WO2006086459A2 - Fluorescence measurement method utilizing surface tension apparatus - Google Patents
Fluorescence measurement method utilizing surface tension apparatus Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006086459A2 WO2006086459A2 PCT/US2006/004406 US2006004406W WO2006086459A2 WO 2006086459 A2 WO2006086459 A2 WO 2006086459A2 US 2006004406 W US2006004406 W US 2006004406W WO 2006086459 A2 WO2006086459 A2 WO 2006086459A2
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- Prior art keywords
- sample
- fluorescence
- spectrum
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
- G01N21/03—Cuvette constructions
- G01N2021/0346—Capillary cells; Microcells
- G01N2021/035—Supports for sample drops
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
- G01N2021/6484—Optical fibres
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of spectrofluorometry and its use in quantitating and or characterizing liquids and solutions. More particularly it relates to the fluorometry of nanodrop liquids and even more particularly to such nanodrops contained by surface tension.
- Robertson in United States patents 6,628,382 and 6,809,826 discloses method and apparatus for photometric or spectrophotometric measurements on extremely small samples. These "nanodrop” samples, as they are termed therein and herein, are on the order of 2 microliters or less and are contained by surface tension. These patents are incorporated in their entirety by reference.
- a nanodrop is contained by surface tension between two relatively moveable, substantially parallel surfaces, "anvils”, which are moved together after the sample is loaded upon one of them in order to wet both surfaces. The anvils are then moved apart to draw the droplet into a column to establish an optical path through the length of which light is projected. In-line optics are used to pass light through the column.
- the light passes from an input optical fiber in one anvil to an aligned output optical fiber in the other and to a sensor, a charge coupled device or the like, which can be part of a spectrometer or other optical detection system, where a photometric or spectrophotometric measurement is made.
- Robertson discloses an improved version of the above invention in which the wetted surface area on the anvils is limited by various means.
- the objects of the invention are met by apparatus for measuring fluorescence of a sample in the form of a liquid drop contained by surface tension forces in a containment area between two anvil surfaces in a substantial parallel relationship, an optical path having been established between wetted areas on each of the two surfaces through the wetting sample drop.
- the apparatus comprises: first and second anvil surfaces at least one being moveable relative to the other to any one of three positions; an adjustable sample loading position so selected that the surfaces are opposed and substantially parallel and proximally spaced so that the liquid spreads upon both surfaces forming a wetted area on each of the at least one moveable surface and the other surface are so remotely spaced that a droplet can be placed on the first surface; an adjustable compression position so selected that the anvil surfaces are opposed and substantially parallel and proximally spaced so that the liquid spreads upon both surfaces forming a wetted area on each; an adjustable sample measuring position so selected that the opposed substantially parallel surfaces are spaced apart to pull the sample into a column wherein it is contained by surface tension thereby providing an optical path for a measurement of fluorescence; plus an open position where the sample surfaces are sufficiently far enough apart to allow both surfaces to be wiped or cleaned by other means to remove the sample and any associated residue; one anvil surface having the proximal end of a first multi-mode optica!
- the distal end of the first fiber in active connection with a spectrometer or other detector capable of sufficient wavelength discrimination so as to make a good fluorescence detector; the other anvil surface containing a signal-modifying means comprising a second optical fiber having its proximal end finished flush with the surface thereof within the wetted area and of selected transmission numerical aperture, the distal end of the second fiber having means for signal modification; means for illuminating the sample comprising a relatively collimated light from at least one source located away from the sample containment area illuminating the sample from the side such that minimal light enters the optical fibers within their selected numeric apertures, the source having a stable wavelength intensity distribution.
- a preferred embodiment of the method of operating the apparatus includes compensation for any exciting and ambient light that does impinge on the measuring sensor. This is accomplished by removing instrumentation and background contributions from the signal by separately measuring them and subtracting their spectra from the sample measurement spectrum.
- the very high rejection multimode optical fibers have for light incident at angles significantly above the angle of the optical fiber transmission numerical aperture and the reduction in scattering as a result of wetting or optical contact of all optical surfaces associated with the sample measurement is sufficient to reduce the background light from the source to a level where it is feasible to extract the fluorescence by simply subtracting a scaled representation of the source, the principle improvement which is being called virtual filtering.
- a preferred embodiment of virtual filtering involves the use of a wavelength interval encompassing most of the fluorescence signal, typically, but not necessarily symmetrical about the peak fluorescence value over which to scale the recorded source spectrum for subtraction from the total signal.
- This method involves the steps of: i. recording the source spectrum using a sample with no fluorescence; ii. selecting at least one fluorescing target and incorporating that target in a sample; iii. selecting a default wavelength interval encompassing all or most of the fluorescence emission wavelengths; iv. measuring the fluorescence of said sample with a spectrometer; v. outputting the measurement of step iv to a programmed means for calculation; vi. calculating the respective fluorescence of the sample by independently scaling the previously recorded source spectrum to match the sample spectrum at specific intervals about the emission wavelength selected and linearly interpolating between those values; vii. subtracting the scaled source spectrum from the signal spectrum containing some scattered source radiation as well as the fluorescence signal setting all values of the fluorescence signal outside the fluorescence emission range to zero; and viii. displaying the resulting signal spectrum.
- a filter that passes only excitation light can be inserted between the source and the sample and a filter that passes only the fluorescence from the sample placed between the sample and the detector.
- fluorescence from the sample can be detected but any scattered light from the source is rejected by the filter.
- Most illuminating sources have some output intensity at the same wavelengths as the fluorescence and these can be minimized by use of the above mentioned blocking filter.
- the means for signal modification provided at the distal end of the second fiber can vary from signal gain to nearly complete damping of the signal in that optical fiber.
- a mirrored surface cap is provided at the end of the fiber. This has the effect of returning the fluorescent emission in the fiber to be transmitted back through the sample to the sensor. In most instances of practical use, it has been found that such a configuration tends also to increase unwanted ambient and background excitation light energy.
- the other instance employs means to form an energy- absorbing surface to minimize transmission of unwanted light to the measuring sensor. Drawing the fiber to a long thin point can do this, as can ending the fiber with or into an absorbing coating or surface or making the fiber using a glass that is highly absorbing throughout the fluorescence and excitation wavelength range.
- Figure 1 is a schematic drawing of the mode of fluorescence excitation and detection employed.
- Figure 1A is the output intensity spectrum of a blue LED used in one embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 2 diagrams the method for extracting fluorescence signals from fluorescent dyes that use UV LED excitation.
- Figure 3 diagrams the method for extracting fluorescence signals from fluorescent dyes that use blue LED excitation.
- Figure 4 is a diagram of how the fluorescence spectrum is extracted from the signal received by the spectrometer from the sample using "reference wavelength” virtual filtering and white LED excitation.
- Figures 5a, 5b, and 5c show the prior art steps of how a sample is loaded into the apparatus, compressed to wet both anvil surfaces, and then stretched into a column for measurement.
- Figure 6 shows in phantom lines the apparatus for handling the sample in the open loading position and in solid lines, the closed measurement position partially cross-sectioned.
- Figure 7 is an enlargement of the cross-section of Figure 6 showing the arrangement of the illuminating LEDs.
- Figure 8 shows the illumination system with a source filter between the LED and the sample.
- Figures 9a and 9b show the preferred embodiment of virtual filtering using 2 wavelength background removal. ⁇
- Figure 10 shows the emission spectra of a donor - acceptor FRET pair and its positive control.
- Figure 11 shows the virtual-filtered emission spectrum of a solution containing four fluorophores excited with an unfiltered white LED.
- the very high rejection multimode optical fibers have for light at angles significantly greater than the angle of the fiber transmission numeric aperture and the total wetting or optical contact of all surfaces associated with the sample measurement is sufficient to reduce the background light from the source to a level where it is feasible to extract the fluorescence by simply subtracting a scaled representation of the source.
- An additional element in making this feasible is the high reproducibility of the spectral output relative intensity vs. wavelength of solid-state light emitting diodes (LEDs).
- a diagram showing the illumination geometry is shown as Figure 1.
- the exciting LED 12 is shown illuminating the liquid sample column 14.
- the light from at least one LED 12 excites fluorescence in the molecules of interest in the sample 14.
- the fiber 18 seen below anvil 20 carries the light from the fluorescing sample to a fiber optic spectrometer 100. Fiber 18 extends through anvil 20 and is finished flush with its surface so that the sample can wet it.
- An opposing somewhat larger optical fiber or rod 251 in anvil 24 not fully seen in this view but shown in the cross-section of Figure 7, has a mirror or light sink 28 at its opposing end or the fiber is made from an absorbing glass material.
- a mirror reflects more of the sample light into the spectrometer fiber.
- a light sink reflects less of the sample light and less of the interfering light.
- the absorbing glass should return no excitation or fluorescence light to the detection system through fiber 18.
- the source spectrum is mapped using the stray light from a sample with no fluorescence to record the relative intensity spectrum of the source.
- Figure 2 A diagram of one mode of sample processing is shown in Figure 2.
- Figure 2 shows the process used to extract the fluorescence spectrum from the sample in the instrument illuminated, for example, by a relatively monochromatic UV LED (e.g. Nichia Chemical Co. p/n NSHU590B).
- a relatively monochromatic UV LED e.g. Nichia Chemical Co. p/n NSHU590B.
- Signal from the exciting LED in the wavelength range of the fluorescence of the Hoechst 33258 fluorescent dye 140 of Figure 2 is blocked by the Hoya UG- 360 ultraviolet glass filter whose transmission is shown as 142 of Figure 2 placed between the LED and the sample as is shown in 300 of Figure 8 and an interference filter whose transmission spectrum 22 allows the fluorescence of the 33258 dye to pass but blocks the excitation light from the LED passed by the UG-360 filter as is shown in Figure 2 placed at the slit of the spectrometer shown as 25 in Figure 1.
- a relatively monochromatic UV LED e.g. Nichia Chemical Co. p/n NSHU590B.
- Figure 3 shows the method for extracting signal information from fluorophores using LEDs emitting light in the range of visible wavelengths such as a blue LED having the spectrum of Figure 1 A.
- a blue LED having the spectrum of Figure 1 A.
- the interfering part of the output intensity spectrum of a blue LED shown as 70 is blocked by a filter with a transmission curve shown as 75 placed between the LED and the sample in a fashion similar to that of the UV filter 300 of Figure 8.
- the fluorescence emission intensity spectrum shown as 80 in Figure 3 is thus not interfered with by light from the LED or the slit filter transmission shown as 22.
- the fluorescence of the sample can be measured by virtual filtering shown in Figure 4.
- the spectrum of the source typically a white LED whose intensity spectrum, i.e. illumination, is shown as 140 in Figure 4 is scaled and removed as follows: for each emission maximum (wavelength shown for fluorescein in Figure 4 as 295) selected, software automatically chooses a default or reference wavelength shown as 275 in Figure 4.
- the source spectrum is scaled so that the intensities match at the default wavelength.
- This scaled or corrected source spectrum shown as 280 in Figure 4 is subtracted from the signal spectrum 285 to yield a spectrum of fluorescence intensities and the fluorescence intensity is measured at the fluorescence peak shown as 295 in Figure 4.
- the excitation comes from a broad spectrum source such as a white LED
- a broad spectrum source such as a white LED
- the fluorescence of the sample can be measured by virtual filtering shown in Figures 9a and 9b.
- the spectrum of the source typically a white LED whose intensity spectrum, i.e. illumination, is shown as 140 in Figures 9a and 9b is scaled and removed as follows:
- the software automatically incorporates a default wavelength interval shown as 270 and extending 30 nm each side of the maximum wavelength 295 in Figures 9a and 9b, the Virtual Emission Filtering Interval (D1) - which is currently, AND ARBITRARILY, symmetrically applied but need not be.
- This scaled or corrected source spectrum is shown as 280 in Figure 9b and the intensity is measured at the fluorescence peak shown as 295 in Figure 4.
- the configurable reference wavelength interval ⁇ with a SELECTED default setting of ⁇ 20 nm is the respective wavelength range over which the residual sample fluorescence signal (with scaled, stable source spectrum subtracted), is displayed.
- the source spectrum is scaled by scaling the intensity values at the end wavelengths of the interval to match the corresponding values in the sample spectrum and setting intermediate values using linear interpolation between the interval ends of Dl iii.
- the scaled source spectrum is then subtracted from the sample spectrum leaving the intensities of the fluorescence spectrum.
- the signal outside the virtual filtering interval is set to zero (0) as is shown in Figures 9a and 9b.
- the measured signal of low level fluorescence is much more dependent on the accuracy in taking the difference of two relatively large numbers representing the source and the source contribution to the signal spectrum to extract the low level fluorescence signal from its background.
- the virtual emission filtering interval significantly improves the ability to measure the lowest levels of sample fluorescence.
- the sample is placed on one of the optic tips as shown in Figure 5A, following the method taught in the Robertson patents previously mentioned, using a small volume laboratory pipetter.
- the sample is then contacted by the opposing fiber optic tip and compressed to wet both tips, Figure 5B, causing the sample to center in the measurement zone and form a measurement column when the upper tip returns to its measurement position as can be seen in Figure 5C.
- the method of operation shown diagrammatically in Figures 5A, 5B and 5C is the prior art containment apparatus and method disclosed in the referenced Robertson patents and shows the prior art containment apparatus.
- the apparatus 200 for making measurements using a swinging arm 202 to accommodate loading and cleaning after sample processing is shown in Figure 6.
- Arm 202 is pivotally mounted to frame 204, a fixed arm, each arm respectively holding anvils 24 and 20.
- the sample is illuminated from the side by one or more LEDs 12 in the apparatus. Three or more LEDs are preferred.
- a solenoid below accomplishes the controlled compression and forming of the measurement column by allowing the arm to move to a lower position during the compression phase and return it to the measurement position afterwards.
- This measurement geometry is shown in Figures 6 and 7 where the signal . from the measurement column is carried directly to the entrance slit of a fiber optic spectrometer 100, Figure 1 by optical fiber 18 shown in Figures 1 , 6, 7 and 8.
- FIG. 7 An enlarged view of the sample measurement region of the instrument is shown in Figure 7.
- This system has been demonstrated to be capable of detecting less than 1 femptomole of sodium fluorescein in TE buffer in a 1 microliter sample (a 1 nanomolar solution) using a 470 nm blue LED , p/n E482 from Gilway Technical Lamp of 55 Commerce Way, Woburn Massachusetts 01801-1005, a 400 micron multimode fiber with SMA terminations from RoMack inc. of 5583 Mooretown Rd.Williamsburg, VA 23188 and a fiber optic spectrometer p/n USB2000-FL from Ocean Optics of 830 Douglas Ave, Dunedin, FL 34698.
- spectra are outputted from spectrometer 100 to a computer 400 wherein the virtual filtering steps described above are performed.
- EXAMPLE 1 Emission spectra of a donor - acceptor FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) pair and its positive control.
- FRET Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
- the FRET pair was constrained in a hairpin configuration comprised of a single-stranded nucleotide probe (loop) and a double-stranded nucleotide (stem) structure.
- the fluorescence donor fluorescein
- Cy5 acceptor
- the hairpin's base-paired stem structure was disrupted, double-stranded probe was formed, and the resonance energy from the excited donor 510 was not transferred 520 to the acceptor at wavelength 530.
- the positive control was spectrally distinguished by reduction or elimination of the acceptor's longer wavelength emission 520 at wavelength 530.
- EXAMPLE 2 Virtual-filtered emission spectrum of a solution containing four fluorophores excited with an unfiltered white LED.
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA2597612A CA2597612C (en) | 2005-02-11 | 2006-02-09 | Apparatus and method for measuring the signal from a fluorescing nanodrop contained by surface tension |
JP2007555188A JP4982386B2 (en) | 2005-02-11 | 2006-02-09 | Apparatus and measurement method for measuring signal from fluorescent nanodrop held at surface tension |
EP06734568.6A EP1861653B1 (en) | 2005-02-11 | 2006-02-09 | Apparatus and method for measuring the signal from a fluorescing nanodrop contained by surface tension |
BRPI0607162-7A BRPI0607162B1 (en) | 2005-02-11 | 2006-02-09 | APPLIANCE FOR MEASURING FLUORESCENCE OF A SAMPLE FLUORESCENT AND METHOD FOR MEASURING FLUORESCENCE OF A SAMPLE |
AU2006212775A AU2006212775B2 (en) | 2005-02-11 | 2006-02-09 | Fluorescence measurement method utilizing surface tension apparatus |
US11/815,942 US20100128265A1 (en) | 2005-02-11 | 2006-02-09 | Apparatus and method for measuring the signal from a fluorescing nanodrop contained by surface tension |
US11/888,918 US7397036B2 (en) | 2005-02-11 | 2007-08-02 | Apparatus and method for measuring the signal from a fluorescing nanodrop contained by surface tension |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US65248705P | 2005-02-11 | 2005-02-11 | |
US60/652,487 | 2005-02-11 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US11/888,918 Continuation US7397036B2 (en) | 2005-02-11 | 2007-08-02 | Apparatus and method for measuring the signal from a fluorescing nanodrop contained by surface tension |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2006086459A2 true WO2006086459A2 (en) | 2006-08-17 |
WO2006086459A3 WO2006086459A3 (en) | 2007-01-25 |
WO2006086459B1 WO2006086459B1 (en) | 2007-03-01 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US2006/004406 WO2006086459A2 (en) | 2005-02-11 | 2006-02-09 | Fluorescence measurement method utilizing surface tension apparatus |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
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US (2) | US20100128265A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1861653B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4982386B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN100593663C (en) |
AU (1) | AU2006212775B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0607162B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2597612C (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006086459A2 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200707609B (en) |
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-
2006
- 2006-02-09 JP JP2007555188A patent/JP4982386B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-02-09 CA CA2597612A patent/CA2597612C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-02-09 AU AU2006212775A patent/AU2006212775B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-02-09 CN CN200680004661A patent/CN100593663C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-02-09 US US11/815,942 patent/US20100128265A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-02-09 BR BRPI0607162-7A patent/BRPI0607162B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-02-09 EP EP06734568.6A patent/EP1861653B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2006-02-09 WO PCT/US2006/004406 patent/WO2006086459A2/en active Application Filing
-
2007
- 2007-08-02 US US11/888,918 patent/US7397036B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-09-04 ZA ZA200707609A patent/ZA200707609B/en unknown
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FRANCIS A. JENKINS; HARVEY E. WHITE: "Fundamentals of Optics", 1957, MCGRAW-HILL, pages: 307 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BRPI0607162B1 (en) | 2018-08-14 |
ZA200707609B (en) | 2009-10-28 |
BRPI0607162A2 (en) | 2010-02-09 |
EP1861653B1 (en) | 2014-05-21 |
US20100128265A1 (en) | 2010-05-27 |
US20080002181A1 (en) | 2008-01-03 |
EP1861653A4 (en) | 2009-04-01 |
JP2008530554A (en) | 2008-08-07 |
CN101180497A (en) | 2008-05-14 |
CA2597612A1 (en) | 2006-08-17 |
EP1861653A2 (en) | 2007-12-05 |
JP4982386B2 (en) | 2012-07-25 |
WO2006086459B1 (en) | 2007-03-01 |
CA2597612C (en) | 2010-11-02 |
US7397036B2 (en) | 2008-07-08 |
AU2006212775B2 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
WO2006086459A3 (en) | 2007-01-25 |
AU2006212775A1 (en) | 2006-08-17 |
CN100593663C (en) | 2010-03-10 |
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