WO2008003395A2 - Method for manufacturing spheroidal cast iron mechanical components - Google Patents
Method for manufacturing spheroidal cast iron mechanical components Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2008003395A2 WO2008003395A2 PCT/EP2007/005333 EP2007005333W WO2008003395A2 WO 2008003395 A2 WO2008003395 A2 WO 2008003395A2 EP 2007005333 W EP2007005333 W EP 2007005333W WO 2008003395 A2 WO2008003395 A2 WO 2008003395A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- cast iron
- ferritic
- casting
- partially
- temperature
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D5/00—Heat treatments of cast-iron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
- C21D1/185—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering from an intercritical temperature
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
- C21D1/19—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering by interrupted quenching
- C21D1/20—Isothermal quenching, e.g. bainitic hardening
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
- C22C37/04—Cast-iron alloys containing spheroidal graphite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
- C22C37/10—Cast-iron alloys containing aluminium or silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/34—Methods of heating
- C21D1/44—Methods of heating in heat-treatment baths
- C21D1/46—Salt baths
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/005—Ferrite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/009—Pearlite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D5/00—Heat treatments of cast-iron
- C21D5/02—Heat treatments of cast-iron improving the malleability of grey cast-iron
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing spheroidal cast iron mechanical components.
- Spheroidal cast irons of different types and having different structures are currently known and used particularly to provide different types of mechanical components.
- Spheroidal cast iron has, as its main characteristic, the shape of the graphite, which is indeed spheroidal, differently from what occurs in conventional gray cast irons with lamellar graphite; the spheroidal structure of the graphite gives the material high ductility.
- Spheroidal cast irons subjected to a thermal treatment for normalization have a completely pearlitic matrix.
- the material is characterized by a higher wear resistance, although ductility is quite reduced and fatigue strength does not increase due to the thermal treatment.
- pearlitic spheroidal cast iron without thermal treatment classified by the code JS/800 - 2/S, has a minimum HBW hardness of 245, a minimum tensile strength of 800 MPa, and a typical fatigue strength of 304 MPa.
- Pearlitic spheroidal cast iron subjected instead to a thermal treatment for normalization has a minimum HBW hardness of 270, a minimum tensile strength of 900 MPa, and a typical fatigue strength which is unchanged, i.e., equal to 304 MPa.
- Spheroidal cast irons subjected to thermal treatment for hardening in water or oil have a bainitic or martensitic structure. They can optionally be subjected, at the end of the cooling process, to a thermal tempering treatment. Such cast irons are generally characterized by a very low ductility accompanied by high surface hardness and consequently are not used in applications which require a certain fatigue strength.
- ADI Austempered Ductile Iron
- the thermal treatment required to obtain this type of cast iron consists of a complete austenitizing treatment, keeping the component at a temperature which is higher than the upper limit austenitizing temperature
- ausferritic structure is composed of acicular ferrite and austenite. This particular structure gives the material high mechanical characteristics and most of all a superior fatigue strength, with lower machinability than traditional spheroidal cast irons.
- this thermal treatment consists of austenitizing at a temperature lower than A c3 (the upper austenitizing limit temperature) and higher than
- Ad lower austenitizing limit temperature
- the resulting final structure is composed of proeutectoid ferrite, acicular ferrite and austenite. Since it is essential to prevent the formation of pearlite during cooling, and since the austenitizing temperature used during the first step of the thermal treatment is also relatively low, in this case also it is necessary to alloy the material with alloying elements such as nickel and/or molybdenum in percentages which are higher than in austempered spheroidal cast irons, which as explained earlier have no proeutectoid ferrite.
- alloying elements such as nickel and/or molybdenum
- This particular type of cast iron has been introduced, in the ISO 17804 standard, with the designation JS/800-10 and more recently in SAE standard J2477 May 2004 revision, with the designation AD750.
- the fatigue strength of this particular type of cast iron is typically equal to 375 MPa.
- MADI Machinable Austempered Ductile Iron
- MADI Machinable Austempered Ductile Iron
- This type of cast iron also is obtained as a consequence of a thermal treatment for partial austenitizing at a temperature which is lower than A c3 and higher than A c i and subsequent hardening in a bath of molten salts.
- the resulting final structure is different from the structure of the type classified as GGG70 B/A and/or ISO 17804/JS/800-10 and/or SAE J2477 AD750 due to the presence of finally dispersed martensitic needles.
- MADI cast irons are characterized by the high content of alloying materials such as nickel and molybdenum.
- the aim of the present invention is to provide a new method for the production of spheroidal cast iron which allows to obtain a material which has higher mechanical characteristics than traditional spheroidal cast irons (ferritic, pearlitic, ferritic-pearlitic, et cetera) but has a significantly lower production cost than austempered cast irons (ADI and MADI).
- - providing a casting of a mechanical component made of cast iron having a structure which is at least partially ferritic and has a carbon content ranging from 2.5% to 4.0% and a silicon content ranging from 2.0% to 3.5%; - bringing said cast iron casting having an at least partially ferritic structure to a temperature for partial austenitizing, which is higher than the lower limit austenitizing temperature (A cl ) and lower than the upper limit austenitizing temperature (A CJ ) for a time required to obtain an at least partially austenitic structure; - performing a thermal treatment for isothermal hardening at a temperature ranging from 250 0 C to 400 0 C in order to obtain a matrix which has at least partially a pearlitic-ferritic or perferritic structure.
- a cl lower limit austenitizing temperature
- a CJ upper limit austenitizing temperature
- Figures 1 and 2 are photographic enlargements, made with an optical microscope, of two regions of a supporting bracket which weighs approximately 70 kg: the photograph of Figure 1 refers to a region having a thermal modulus (volume/cooling surface ratio) of 2.7; the photograph of Figure 2 relates instead to a region which has a thermal modulus of 1.3;
- Figures 3 and 4 are photographic enlargements, made with an optical microscope, of two regions of a spider which weighs approximately 68 kg: the photograph of Figure 3 refers to a region which has a thermal modulus of 2.4 and the photograph of Figure 4 relates to a region which has a thermal modulus of 1.35;
- Figure 5 is a photographic enlargement, made with an optical microscope, of a region of a second spider which weighs approximately
- Figure 6 is a perspective view of a cylindrical bar
- Figure 7 is a photographic enlargement (with a magnification factor of 500) of a region of the bar shown in Figure 6.
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing mechanical components made of spheroidal cast iron, such as for example supports, spiders, hubs and mechanical components in general.
- the method provides for the following steps: — providing a casting of a mechanical component made of cast iron having a structure which is at least partially ferritic and has a carbon content ranging from 2.5% to 4.0% and a silicon content ranging from 2.0% to 3.5%;
- the percentage of ferrite in the casting on which the thermal treatment is to be performed is particularly convenient for the percentage of ferrite in the casting on which the thermal treatment is to be performed to be higher than 20%, preferably higher than 50%.
- the temperature preferably used to perform isothermal hardening ranges from 350 0 C to 390 0 C.
- the temperature at which the mechanical components are kept, as mentioned, during the step for partial austenitizing ranges from the temperature referenced technically as A c i, above which the structure of the cast iron starts to convert to austenite, to the temperature referenced technically as A C 3, or temperature of complete austenitizing; in practice, by bringing the part above the temperature referenced technically as A C3 one would have a complete transformation of the structure into austenite.
- the component at an intermediate temperature between A c3 and A cl not all the structure becomes austenite but part of the ferrite remains as it is (proeutectoid ferrite).
- the selection of the temperature at which the partial austenitizing is to be performed depends substantially on the amount of austenite that one wishes to obtain at the end of the period of retention at such temperature. It has been found that it is advantageous to maintain the components at a partial austenitizing temperature which allows conversion to austenite in a percentage ranging from 30% to 70% of the structure; this situation can be obtained by selecting a temperature which lies approximately halfway along the interval comprised between Ac3 and A cl . This can be achieved by selecting a temperature of more than 780 0 C and lower than 840 0 C and advantageously, depending on the content of carbon and silicon, ranging from 800 to 820 0 C.
- Such temperatures are indications for cast irons which have a carbon content of approximately 3.50% and a silicon content of approximately 2.60%, but of course they may vary according to the percentages of such elements in the casting to be subjected to the thermal treatment.
- the retention time of the mechanical component at the austenitizing temperature ranges from 90 minutes to 210 minutes, preferably from 120 to 180 minutes.
- the cast iron with a predominantly ferritic structure with which the initial casting is made can of course contain manganese in a percentage of less than 0.15% and/or copper in a percentage of less than 0.15% and/or nickel in a percentage of less than 0.15% and/or molybdenum in a percentage of less than 0.15%.
- a bracket was cast which weighed approximately 70 kg and was made of cast iron having a predominantly ferritic matrix (ferrite in a percentage of more than 50%) with a carbon percentage of 3.55% and a silicon percentage of 2.60%.
- the component was brought to a temperature for partial austenitizing (intermediate between A c3 and A cl ) of 815°C and was kept at this temperature for 150 minutes.
- the finished part was found to have an average hardness of approximately 255-265 HB, while the average mechanical characteristics in regions with a thermal modulus of 2.7 and 1.3 respectively are summarized in table 1.
- Figures 1 and 2 are photographs (with 20Ox magnification) taken with an optical microscope and show the metallographic structure of the part in the regions having a thermal modulus respectively of 2.7 and 1.3.
- a spider was cast which weighed 68 kg and was made of cast iron having a predominantly ferritic matrix (ferrite percentage of more than 70%) with a carbon percentage of 3.55% and a silicon percentage of 2.60%. The component was brought to a temperature for partial austenitizing
- the finished part was found to have an average hardness of approximately 250-260 HB, while the average mechanical characteristics in regions with a thermal modulus of 2.4 and 1.35 respectively are summarized in table 2.
- Figures 3 and 4 further show two photographs (with 20Ox magnification) taken with an optical microscope, illustrating the metallographic structure of the part in the regions with a thermal modulus of 2.4 and 1.35 respectively.
- a spider was cast which weighed approximately 76 kg and was made of cast iron having a predominantly ferritic matrix (ferrite percentage of more than 80%) with a carbon percentage of 3.55% and a silicon percentage of 2.60%.
- the component was brought to an austenitizing temperature (intermediate between A c3 and A c i) of 830 0 C for 160 minutes.
- the finished part was found to have an average hardness of approximately 240-250 HB, while the average mechanical characteristics in a region with a thermal modulus of 1.2 are summarized in table 3.
- Figure 5 shows a photograph taken with an optical microscope (with 20Ox magnification), illustrating the metallographic structure of the part in the region with a thermal modulus of 1.2.
- Test pieces were cast which had a diameter of 25 mm and a length of
- test pieces 200 mm; one of these test pieces is shown in Figure 6 and designated by the reference numeral 40; the test pieces were made of cast iron having a predominantly ferritic matrix with a carbon percentage of 3.65% and a silicon percentage of 2.65%.
- the component 40 was brought to an (austenitizing) temperature of 810 0 C for 160 minutes. An isothermal hardening treatment in a salt bath at 375°C was then performed.
- the finished part was found to have an average hardness of approximately 260-270 HB, while the average mechanical characteristics in the region 40a are summarized in table 4. .
- Table 4
- Figure 7 shows a photograph taken with an optical microscope (with 20Ox magnification), illustrating the metallographic structure of the test piece in the region designated by the reference numeral 40a.
- Notchless test pieces for rotary flexural fatigue tests with a diameter of 6.5 mm were subsequently obtained from these test pieces having a diameter of 25 mm and were found to have a fatigue limit of 368 MPa.
- the present invention of course also relates to mechanical components made of spheroidal cast iron having a substantially ferritic- pearlitic structure with islands having an ausferritic structure. All the characteristics of the invention indicated above as advantageous, convenient or the like may also be omitted or be replaced with equivalents.
- the type of cast iron can be obtained by providing a hardening and tempering treatment, performing the latter at a temperature which is close to, or higher than, A c i.
- the dimensions may be any according to requirements.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
- Silicates, Zeolites, And Molecular Sieves (AREA)
- Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Led Device Packages (AREA)
- Braking Arrangements (AREA)
- Iron Core Of Rotating Electric Machines (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE602007011932T DE602007011932D1 (en) | 2006-07-03 | 2007-06-18 | PROCESS FOR PRODUCING MECHANICAL COMPONENTS FROM SPHÄROLITHIC CAST IRON |
AT07764697T ATE495273T1 (en) | 2006-07-03 | 2007-06-18 | METHOD FOR PRODUCING MECHANICAL COMPONENTS FROM SPHEROLITHIC CAST IRON |
JP2009516938A JP5398528B2 (en) | 2006-07-03 | 2007-06-18 | Manufacturing method of spheroidal cast iron machine parts |
CN2007800252725A CN101484592B (en) | 2006-07-03 | 2007-06-18 | Method for manufacturing spheroidal cast iron mechanical components |
US12/307,237 US8328965B2 (en) | 2006-07-03 | 2007-06-18 | Method for manufacturing spheroidal cast iron mechanical components |
EP07764697A EP2038435B1 (en) | 2006-07-03 | 2007-06-18 | Method for manufacturing spheroidal cast iron mechanical components |
HK09107018.4A HK1128041A1 (en) | 2006-07-03 | 2009-07-30 | Method for manufacturing spheroidal cast iron mechanical components |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ITVR2006A000111 | 2006-07-03 | ||
IT000111A ITVR20060111A1 (en) | 2006-07-03 | 2006-07-03 | PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MECHANICAL COMPONENTS IN SFEROID CAST IRON |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2008003395A2 true WO2008003395A2 (en) | 2008-01-10 |
WO2008003395A3 WO2008003395A3 (en) | 2008-02-28 |
WO2008003395A8 WO2008003395A8 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
Family
ID=38740319
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2007/005333 WO2008003395A2 (en) | 2006-07-03 | 2007-06-18 | Method for manufacturing spheroidal cast iron mechanical components |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8328965B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2038435B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP5398528B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101484592B (en) |
AT (1) | ATE495273T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE602007011932D1 (en) |
HK (1) | HK1128041A1 (en) |
IT (1) | ITVR20060111A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2008003395A2 (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ITUB20152456A1 (en) * | 2015-07-24 | 2017-01-24 | Zanardi Fond S P A | PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MECHANICAL COMPONENTS IN LAMELLAR IRON OR VERMICULAR. |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102071297A (en) * | 2011-01-25 | 2011-05-25 | 安徽三联泵业股份有限公司 | Sub-high-temperature treatment method for gray cast iron |
KR101471011B1 (en) * | 2013-08-19 | 2014-12-10 | 한국생산기술연구원 | Method for manufacturing Fe-Al bimetal |
CN104831024A (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2015-08-12 | 柳州金盾机械有限公司 | Process for isothermal quenching heat treatment of ausferrite ductile cast iron grinding balls |
WO2017137656A1 (en) * | 2016-02-10 | 2017-08-17 | Wärtsilä Finland Oy | Method of manufacturing an iron product and use of an iron material in a cylinder head |
KR102599427B1 (en) * | 2018-12-11 | 2023-11-08 | 현대자동차주식회사 | A method of manufacturing a cam piece for continuously variable valve duration and a cam piece manufactured therefrom |
CN111945057B (en) * | 2019-05-14 | 2022-04-19 | 中原内配集团股份有限公司 | High-strength and high-wear-resistance alloy gray cast iron cylinder sleeve and preparation method thereof |
CN112795722A (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2021-05-14 | 荆州市巨鲸传动机械有限公司 | Austempering technology for austempered ductile iron |
Family Cites Families (15)
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JPS543129B2 (en) * | 1973-01-24 | 1979-02-19 | ||
JPS5719320A (en) * | 1980-07-09 | 1982-02-01 | Takaoka Kogyo Kk | Heat treatment of spheroidal graphite cast iron |
US4396442A (en) * | 1981-05-15 | 1983-08-02 | Kubota Ltd. | Ductile cast iron roll and a manufacturing method thereof |
US4541878A (en) * | 1982-12-02 | 1985-09-17 | Horst Muhlberger | Cast iron with spheroidal graphite and austenitic-bainitic mixed structure |
JPS6029420A (en) * | 1983-07-26 | 1985-02-14 | Kubota Ltd | Manufacture of composite cylinder liner having high strength and toughness |
JPH0688123A (en) * | 1992-09-07 | 1994-03-29 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | Production of spheroidal graphite cast iron and spheroidal graphite cast iron |
JPH0813079A (en) * | 1994-07-01 | 1996-01-16 | Mazda Motor Corp | Spheroidal graphite cast iron and production thereof |
US5603784A (en) * | 1995-03-20 | 1997-02-18 | Dayton Walther Corporation | Method for producing a rotatable gray iron brake component |
JP3204293B2 (en) * | 1996-04-29 | 2001-09-04 | 日立金属株式会社 | Method of manufacturing spheroidal graphite cast iron member |
US5858127A (en) * | 1996-08-02 | 1999-01-12 | Gunite Corporation | Metal alloys and brake drums made from such alloys |
JPH1161323A (en) * | 1997-08-27 | 1999-03-05 | Kitagawa Iron Works Co Ltd | High-strength ductile iron and its heat treatment method |
CN1100156C (en) | 1999-01-25 | 2003-01-29 | 吉林工业大学 | New brake hub material |
JP4801799B2 (en) * | 2001-08-10 | 2011-10-26 | アイシン高丘株式会社 | Method for producing spheroidal graphite cast iron with excellent strength, elongation and machinability |
CN2549226Y (en) * | 2002-06-14 | 2003-05-07 | 王明冲 | Unitary ductile iron centrifugal fan impeller |
EP1534867A2 (en) * | 2002-09-04 | 2005-06-01 | Intermet Corporation | Austempered cast iron article and a method of making the same |
-
2006
- 2006-07-03 IT IT000111A patent/ITVR20060111A1/en unknown
-
2007
- 2007-06-18 CN CN2007800252725A patent/CN101484592B/en active Active
- 2007-06-18 JP JP2009516938A patent/JP5398528B2/en active Active
- 2007-06-18 DE DE602007011932T patent/DE602007011932D1/en active Active
- 2007-06-18 AT AT07764697T patent/ATE495273T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-06-18 EP EP07764697A patent/EP2038435B1/en active Active
- 2007-06-18 WO PCT/EP2007/005333 patent/WO2008003395A2/en active Application Filing
- 2007-06-18 US US12/307,237 patent/US8328965B2/en active Active
-
2009
- 2009-07-30 HK HK09107018.4A patent/HK1128041A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
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None |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ITUB20152456A1 (en) * | 2015-07-24 | 2017-01-24 | Zanardi Fond S P A | PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MECHANICAL COMPONENTS IN LAMELLAR IRON OR VERMICULAR. |
WO2017016978A1 (en) * | 2015-07-24 | 2017-02-02 | Zanardi Fonderie S.P.A. | Method for manufacturing mechanical components made of compacted graphite iron or gray cast iron |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2038435A2 (en) | 2009-03-25 |
JP2009541591A (en) | 2009-11-26 |
CN101484592B (en) | 2011-07-06 |
JP5398528B2 (en) | 2014-01-29 |
ATE495273T1 (en) | 2011-01-15 |
WO2008003395A3 (en) | 2008-02-28 |
EP2038435B1 (en) | 2011-01-12 |
WO2008003395A8 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
CN101484592A (en) | 2009-07-15 |
US20090320971A1 (en) | 2009-12-31 |
US8328965B2 (en) | 2012-12-11 |
HK1128041A1 (en) | 2009-10-16 |
ITVR20060111A1 (en) | 2008-01-04 |
DE602007011932D1 (en) | 2011-02-24 |
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