WO2005014475A2 - Carbon nanotube containing materials and articles containing such materials for altering electromagnetic radiation - Google Patents
Carbon nanotube containing materials and articles containing such materials for altering electromagnetic radiation Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005014475A2 WO2005014475A2 PCT/US2004/018923 US2004018923W WO2005014475A2 WO 2005014475 A2 WO2005014475 A2 WO 2005014475A2 US 2004018923 W US2004018923 W US 2004018923W WO 2005014475 A2 WO2005014475 A2 WO 2005014475A2
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Definitions
- nanostructured material Such enhancements would be useful, for example, to protect personnel, equipment, vehicles, and containers, from the adverse consequences of electromagnetic waves or energy, or detection by interrogation signals. Further advantages of using a nanostructured material include the reduction of weight, increased strength and the rapid distribution of electromagnetic waves.
- One type of nanostructured material, carbon nanotubes have garnered a lot of interest because of its broad range of properties. Carbon nanotubes are generally described as a graphite sheet rolled up into a nanoscale tube form to produce single-wall carbon nanotubes. Alternatively, carbon nanotubes may contain additional graphite tubes around the core of a single walled carbon nanotube to form multi-wall carbon nanotubes.
- Some properties associated with carbon nanotubes include high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity and stability, optical transmission, electromagnetic absorptivity and strength. These properties make carbon nanotubes very attractive for a variety of potential applications that currently use inferior materials.
- the process for shielding or protecting objects from adverse affects of x-ray electromagnetic waves or energy is presently accomplished through the use of highly adsorptive, and heavy materials such as lead.
- the process to intensify an electromagnetic wave or signal varies depending upon the wavelength which is to be intensified.
- the process for intensifying radio signal involves the amplification of such signals. When intensifying energy in the visible spectrum a metastable gas, as in a laser, may be used.
- the process to mitigate an electromagnetic wave or signal varies depending upon the wavelength which is to be mitigated. For example, to mitigate a radio signal without back reflection generally requires the use of large carbon fibers fabricated into a cardboard like material matching the index of refraction of a material with that of free space.
- the manipulation of electromagnetic energy and/or wavelengths is presently accomplished by a variety of methods and materials, depending on the energy to be manipulated.
- the present disclosure addresses the aforementioned issues as they relate to manipulation or control of electromagnetic waves with nanotechnology materials. Accordingly, there is disclosed a material for altering electromagnetic radiation incident on the material.
- the material comprises carbon nanotubes having a length (L) that meets formula (1): L > 1 / 2 ⁇ (1) where, ⁇ is the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation incident on the material.
- Nanotubes described herein generally have an average diameter in the inclusive range of from 1-60 nm and an average length in the inclusive range of from 0.1 ⁇ m to 250 mm.
- Also disclosed herein are methods of modifying electromagnetic radiation using the above-described material.
- Such methods include a method of intensifying electromagnetic radiation by increasing the amount of photons emitted at a specific frequency or wavelength, or a method of absorbing electromagnetic radiation incident on a material and re-transmitting the radiation with frequency and phase coherency.
- a unique signature management and radiation protective material is created.
- a unique signature management, and radiation protective material is created. This method presents a unique cloaking capability from infrared weapon target acquisition technology.
- the disclosure relates to using carbon nanotube fabricated in a nanostructured or mesh form (NanoMesh) as an EMI shielding membrane.
- a mesh of carbon nanotubes absorbs electromagnetic radiation at varying wavelengths and frequencies, and will convert this absorbed energy into other forms of energy. As an example, it could absorb visible light and convert the absorbed energy into electricity making an attractive solar cell.
- Carbon nanotube mesh (NanoMesh) is a novel material that is composed mostly of carbon nanotubes (either single or multiwalled) that are held together by van der Waals forces, other proximity effects, and mechanical means. It also may have proprietary modifications done to fuse the material together, glue carbon nanotubes to each other, or other processes to make the final material stronger or more EMI shielding.
- a nanostructured material generally implies carbon nanotubes that are decoupled or not necessarily in contact with one another. In certain embodiments, a nanostructured material may be used instead of a nanomesh material.
- fused As used herein the term "fused,” “fusion,” or any version of the word “fuse” is defined as the bonding of nanotubes at their point or points of contact.
- bonding can be Carbon-Carbon chemical bonding including sp 3 hybridization or chemical bonding of carbon to other atoms.
- Non-limiting examples of how such fused nanostructured material are made can be found in co-pending U.S. Patent Application No. 10/859,346, entitled “Fused Nanostructured Material,” filed June 3, 2004, which is herein incorporated by reference.
- the incorporation of NanoMesh also makes a material highly strong, durable, and chemically resistant.
- the nanomesh material may comprise carbon nanotubes having a length (L) that meets formula (1): L > 1 / 2 ⁇ (1) where, ⁇ is the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation incident on the material.
- electromagnetic radiation includes the entire energy spectrum, from very short, high energy gamma particles (0.003nm to 0.03nm) to very long radio waves (30cm to 3km), and every energy spectrum in-between.
- electromagnetic spectrum is meant to also encompass X-ray radiation (0.03nm to 3.0nm), Ultra-violet radiation (3.0nm to 300nm), the complete visible spectrum (400nm to 750nm), Infra-red energy (1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m), and microwave energy (1mm to 30cm). Therefore, in formula (1), ⁇ can include any of these ranges, individually or in combination.
- ⁇ can include any of these ranges, individually or in combination.
- the ability of the material to alter electromagnetic radiation is enhanced by the use of defective carbon nanotubes.
- "Defective carbon nanotubes" are those carbon nanotubes distorted by crystalline defects in at least one carbon ring to a degree that a portion of the nanotube between the opposing ends thereof has greater chemical activity at said portion.
- Crystalline defects may contain a lattice distortion in at least one carbon ring.
- a lattice distortion means any distortion of the crystal lattice of carbon nanotube atoms forming the tubular sheet structure. Non-limiting examples include any displacements of atoms because of inelastic deformation, or presence of 5 and/or 7 member carbon rings, or chemical interaction followed by change in sp 2 hybridization of carbon atom bonds [029] Examples of how such carbon nanotubes are distorted and how nano-structures which may be useful to the make the material described herein can be found in co-pending U.S. Patent Application Nos. 10/794,056, filed March 8, 2004, and 10/859,346, filed June 3, 2004, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
- the carbon nanotubes which may be useful to alter electromagnetic radiation are chosen from impregnated, functionalized, doped, charged, coated, irradiated, or combinations of such nanotubes.
- “Chosen from” or “selected from” as used herein refers to selection of individual components or the combination of two (or more) components.
- the carbon nanotubes used in the material described herein may comprise any one of impregnated, functionalized, doped, charged, coated, or irradiated, nanotubes or any combination thereof, including all of the foregoing.
- the carbon nanotubes have at least one end which is at least partially open.
- the material described herein may further comprising a liquid, solid, or gaseous medium in which the carbon nanotubes are maintained.
- the carbon nanotubes may be maintained in the medium by a mechanical force or a field chosen from, electromagnetic, acoustic, and optic fields or combinations thereof.
- the solid medium in which the carbon nanotubes may be maintained is chosen from at least one metallic, ceramic, or polymeric material. This medium is generally used when an article comprising the inventive material is fabricated.
- One method described herein relates to impregnating a fused NanoMesh with polymer to create an entire filled membrane that is durable, strong, and provides EMI shielding.
- the polymeric material used for filling such a membrane may be chosen from a variety of natural or synthetic polymeric resins.
- the polymeric material may comprise at least one polymer chosen from thermoplastics, thermosetting polymers, elastomers and combinations thereof.
- the polymeric may be chosen from, nylon, polyurethane, acrylic, methacrylic, polycarbonate, epoxy, silicone rubbers, natural rubbers, synthetic rubbers, vulcanized rubbers, polystyrene, aramid, polyethylene, ultra-high-molecular weight polyethylene, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), poly(p- fenyl-2, 6-benzobisoxazol), polypropylene, polychloroprene, polyi ide, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polyhydroaminoester, polyester (polyethylene terephthalate), polybutylene terephthalate, poly-paraphylene terephtalamide, polyester ester ketene, fluoropolymers, including viton fluoroelastomer, polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyvinylchloride, polyesters, polyethers, polyacrylates, polysulfonylene, polyethylene, polyviny
- the polymeric material may further comprise a material chosen from ceramic hybrid polymers, phosphine oxides and chalcogenides. Examples of the above-mentioned polymers can be found in United States Published Patent Application No. 20030164427, filed September 4, 2003, which is herein incorporated by reference.
- the multi-component polymers may exhibit at least two different glass transition or melting temperatures.
- glass transition temperature T g
- T g glass transition temperature
- T g is the temperature at which an amorphous polymer (or the amorphous regions in a partially crystalline polymer) changes from a hard and relatively brittle condition to a viscous or rubbery condition.
- T g is often expressed as the temperature at which the Gibbs free energy is such that the activation energy for the cooperative movement of about 50 elements of the polymer is exceeded. This allows molecular chains to slide past each other when a force is applied.
- T g is related to the energy required to break and re-form covalent bonds. The T g is therefore influenced by the chemistry of the glass.
- the addition of elements having a valency less than 4, such as B, Na, K or Ca to a silica glass help break up the three-dimensional lattice and reduce the T g .
- an element having a valency of 5, such as P helps re-establish the three-dimensional lattice, thus increasing T g .
- the glass transition temperature is defined empirically as the temperature at which the viscosity of the liquid exceeds a certain value (commonly 10 13 Pascal-seconds). The transition temperature depends on cooling rate, with the glass transition occurring at higher temperatures for faster cooling rates.
- a fused NanoMesh material may be filled with a ceramic, including a glass such as fiberglass, flat glass, and/or others known in the art.
- the glass could be physically mixed with the NanoMesh instead of impregnation.
- Such a ceramic/glass-based nanomesh material could be used in corporate and government boardrooms to prevent eaves dropping, electronic noise and the like.
- Typical ceramic materials that may be used herein include at least one of the following: boron carbide, boron nitride, boron oxide, boron phosphate, spinel, garnet, lanthanum fluoride, calcium fluoride, silicon carbide, carbon and its allotropes, silicon oxide, glass, quartz, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, zirconium oxide, zirconium carbide, zirconium boride, zirconium nitride, hafnium boride, thorium oxide, yttrium oxide, magnesium oxide, phosphorus oxide, cordierite, mullite, silicon nitride, ferrite, sapphire, steatite, titanium carbide, titanium nitride, titanium boride, and combinations thereof.
- Typical metallic materials that may be used herein include at least one of the following: aluminum, boron, copper, cobalt, gold, platinum, silicon, steel, titanium, rhodium, indium, iron, palladium, germanium, tin, lead, tungsten, niobium, molybdenum, nickel, silver, zirconium, yttrium, and alloys thereof.
- the liquid medium in which the nanotubes may be found comprises water, oils, organic solvents, inorganic solvents, the liquid form of nitrogen, or the liquid form of carbon dioxide.
- the gaseous medium in which the nanotubes may be found comprises the air, or a gas chosen from argon, nitrogen, helium, ammonia, and carbon dioxide.
- the carbon nanotubes described herein may be single-walled, multi-walled, nanoscrolled or combinations thereof.
- the carbon nanotubes may take a variety of known morphologies, such as those chosen from nanohorns, cylinders, nanospirals, dendrites, spider nanotube structures, Y-junction nanotubes, nanorods, and bamboo morphology.
- the above described nanotube shapes are more particularly defined in M.S. Dresselhaus.G. Dresselhaus, and P. Avouris, eds.
- the carbon nanotubes may be functionalized with one or more inorganic or organic compounds attached to the surface of the carbon nanotubes.
- the carbon nanotubes described herein may be derivatized or functionalized with various agents. Non-limiting examples of agents that can be functionalized unto carbon nanotubes and methods of functionalization can be found in United States Published Patent Application No.
- organic compounds which may be functionalized onto the surface of the carbon nanotubes include at least one chemical group chosen from carboxyls, amines, polyamides, polyamphiphiles, diazonium salts, pyrenyls, silanes, dyes, quantum dots and combinations thereof.
- quantum dots are defined as nanoparticles that absorbs energy at one wavelength and emits it at another wavelength. Typically, quantum dots comprise nanometer-sized semiconductor crystals. Because such objects are so small, adding or removing a single electron represents a significant change in energy. In certain embodiments, these nano-scale crystalline structures can transform the color of light.
- Quantum dots are considered to have greater flexbility than other fluorescent materials, which makes them suited to use in building nano-scale computing applications where light is used to process information. They can made from a variety of different compounds, such as cadmium selenide. In one embodiment, quantum dots comprise one or more layers of metal.
- Inorganic compounds which may be functionalized onto the surface of the carbon nanotubes include at least one at least one halogenated compound of boron, titanium, niobium, tungsten, and combination thereof. In one embodiment, the halogenated compound comprises fluorine.
- both the inorganic or organic compounds are located on the ends of the carbon nanotubes and are optionally polymerized.
- the end caps of the carbon nanotubes have functional derivatives, it is possible to achieve greater chemical activity at the ends of the carbon nanotubes, or to create a three-dimensional structure in a head-to-tail fashion.
- functional derivatives may be located at any location along the carbon nanotubes. In this manner, it is possible to create a non-uniformity in composition and/or density of functional groups (and thus properties) across the surface of the carbon nanotubes and/or across at least one dimension of the material.
- the functionalized carbon nanotubes comprise a substantially uniform gradient of functional groups across the surface of the carbon nanotubes and/or across at least one dimension of the material.
- Typical metallic materials which may be used to coat the carbon nanotubes include at least one metal chosen from gold, platinum, titanium, rhodium, iridium, indium, copper, iron, palladium, gallium, germanium, tin, lead, tungsten, niobium, molybdenum, silver, nickel, cobalt, metals of the lanthanum group, metals of the actinide group, and alloys thereof.
- Typical polymeric polymeric materials that may be used to coat the carbon nanotubes are the same polymers as those previously described.
- a "doped" carbon nanotube refers to the presence of atoms, other than carbon, in the nanostructured material.
- a photon specific device composed of a target ion- impregnated carbon nanotube can be fabricated.
- the impregnated nanotubes can be fabricated such that an electron or phonon current can either be induced by electromagnetic, or acoustic means or by direct electrical or physical connection, and have defect sites that can be opened through functionalization chemistry to create ion channels.
- the electron structure of the material can be tailored by doping filling impregnating or functionalizing the nanotubes to serve particular applications. For example, quantum wells may be created within the hollow region of the nanotube due to the quasi-one dimensional nature of the carbon nanotube defined by its morphology.
- the addition of the target ion in the nanotube will cause a change in resistance, which will trigger an electric and/or phononic current response that will move at least one ion through the nanotube and out of the system.
- the material can be programmed or reprogrammed depending on what ion the nanotube, nanostructured device has been filled with.
- the target material or the material that is used to impregnate, functionalize, dope, fill or coat the carbon nanotubes may comprise at least one compound chosen from oxygen, hydrogen, ionic compounds, halogenated compounds, sugars, alcohols, peptides, amino acids, RNA, DNA, endotoxins, metalo-organic compounds, oxides, borides, carbides, nitrides, and elemental metals and alloys thereof in an amount sufficient to achieve a desired effect.
- the carbon nanotubes exhibit an absorption efficiency for electromagnetic radiation up to and including 100%, wherein the absorption efficiency is related to the cos ⁇ .
- ⁇ is the angle of the incoming electromagnetic radiation incident on the nanotubes, ⁇ having a value ranging from 0 to 90°, as measured from the axis perpendicular to the nanotube.
- the absorption efficiency is 100% when ⁇ equals 90°.
- the wavelength of re-radiated electromagnetic energy is altered.
- the luminosity of the material is increased by functionalizing or coating the carbon nanotubes with materials that have the property of absorbing energy at one wavelength and retransmitting it at a lower wavelength. This property is commonly known "fluorescence.”
- fluorescent This property is commonly known "fluorescence.”
- one skilled in the art would understand that one or more inorganic compounds attached to the surface of the carbon nanotubes comprise additional carbon nanotubes.
- functionalizing the carbon nanotubes comprises chemically attaching at least one dye molecule to the carbon nanotubes.
- functionalizing the carbon nanotubes comprises bringing quantum dots into contact with or adjacent to the carbon nanotubes.
- the material described herein is useful in any application where altering electromagnetic radiation is desirable. "Altering electromagnetic radiation” means any disruption or re-transmission of electromagnetic radiation. For example, it may comprise absorbing electromagnetic radiation incident on the material and re-transmitting the radiation with frequency and phase coherency.
- the material described herein may be used to modify electromagnetic radiation, by a method that simply comprises illuminating the previously described material with electromagnetic radiation.
- a method of intensifying electromagnetic radiation by increasing the amount of photons emitted at a specific frequency or wavelength may be carried out using the inventive material.
- This method comprises contacting electromagnetic radiation with a material comprising carbon nanotubes that are functionalized or coated with at least one fluorescent material.
- the at least one fluorescent material transforms light energy incident on the material into electrical energy at the specific frequency or wavelength.
- By functionalizing the material described herein with a fluorescent material the wavelength of re-radiated electromagnetic energy is altered.
- the luminosity of the material is increased by functionalizing or coating the carbon nanotubes with materials that have the property of absorbing energy at one wavelength and retransmitting it at a lower wavelength. This property is commonly known "fluorescence.”
- the fluorescent material comprises the previously mentioned dyes.
- altering electromagnetic radiation comprises absorbing electromagnetic radiation incident on the material and re-transmitting it with frequency and phase coherency. In this is effect, which is known as lasing, the nanotube is using the incident radiation to stimulate emission, much the same way a laser generates phase coherent light.
- an article comprising the above material.
- the article comprises an electronic device, such as portable electronic devices chosen from cell phones, laptop computers, CD players, MP3 players, camcorders, handheld computers, and cordless telephones.
- the electronic device may also be chosen from audio and video devices for the home, audio and video devices for vehicles or airplanes, telephones, and computers.
- the article may comprise energy absorbing glass that is optically transparent. Such energy absorbing glass is typically found in a building or vehicle, such as automobiles, aircrafts, boats, subways, and rail cars.
- the article may comprise at least a portion of the exterior of an airplane, tank, missile or military vehicle.
- Particle size of the previously describe nanomaterials is determined by a number distribution, e.g., by the number of particles having a particular size.
- the method is typically measured by microscopic techniques, such as by a calibrated optical microscope, by calibrated polystyrene beads and by calibrated scanning force microscope or scanning electron microscope or scanning tunneling microscope and scanning electron microscope. Methods of measuring particles of the sizes described herein are taught in Walter C. McCrone's et al., The Particle Atlas. (An encyclopedia of techniques for small particle identification), Vol. I, Principles and Techniques, Ed. Two (Ann Arbor Science Pub.), which is herein incorporated by reference.
Abstract
Description
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