular cross- sections decrease in size from the proximal to the distal end of the light pipe 3 IB.
- light pipe 31C also has circular cross-sections that decrease in size from the proximal to the distal end of the light pipe 31C, but the size of the circles varies other than linearly with distance along the light pipe 31C.
- light pipes 31A and 3 IB have straight sides, and light pipe 31C has tapered sides.
- the shape of light pipe 31C may be referred to as tapered outwards.
- the tapering may be any suitable shape, as long as total internal reflection is maintained inside the light pipe 31.
- the light pipe need not have true rotational symmetry about its longitudinal axis.
- the light pipe may be elongated in one direction or the other, may have tapering in one direction or not the other, or may have different tapering in different directions.
- the cross-sections may ovals, ellipses, or other elongated shapes.
- the light pipe may optionally have more complicated shapes, such as a helix, which can optionally cause light to exit the light pipe in prescribed locations.
- the light pipe may have a decorative stripe on its outer surface, which may be a scratch, groove, indentation or protrusion, along which some light leaves the light pipe.
- the volume scattering element 32 includes a transparent base material 33 that has a refractive index n.
- the base material 33 has a collection of particles 34 mixed into it, where the particles have a prescribed size, a prescribed shape, and a refractive index n' that differs slightly from the refractive index n of the base material 33.
- the prescribed shape is round, or as round as possible with typical manufacturing techniques.
- the size of all the particles is the same, or is as close as possible to a particular desired size.
- the particles may have a diameter in the range of 3 microns +/- 0.1 microns.
- the range may represent cutoff points, so that the distribution of the diameters is roughly uniform in the range of 2.9 to 3.1 microns.
- the range may represent width points in a distribution.
- a particular manufacturing process may produce a normal (Gaussian) distribution of diameters, with a mean value 3.0 microns and a standard deviation of 0.1 microns.
- the other width points may be a full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM), a 1/e half- or fullwidth, a 1/e 2 half- or full-width, an interquartile range, and so forth.
- FWHM full-width-at-half-maximum
- the volume scattering element is drawn in Figure 11 as being spherical or ball-shaped, it may also be one of many other shapes, including a partial sphere, a half- sphere, a half-sphere with the flat side facing downward, a mushroom shape, ellipsoidal, an elongated ellipse, a cube, a plate, a pyramid, an oblate spheroid, soccer-ball shaped, or any other suitable shape.
- the shape of the volume scattering element is far less critical than the shapes of the beam- shaping elements discussed in the above background section, because of the nature of the light propagation within the volume scattering element. This is explained in the following three paragraphs.
- the light rays follow a deterministic path from the LED package, through a relatively small number of refractions and/or reflections, to a particular location on the surface of the structure.
- a "small" number of refractions and/or reflections may number or the order of 5, 10, 50 or 100, which is easily simulated with deterministic raytracing software.
- the performance of these structures is highly dependent on the actual shape of the structures. For instance, there are many exotic element shapes disclosed by the Chaves reference, with seemingly tiny changes in shape causing surprisingly large changes in performance. It is clear that the Chaves elements will have extremely tight manufacturing and alignment tolerances.
- these tight tolerances are characteristic of light redirection structures that rely only on deterministic ray propagation inside the structure.
- a surface diffuser may randomize each ray direction as it exits the structure, but it does not change the location on the structure at which each ray exits, and does little to reduce the generally tight tolerances.
- a volume scattering element begins to redirect rays as soon as they enter the element, rather than only redirecting them as they exit the element. Because there may be millions of particles within the element, there may be thousands or even millions of ray redirections between when a ray enters and when a ray finally exits the element.
- the base material 33 of the volume scattering element 32 is PMMA, which may be the same material as the light pipe 31. In that case, because the materials are the same, the refractive indices are the same, and there is no reflection that arises at the interface between the light pipe 31 and the volume scattering element 32. In other cases, different materials may be used for the volume scattering element and the light pipe.
- the particles are made from a material having a refractive index in the range of about 1.51 to about 1.59 at a wavelength of 550 nm.
- the difference in refractive index between the particles and the base material is typically in the range of about 0.05 to 0.06, although the difference may also lie outside this range.
- the particles typically have sizes (diameters) in the range of about 1 micron to about 10 microns.
- the particles may be generally considered round; simulations using an assumption that the particles are round have produced results consistent with measured quantities.
- the base material 33 is transparent, meaning that there is no absorption by the base material, and the particles 34 are also transparent. In other cases, one or both materials may absorb slightly.
- the volume scattering element 32 may include phosphor particles mixed within the interior of the scatterer. Such phosphor particles may absorb relatively short- wavelength light from the LED and may radiate phosphor-emitted light from their respective locations within the interior of the scatterer. By locating the phosphor within the scatterer, one may use a short-wavelength LED, such as a blue LED, rather than a white-light
- LED that includes its phosphor as part of the LED package.
- a phosphor may be use to tweak or adjust the color rendering of the lamp, or adjust the color temperature of the lamp.
- one particular phosphor may radiate mainly in the red portion of the spectrum, so that the addition of this red phosphor into the interior of the scatterer may add a reddish tinge to the lamp output.
- Other examples are certainly possible.
- a phosphor may be applied to the outside of the scattering element 32, in addition to or instead of the LED package phosphor and/or the phosphor in the interior of the volume scatterer 32.
- This phosphor may be applied as a film, rather than as discrete particles within a particular volume.
- an optional reflector may be applied to the top (distal end) of the volume scattering element 32.
- a reflector may be completely or partially reflective, and may be applied as a metallic or a dielectric film on the distalmost surface of the scatterer. This optional reflector would reduce emission in the distal direction, and would redirect the light back into the scatterer volume in the proximal direction.
- the reflector may be rotationally symmetric around the longitudinal axis of the scatterer 32.
- the reflector may cover an entire hemisphere of the scatterer 32.
- the reflector may cover only a portion of the distal half of the scatterer 32.
- the reflector may have a variable thickness (or reflectivity), being thickest (or most reflective) at the distalmost point on the surface, and decreasing away from the distalmost point.
- the interface between the light pipe 31 and volume scattering element 32 may take on any one of a variety of shapes.
- Figure 12 shows a volume scattering element 32A that is a true sphere, with the light pipe 31 including a concave depression at its distal end that matches the curvature of the sphere.
- Figure 13 shows a volume scattering element 32B that has a flat portion removed from its proximal side, so that the adjoining light pipe 31 may have a flat distal end.
- Figure 14 shows a volume scattering element 32C made integral with the light pipe 31.
- the differences among the cases of Figure 12, 13 and 14 show up in where in the volume scatterer the particles 34 actually reside; if there is a portion of the sphere that lacks particles 34, it is easily handled in the simulation of the optical system.
- the distal end of the light pipe is flat, and a corresponding portion of the volume scattering element is polished or molded to also be flat.
- the flat portions of the light pipe and volume scattering element may then be attached to each other using optical contacting, optical adhesives such as UV-cured or thermal adhesives, local ultra-sonic melting and attachment of the plastic parts, or any other suitable attachment method.
- the light pipe and volume scattering element may be manufactured as a single integral part, rather than as separate parts that are later attached. For instance, one of the parts may be molded, and the other of the parts may be then molded in an adjacent portion in the same mold.
- Figure 15 shows light leaving the light pipe 31 and entering the volume scattering element 32.
- Figure 16 shows the exiting rays as they leave the volume scattering element 32. They may be roughly divided into rays propagating in the "distal” and “proximal” directions, the dividing line being perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the light pipe 31. Light scatters into essentially the full half-spaces of the "distal” and “proximal” directions, with a statistical analysis determining how much light propagates into each direction. Such a statistical analysis is performed in the following section.
- the LED package is an Ostar Lighting LED array, with an emission area of 2.31 by 1.9 mm.
- the LED is assumed to be essentially at the proximal face of the light pipe, so that all the LED-emitted light enters the light pipe.
- the light pipe itself has a length of 0.5 inches (12.7 mm) and a diameter of 8 mm, and is made from PMMA, with a refractive index of 1.49 at 550 nm.
- the volume scattering element is also made from PMMA, with a particle diameter of 3 microns. Two quantities are allowed to vary from calculation to calculation: the refractive index of the particles and the particle density. For each combination of these quantities, an angular plot is generated, and an efficiency is calculated.
- the results are averaged over several wavelengths, which correspond to the emission spectrum of the LEDs.
- the angular plot represents the amount of power directed into a particular angle. Using the sign convention of Figure 16, the "distal” direction is up in the plots of Figure 17, and the "proximal” direction is down.
- the efficiency is a single number between 0% and 100%, which represents the amount of light exiting the bulb, divided by the amount of light emitted by the LED array.
- the difference between the reported efficiency and the full 100% represents the fraction of light that is scattered back into the light pipe or is blocked by the mechanical objects past the proximal end of the lamp, such as the heat sink. A higher efficiency number is preferred.
- the refractive index and particle density Before specifically addressing the cases that were actually modeled, it is worthwhile to consider some extreme values of the refractive index and particle density. [0117] For a refractive index that approaches 1.49, we expect to see the effects of scattering largely disappear, since the particles become effectively invisible inside the base material.
- results are for a particular geometry, including a particular light pipe and volume scattering element geometry, and a single particle size.
- the calculations may be repeated as necessary for a different geometry, different particle size, or different volume scattering element base material.
- the plots of Figure 17 are weighted averages of the performance of one or more wavelengths.
- the LED output may have red, green and blue contributions, and the calculations may be a weighted average of the red, green and blue light, each being traced through the optical system.
- Figure 18 is a plot of the performance of one particular configuration, at three different wavelengths.
- the leftmost plot is for blue light, with a wavelength of 486 nm
- the center plot is for green light at 550 nm
- the right plot is for red light at 650 nm.
- the white light from the LED array may include a continuous and/or discrete spectrum that includes the region of 486 nm to 650 nm, and the three chosen wavelengths may roughly represent this spectrum.
- the blue light has more upward-propagating power than the red light, and less downward propagating power than the red light.
- the lamp should have more of a reddish tint, when compared with a view from far away from the base of the lamp.
- light that reaches the ceiling will have a more bluish tint than light directed downward.
- the calculations were performed using a particle refractive index that was taken to be constant for all three wavelengths. In practice, the refractive index of the particle varies with wavelength, as does the refractive index of the base material.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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- Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
- Arrangement Of Elements, Cooling, Sealing, Or The Like Of Lighting Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2011532119A JP5386589B2 (en) | 2008-10-16 | 2009-09-22 | Light emitting diode based lamp with volume scattering element |
CN2009801409662A CN102187147A (en) | 2008-10-16 | 2009-09-22 | Light emitting diode-based lamp having a volume scattering element |
EP09820975A EP2337992A4 (en) | 2008-10-16 | 2009-09-22 | Light emitting diode-based lamp having a volume scattering element |
CA2739116A CA2739116C (en) | 2008-10-16 | 2009-09-22 | Light emitting diode-based lamp having a volume scattering element |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10598008P | 2008-10-16 | 2008-10-16 | |
US61/105,980 | 2008-10-16 | ||
US12/351,197 US20100097821A1 (en) | 2008-10-16 | 2009-01-09 | Light emitting diode-based lamp having a volume scattering element |
US12/351,197 | 2009-01-09 |
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WO2010044985A2 true WO2010044985A2 (en) | 2010-04-22 |
WO2010044985A3 WO2010044985A3 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
WO2010044985A8 WO2010044985A8 (en) | 2011-05-26 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US2009/057756 WO2010044985A2 (en) | 2008-10-16 | 2009-09-22 | Light emitting diode-based lamp having a volume scattering element |
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---|---|
US (2) | US20100097821A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2337992A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5386589B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR20110074592A (en) |
CN (1) | CN102187147A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2739116C (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010044985A2 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2012506125A (en) | 2012-03-08 |
WO2010044985A8 (en) | 2011-05-26 |
EP2337992A4 (en) | 2012-12-05 |
CN102187147A (en) | 2011-09-14 |
US20120147611A1 (en) | 2012-06-14 |
EP2337992A2 (en) | 2011-06-29 |
JP5386589B2 (en) | 2014-01-15 |
WO2010044985A3 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
CA2739116C (en) | 2014-07-15 |
CA2739116A1 (en) | 2010-04-22 |
KR20110074592A (en) | 2011-06-30 |
US20100097821A1 (en) | 2010-04-22 |
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