WO2009138746A1 - Biomass processing - Google Patents
Biomass processing Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009138746A1 WO2009138746A1 PCT/GB2009/001205 GB2009001205W WO2009138746A1 WO 2009138746 A1 WO2009138746 A1 WO 2009138746A1 GB 2009001205 W GB2009001205 W GB 2009001205W WO 2009138746 A1 WO2009138746 A1 WO 2009138746A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- biomass
- pyrolysis
- algae
- growth container
- aqueous phase
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 221
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 137
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 claims abstract description 102
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 89
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012263 liquid product Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 38
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 27
- 229960004424 carbon dioxide Drugs 0.000 description 20
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 20
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 16
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 14
- 230000005791 algae growth Effects 0.000 description 14
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 13
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010936 aqueous wash Methods 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 241001474374 Blennius Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 2
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002089 NOx Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012075 bio-oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003889 chemical engineering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur dioxide Inorganic materials O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002488 Hemicellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000209504 Poaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002090 carbon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007306 turnover Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
- C10J3/58—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels combined with pre-distillation of the fuel
- C10J3/60—Processes
- C10J3/64—Processes with decomposition of the distillation products
- C10J3/66—Processes with decomposition of the distillation products by introducing them into the gasification zone
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
- C10B53/02—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of cellulose-containing material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M1/00—Apparatus for enzymology or microbiology
- C12M1/002—Photo bio reactors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M21/00—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses
- C12M21/02—Photobioreactors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M21/00—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses
- C12M21/04—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses for producing gas, e.g. biogas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M43/00—Combinations of bioreactors or fermenters with other apparatus
- C12M43/06—Photobioreactors combined with devices or plants for gas production different from a bioreactor of fermenter
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M43/00—Combinations of bioreactors or fermenters with other apparatus
- C12M43/08—Bioreactors or fermenters combined with devices or plants for production of electricity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
- C12M47/00—Means for after-treatment of the produced biomass or of the fermentation or metabolic products, e.g. storage of biomass
- C12M47/06—Hydrolysis; Cell lysis; Extraction of intracellular or cell wall material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
- C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
- C10J2300/0916—Biomass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
- C10J2300/1671—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with the production of electricity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
- C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
- C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
- C10J2300/1681—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with biological plants, e.g. involving bacteria, algae, fungi
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
Definitions
- the present invention relates to biomass processing. It has particular, but not exclusive, application in the field of pyrolysis and/or gasification of algae biomass.
- Biomass pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of biomass (e.g. plant material such as wood, wood bark, grasses, straw and algae) substantially in the absence of oxygen. Biomass is typically a mixture of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin and small amounts of other organics .
- the heating temperature and vapour residence times determine the proportion of gas, liquid and char produced by pyrolysis.
- fast pyrolysis operates at moderate temperatures of 350 to 500 0 C and short vapour residence times of less than two seconds to yield up to 75 wt. % liquid product on dry feed basis (A. V.
- Dried algae mass is a useful source of biomass.
- Algae has a high biomass production rate per unit of hectare.
- 1.9 tons of dry algal biomass may be produced per day per hectare compared to 60 to 70 tons of grass per hectare per year (www.algaelink.com, accessed 08 May 2008) .
- Algae may be grown in ponds or bioreactors. To achieve fast growth rates, algae should be provided with carbon dioxide at a higher concentration than atmospheric carbon dioxide. Light and carbon dioxide are critical for photosynthesis, which allows the algae to grow. Nutrients are also required as rapid growth depletes any existing nutrient sources. Furthermore, for optimal growth, algae should be kept in the temperature range of 20 to 25 °C.
- WO 2007/144441 discloses a system of cultivating phytoplankton using solar or artificial light.
- the phytoplankton are harvested and useful chemical compounds are extracted.
- US-B-6, 477,841 discloses a system for growing macroalgae in a body of water using solar energy.
- the macroalgae are harvested and combusted in a fluidized bed combustion chamber in an artificial atmosphere of oxygen and carbon dioxide .
- an efficient process for the pyrolysis of biomass may be provided by linking a pyrolysis apparatus with a biomass growth container, in which at least part of the products of the pyrolysis may be used to promote biomass growth.
- the present invention provides a biomass processing system having: - an algae biomass growth container;
- the present invention provides a biomass processing system having:
- biomass pyrolysis apparatus for pyrolysis processing of biomass derived, at least in part, from the algae biomass growth container to produce pyrolysis products
- gasification product conveying apparatus linking the gasifier and the biomass growth container for conveying at least part of at least one of said gasification products from the gasifier to the algae biomass growth container for promoting algae biomass growth.
- the present invention provides a biomass processing system having:
- biomass pyrolysis apparatus for pyrolysis processing of biomass derived, at least in part, from the algae biomass growth container to produce pyrolysis products
- an engine operable by combusting at least one of said pyrolysis or gasification products to produce power and combustion products; and - a combustion product conveying apparatus linking said engine and the biomass growth container for conveying at least part of at least one of said combustion products from the engine to the algae biomass growth container for promoting algae biomass growth.
- the present invention provides a method of biomass processing including the steps : - growing algae biomass in an algae biomass growth container for pyrolysis in the biomass pyrolysis apparatus ;
- the present invention provides a method of biomass processing including the steps : - growing algae biomass in an algae biomass growth container for pyrolysis in a biomass pyrolysis apparatus;
- the present invention provides a method of biomass processing including the steps:
- the pyrolysis product conveying apparatus conveys at least one of: heat, carbon dioxide, ash, water, char and aqueous phase of liquid pyrolysis product from the biomass pyrolysis apparatus to the algae biomass growth container.
- the biomass processing system includes a gasifier for receiving at least part of at least one of said pyrolysis products to produce gasification products.
- the biomass processing system includes a gasification product conveying apparatus linking the gasifier to the algae biomass growth container for conveying at least part of at least one of said gasification products from the gasifier to the algae biomass growth container to promote algae biomass growth.
- the gasification product conveying apparatus conveys at least one of: heat, carbon dioxide, ash, water, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and char from the gasifier to the algae biomass growth container.
- the biomass processing system includes an engine operable by combusting at least one of said pyrolysis or gasification products to produce power and combustion products . It is preferable that the biomass processing system further includes a combustion product conveying apparatus linking said engine to the algae biomass growth container for conveying at least part of at least one of the combustion products from the engine to the algae biomass growth container to promote algae biomass growth.
- the combustion product conveying apparatus conveys at least one of: heat, carbon dioxide, ash, water and char from the engine to the algae biomass growth container.
- the char contains at least 5 % ash (by weight) .
- the ash content of the char is not more than 50 % (by weight) .
- the char includes a carbon : oxygen ratio of at least 4 : 1 (by number of atoms) . It is preferable that the char produced from the biomass pyrolysis apparatus is washed with water to produce a char residue solid and an aqueous nutrient solution, and wherein at least one of the char residue solid or the aqueous nutrient solution is conveyed to the algae biomass growth container for promoting algae growth.
- the biomass processing system includes a biogas plant for providing at least a part of the biomass processing system with at least one biogas plant product .
- the biogas plant produces an aqueous nutrient solution for conveying to the algae biomass growth container to promote algae growth.
- the biogas plant produces a solid biogas plant residue for conveying to the biomass pyrolysis apparatus for pyrolysing.
- a portion of the biomass supplied to the biomass pyrolysis apparatus is biomass grown elsewhere than in the algae biomass growth container.
- this other biomass is not algae- derived biomass.
- it is agricultural- or forestry-derived biomass.
- the algae biomass of the algae biomass growth container may supply the pyrolysis apparatus with at least part of the feedstock to generate pyrolysis products. At least one of the pyrolysis products may then be conveyed to the algae biomass growth container. Therefore, a cycle between a biomass pyrolysis apparatus and a biomass growth container may be established. In this system, at least part of at least one product of the biomass pyrolysis apparatus is recycled in order to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of growing algae biomass . This leads to the formation of pyrolysis products in a cost-efficient and environmentally sound process .
- Biomass feedstock in the form of dried algae may be processed by a biomass pyrolysis apparatus.
- the biomass pyrolysis apparatus has, at least, a pyrolysis reactor.
- a pyrolysis reactor There are many types of pyrolysis reactors known in the art. For example, see A. V. Bridgwater, "Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass", Chemical Engineering Journal, 2003, 91, 87-102, and WO 02/50484, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
- Example conditions for intermediate pyrolysis may include a low to moderate reaction temperatures of 300 to 500 0 C, may include residence feedstock times of 0.5 to 25 minutes and may include moderate hot vapour residence times of 2 to 15 seconds .
- the products of intermediate pyrolysis may be produced in the approximate ratios of 40-60 : 15-25 : 20-30 % by weight of liquid (vapour) : gas : solid char.
- the liquid product of pyrolysis may be cooled to yield a bio-oil comprising a low energy aqueous phase and high energy oily phase.
- the bio-oil typically, has a heating value of 18 MJ/kg, and may be used as biodiesel or stored to be processed at a later date.
- the aqueous phase product may contain nutrients. If separated from the oily phase, the aqueous phase product may supply the biomass growth container with water and nutrients .
- the biomass processing system may include gasifier, which optionally forms all or part of the biomass pyrolysing apparatus.
- gasifier which optionally forms all or part of the biomass pyrolysing apparatus.
- Gasification and types of gasification are summarised in A. V. Bridgwater, Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass, Chemical Engineering Journal, 2003, 91, 87-102, which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the liquid product of pyrolysis is not cooled but is conveyed to the gasifier as a vapour.
- the gasifier typically heats the vapour to higher temperatures of 800 to 1400 °C, typically around 1200 to 1400 0 C, in order to form synthesis gas or syngas.
- the gas product of pyrolysis typically includes a mixture of CO, H 2 and low molecular weight hydrocarbons. This gas may be stored for future use or further processed either on-site or remotely.
- the gas product of pyrolysis may also be conveyed with the vapours into the gasifier to process the gas product of pyrolysis.
- the gas product of the gasification process may include ammonia and/or H 2 S . If the gas product of pyrolysis or gasification is combusted, e.g. in an engine, the resultant exhaust gas typically includes carbon dioxide, NO x and/or SO2. These components of the exhaust gas may provide useful nutrients for algae growth.
- High ash biomass is not typically used in gasifiers to produce syngas.
- high ash biomass such as algae
- high ash biomass such as algae
- These products may then be gasified in the gasifier to yield syngas and other gasification products.
- the system allows processing of high ash biomass to form syngas.
- Syngas from the gasifier may be stored, purified, conveyed to hydrogen fuel cell devices or conveyed to a bio-engine for combustion. Combustion of the syngas in the bio-engine produces electrical and thermal energy.
- the combustion also produces carbon dioxide, NO x , SO 2 and water combustion products. At least part of at least one of said combustion products may be conveyed to the algae biomass growth container.
- the algae growth container may be a pond or reservoir.
- the container may optionally include a sealed canopy to prevent the escape of gaseous products supplied to or derived from the algae.
- the algae growth container may comprise a tube or an array of tubes fully or partially filled with water.
- suitable growth containers see www.algaelink.com (accessed 08 May 2008) and www.varianaqua.com (accessed 12 May 2008) .
- the algae growth container is typically exposed to sunlight for promoting algae growth.
- the pyrolysis, gasification and/or combustion products conveyed to the algae biomass growth container may be controllably delivered into the biomass growth container.
- gaseous products of pyrolysis, gasification or combustion are conveyed to the algae biomass growth container, the gas levels in the container may be monitored.
- the container By providing the container with carbon dioxide, which is subsequently absorbed during algae growth, the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere is reduced. Since at least some exhaust gas is recycled within the biomass processing system, there may be no need to provide the biomass with carbon dioxide sourced separately and additional to atmospheric levels. At the same time, emissions of harmful greenhouse gases are reduced. When full cycling of carbon dioxide is performed in this way, the process is carbon neutral.
- Char produced from the pyrolysis reactor may be used, at least in part, as a fuel source. It may also be used, at least in part, as a fertiliser at biomass growth sites. Char mixed with sand and/or soil is termed ⁇ black earth' , and is an effective way to sequester carbon. Instead of being released into the atmosphere, the carbon in black earth is slowly absorbed by the soil. In addition, the black earth is a good fertilizer for use on biomass growth areas . Returning the carbon to the soil in this way also does not significant quantities of methane, which is an extremely potent greenhouse gas . Further products of the biomass pyrolysis apparatus may be conveyed to the biomass growth container for promoting growth of algae biomass.
- the aqueous wash solution contains nutrients .
- the solution may contain one following nutrients: potassium, phosphates, nitrates and silica.
- the phosphates may be present up to a 9:1 phosphate to nitrate ratio .
- the aqueous nutrient solution may be supplied to the biomass growth container.
- the nutrients promote growth of the biomass.
- the use of the aqueous nutrient solution reduces the need for the use of fertilisers, thus reducing production costs.
- For algae production it is considered suitable to provide a relatively high proportion of phosphorus-based nutrients compared with nitrogen-based nutrients (around eight parts phosphorus- based nutrients to one part nitrogen-based nutrients) .
- the aqueous wash solution is typically rich in phosphorus-based nutrients. Nitrogen-based fertilizer may be added separately.
- the solid residue from the aqueous wash of the char produced from the biomass pyrolysis apparatus contains carbon in a form suitable for sequestering and may contain mineral nutrients.
- the solid residue may be used to promote growth of biomass elsewhere than in the algae biomass growth container.
- the release of carbon into soil may be tailored by particle size. It is preferable that the solid residue has an average particle size by weight greater than 0.3 mm. It is preferable for the particle size by weight to be 0.4 to 10 mm. However, the material may be brittle, and so larger particle sizes may break down into smaller particle sizes with application of external force .
- the biomass pyrolysis apparatus typically produces water as a pyrolysis product.
- the water may be condensed from one of the processes of the biomass pyrolysis apparatus, may contain at least one further product of the biomass pyrolysis apparatus and/or may be separated from another product of the biomass pyrolysis apparatus. At least part of the water may be supplied to the biomass growth container as a resource for the biomass growth. As the algae are grown in water, a ready supply and turnover of water is also useful for reducing stagnation.
- the biomass processing system may produce excess heat either as a pyrolysis product or using one or more of the pyrolysis products as a fuel for combustion. At least part of the heat may be supplied to the biomass growth container. Algae grow optimally in the temperature range of 20 to 25 0 C. It is often hard to maintain these temperatures throughout the year at a fixed growth site without additional heating. By using at least part of the excess heat of the biomass processing system, the energy costs of the algae growth are reduced, and harvesting may easily be performed even during winter months.
- the biomass is harvested to for pyrolysis in the pyrolysis reactor.
- the algae may optionally contain useful oils that may be extracted at this stage.
- Extraction techniques are known and may include drying and squeezing of the algae. Oil content ranges from 15 to 77 % of algae dry weight. Chisti,-Y., 2007, “Biodiesel from Microalgae", Biotechnology Advances, 25, 294-306 is incorporated herein by reference. The algae residue after oil extraction may be used in the pyrolysis reactor.
- biomass In pyrolysis, it is advantageous to use biomass of less than 25 % water by weight. It is more preferable to use biomass of less than 10 % water by weight.
- the algae biomass Once the algae biomass is dried, it may be charged into the biomass pyrolysis apparatus. This completes the cyclical process of the biomass processing system, and begins a further cycle.
- the biomass pyrolysis apparatus optionally may include or be linked to a biogas plant.
- Typical biogas plants anaerobically digest biomass to produce methane as a biogas product. See www.schmack-biogas.com and www.nawaro.ag (both accessed 12 May 2008).
- the biomass is digested by fermentation with microbes in water .
- biogas plant products include carbon dioxide and water rich with nutrients, which may, at least in part, be conveyed to the algae biomass growth container.
- a further product of the biogas plant is the solid residue of the biomass after digestion.
- the solid residue is typically high in lignocellulose content. At least part of the solid residue biogas plant product may be conveyed to the pyrolysis reactor for pyrolysis.
- the biomass processing system may also be provided with biomass grown elsewhere than in the biomass growth container (Biomass A) in addition to the biomass from the algae biomass growth container (Biomass B) .
- Biomass A may be grown in atmospheric air. During growth of Biomass A, carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere for use in photosynthesis. On entering the biomass processing system, the same quantity of carbon dioxide is not released necessarily into the atmosphere from the processing of Biomass A, since at least part of the carbon or carbon dioxide from Biomass A is conveyed to the biomass growth container. Provided that at least part of the char from the biomass pyrolysis is sequestered, e.g. added to the soil to promote black earth, the overall process may be ⁇ carbon negative' .
- a further advantageous effect of the invention is that it may be used to produce a non-wood-based biochar which itself is low in nutrients and/or ash.
- a biochar may be comparable in properties and/or composition to biochar from wood, but can be generated from low grade, lignin rich materials which are comparatively cheap compared to wood biomass.
- the material used may be algae.
- the process used may include a pyrolysis step. This constitutes a further aspect of the present invention, which may be combined with any other aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a biomass processing system according to an embodiment of the invention, including a biogas plant, an algae growth container, a pyrolyser and a gasifier.
- the biomass processing system of Fig. 1 includes a biogas plant.
- the biogas plant 10 ferments biomass and provides an aqueous mineral nutrient solution to an algae biomass growth container 20.
- Algae is grown in the algae growth container 20. The growth is promoted by the nutrient solution, carbon dioxide and sunlight.
- oil is extracted from the algae in the oil extraction processor 30.
- the remaining algae residue is charged into the pyrolysis reactor 40.
- the pyrolysis reactor is charged with lignocellulose-rich residue produced from the biogas plant and high or low ash biomass such as wood and grass .
- the pyrolysis reactor pyrolyses the biomass mixture under intermediate pyrolysis conditions to form a mixture of solid char, ash, liquid vapours and gas.
- the solid char is mixed with soil to form black earth at a biomass growth site.
- the gas and liquid vapour products are conveyed, at least in part, to a gasifier 50.
- the gasifier 50 is additionally charged with low ash biomass wood.
- the mixture of biomass is gasified to produce syngas.
- the syngas is combusted in an engine 60 to produce electrical and thermal energy.
- Carbon dioxide from the gasifier and engine is conveyed through a pipe to the algae biomass growth container to promote the growth of algae.
- the solid products of the pyrolysis process may be washed using water.
- the resultant char wash is a nutrient-rich aqueous phase. This can be conveyed to the algae biomass growth container in order to promote algae growth.
- the pyrolysis vapours may, in part, be diverted from the gasifier.
- the aqueous phase of the pyrolysis vapours may be conveyed to the algae biomass growth container as a nutrient-rich aqueous phase in order to promote algae growth.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
A biomass processing system is disclosed, with an algae biomass growth container and a pyrolysis reactor for pyrolysis processing of the algae biomass. A conveying apparatus links the pyrolysis reactor and the biomass growth container for conveying at least part of at least one of the pyrolysis products from the reactor to the biomass growth container for promoting algae biomass growth. The pyrolysis product is a nutrient-rich aqueous phase produced directly or indirectly through pyrolysis processing to the biomass growth container, e.g. an aqueous phase derived from the vapour products of the pyrolysis, or a char wash obtained by washing the char product of the pyrolysis.
Description
BIOMASS PROCESSING
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
Field of the invention
The present invention relates to biomass processing. It has particular, but not exclusive, application in the field of pyrolysis and/or gasification of algae biomass.
Related art
Biomass pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of biomass (e.g. plant material such as wood, wood bark, grasses, straw and algae) substantially in the absence of oxygen. Biomass is typically a mixture of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin and small amounts of other organics .
The heating temperature and vapour residence times determine the proportion of gas, liquid and char produced by pyrolysis. For example, fast pyrolysis operates at moderate temperatures of 350 to 500 0C and short vapour residence times of less than two seconds to yield up to 75 wt. % liquid product on dry feed basis (A. V.
Bridgwater, D. Meier, D. Radlein, "An overview of fast
pyrolysis of biomass", Organic Geochemistry, 1999, 30, 1479-1493, incorporated herein by reference) .
Dried algae mass is a useful source of biomass. Algae has a high biomass production rate per unit of hectare.
Typically, 1.9 tons of dry algal biomass may be produced per day per hectare compared to 60 to 70 tons of grass per hectare per year (www.algaelink.com, accessed 08 May 2008) .
Algae may be grown in ponds or bioreactors. To achieve fast growth rates, algae should be provided with carbon dioxide at a higher concentration than atmospheric carbon dioxide. Light and carbon dioxide are critical for photosynthesis, which allows the algae to grow. Nutrients are also required as rapid growth depletes any existing nutrient sources. Furthermore, for optimal growth, algae should be kept in the temperature range of 20 to 25 °C.
WO 2007/144441 discloses a system of cultivating phytoplankton using solar or artificial light. The phytoplankton are harvested and useful chemical compounds are extracted.
US-B-6, 477,841 discloses a system for growing macroalgae in a body of water using solar energy. The macroalgae
are harvested and combusted in a fluidized bed combustion chamber in an artificial atmosphere of oxygen and carbon dioxide .
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The inventors have realised that an efficient process for the pyrolysis of biomass may be provided by linking a pyrolysis apparatus with a biomass growth container, in which at least part of the products of the pyrolysis may be used to promote biomass growth.
Accordingly, in a first preferred aspect, the present invention provides a biomass processing system having: - an algae biomass growth container;
- a biomass pyrolysis apparatus for pyrolysis processing of biomass derived, at least in part, from the algae biomass growth container to produce pyrolysis products; and - a pyrolysis product conveying apparatus linking the biomass pyrolysis apparatus and the biomass growth container for conveying at least part of at least one of said pyrolysis products from the biomass pyrolysis apparatus to the biomass growth container for promoting algae biomass growth.
In a second preferred aspect, the present invention provides a biomass processing system having:
- an algae biomass growth container;
- a biomass pyrolysis apparatus for pyrolysis processing of biomass derived, at least in part, from the algae biomass growth container to produce pyrolysis products;
- a gasifier for gasifying at least part of said pyrolysis products to produce gasification products; and
- a gasification product conveying apparatus linking the gasifier and the biomass growth container for conveying at least part of at least one of said gasification products from the gasifier to the algae biomass growth container for promoting algae biomass growth.
In a third preferred aspect, the present invention provides a biomass processing system having:
- an algae biomass growth container;
- a biomass pyrolysis apparatus for pyrolysis processing of biomass derived, at least in part, from the algae biomass growth container to produce pyrolysis products;
- a gasifier for gasifying at least part of said pyrolysis products to produce gasification products;
- an engine operable by combusting at least one of said pyrolysis or gasification products to produce power and combustion products; and
- a combustion product conveying apparatus linking said engine and the biomass growth container for conveying at least part of at least one of said combustion products from the engine to the algae biomass growth container for promoting algae biomass growth.
In a fourth preferred aspect, the present invention provides a method of biomass processing including the steps : - growing algae biomass in an algae biomass growth container for pyrolysis in the biomass pyrolysis apparatus ;
- removing algae biomass grown in said algae biomass growth container; - pyrolysing the algae biomass in a biomass pyrolysis apparatus to produce pyrolysis products; and
- conveying with a pyrolysis product conveying apparatus at least part of at least one of said pyrolysis products from the biomass pyrolysis apparatus to the algae biomass growth container to promote algae biomass growth.
In a fifth preferred aspect, the present invention provides a method of biomass processing including the steps :
- growing algae biomass in an algae biomass growth container for pyrolysis in a biomass pyrolysis apparatus;
- removing algae biomass grown in said algae biomass growth container;
- pyrolysing the algae biomass in said biomass pyrolysis apparatus to produce pyrolysis products
- conveying at least part of at least one of said pyrolysis products to a gasifier for gasification; - gasifying the pyrolysis product in the gasifier to produce gasification products; and
- conveying with a gasification product conveying apparatus at least part of at least one of said gasification products from the biomass pyrolysis apparatus to the algae biomass growth container to promote algae biomass growth.
In a sixth preferred aspect, the present invention provides a method of biomass processing including the steps:
- growing algae biomass in an algae biomass growth container for pyrolysis in a biomass pyrolysis apparatus;
- removing algae biomass grown in said algae biomass growth container;
- pyrolysing the algae biomass in said biomass pyrolysis apparatus to produce pyrolysis products;
- conveying at least part of at least one pyrolysis product to a gasifier for gasification; - gasifying the pyrolysis product in the gasifier to produce gasification products;
- conveying at least part of at least one gasification product to an engine operable by combusting at least one of said pyrolysis or gasification products to produce power and combustion products;
- combusting the pyrolysis or gasification product in the engine to produce power and combustion products; and
- conveying with a combustion product conveying apparatus at least part of at least one of said combustion products from the engine to the algae biomass growth container to promote algae biomass growth.
The following preferred and/or optional features are applicable to any aspect of the invention, singly or in any combination, unless the context demands otherwise.
It is preferable that the pyrolysis product conveying apparatus conveys at least one of: heat, carbon dioxide, ash, water, char and aqueous phase of liquid pyrolysis
product from the biomass pyrolysis apparatus to the algae biomass growth container.
It is preferable that the biomass processing system includes a gasifier for receiving at least part of at least one of said pyrolysis products to produce gasification products.
It is preferable that the biomass processing system includes a gasification product conveying apparatus linking the gasifier to the algae biomass growth container for conveying at least part of at least one of said gasification products from the gasifier to the algae biomass growth container to promote algae biomass growth.
It is preferable that the gasification product conveying apparatus conveys at least one of: heat, carbon dioxide, ash, water, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and char from the gasifier to the algae biomass growth container.
It is preferable that the biomass processing system includes an engine operable by combusting at least one of said pyrolysis or gasification products to produce power and combustion products .
It is preferable that the biomass processing system further includes a combustion product conveying apparatus linking said engine to the algae biomass growth container for conveying at least part of at least one of the combustion products from the engine to the algae biomass growth container to promote algae biomass growth.
It is preferable that the combustion product conveying apparatus conveys at least one of: heat, carbon dioxide, ash, water and char from the engine to the algae biomass growth container.
Preferably the char contains at least 5 % ash (by weight) . Preferably, the ash content of the char is not more than 50 % (by weight) . Preferably, the char includes a carbon : oxygen ratio of at least 4 : 1 (by number of atoms) . It is preferable that the char produced from the biomass pyrolysis apparatus is washed with water to produce a char residue solid and an aqueous nutrient solution, and wherein at least one of the char residue solid or the aqueous nutrient solution is conveyed to the algae biomass growth container for promoting algae growth.
It is preferable that the biomass processing system includes a biogas plant for providing at least a part of
the biomass processing system with at least one biogas plant product .
It is preferable that the biogas plant produces an aqueous nutrient solution for conveying to the algae biomass growth container to promote algae growth.
It is preferable that the biogas plant produces a solid biogas plant residue for conveying to the biomass pyrolysis apparatus for pyrolysing.
It is preferable that, in use, a portion of the biomass supplied to the biomass pyrolysis apparatus is biomass grown elsewhere than in the algae biomass growth container. Preferably, this other biomass is not algae- derived biomass. Most preferably, it is agricultural- or forestry-derived biomass.
The algae biomass of the algae biomass growth container may supply the pyrolysis apparatus with at least part of the feedstock to generate pyrolysis products. At least one of the pyrolysis products may then be conveyed to the algae biomass growth container. Therefore, a cycle between a biomass pyrolysis apparatus and a biomass growth container may be established. In this system, at least part of at least one product of the biomass
pyrolysis apparatus is recycled in order to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of growing algae biomass . This leads to the formation of pyrolysis products in a cost-efficient and environmentally sound process .
Biomass feedstock in the form of dried algae may be processed by a biomass pyrolysis apparatus. The biomass pyrolysis apparatus has, at least, a pyrolysis reactor. There are many types of pyrolysis reactors known in the art. For example, see A. V. Bridgwater, "Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass", Chemical Engineering Journal, 2003, 91, 87-102, and WO 02/50484, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
It is preferable that the conditions for intermediate pyrolysis are used in the pyrolysis reactor of the biomass pyrolysis apparatus. Example conditions for intermediate pyrolysis may include a low to moderate reaction temperatures of 300 to 500 0C, may include residence feedstock times of 0.5 to 25 minutes and may include moderate hot vapour residence times of 2 to 15 seconds .
The products of intermediate pyrolysis may be produced in the approximate ratios of 40-60 : 15-25 : 20-30 % by weight of liquid (vapour) : gas : solid char.
The liquid product of pyrolysis may be cooled to yield a bio-oil comprising a low energy aqueous phase and high energy oily phase. The bio-oil, typically, has a heating value of 18 MJ/kg, and may be used as biodiesel or stored to be processed at a later date. The aqueous phase product may contain nutrients. If separated from the oily phase, the aqueous phase product may supply the biomass growth container with water and nutrients .
The biomass processing system may include gasifier, which optionally forms all or part of the biomass pyrolysing apparatus. Gasification and types of gasification are summarised in A. V. Bridgwater, Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass, Chemical Engineering Journal, 2003, 91, 87-102, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Preferably, the liquid product of pyrolysis is not cooled but is conveyed to the gasifier as a vapour. The gasifier typically heats the vapour to higher temperatures of 800 to 1400 °C, typically around 1200 to 1400 0C, in order to form synthesis gas or syngas.
The gas product of pyrolysis typically includes a mixture of CO, H2 and low molecular weight hydrocarbons. This gas may be stored for future use or further processed either on-site or remotely.
The gas product of pyrolysis may also be conveyed with the vapours into the gasifier to process the gas product of pyrolysis. The gas product of the gasification process may include ammonia and/or H2S . If the gas product of pyrolysis or gasification is combusted, e.g. in an engine, the resultant exhaust gas typically includes carbon dioxide, NOx and/or SO2. These components of the exhaust gas may provide useful nutrients for algae growth.
It is preferable to convey the gas and liquid vapour products of pyrolysis to the gasifier. High ash biomass is not typically used in gasifiers to produce syngas. However, by coupling a pyrolyser with a gasifier, high ash biomass, such as algae, may be pyrolysed in the pyrolysis reactor to form products of pyrolysis. These products may then be gasified in the gasifier to yield syngas and other gasification products. The system allows processing of high ash biomass to form syngas.
Syngas from the gasifier may be stored, purified, conveyed to hydrogen fuel cell devices or conveyed to a bio-engine for combustion. Combustion of the syngas in the bio-engine produces electrical and thermal energy. The combustion also produces carbon dioxide, NOx, SO2 and water combustion products. At least part of at least one of said combustion products may be conveyed to the algae biomass growth container.
The algae growth container may be a pond or reservoir. The container may optionally include a sealed canopy to prevent the escape of gaseous products supplied to or derived from the algae. Alternatively, the algae growth container may comprise a tube or an array of tubes fully or partially filled with water. For typical examples of suitable growth containers see www.algaelink.com (accessed 08 May 2008) and www.varianaqua.com (accessed 12 May 2008) .
The algae growth container is typically exposed to sunlight for promoting algae growth. The pyrolysis, gasification and/or combustion products conveyed to the algae biomass growth container may be controllably delivered into the biomass growth container.
When gaseous products of pyrolysis, gasification or combustion are conveyed to the algae biomass growth container, the gas levels in the container may be monitored. By providing the container with carbon dioxide, which is subsequently absorbed during algae growth, the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere is reduced. Since at least some exhaust gas is recycled within the biomass processing system, there may be no need to provide the biomass with carbon dioxide sourced separately and additional to atmospheric levels. At the same time, emissions of harmful greenhouse gases are reduced. When full cycling of carbon dioxide is performed in this way, the process is carbon neutral.
Char produced from the pyrolysis reactor may be used, at least in part, as a fuel source. It may also be used, at least in part, as a fertiliser at biomass growth sites. Char mixed with sand and/or soil is termed Λblack earth' , and is an effective way to sequester carbon. Instead of being released into the atmosphere, the carbon in black earth is slowly absorbed by the soil. In addition, the black earth is a good fertilizer for use on biomass growth areas . Returning the carbon to the soil in this way also does not significant quantities of methane, which is an extremely potent greenhouse gas .
Further products of the biomass pyrolysis apparatus may be conveyed to the biomass growth container for promoting growth of algae biomass.
It is preferable to wash at least part of the char produced by the biomass pyrolysis apparatus with water to yield an aqueous wash solution and a solid purified residue char. The aqueous wash solution contains nutrients . The solution may contain one following nutrients: potassium, phosphates, nitrates and silica. The phosphates may be present up to a 9:1 phosphate to nitrate ratio .
The aqueous nutrient solution may be supplied to the biomass growth container. The nutrients promote growth of the biomass. The use of the aqueous nutrient solution reduces the need for the use of fertilisers, thus reducing production costs. For algae production, it is considered suitable to provide a relatively high proportion of phosphorus-based nutrients compared with nitrogen-based nutrients (around eight parts phosphorus- based nutrients to one part nitrogen-based nutrients) . The aqueous wash solution is typically rich in phosphorus-based nutrients. Nitrogen-based fertilizer may be added separately.
The solid residue from the aqueous wash of the char produced from the biomass pyrolysis apparatus contains carbon in a form suitable for sequestering and may contain mineral nutrients. The solid residue may be used to promote growth of biomass elsewhere than in the algae biomass growth container. The release of carbon into soil may be tailored by particle size. It is preferable that the solid residue has an average particle size by weight greater than 0.3 mm. It is preferable for the particle size by weight to be 0.4 to 10 mm. However, the material may be brittle, and so larger particle sizes may break down into smaller particle sizes with application of external force .
The biomass pyrolysis apparatus typically produces water as a pyrolysis product. The water may be condensed from one of the processes of the biomass pyrolysis apparatus, may contain at least one further product of the biomass pyrolysis apparatus and/or may be separated from another product of the biomass pyrolysis apparatus. At least part of the water may be supplied to the biomass growth container as a resource for the biomass growth. As the algae are grown in water, a ready supply and turnover of water is also useful for reducing stagnation.
The biomass processing system may produce excess heat either as a pyrolysis product or using one or more of the pyrolysis products as a fuel for combustion. At least part of the heat may be supplied to the biomass growth container. Algae grow optimally in the temperature range of 20 to 25 0C. It is often hard to maintain these temperatures throughout the year at a fixed growth site without additional heating. By using at least part of the excess heat of the biomass processing system, the energy costs of the algae growth are reduced, and harvesting may easily be performed even during winter months.
The biomass is harvested to for pyrolysis in the pyrolysis reactor. The algae may optionally contain useful oils that may be extracted at this stage.
Extraction techniques are known and may include drying and squeezing of the algae. Oil content ranges from 15 to 77 % of algae dry weight. Chisti,-Y., 2007, "Biodiesel from Microalgae", Biotechnology Advances, 25, 294-306 is incorporated herein by reference. The algae residue after oil extraction may be used in the pyrolysis reactor.
In pyrolysis, it is advantageous to use biomass of less than 25 % water by weight. It is more preferable to use biomass of less than 10 % water by weight. Thus, there is preferably a step of drying the algae after harvesting.
At least part of the excess heat from the biomass processing system may be used to dry the biomass. For example, at least part of the char may be combusted to heat and dry the algae. At least part of the water from the drying of the algae may be collected and conveyed to the algae growth container.
Once the algae biomass is dried, it may be charged into the biomass pyrolysis apparatus. This completes the cyclical process of the biomass processing system, and begins a further cycle.
The biomass pyrolysis apparatus optionally may include or be linked to a biogas plant. Typical biogas plants anaerobically digest biomass to produce methane as a biogas product. See www.schmack-biogas.com and www.nawaro.ag (both accessed 12 May 2008). Typically, the biomass is digested by fermentation with microbes in water .
Other biogas plant products include carbon dioxide and water rich with nutrients, which may, at least in part, be conveyed to the algae biomass growth container. A further product of the biogas plant is the solid residue of the biomass after digestion. The solid residue is typically high in lignocellulose content. At least part
of the solid residue biogas plant product may be conveyed to the pyrolysis reactor for pyrolysis.
The biomass processing system may also be provided with biomass grown elsewhere than in the biomass growth container (Biomass A) in addition to the biomass from the algae biomass growth container (Biomass B) .
Biomass A may be grown in atmospheric air. During growth of Biomass A, carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere for use in photosynthesis. On entering the biomass processing system, the same quantity of carbon dioxide is not released necessarily into the atmosphere from the processing of Biomass A, since at least part of the carbon or carbon dioxide from Biomass A is conveyed to the biomass growth container. Provided that at least part of the char from the biomass pyrolysis is sequestered, e.g. added to the soil to promote black earth, the overall process may be Λcarbon negative' .
A further advantageous effect of the invention is that it may be used to produce a non-wood-based biochar which itself is low in nutrients and/or ash. Such a biochar may be comparable in properties and/or composition to biochar from wood, but can be generated from low grade, lignin rich materials which are comparatively cheap
compared to wood biomass. The material used may be algae. The process used may include a pyrolysis step. This constitutes a further aspect of the present invention, which may be combined with any other aspect of the present invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the drawing (Fig. 1), which shows a biomass processing system according to an embodiment of the invention, including a biogas plant, an algae growth container, a pyrolyser and a gasifier.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT AND
FURTHER PREFERRED AND/OR OPTIONAL FEATURES
The biomass processing system of Fig. 1 includes a biogas plant. The biogas plant 10 ferments biomass and provides an aqueous mineral nutrient solution to an algae biomass growth container 20. Algae is grown in the algae growth container 20. The growth is promoted by the nutrient solution, carbon dioxide and sunlight.
When the algae is harvested, oil is extracted from the algae in the oil extraction processor 30. The remaining algae residue is charged into the pyrolysis reactor 40. In addition to the algae residue, the pyrolysis reactor is charged with lignocellulose-rich residue produced from the biogas plant and high or low ash biomass such as wood and grass .
The pyrolysis reactor pyrolyses the biomass mixture under intermediate pyrolysis conditions to form a mixture of solid char, ash, liquid vapours and gas. In one embodiment, the solid char is mixed with soil to form black earth at a biomass growth site. The gas and liquid vapour products are conveyed, at least in part, to a gasifier 50.
The gasifier 50 is additionally charged with low ash biomass wood. The mixture of biomass is gasified to produce syngas. The syngas is combusted in an engine 60 to produce electrical and thermal energy. Carbon dioxide from the gasifier and engine is conveyed through a pipe to the algae biomass growth container to promote the growth of algae.
As shown in Fig. 1, the solid products of the pyrolysis process (char and ash) may be washed using water. The
resultant char wash is a nutrient-rich aqueous phase. This can be conveyed to the algae biomass growth container in order to promote algae growth.
As also shown in Fig. 1, the pyrolysis vapours may, in part, be diverted from the gasifier. In this case, the aqueous phase of the pyrolysis vapours may be conveyed to the algae biomass growth container as a nutrient-rich aqueous phase in order to promote algae growth.
The embodiments set out above have been described by way of example. Modifications of these embodiments, further embodiments and modifications thereof will be apparent to the skilled person on reading this disclosure and as such are within the scope of the invention.
Claims
1. A biomass processing system having: an algae biomass growth container; a biomass pyrolysis apparatus for pyrolysis processing of biomass derived, at least in part, from the algae biomass growth container to produce pyrolysis products; and a pyrolysis product conveying apparatus linking the biomass pyrolysis apparatus and the biomass growth container for conveying at least part of at least one of said pyrolysis products from the biomass pyrolysis apparatus to the biomass growth container for promoting algae biomass growth; wherein the system is configured to convey a nutrient-rich aqueous phase produced directly or indirectly through pyrolysis processing to the biomass growth container.
2. A biomass processing system according to claim 1, including means for separating the nutrient-rich aqueous phase from an oily phase of a liquid product of pyrolysis .
3. A biomass processing system according to claim 1, including means for washing char produced through pyrolysis processing with water to produce the nutrient- rich aqueous phase.
4. A biomass processing system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, in use, nitrogen-based fertiliser is added to the biomass growth container in addition to the nutrient-rich aqueous phase.
5. A biomass processing system according to any one of claims 1 to 4, the system being configured to convey to the biomass growth container a nutrient-rich aqueous phase having a greater concentration of phosphorus-based nutrients than nitrogen-based nutrients.
6 A method of biomass processing including the steps:
- growing algae biomass in an algae biomass growth container for pyrolysis in a biomass pyrolysis apparatus;
- removing algae biomass grown in said algae biomass growth container;
- pyrolysing the algae biomass in a biomass pyrolysis apparatus to produce pyrolysis products; and
- conveying with a pyrolysis product conveying apparatus at least part of at least one of said pyrolysis products from the biomass pyrolysis apparatus to the algae biomass growth container to promote algae biomass growth; wherein the pyrolysis product conveyed to the biomass growth container includes a nutrient-rich aqueous phase.
7. A method to claim 6, further including the step of separating the nutrient-rich aqueous phase from an oily phase of a liquid pyrolysis product.
8. A method according to claim 6, further including the step of producing the nutrient-rich aqueous phase through washing char produced through pyrolysis processing.
9. A method according to any one of claims 6 to 8 further including the step of adding nitrogen-rich fertiliser to the biomass growth container in addition to the nutrient-rich aqueous phase.
10. A method according to any one of claims 6 to 9, wherein the nutrient-rich aqueous phase has a greater concentration of phosphorus-based nutrients than nitrogen-based nutrients .
11. A method for producing a non-wood-based biochar which itself is low in nutrients and/or ash, comparable in properties and/or composition to biochar from wood, the non-wood-based biochar being produced from low grade, lignin rich and low cost material (optionally algae) by pyrolysis .
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/992,647 US8658414B2 (en) | 2008-05-14 | 2009-05-13 | Biomass processing |
EP09746063A EP2285949A1 (en) | 2008-05-14 | 2009-05-13 | Biomass processing |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB0808740.5A GB0808740D0 (en) | 2008-05-14 | 2008-05-14 | Biomass processing |
GB0808740.5 | 2008-05-14 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2009138746A1 true WO2009138746A1 (en) | 2009-11-19 |
Family
ID=39571323
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB2009/001205 WO2009138746A1 (en) | 2008-05-14 | 2009-05-13 | Biomass processing |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8658414B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2285949A1 (en) |
GB (2) | GB0808740D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2009138746A1 (en) |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2011158036A1 (en) * | 2010-06-17 | 2011-12-22 | Lichen Properties Limited | Method of restoring contaminated land |
WO2012019851A1 (en) * | 2010-08-12 | 2012-02-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | An agro biomass gasification system and a method for agro biomass gasification |
WO2012085880A2 (en) | 2010-12-23 | 2012-06-28 | Sea Marconi Technologies Di Vander Tumiatti S.A.S. | Modular plant for performing conversion processes of carbonaceous matrices |
WO2013001389A1 (en) * | 2011-06-28 | 2013-01-03 | GARDNER, Colleen | Thermal de-polymerisation and algae photosynthesis |
EP2594622A1 (en) * | 2011-11-15 | 2013-05-22 | Dr. Pley Environmental GmbH | Method for generating energy with closed carbon dioxide circuit |
ITMI20120855A1 (en) * | 2012-05-17 | 2013-11-18 | Greengate S R L | ENERGY GENERATION SYSTEM STARTING FROM BIOMASS AND PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES |
US8623634B2 (en) | 2009-06-23 | 2014-01-07 | Kior, Inc. | Growing aquatic biomass, and producing biomass feedstock and biocrude therefrom |
ITTO20120760A1 (en) * | 2012-09-03 | 2014-03-04 | Welt Company S R L | PROCEDURE AND PLANT FOR THE DISPOSAL OF WASTE OF ALGAL ORIGIN |
ITTO20120894A1 (en) * | 2012-10-12 | 2014-04-13 | Sea Marconi Technologies Di Vander Tumiatti S A S | CO-PRODUCTION PROCEDURE OF BIOENERGY AND INTEGRATED CONVERSION OF BIOMASS AND URBAN WASTE |
ITUB20150681A1 (en) * | 2015-05-21 | 2016-11-21 | Micoperi Blue Growth S R L | Plant and process for the production of microorganisms in aquaculture |
FR3041654A1 (en) * | 2015-09-29 | 2017-03-31 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF LIQUID EFFLUENTS AND THE PRODUCTION OF MICRO-ALGAE COMPRISING A PYROLYSIS STEP |
CN109534636A (en) * | 2018-12-05 | 2019-03-29 | 湖北金日生态能源股份有限公司 | A kind of production system that waste straw is utilized with livestock and poultry feces integrated treatment |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5108853B2 (en) * | 2009-10-16 | 2012-12-26 | 浦安電設株式会社 | Wet organic waste treatment system |
US20130186810A1 (en) * | 2011-07-08 | 2013-07-25 | Thomas A. Volini | System and Method for Processing Alternate Fuel Sources |
WO2013182882A1 (en) * | 2012-06-04 | 2013-12-12 | Western Hydrogen Limited | System for hydrogen production and carbon sequestration |
BE1021907B1 (en) * | 2014-06-10 | 2016-01-26 | Biomass Center Bvba | METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROCESSING BIOMASS |
WO2016195599A1 (en) * | 2015-06-03 | 2016-12-08 | Nanyang Technological University | Method and system for converting biomass to fuel products |
US10899643B2 (en) | 2018-08-07 | 2021-01-26 | Gross-Wen Technologies, Inc. | Targeted pollutant release in microorganisms |
AU2020210809A1 (en) * | 2019-01-22 | 2021-08-12 | Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. | Systems and methods for reducing total dissolved solids (TDS) in wastewater by an algal biofilm treatment |
WO2022256425A1 (en) * | 2021-06-03 | 2022-12-08 | Bioforcetech Corporation | Replacement products using biochar and method for manufacture |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2339576A (en) * | 1998-07-15 | 2000-02-02 | David Beedie | A method for the production of charcoaland the generation of power via the pyrolysis of biomass material |
US6477841B1 (en) * | 1999-03-22 | 2002-11-12 | Solmecs (Israel) Ltd. | Closed cycle power plant |
WO2004072207A1 (en) * | 2003-02-17 | 2004-08-26 | Fortum Oyj | Method for producing synthesis gas |
WO2007027633A2 (en) * | 2005-08-30 | 2007-03-08 | Cargill, Incorporated | Method for biofuel production |
WO2008020167A2 (en) * | 2006-08-16 | 2008-02-21 | Aston University | Biomass pyrolysis |
Family Cites Families (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH03154616A (en) * | 1989-11-10 | 1991-07-02 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Recovery and fixation of carbon dioxide |
JPH03169324A (en) * | 1989-11-29 | 1991-07-23 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Method for recovering and fixing carbon dioxide |
GB2254858B (en) | 1991-04-08 | 1995-04-12 | David Paul Jenkins | Power generation system |
JP3169324B2 (en) | 1992-06-25 | 2001-05-21 | 株式会社ブリヂストン | Waterproof pan installation structure |
JP3154616B2 (en) | 1994-06-21 | 2001-04-09 | 株式会社間組 | Mountain suspension bridge |
EP1217318A1 (en) | 2000-12-19 | 2002-06-26 | Sea Marconi Technologies Di Wander Tumiatti S.A.S. | Plant for the thermal treatment of material and operation process thereof |
RU2005115499A (en) * | 2002-10-22 | 2006-01-20 | Дэнни Маршал ДЭЙ (US) | PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF THE SOIL STRUCTURE FORMER OBTAINED BY COMBINED HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, RELATED CARBON AND USING WASTE GAS-PRODUCTED PRODUCTS |
US7191736B2 (en) | 2003-01-21 | 2007-03-20 | Los Angeles Advisory Services, Inc. | Low emission energy source |
JP2006191876A (en) * | 2005-01-14 | 2006-07-27 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | System for utilizing biomass |
DE102005038897A1 (en) | 2005-08-17 | 2007-02-22 | BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte GmbH | Cooking appliance |
ES2308893B2 (en) * | 2006-06-09 | 2010-04-21 | Bernard A.J. Stroiazzo-Mougin | PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING ENERGETIC COMPOUNDS THROUGH ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY. |
US20080182298A1 (en) | 2007-01-26 | 2008-07-31 | Andrew Eric Day | Method And System For The Transformation Of Molecules,To Transform Waste Into Useful Substances And Energy |
DE102007018875A1 (en) * | 2007-04-19 | 2008-10-23 | COLLISI, Jörg | Device for reducing the CO2 content in the air |
DE102007053661A1 (en) * | 2007-11-08 | 2009-05-14 | Rent-A-Scientist Gmbh | Maritime unit arranged in the area of sea surface for producing energy source, comprises maritime biomass cultivating area, biomass harvesting device, device for converting the biomass into the energy source, and storage for liquefied gas |
-
2008
- 2008-05-14 GB GBGB0808740.5A patent/GB0808740D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2009
- 2009-05-13 GB GB0908217A patent/GB2460154A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-05-13 US US12/992,647 patent/US8658414B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-05-13 WO PCT/GB2009/001205 patent/WO2009138746A1/en active Application Filing
- 2009-05-13 EP EP09746063A patent/EP2285949A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2339576A (en) * | 1998-07-15 | 2000-02-02 | David Beedie | A method for the production of charcoaland the generation of power via the pyrolysis of biomass material |
US6477841B1 (en) * | 1999-03-22 | 2002-11-12 | Solmecs (Israel) Ltd. | Closed cycle power plant |
WO2004072207A1 (en) * | 2003-02-17 | 2004-08-26 | Fortum Oyj | Method for producing synthesis gas |
WO2007027633A2 (en) * | 2005-08-30 | 2007-03-08 | Cargill, Incorporated | Method for biofuel production |
WO2008020167A2 (en) * | 2006-08-16 | 2008-02-21 | Aston University | Biomass pyrolysis |
Cited By (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8623634B2 (en) | 2009-06-23 | 2014-01-07 | Kior, Inc. | Growing aquatic biomass, and producing biomass feedstock and biocrude therefrom |
WO2011158036A1 (en) * | 2010-06-17 | 2011-12-22 | Lichen Properties Limited | Method of restoring contaminated land |
WO2012019851A1 (en) * | 2010-08-12 | 2012-02-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | An agro biomass gasification system and a method for agro biomass gasification |
WO2012085880A2 (en) | 2010-12-23 | 2012-06-28 | Sea Marconi Technologies Di Vander Tumiatti S.A.S. | Modular plant for performing conversion processes of carbonaceous matrices |
WO2013001389A1 (en) * | 2011-06-28 | 2013-01-03 | GARDNER, Colleen | Thermal de-polymerisation and algae photosynthesis |
EP2594622A1 (en) * | 2011-11-15 | 2013-05-22 | Dr. Pley Environmental GmbH | Method for generating energy with closed carbon dioxide circuit |
ITMI20120855A1 (en) * | 2012-05-17 | 2013-11-18 | Greengate S R L | ENERGY GENERATION SYSTEM STARTING FROM BIOMASS AND PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES |
ITTO20120760A1 (en) * | 2012-09-03 | 2014-03-04 | Welt Company S R L | PROCEDURE AND PLANT FOR THE DISPOSAL OF WASTE OF ALGAL ORIGIN |
ITTO20120894A1 (en) * | 2012-10-12 | 2014-04-13 | Sea Marconi Technologies Di Vander Tumiatti S A S | CO-PRODUCTION PROCEDURE OF BIOENERGY AND INTEGRATED CONVERSION OF BIOMASS AND URBAN WASTE |
WO2014057102A1 (en) * | 2012-10-12 | 2014-04-17 | Sea Marconi Technologies Di Vander Tumiatti S.A.S. | Process for co-production of bio-energy and products from integrated conversion of biomasses and municipal wastes |
ITUB20150681A1 (en) * | 2015-05-21 | 2016-11-21 | Micoperi Blue Growth S R L | Plant and process for the production of microorganisms in aquaculture |
WO2016185438A1 (en) * | 2015-05-21 | 2016-11-24 | Micoperi Blue Growth S.R.L. | Plant and method for producing microorganisms in aquaculture |
FR3041654A1 (en) * | 2015-09-29 | 2017-03-31 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF LIQUID EFFLUENTS AND THE PRODUCTION OF MICRO-ALGAE COMPRISING A PYROLYSIS STEP |
EP3150697A1 (en) * | 2015-09-29 | 2017-04-05 | Commissariat À L'Énergie Atomique Et Aux Énergies Alternatives | Method for treating liquid effluent and producing microalgae, comprising a pyrolysis step |
CN109534636A (en) * | 2018-12-05 | 2019-03-29 | 湖北金日生态能源股份有限公司 | A kind of production system that waste straw is utilized with livestock and poultry feces integrated treatment |
CN109534636B (en) * | 2018-12-05 | 2021-08-31 | 湖北金日生态能源股份有限公司 | Production system for comprehensively treating and utilizing waste straw and livestock and poultry manure |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US8658414B2 (en) | 2014-02-25 |
GB0808740D0 (en) | 2008-06-18 |
GB2460154A (en) | 2009-11-25 |
GB0908217D0 (en) | 2009-06-24 |
EP2285949A1 (en) | 2011-02-23 |
US20110070628A1 (en) | 2011-03-24 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US8658414B2 (en) | Biomass processing | |
Hornung et al. | Intermediate pyrolysis: a sustainable biomass-to-energy concept—biothermal valorisation of biomass BtVB process | |
Demirbas et al. | Potential evolution of Turkish agricultural residues as bio-gas, bio-char and bio-oil sources | |
CA2730962C (en) | Environmentally friendly methods and systems of energy production | |
Mishra et al. | Recent update on gasification and pyrolysis processes of lignocellulosic and algal biomass for hydrogen production | |
Quader et al. | Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS): Future prospects of carbon-negative technologies | |
Sharma et al. | Biomass conversion technologies for renewable energy and fuels: A review note | |
Ciubota-Rosie et al. | BIOMASS--AN IMPORTANT RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY IN ROMANIA. | |
Kurchania | Biomass energy | |
KR100742159B1 (en) | Cogeneration system by biomass gasification | |
Guo et al. | Promoting air gasification of corn straw through biological pretreatment by biogas slurry: An initiative experimental study | |
Devi et al. | Energy recovery from biomass using gasification | |
Wu et al. | The recovery of energy, nitrogen and phosphorous from three agricultural wastes by pyrolysis | |
Kumar et al. | Biomass Energy from Agriculture: Conversion Techniques and Use | |
David et al. | Biomass-alternative renewable energy source and its conversion for hydrogen rich gas production | |
CN115141854B (en) | Comprehensive utilization method of waste biomass | |
Kusch et al. | Integration of lignocellulosic biomass into renewable energy generation concepts | |
Wang et al. | Nitrogen removal of ramie stalk treated by acid wastewater combined with Clostridium thermocellum and the kinetic study of pyrolysis | |
Susta et al. | Biomass energy utilization and environment protection commercial reality and outlook | |
Mokraoui | Introduction to biomass energy conversions | |
Mukhtar | Manure to energy: understanding processes, principles and jargon | |
Rusanescu et al. | The impact of biochar on the soil | |
AU2021101768A4 (en) | A System and a Process for Formation of a Renewable Natural Coal from Waste Output of a Cattle/Agricultural based Biogas Plant | |
Biswal et al. | Algae Biofuel Production Techniques: Recent Advancements | |
Akpu et al. | 1&2 Department of Physics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, PMB 7267 Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria 3 Department of Physics, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 09746063 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 12992647 Country of ref document: US |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2009746063 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 8812/DELNP/2010 Country of ref document: IN |