WO2005096327A1 - Verfahren und schaltungsanordnung zum betreiben eines magnetantriebes - Google Patents
Verfahren und schaltungsanordnung zum betreiben eines magnetantriebes Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005096327A1 WO2005096327A1 PCT/EP2005/051335 EP2005051335W WO2005096327A1 WO 2005096327 A1 WO2005096327 A1 WO 2005096327A1 EP 2005051335 W EP2005051335 W EP 2005051335W WO 2005096327 A1 WO2005096327 A1 WO 2005096327A1
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- Prior art keywords
- coil
- voltage
- shutdown
- switch
- control voltage
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F7/00—Magnets
- H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
- H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
- H01F7/18—Circuit arrangements for obtaining desired operating characteristics, e.g. for slow operation, for sequential energisation of windings, for high-speed energisation of windings
- H01F7/1805—Circuit arrangements for holding the operation of electromagnets or for holding the armature in attracted position with reduced energising current
- H01F7/1816—Circuit arrangements for holding the operation of electromagnets or for holding the armature in attracted position with reduced energising current making use of an energy accumulator
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F7/00—Magnets
- H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
- H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
- H01F7/18—Circuit arrangements for obtaining desired operating characteristics, e.g. for slow operation, for sequential energisation of windings, for high-speed energisation of windings
- H01F7/1844—Monitoring or fail-safe circuits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H47/00—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
- H01H47/002—Monitoring or fail-safe circuits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H47/00—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
- H01H47/02—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for modifying the operation of the relay
- H01H47/04—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for modifying the operation of the relay for holding armature in attracted position, e.g. when initial energising circuit is interrupted; for maintaining armature in attracted position, e.g. with reduced energising current
- H01H47/043—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for modifying the operation of the relay for holding armature in attracted position, e.g. when initial energising circuit is interrupted; for maintaining armature in attracted position, e.g. with reduced energising current making use of an energy accumulator
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H47/00—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
- H01H47/22—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for supplying energising current for relay coil
- H01H47/226—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for supplying energising current for relay coil for bistable relays
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H47/00—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current
- H01H47/22—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the relay and designed to obtain desired operating characteristics or to provide energising current for supplying energising current for relay coil
- H01H47/32—Energising current supplied by semiconductor device
- H01H47/325—Energising current supplied by semiconductor device by switching regulator
Definitions
- the invention relates to both a method and a circuit arrangement for operating a magnetic drive, which consists of a magnetic yoke, at least one permanent magnet arranged on the magnetic yoke side, a magnet armature and retaining means that exert a retaining force, furthermore electromagnetic coil means surrounding the magnetic yoke, one on the input side of a rectified one Control voltage fed and acted upon and contains a control circuit having a microcontroller and a capacitive charge store.
- the magnet armature When the control voltage is applied, the magnet armature is attracted with permanent magnetic support against the restraining force, is only kept permanently magnetically when the control voltage is still applied, and drops when the control voltage disappears with the support of the restraining force and contrary to the permanent magnetic holding force due to the charge storage being discharged.
- Magnetic drives consist of a magnetic yoke, a drive coil and a magnet armature, which is attracted by the magnetic yoke when the drive coil is sufficiently energized.
- the magnetic drives are used in electromagnetic switching devices - also called contactors - for connecting and disconnecting an electrical consumer to an electrical power network by closing or opening the main contacts coupled to the magnet armature.
- electromagnetic switching devices also called contactors - for connecting and disconnecting an electrical consumer to an electrical power network by closing or opening the main contacts coupled to the magnet armature.
- Electromagnetic switching devices therefore usually have magnetic drives that keep the main contacts open by means of return springs when the drive coil is de-energized.
- a disadvantage of such magnetic drives is that a holding current through the magnetic coil and thus a holding power is required to keep the main contacts closed, so that heat is generated during operation, for which purpose the electrical system must be designed thermally.
- Sensor means in the form of a magnetic field-sensitive switch or a current sensor for the coil current are used to detect the magnetic coil field or magnetic coil current that changes when the valve is switched and to switch over to the holding current.
- a microprocessor control for a magnetic drive is known, in which the holding current is minimized by controlling the pulse width.
- An electromagnetic switching device known from DE 39 08 319 A1 has a permanent magnet in order to reduce the pull-in and holding power
- a magnetic drive known from DE 101 33 713 C1 also has a permanent magnet in the yoke, which alone provides the necessary holding force.
- a mechanical lock which until then is held via an auxiliary magnetic drive, is released, which then releases a spring force which counteracts the permanent magnet to drop the magnet armature.
- the aforementioned magnetic drives still require considerable holding or auxiliary performance.
- EP 0 721 650 B1 shows a bistable magnetic drive with permanent magnets arranged between a magnetic yoke and a two-part magnet armature and with two individually excited magnetic coils.
- a flow path with a low reluctance and a flow path with a high reluctance are formed at each bistable position of the magnet armature.
- the magnet armature moves into the respective other stable position, whereby the low and high reluctance flux paths tip over one another.
- the holding state is brought about solely by a permanent magnet in the magnet yoke.
- the pulling in and falling out of the armature is brought about by appropriately polarized short-term discharging of a storage capacitor which was charged in the previous falling-off state or holding state.
- a so-called remanence drive is known, the armature of which between two permanent magnets arranged opposite and opposite in the magnet yoke assumes on the one hand the switch-off and on the other hand the switch-on position.
- the magnet armature is loaded from one position to the other or vice versa by briefly charging or discharging a capacitor. moved.
- a permanent magnet is also arranged in a double-circuit magnetic yoke, which alone applies the holding force.
- a storage capacitor charged during holding operation is discharged via the secondary circuit.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of reliably converting a magnetic drive with permanent magnetic hold mode both after the control energy has been switched off and also after defects have occurred.
- the method according to the invention is based on the fact that the magnet armature is pulled in and out via separate coil means.
- the suit is operated by a main switch-off coil in a manner known per se according to process step C.
- the drop-off normally takes place by discharging a previously charged charge store via a main switch-off coil according to process step E. If the waste operation via the main switch-off coil fails, the drop-off can take place via a redundant auxiliary switch-off coil.
- test steps are carried out regularly in accordance with method step D by briefly energizing one of the switch-off coils without the magnet armature being moved from its holding position.
- step B ensures, on the one hand, that the magnetic drive from the permanent magnetic holding mode passes safely into the dropped state of its magnet armature both when the control voltage is deliberately switched off and after the control voltage fails to fail.
- the process ensures that the magnetic drive - such as
- Broken wire in or to the coil means or defects in the control circuit - assuming or maintaining the dropped state.
- the method only uses the energy for reloading the load storage and for supplying the electronic control circuit.
- the shutdown coils are first tested advantageously only after the charge storage device has been sufficiently charged.
- the permanent shutdown of the control voltage in the event of a fault is expediently triggered by a short circuit.
- the brief current flow through the auxiliary shutdown coil can advantageously be detected as a brief voltage drop across a resistor.
- the brief current flow through the main switch-off coil can be detected as a brief voltage drop on the charge storage device. After such a drop in voltage the cargo storage must still have sufficient cargo to carry out normal waste operations. In this case, it is advantageous to check the voltage across the charger storage with regard to compliance with a tolerance window during the voltage reduction in order to permanently switch off the control voltage as a precaution, even if the charging capacity decreases.
- An advantageous further development of the method consists in checking whether an inductive voltage increase occurs at the switch-on coil when testing the switch-off coils, and initiating the permanent switch-off when there is no such voltage increase.
- the absence of such a voltage increase is generally due to a permanent energization of the closing coil as a result of a defect.
- a further advantageous further development consists in the constant monitoring of a microcontroller that is significantly involved in the implementation of the method and the maintenance or assumption of the dropped state by controlling one of the two shutdown coils in the event of a microcontroller failure, for example in the event of a program crash.
- the retention acting on the magnet armature to secure the dropped state is expediently brought about by at least one return spring and / or by at least one additional permanent magnet.
- the separate coil means in the form of a switch-on coil, a main switch-off coil and an auxiliary switch-off coil as redundancy to the main switch-off coil as well as switching elements connected to these coils, in conjunction with a control circuit, allow the magnetic drive to be optimally designed with regard to its switching behavior and its energy consumption.
- current and voltage monitoring means are provided as sensors for regularly and alternately expected current surges, which during testing of the shutdown branches by brief, the associated shut-off elements should close without affecting the magnet armature. If the control voltage disappears - whether deliberately controlled or caused by a defect in the supply line - the main shutdown element is closed in order to return the magnet armature to the dropped position by discharging the charge storage via the main shutdown coil.
- a microcontroiler connected to the detection means and the switching elements triggers a permanent interruption for the control voltage after a faulty test - if necessary after returning the magnet armature to the dropped position by closing the main or auxiliary shutdown element - in order to prevent the faulty drive arrangement from being switched on again.
- the permanent breaker is designed in a simple manner as a short-circuit protection with a downstream short-circuit switching element.
- a thermally responsive weak point in a conductor track can be provided.
- An advantageous development results from an active low-pass filter arranged between the closing coil and the short-circuit switching element. If the switch-on branch is activated correctly in a pulse-controlled manner, a charging capacitor is charged and discharged alternately without reaching a charging voltage which triggers the short-circuit switching element. If the closing element closes continuously due to a defect, i.e. continuously conductive, then the charging capacitor quickly reaches a charging voltage triggering the short-circuit switching element.
- the current monitoring means expediently consist of a current detection resistor arranged in series with the auxiliary switch-off coil and a downstream first amplifier circuit.
- the voltage detection means advantageously consist of a high pass connected to the charge store and a second amplifier circuit arranged downstream.
- the main shutdown branch When the main shutdown branch is tested, it is detected whether the voltage drop at the charge store caused by the current surge in the main shutdown coil lies within a predefinable window.
- a further amplifier circuit provided in a further development of the circuit arrangement, signals from the charge capacitor to the microcontroiler that a minimum charge voltage required for testing the shutdown branches has been reached. It is also advantageous to connect the switch-on coil which can be activated in a pulse-controlled manner to a freewheeling circuit which can be deactivated outside of the tightening mode and to a fourth amplifier circuit which controls the deactivation function of the freewheeling circuit.
- the fourth amplifier circuit detects the occurrence of brief voltage increases, which are induced in the switch-on coil by the current surges in one of the switch-off coils during the test of the switch-off branch in question. If the freewheeling circuit cannot be deactivated as a result of a defect, a short circuit occurs for the voltage increases to be expected, so that no voltage increases are signaled to the microcontroiler by the fourth amplifier circuit, which then triggers the permanent interrupter. This prevents additional charge from flowing out of the charge storage device as a result of the switch-on coil short-circuited via the non-deactivated freewheeling circuit, so that the remaining charge could no longer be sufficient to properly return the magnet armature.
- the retaining means provided to secure the dropped state on the magnet armature are expediently designed as at least one return spring and / or at least one further permanent magnet.
- FIG. 1 the representation of the inventive method in a flow chart
- FIG. 2 the block diagram of a circuit arrangement according to the invention
- FIG. 3 a detailed representation from FIG. 2
- FIG. 4 a further detailed illustration from FIG. 2
- Figure 5 Time diagrams to explain the method and the circuit arrangement. Best way to carry out the invention
- the method described below with reference to FIG. 1 is used to operate a magnetic drive which, in a known manner, consists of a magnetic yoke, at least one permanent magnet connected to it, a magnet armature movable with respect to the magnetic yoke and electromagnetic coil means, and by means of a microcontroiler Control circuit is driven by a control voltage supplied by a control voltage source.
- a retaining force securing the dropped state of the magnet armature is brought about by at least one return spring.
- the flow chart shown in FIG. 1 is based on the initial state OFF of the method according to the invention, which corresponds to the dropped state of the armature.
- the first method step A it is checked whether the control voltage Vi has risen to a value which differs substantially from zero. If this is the case, the control circuit Vi is reset and initialized in a defined initial state by the control voltage Vi. When the control voltage Vi is applied, charging of a charge storage device C1 begins.
- a subsequent method step B the control circuit tests whether a main shutdown coil L3 and an auxiliary shutdown coil L4, which is redundant to it, are each capable of transferring the magnet armature from the holding state to the dropped state. Both shutdown coils L3, L4 are electromagnetically connected to the magnetic yoke.
- the auxiliary shutdown coil L4 is activated for a time of 0.3 ms. If this test step proceeds positively, a current supplied by the control voltage source flows briefly through the auxiliary shutdown coil L4.
- This current is detected as a voltage drop VR6 via a current detection resistor R6 connected to the auxiliary switch-off coil L4 and causes the control circuit to check whether the charging voltage VC1 across the charge storage device C1 has a predetermined sufficient level Has reached height. If the charge voltage VC1 is high enough, the process proceeds to the second test step of method step B. Here, the main shutdown coil L3 is driven for a time of 0.3 ms. If this test step proceeds positively, a current supplied by the charge store C1 flows briefly through the main shutdown coil L3, but this current still leaves sufficient charge in the charge store C1 to ensure proper waste operation. The brief current flow through the main shutdown coil L3 causes a brief voltage drop - ⁇ VC1 across the charge storage C1.
- step C If the level of the voltage drop - ⁇ VC1 is determined within a predetermined voltage window, the method moves on to step C. If, however, in the first test step no voltage drop across the current detection resistor R6 or in the second test step no voltage drop across the charge storage C1 is found within the prescribed window, the control voltage Vi is permanently switched off by a short-circuit release. With the permanent shutdown of the control voltage Vi, the final state STILL is reached. After that there is no possibility to control the magnetic drive without previous repair. The absence of the voltage drop VR6 in the first test step means that it would not be possible to return the magnet armature to the dropped position by means of the redundant auxiliary shutdown coil L4 if necessary - namely if the magnet armature failed to be returned via the main shutdown coil.
- the predetermined voltage window is not reached owing to the voltage drop - ⁇ VC1 via the charge store C1 in the second test step, it means that returning the attracted magnet armature to the dropped position via the main switch-off coil L3 would fail.
- the voltage window is exceeded by the voltage drop - ⁇ VC1, the capacity of the charge storage C1 has decreased to such an extent that the storable charge is no longer sufficient to return the attracted magnet armature to the dropped position by discharging the charge storage C1 via the main switch-off coil L3.
- the tightening operation is carried out according to method step C for the transition of the magnetic drive to the switched-on state.
- a closing coil L1 is opened until the magnet armature reaches the tightened position and then deactivated again.
- the magnet ker is now held only permanently magnetically.
- the turn-on coil L1 and the turn-off coils L3, L4 are electromagnetically connected to the magnetic yoke.
- the switch-on coil L1 is controlled in a known manner (for example in accordance with DE 299 09901 U1) in a pulse-width-modulated manner and is connected to an activatable freewheeling circuit FL.
- the freewheeling circuit FL is activated with the pulse-controlled opening of the closing coil L1 and deactivated together with it.
- the disconnection capability is tested in two steps in the subsequent method step D by means of the disconnection coils L3 and L4, without the magnet armature being moved from its holding position.
- the auxiliary shutdown coil L4 or the main shutdown coil L3 is activated for 0.3 ms and upon the appearance of a voltage drop VR6 at the current detection resistor R6 connected to the auxiliary shutdown coil L4 or one in the predetermined voltage window-falling voltage drop - ⁇ VC1 is observed at the charge storage device C1 connected to the main shutdown coil L3. If the two test steps are positive, they are repeated with a certain period.
- the magnet armature is first transferred to the dropped state by discharging the charge storage C1 by opening the main shutdown coil L3 and above the meanwhile reached state OFF by short-circuiting the Control voltage Vi the final state shut down. If, on the other hand, at any time during the second test steps no voltage drop across the charge storage device C1 is found within the prescribed window, the magnet armature is first brought into the dropped state by opening the auxiliary cut-off coil L4 fed by the control voltage source and OFF via the state that has been reached in the meantime by short-circuiting the control voltage Vi, the final state SHUTDOWN.
- control voltage Vi is removed - be it intentionally controlled or due to a defect in the supply or the generation of the control voltage Vi - the waste operation is carried out in accordance with method step E.
- the initial state OFF has now been assumed again, from which the process can be restarted by applying control voltage Vi again, starting with process step A.
- an additional check is carried out to determine whether an induced voltage increase due to the short-time current in the main switch-off coil L3 and the electromagnetic coupling between the main switch-off coil L3 and the switch-on coil L1 occurs at the switch-on coil L1. If a substantial voltage increase + ⁇ VL1 is registered by the control circuit in the second test step, method step B proceeds to method step C or method step D is repeated periodically with the initiation of the first test step. If, however, no voltage increase + .DELTA.VL1 is found during the second test step of method step B, the final state SHUTDOWN is assumed by short-circuiting the control voltage Vi.
- the magnet armature is first converted to the dropped state by opening the auxiliary shutdown coil L4 fed by the control voltage source, and then to the OFF state by short-circuiting the control voltage Vi the final state CLOSED.
- the absence of the expected voltage increase + ⁇ VL1 during the second test step means that the freewheeling circuit FL is not inactive due to a defect and therefore represents a short circuit for induced voltage increases. This short circuit would also occur in normal waste operation according to method step E.
- the microcontroller is also monitored using watchdog signals which, when properly operated, instructions of the microcontroller are continuously output by the latter.
- Watchdog signals in connection with microcontrollers are known, for example, from US Pat. No. 5,214,560 A. If the watchdog signals fail, which occurs, for example, in the event of a program crash or in the event of a program hang-up, the charge store C1 is discharged via the main shutdown coil L3 in accordance with method step E and the initial state OFF is then restored.
- the present invention is not restricted to the embodiment of the method described above, but also encompasses all embodiments having the same effect in the sense of the method claims.
- the method can be modified in such a way that in method steps B and D the first and the second test steps are interchanged with regard to their chronological sequence.
- Another possible modification is that the voltage increase + ⁇ VL1 to be expected in switch-on coil L1 is evaluated during the first test step of method step D, that is to say with regard to the inductive effect of the current flowing briefly through auxiliary switch-off coil L4, or during both test steps.
- a modification within the scope of the invention is also that the restraint to be exerted on the magnet armature additionally or alternatively causes force by at least one further permanent magnet.
- Retention springs for the retention force are listed, for example, in the aforementioned DE 101 33 713 C1. Further permanent magnets for the retention force are listed, for example, in the aforementioned EP 0721 650 B1.
- the circuit arrangement described schematically below with reference to FIG. 2 serves to operate a magnetic drive, which is known to consist of a magnetic yoke, at least one permanent magnet arranged on the magnetic yoke, a magnet armature movably mounted on the magnetic yoke and at least one return spring.
- the circuit arrangement contains, around the magnetic yoke, electromagnetic coil means L1, L3 and L4, a control circuit supplied and acted upon by a rectified control voltage Vi on the input side with a microcontroller MC and a capacitive charge store C1.
- control voltage Vi When the control voltage Vi is applied, the magnet armature is attracted by the magnetic yoke with permanent magnet support against the restraining force, is held only permanently magnetically when the control voltage Vi is still present, and falls with a lower value if the control voltage Vi Support by the restraining force and against the permanent magnetic holding force by discharging the charge storage C1 from the yoke.
- the control voltage Vi is obtained via supply connections S1 and S2 of an input circuit E1, which contains means for rectification and filtering or interference suppression, from a supply voltage Va to be applied externally to supply terminals AO and _A1.
- the supply voltage Va can be obtained from a direct or an alternating voltage source and is switched on to initiate the tightening operation and switched off again to initiate the waste operation.
- the potentially deep supply connection S2 is connected to the ground potential of the control circuit.
- a control voltage controller BVi is connected to the high-level supply connection S1, which initializes the microcontroiler MC when the control voltage Vi has reached a sufficient level after the supply voltage Va has been applied.
- An auxiliary shutdown branch from the series connection of an auxiliary shutdown coil L4, an electronic auxiliary shutdown element T4 and current monitoring means BI4 is directly connected to the
- Supply connections S1, S2 connected. Starting from the high-level supply connection S1, the control voltage Vi is fed to the other circuit parts via a releasable permanent breaker DU.
- a closing branch from the series connection of a closing coil L1 and an electronic closing element T1 is connected downstream of the permanent breaker.
- a series circuit comprising a decoupling diode D8 which is polarized in the forward direction and a serial main shutdown branch formed from a main shutdown coil L3 and an electronic main shutdown element T3 is also connected downstream of the permanent interrupter.
- the charge store C1 and voltage release means BV3 are both arranged parallel to the main shutdown branch L3-T3.
- the switch-on branch L1-T1 and the main switch-off branch L3-T3 as well as the charge store C1 and the voltage detection means BV3 are fed by a switchable control voltage Vi 'which is equal to the control voltage Vi when the permanent breaker DU is open and zero when the permanent breaker is triggered.
- Inputs of the microcontroller MC are connected to the current detection means BI4 and the voltage detection means BV3.
- Outputs of the microcontroller MC are connected to the switching elements T1, T3 and T4 and to the permanent interrupter DU.
- the decoupling diode D8 prevents charge from flowing out of the charge storage device C1 via the switch-on branch L1-T1 and via the auxiliary switch-off branch L4-T4-BI4.
- the microcontroiler MC is programmed in such a way that it is initialized with a reset signal at the output of the control voltage controller BVi that occurs after application of the control voltage Vi with a delay, the auxiliary shutdown element T4 and then the main shutdown element T3 for test purposes to close, ie. to switch to the conductive state, activates the switch-on element T1 for transferring the magnet armature into the attracted position, activates it in a pulse-controlled manner and then deactivates it and, after the control voltage Vi has disappeared, closes the main shut-off element T4 to transfer the magnet armature to the dropped position, the electromagnetic return force resulting from the the main shutdown coil L3 flowing charge of the charge storage C1 is obtained.
- the shutdown elements T3 and T4 are only tested for a short time, for example for 0.3 ms, so that this has no effect on the magnet armature. If the microcontroiler MC does not receive an output signal from the voltage detection means BV3 during the test activation of the main shutdown element T3, it closes the auxiliary shutdown element T4. The current then supplied by the supply connections S1, S2 through the auxiliary switch-off coil L4 leads the magnet armature from the holding position back to the dropped position - unless the magnet armature was still in the dropped position. Subsequently, the microcontroiler MC triggers the permanent breaker DU, so that the subsequent circuit parts are separated from the control voltage Vi.
- the microcontroiler MC does not receive an input signal from the current detection means BI4 while the auxiliary shutdown element T4 is being driven, it closes the main shutdown element T3.
- the current then supplied by the charge storage device C1 through the main switch-off coil L3 leads the magnet armature from the holding position back to the dropped position - unless the magnet armature was still in the dropped position.
- the microcontroiler MC subsequently triggers the permanent breaker DU, so that the subsequent circuit parts are separated from the control voltage Vi.
- An active low-pass filter AT the output of which is connected to the permanent interrupter DU, is connected to the switch-on coil L1 and the switch-on element T ⁇ 1.
- the active low-pass filter AT charges itself alternately up and down when the switch-on element T1 is triggered in a pulse-controlled manner without reaching a predetermined trigger voltage. If the closing element T1 can no longer be blocked due to a defect, the active low-pass filter AT reaches the trigger voltage and thus triggers the permanent interrupter DU to separate the subsequent circuit parts from the control voltage Vi.
- a free-wheeling circuit FL is arranged in a manner known per se parallel to the single-coil coil L1.
- the freewheeling circuit FL would mean a considerable additional load for the charging capacitor C1 in waste operation due to the electromagnetic coupling via the counter-inductance between the turn-on coil L1 and the main turn-off coil L3. As a result of this additional load, the charge stored in the charge store C1 would no longer be sufficient to safely return the magnet armature to the dropped position.
- the freewheeling circuit FL is therefore designed as an activatable freewheeling circuit which is activated and deactivated by the microcontroiler MC together with the switch-on element T1. That is, the freewheeling circuit FL deactivated outside of the tightening mode cannot load the charging capacitor C1 in the waste mode.
- a voltage increase + .DELTA.VL1 is induced during the testing of the main shutdown branch L3-T3 due to the brief current flow through the main shutdown coil L3 and is signaled to the microcontroiler MC via further voltage detection means BV1. If there is no increase in voltage + ⁇ VL1 during the test activation of the main shutdown element T3, the auxiliary shutdown element T4 is switched on by the magnet armature to assume the a fallen state and then the duration breaker DU is triggered.
- microcontroiler MC controls a Vatchdog monitoring circuit WC which, in the event of a fault in the microcontroiler MC, causes the magnet armature to be moved from the pull-in position into the drop position by closing the main shutdown element T3.
- FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 show details of the circuit arrangement from FIG. 2 by way of example
- Input circuit E1 consists on the input side of an interference suppression capacitor C10 and a voltage limiting resistor R35 and on the output side of a full-wave rectifier with rectifier diodes D11 to D14.
- the control voltage Vi present at the output of the full-wave rectifier D11-D14 or at the supply connections S1, S2 reaches the control voltage Vi 'which can be switched off via the permanent interrupter DU.
- the permanent interrupter DU consists of a short-circuit fuse F1 inserted in the control voltage line W1 and a subsequent semiconductor short-circuit switching element T6 arranged between the control voltage line W1 and the ground potential.
- the microcontroiler MC supplies a short-circuit signal at an output LaO. CB CB via an integrated amplifier IV32 and a first OR iode D6 to the base electrode of the short-circuit switching element T6.
- the control voltage Vi is fed via the control voltage controller BVi to a connection 5 A3 of the microcontroller MC and uses conventional means n and in connection with a connection A2 of the microcontroller MC to determine the readiness of the microcontroiler MC to switch on with regard to the control voltage Vi that is being built up and the pulse width during the pulse value-controlled activation the closing element T1.
- the disconnectable control voltage Vi 'and the charging voltage VC1 across the charge storage C1 v are supplied separately to a switching power supply ST via decoupling diodes D21 and D20.
- the switching power supply ST supplies the supply necessary for the voltage supply to the control circuit.
- a reset circuit which in the usual way consists of an integrated amplifier IV7, an output-side integration capacitor (X28 and a feedback resistor R65.) With the build-up of the switchable voltage voltage Vi 'after application of the supply voltage Va, the amplifier IV7 generates a reset signal RES is sent to the RESET input of the microcontroller MC, what if the microcontroller
- 25 roller MC is reset to a defined initial state.
- the auxiliary shutdown branch consists of the auxiliary shutdown coil L4, the semiconductor auxiliary shutdown element T4 and the current monitoring resistor R6 arranged in its emitter circuit.
- the microcontroiler MC gives a test at an output La2 and im
- auxiliary shutdown signal ABr returning the magnet armature.
- the auxiliary shutdown signal ABr is fed via an integrated amplifier IV31 and a series resistor R7 to the base electrode of the auxiliary shutdown element T4.
- the auxiliary shutdown signal ABr has a duration of 0.3 ms, whereupon a brief current flows through the current detection wide R6
- the voltage then formed across the current detection resistor R6 Voltage drop VR6 is fed via a first amplifier circuit IV21 as an auxiliary confirmation signal SD to an input B4 of the microcontroller MC.
- the current detection resistor R6 and the first amplifier circuit IV21 correspond to the current detection means BI4 from FIG. 2.
- the output of the amplifier IV31 also leads via a delay element, which consists of a delay resistor R9 and a delay capacitor C6, and a second OR diode D7 to the connection Base electrode of the short-circuit switching element T6.
- the main shutdown branch consists of the main shutdown coil L3, the semiconductor main shutdown element T3 and a first surpressor diode D10 as a freewheeling circuit for the main shutdown coil L3.
- the microcontroiler MC outputs a testing and, if necessary, a main shutdown signal AB returning the magnet armature at an output La1.
- the main shutdown signal AB is supplied via an integrated amplifier IV42, a fourth OR diode D44 and a series resistor R18 to the base electrode of the main shutdown element T3 connected to divider resistors R66, R67.
- the main shutdown signal AB has a duration of 0.3 ms, whereupon a measurable voltage drop - ⁇ VC1 should occur at the charge store C1.
- the voltage drop - ⁇ VC1 is fed via a passive high pass, consisting of a differentiating capacitor C2, a bleeder resistor R_21 and a limiter diode D1, and a second amplifier circuit IV 2 as a confirmation signal SB to a connection A4 of the microcontroller MC.
- the microcontroller MC monitors whether the voltage drop - ⁇ VC1 lies within a predetermined window.
- a too low voltage drop - ⁇ VC1 means that a missing or too low coil current IL3 in the main waste coil L3 does not lead to a return of the magnet armature during the waste operation.
- Too high a voltage drop - ⁇ VC1 means that the capacity of the charge store C1 is no longer sufficient to supply a sufficient current flow through the main waste coil L3 during waste operation.
- a third amplifier circuit IV11 is also connected to the charge storage device C1 via a voltage divider consisting of the divider resistors R19, R20 and supplies a voltage control signal SA proportional to the charging voltage VC1 at its output to a connection A5 of the microcontroller MC.
- the microcontroller IV1C uses the voltage control signal SA to check whether the charge storage MC has been sufficiently charged after applying the control voltage Vi to ensure the waste operation.
- the high-pass filter C2-R21, the voltage divider R19-R20 and the second and third amplifier circuits IV12 and IV11 form the voltage detection means BV1 according to FIG. 2.
- the microcontroiler MC periodically outputs watchdog signals WDG at an output La3, which are controlled by a watchdog monitoring circuit WC.
- the watchdog monitoring circuit WC is known per se from publication WO 03 077396 A1 and contains a high-pass filter, a charging capacitor that can be discharged from a semiconductor switch in the rhythm of the watchdog signals WDG, and a voltage comparator.
- the output of the watchdog monitoring circuit WC is connected to the series resistor R18 via a fifth OR diode. If the microcontroiler MC is faulty, the watchdog signals WDG remain off, whereupon the watchdog monitoring circuit WC initiates the waste operation by closing the main shutdown element T3.
- the turn-on branch consists of the turn-on coil L1, the half-starter turn-on element T1, the activatable freewheeling circuit FL and a surpressor diode D9. which is used for additional surge protection.
- the microcontroiler MC outputs a pulse-width-modulated switch-on signal AN via an output La4 and a resistor circuit R45 to R48.
- the switch-on signal AN is fed via an integrated amplifier IV41 and a series resistor R17 to the base electrode of the switch-on element T1.
- the activatable freewheeling circuit FL contains a high-pass downstream of the output of the amplifier IV41, which consists of a differentiating capacitor C4 and a bleeder resistor R13, a charging circuit consisting of a series connection of a rectifier diode D4 and a charging resistor R15, starting from the high-pass C4-R13 Charging capacitor C3, consisting of a limiter diode D3 and a discharge resistor R1 ⁇ 5, and a series circuit arranged in parallel with the switch-on coil L1 and consisting of a free-wheeling diode D2 and a semiconductor activation switching element T2, the gate electrode of which is connected to the charging capacitor C3.
- the “pumping up” of the charge capacitor C3 begins in the rhythm of the pulses of the switch-on signal AN present at the amplifier IV41. After a few pulses of the switch-on signal AN, the voltage across the charge capacitor C3 has risen to such an extent that the activation switch element T2 closes and the Free-wheeling diode D2 is actively connected to switch-on coil L1. The free-wheeling circuit FL is now in the active state. When the switch-on signal AN ends, the charging capacitor C3 becomes again discharged via the discharge resistor R16, the freewheeling diode D2 being separated from the switch-on coil L1 by blocking the activation switching element T2. The freewheeling circuit FL is thus again in the inactive state.
- a voltage divider R24-R25 leads from the connection point between switch-on coil L1, switch-on element T1 and activatable free-wheeling circuit FL to a fourth amplifier circuit IV91.
- the voltage drop + ⁇ VL1 induced in the switch-on coil L1 when the freewheeling circuit FL is deactivated when the main shutdown branch L3-T3-D10 is tested is conducted via a fourth amplifier circuit IV91 as a blocking control signal SC to a connection A6 of the microcontroller MC.
- the voltage divider R24-R25 and the fourth amplifier circuit IV91 correspond to the further voltage detection means BV1 according to FIG. 2.
- a further voltage divider R11 -R12 leads to the base electrode of a switching transistor T5, the collector electrode of which is connected to a charging resistor R10 and a further charging capacitor C5.
- a third OR diode D5 leads from the charging capacitor C5 to the base electrode of the short-circuit switching element T6. Outside the pull-in mode, the closing element T1 is blocked, as a result of which the charging capacitor C5 is discharged over the collector-em ' rter path of the switching transistor T5 closed by the closing coil L1 and the voltage divider R11-R12.
- the switching pulses T5 are mutually closed and blocked by the voltage pulses occurring in the pulse rhythm of the switch-on signal AN via the switch-on element T1, so that no significant voltage can build up across the mutually charged and discharged charging capacitor C5.
- the switch-on transistor T1 is permanently closed as a result of a defect, generally as a result of alloying, the switch transistor T5 is permanently blocked.
- the charging capacitor C5 progressively charges up, the short-circuit switching element T5 is closed via the charging resistor R10, and with the subsequent triggering of the short-circuit fuse F1, the switchable control voltage Vi 'is permanently switched off.
- the magnetic drive is secured against being switched on.
- the voltage divider R11-R12, the switching transistor T5, the charging resistor R10 and the charging capacitor C5 together correspond to the active low-pass filter AT according to FIG. 2.
- a trigger signal SE becomes one Input B3 of the microcontroller MC led.
- controller MC switches off a main shutdown signal AB in order to return the magnet armature that may already have been tightened.
- the circuit arrangement In addition to the function monitoring of the switch-on element T1 described above, the circuit arrangement also has further self-monitoring functions, which are described below and which ensure that the circuit arrangement and the magnetic drive change into a defined safety-relevant state.
- a main confirmation signal SB that exceeds the specified window will appear output from the second amplifier circuit IV12.
- the microcontroiler MC then first outputs an auxiliary shutdown signal ABr for returning the magnet armature to the dropped position and then a short circuit signal CB for the permanent shutdown of the switchable control voltage Vi '. The magnetic drive can then no longer be operated.
- the activatable freewheeling circuit is always in the active state, after the test output of the main switch-off signal AB due to a barely detectable voltage increase + ⁇ VL1 at the switch-on coil L1, no lock-up control signal SC is output by the fourth amplifier circuit IV91.
- the microcontroiler MC then first outputs an auxiliary shutdown signal ABr for returning the magnet armature to the dropped position and then a short circuit signal CB for the permanent shutdown of the switchable control voltage Vi '. The magnetic drive can then no longer be operated.
- auxiliary confirmation signal SD is output by the first amplifier circuit IV21 due to the lack of a voltage drop VR6 at the current detection resistor R6.
- the microcontroiler MC then first outputs a main shutdown signal AB for returning the magnet armature to the dropped position and then a short circuit signal CB for the permanent shutdown of the switchable control voltage Vi '. The magnetic drive can then no longer be operated.
- auxiliary cut-off element T4 is alloyed, i.e. is permanently conductive, no voltage control signal SA is output by the third amplifier circuit IV11 after the control signal Vi is applied because the required charging voltage VC1 has not been reached via the charge store C1.
- the microcontroiler MC then outputs a short circuit signal CB for permanently switching off the switchable control voltage Vi '. The magnetic drive can then no longer be operated.
- the short-circuit switching element T6 After the short-circuit switching element T6 has been ground through, two alternative cases can occur with the breakdown of the control voltage Vi.
- the main armature signal AB is used to return the magnet armature to the dropped position before the short-circuit protection F1 subsequently triggers.
- the short-circuit protection device F1 triggers after the voltage dip detected by the fourth amplifier circuit IV91 has caused the microcontroiler MC to output an auxiliary shutdown signal ABr for returning the magnet armature.
- the magnetic drive can no longer be operated in both cases. If the +5 V DC supply voltage fails, the watchdog signals WDG fail to return the magnet armature to the dropped position via the watchdog monitoring circuit WC.
- the watchdog monitoring circuit WC and the integrated amplifier IV42 become inactive.
- the magnet armature is returned to the dropped position. The magnetic drive can no longer be operated without restoring the DC supply voltages.
- the time diagrams in FIG. 5 demonstrate both the course of the method according to the invention and the operation of the circuit arrangement according to the invention without the failure phenomena described above occurring.
- the control voltage Vi is applied at the time tA
- the charge voltage VC1 is built up by charging the charge store C1 in accordance with method step A, the level of the charge voltage VC1 being monitored by means of the voltage control signal SA.
- Method step B begins at time tB1 with the output of an auxiliary shutdown signal ABr of 0.3 ms for testing the auxiliary shutdown circuit, whereupon an auxiliary confirmation signal SD is generated by the short-time current IL4 through the auxiliary shutdown coil L4.
- a main switch-off signal AB for testing the main switch-off branch is output at a time tB2, whereupon a main confirmation signal SB is generated by the short-term voltage drop - ⁇ VC1 of the charging voltage VC1.
- the short-time auxiliary shutdown current IL4 and the short-term main shutdown current IL3 induce voltages in the closing coil L1, which in the case of the voltage increase + ⁇ VL1 induced by the short-term main shutdown current IL3 is output with the blocking control signal SC.
- Method step C begins at time tC1 and ends at time tC2 with the pulse-width-controlled switch-on signal AN. With the delayed decay of a current IL1 of considerable duration through the closing coil L1, the starting operation ends and the holding operation begins.
- the auxiliary switch-off branch and the main switch-off branch are tested in periodic repetition during the holding operation with output of auxiliary switch-off signals ABr and main switch-off signals AB of 0.3 ms duration each at times tD1 and tD2.
- help confirmation signals SD and main confirmation signals SB are output as a result of the brief timed coil currents IL4 or IL3 and the impressing of the induced voltage increases + ⁇ VL1 on the blocking control signal Sc due to the short-term coil current IL3.
- the control voltage Vi is switched off at the time tE1
- the holding operation ends and the waste operation begins in accordance with method step E.
- the voltage increases impressed on the blocking control signal SC are caused both by the inductive coupling between the auxiliary switch-off coil L4 and the switch-on coil L1 and by the inductive coupling between the main switch-on coil L3 and the switch-on coil L1.
- a modification within the scope of the invention also consists in the fact that the restraining force to be exerted on the magnet armature additionally or alternatively effects at least one further permanent magnet.
- Retention springs for the retention force are listed, for example, in the aforementioned DE 101 33 713 C1.
- Further permanent magnets for the retention force are listed, for example, in the aforementioned EP 0 721 650 B1.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Driving Mechanisms And Operating Circuits Of Arc-Extinguishing High-Tension Switches (AREA)
- Electromagnets (AREA)
- Breakers (AREA)
- Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2006530291A JP4418820B2 (ja) | 2004-04-01 | 2005-03-23 | 磁気駆動装置を作動するための方法および回路 |
DE502005000123T DE502005000123D1 (de) | 2004-04-01 | 2005-03-23 | Verfahren und schaltungsanordnung zum betreiben eines magnetantriebes |
EP05733623A EP1636808B1 (de) | 2004-04-01 | 2005-03-23 | Verfahren und schaltungsanordnung zum betreiben eines magnetantriebes |
US10/599,585 US7486496B2 (en) | 2004-04-01 | 2005-03-23 | Method and circuit arrangement for operating a solenoid actuator |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102004015932A DE102004015932A1 (de) | 2004-04-01 | 2004-04-01 | Verfahren und Schaltungsanordnung zum Betreiben eines Magnetantriebes |
DE102004015932.7 | 2004-04-01 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2005096327A1 true WO2005096327A1 (de) | 2005-10-13 |
Family
ID=34964422
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2005/051335 WO2005096327A1 (de) | 2004-04-01 | 2005-03-23 | Verfahren und schaltungsanordnung zum betreiben eines magnetantriebes |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7486496B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1636808B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4418820B2 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1938796A (de) |
DE (2) | DE102004015932A1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2274511T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2005096327A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101976880A (zh) * | 2010-11-11 | 2011-02-16 | 福州大学 | 一种用于电压跌落保护的智能装置 |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102007029148B4 (de) * | 2007-06-25 | 2021-09-30 | Abb Ag | Verfahren zur Prüfung der Funktionsfähigkeit von Armaturen |
US8189311B2 (en) * | 2009-11-30 | 2012-05-29 | General Electric Company | Circuit breaker control |
DE102014206360B4 (de) * | 2014-04-03 | 2022-09-08 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur Prüfung eines Selbsthaltemagneten eines Schalters und Prüfeinrichtung für den Selbsthaltemagneten |
DE102014206367B4 (de) * | 2014-04-03 | 2022-11-10 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur Prüfung eines Selbsthaltemagneten eines Schalters und Prüfeinrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
DE102014206366B4 (de) * | 2014-04-03 | 2022-08-04 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur Prüfung eines Selbsthaltemagneten eines Schalters und Prüfeinrichtung für den Selbsthaltemagneten |
CN105914100B (zh) * | 2016-07-12 | 2019-01-18 | 福州大学 | 一种大容量接触器的动态可靠控制策略 |
EP3288057A1 (de) | 2016-08-26 | 2018-02-28 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Sicherheitsgerichtetes schaltgerät |
US10366854B2 (en) * | 2016-11-30 | 2019-07-30 | Te Connectivity Corporation | Contactor with coil polarity reversing control circuit |
US11676786B2 (en) * | 2020-04-09 | 2023-06-13 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Systems and methods for controlling contactor open time |
Citations (3)
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EP0995997A1 (de) * | 1998-04-28 | 2000-04-26 | Mikuni Corporation | Fehlererkennungsvorrichtung eines elektromagnetischen gesteverten anordnung |
DE19954037A1 (de) * | 1999-10-29 | 2001-05-03 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zum Überwachen der Funktionsfähigkeit eines Bauelementes eines elektrischen Gerätes während des Betriebes |
DE10146110A1 (de) * | 2001-09-19 | 2003-04-03 | Wolfgang Nestler | Digitale Elektronikschaltung zum leistungslosen Dauerbetrieb eines Elektromagneten mit permanentmagnetischem Werkstoffanteil |
Family Cites Families (10)
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JPH0621530B2 (ja) | 1988-12-29 | 1994-03-23 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | バルブ駆動装置 |
GB2229038B (en) | 1989-03-07 | 1994-01-26 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | Electromagnetic contactor |
US5214560A (en) | 1992-06-19 | 1993-05-25 | Square D Company | Microprocessor watch-dog monitor for electronic trip units |
GB9318876D0 (en) * | 1993-09-11 | 1993-10-27 | Mckean Brian | A bistable permanent magnet actuator for operation of circuit breakers |
DE29909901U1 (de) | 1999-06-08 | 1999-09-30 | Moeller GmbH, 53115 Bonn | Elektronische Antriebssteuerung für einen Schützantrieb |
DE19958888A1 (de) | 1999-12-07 | 2001-06-13 | Sheng Chih Sheng | Magnetvorrichtung mit wechselbarem Magnetkreis und mit beiden Befestigungsstellen |
DE10129153A1 (de) | 2001-06-16 | 2003-01-09 | Festo Ag & Co | Elektromagnetisches Ventil mit Haltestromabsenkung |
DE10133713C5 (de) | 2001-07-11 | 2006-10-05 | Moeller Gmbh | Elektromagnetischer Antrieb |
DE20113647U1 (de) | 2001-08-17 | 2001-10-18 | Moeller GmbH, 53115 Bonn | Elektromagnetanordnung für einen Schalter |
DE10210920B4 (de) | 2002-03-13 | 2005-02-03 | Moeller Gmbh | Leistungsschalter mit elektronischem Auslöser |
-
2004
- 2004-04-01 DE DE102004015932A patent/DE102004015932A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2005
- 2005-03-23 DE DE502005000123T patent/DE502005000123D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-03-23 CN CNA2005800104086A patent/CN1938796A/zh active Pending
- 2005-03-23 US US10/599,585 patent/US7486496B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-03-23 EP EP05733623A patent/EP1636808B1/de active Active
- 2005-03-23 JP JP2006530291A patent/JP4418820B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-03-23 WO PCT/EP2005/051335 patent/WO2005096327A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-03-23 ES ES05733623T patent/ES2274511T3/es active Active
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0995997A1 (de) * | 1998-04-28 | 2000-04-26 | Mikuni Corporation | Fehlererkennungsvorrichtung eines elektromagnetischen gesteverten anordnung |
DE19954037A1 (de) * | 1999-10-29 | 2001-05-03 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zum Überwachen der Funktionsfähigkeit eines Bauelementes eines elektrischen Gerätes während des Betriebes |
DE10146110A1 (de) * | 2001-09-19 | 2003-04-03 | Wolfgang Nestler | Digitale Elektronikschaltung zum leistungslosen Dauerbetrieb eines Elektromagneten mit permanentmagnetischem Werkstoffanteil |
Cited By (1)
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CN101976880A (zh) * | 2010-11-11 | 2011-02-16 | 福州大学 | 一种用于电压跌落保护的智能装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1938796A (zh) | 2007-03-28 |
ES2274511T3 (es) | 2007-05-16 |
EP1636808B1 (de) | 2006-09-27 |
US20070223172A1 (en) | 2007-09-27 |
JP2007507871A (ja) | 2007-03-29 |
JP4418820B2 (ja) | 2010-02-24 |
US7486496B2 (en) | 2009-02-03 |
DE102004015932A1 (de) | 2005-10-20 |
EP1636808A1 (de) | 2006-03-22 |
DE502005000123D1 (de) | 2006-11-09 |
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