WO2003034580A2 - Field converter - Google Patents
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- WO2003034580A2 WO2003034580A2 PCT/US2002/033217 US0233217W WO03034580A2 WO 2003034580 A2 WO2003034580 A2 WO 2003034580A2 US 0233217 W US0233217 W US 0233217W WO 03034580 A2 WO03034580 A2 WO 03034580A2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N11/00—Generators or motors not provided for elsewhere; Alleged perpetua mobilia obtained by electric or magnetic means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N1/00—Electrostatic generators or motors using a solid moving electrostatic charge carrier
Definitions
- the invention relates to the generation of inhomogeneous electromagnetic fields and in particular, to the generation of fields that exert force on massive objects. Such fields have utility in the arts of mass acceleration (including object manipulation and propulsion) and communications.
- the strong force holds atomic nuclei together and is responsible for the energy released by nuclear reactions.
- the weak force is associated with radioactive decay and interactions between sub- atomic particles called neutrinos. Both strong and weak forces act over relatively short (e.g., sub-atomic) distances.
- the electromagnetic force can act over much longer distances than the strong and weak forces. For example, the electromagnetic force keeps directional compasses pointed north over the entire surface of the Earth. The electromagnetic force is also responsible for the attraction and repulsion of charged particles.
- the farthest-ranging forces are gravity and the electromagnetic force. Gravity keeps the Earth orbiting the Sun and can act over distances on a galactic scale.
- Figure la illustrates a field converter with electrodes having spherical curvature (Torr cell);
- Figure lb illustrates a shielded Torr cell
- Figure 2a illustrates a cylindrical field converter (Vargas cell) with a single dielectric
- Figure 2b illustrates a cylindrical field converter having non-symmetrical dielectric
- Figure 3 is a schematic illustration of an array of cells
- Figure 4 illustrates a gravitational lens
- Figure 5 illustrates a Vargas Array
- Figure 6 illustrates a Vargas Engine
- Figure 7 illustrates a cylindrical mirror cell with a cylindrical and an arcuate segment electrodes
- Figure 8a illustrates a cylindrical mirror cell having a conductive shield and two arcuate segment electrodes
- Figure 8b illustrates a cross section of the cell illustrated in Figure 8a;
- Figure 8c illustrates an array of cylindrical mirror cells
- Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of a two-dimensional cut through a three dimensional lattice of cells
- Figure 10 illustrates a lattice of sub-lattices of independently-controllable conic cells.
- Figure 1 la is a block diagram of a communications system;
- Figures llb-d illustrate array shapes for field converters used in the communications system of Figure 1 la;
- Figure 12 illustrates a flat array of inhomogeneous capacitors
- Figure 13 is a schematic diagram of an antenna suitable for communications applications.
- F ⁇ v is the EM field tensor
- C is the coupling constant given by:
- the B V components of the torsion tensor are vector-valued 2-forms, where ⁇ is the vector index (the space-time dimension) and ⁇ , v are the differential form indices.
- ⁇ is the vector index (the space-time dimension)
- ⁇ , v are the differential form indices.
- G is the universal gravitational constant
- c is the speed of light.
- the relationship results from the addition, or more precisely the emergence, of a non-zero torsion term to general relativity.
- Such a torsion term in the context of teleparallelism permits a new derivation of the right hand side of Einstein's famous equation that relates the curvature of space to energy and momentum.
- the new Einstein equations retain the usual form:
- Equation (4) is the expression of the metric curvature of spacetime as a function of other geometric quantities that represent different physical fields. This equation is to be compared with the right hand side of (3), which is added independently in general relativity:
- G ⁇ v is a contracted notation for (contraction of) ⁇ ⁇ , the Riemannian Curvature, and a ⁇ is a metric connection as in general relativity.
- the symbol " ⁇ " denotes an exterior product.
- the ⁇ term is the contorsion.
- the components of ? are linear combinations of the components of the torsion and are thus related to the EM field. That is, the ⁇ terms can be expressed in terms of ⁇ ⁇ v and therefore by equation (1) include the EM contributions to the right hand side of (3).
- Equation (3) is a contracted version of (4)
- T ⁇ is a contracted version of the right hand side of (4) and therefore contains the standard terms of relativity (including the electromagnetic energy tensor) in the - ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ term.
- T ⁇ v contains additional terms as a consequence of the teleparallelism approach.
- Equation (4) indicates that gravitational energy, in the special case of neutral matter, is a residual effect of the d ⁇ ⁇ y term, and hence a residual effect of electromagnetic radiation.
- the d ⁇ ⁇ term is the derivative of the electromagnetic and other fundamental fields, embodiments of the present invention are typically concerned with the electromagnetic field. However, the invention may be made, used, and practiced without understanding the theory disclosed herein.
- Equation (3) A comparison between equations (3) and (4) can be obtained by expressing the right hand side of equation (4) in terms of the torsion components 1 ⁇ v and gathering together the terms that correspond to T ⁇ v for each ⁇ and v. Equation (4) can be expressed in terms of the B ⁇ ⁇ v , which can be compared with the T ⁇ v from equation (3).
- Equation (1) indicates that control occurs through inhomogeneous and/or time dependent electromagnetic fields. An inhomogeneous electric field can therefore cause a variation in the gravitational force (e.g., weight) experienced by a body.
- the earth has a radial-symmetric electric field (E) of about 100 volts per meter.
- E radial-symmetric electric field
- the inhomogeneity in this electric field would produce a change in weight of objects of less than 1 parts in 5 X 10 10 .
- the strength of the earth's electric field is relatively small, which could account for the fact that gravitational effects have not previously been recognized.
- the derivative of the field varies as E R, where R is the distance from the center of the earth and E is the electric field. R is a relatively large number at the earth's surface, which greatly reduces the magnitude of the inhomogeneity of the field.
- the magnitude of the inhomogeneity will scale as R/r, where r would represent a sphere of arbitrary size and the E field is kept constant at the surface of the sphere.
- Inhomogeneous electric field configurations will give rise to significant gravitational fields.
- the present disclosure shows preferred electrode configurations that give rise to inhomogeneous electric fields capable of producing significant gravitational fields.
- Significant gravitational fields means at least one or more of the following:
- Gravitational fields with strength large enough to noticeably affect a mass preferably a force of at least 1% or more of its weight, even more preferably on the order of 10% or more of its weight, most preferably greater than its weight).
- Controllable fields i.e., fields induced by a mechanism having control and dynamic alteration of magnitude or direction.
- a Field Converter is a device that generates a significant gravitational field based on electromagnetism.
- Two examples of electrode systems of particular interest for field generators are (i) a properly-charged and dimensioned sphere, and (ii) electrodes with spherical curvature.
- the capacitor has preferably two electrodes constructed of conducting material such as a metal (e.g., aluminum, copper, silver, gold, etc.).
- the electrodes are in proximity of one another and may have a dielectric material interposed there between.
- the electrodes could also have air or a vacuum as a separating medium.
- the electrode system is preferably housed in an insulating material such one with a low dielectric constant. If the dielectric constant of the insulating material is low, then the dielectric constant of the material between the electrodes would preferably be high. Conversely if the dielectric constant of the insulating material is high, then the dielectric constant of the material between the electrodes would preferably be low.
- the shape of the electrodes, their separation distance, the dielectric material providing separation, the applied voltage, the electrical field, and the relative position of the electrodes are parameters that affect the strength and geometric shape of the field produced. 1. Shape and size of the electrode surfaces
- Possible shapes for the electrodes include flat, spherical, portions of spheres (such as hemispherical), cylindrical, linear, conical, paraboloid, or other shapes. If a portion of a sphere is used, a parameter that affects field shape and strength is radius of curvature. Some electrode shapes are amenable to quantifying curvature.
- An electrode may be thin, plate-like, and generally two-dimensional, or may be a three-dimensional solid.
- a cone- shaped electrode may have a hollow interior or may be solid.
- Each electrode in a pair (e.g., those forming a cell) may have the same or different shape and size. In general, electrodes in a pair having different shapes will produce a more inhomogeneous field. 2.
- the electric field strength is increased in value by reducing the separation between the electrodes to just above that at which arcing or dielectric breakdown occurs.
- electrode separation may have values greater than that which would cause dielectric breakdown.
- the distance between two electrodes may be uniform or may vary over the surface of the electrodes. 3.
- Dielectric A dielectric between electrodes can be selected to increase the voltage upper limit at which arcing occurs, resulting in larger electric fields. It can also be used to increase energy density in the capacitor. Further, a dielectric may aid in sandwiching in more electrodes in a single cell of the type shown in Figure 1, e.g., to change a single-cell configuration from a two-electrode to a multi-electrode system.
- a dielectric may be oil, TEFLONTM, porcelain, polymer (such as polyethylene), ceramic, mica, MYLARTM glass, plastic, metal oxide (such as aluminum oxide), metal titanate (such as barium titanate), distilled water, air or other mixed gasses, or a pure gas.
- a vacuum may also constitute a dielectric material.
- the particular dielectric used is not limited to these examples. Alternately, or in addition, two or more different types of dielectrics may be used in a single capacitor cell. Such an arrangement of dielectrics contributes to the inhomogeneous geometry of the induced field. Preferably, the dielectrics have similar dielectric breakdown properties. However, any two dielectrics may be used.
- a dielectric pair of half air and half glass may be used.
- a material with a high dielectric constant (a dimensionless quantity) is used in the source region (the region between the electrodes), and a material with a low dielectric constant is used elsewhere.
- the source region should include a material that maximizes the field, while materials capable of minimizing the field are used elsewhere.
- the source region contains a material having a dielectric constant of up to four orders of magnitude greater than the dielectric constant of the material elsewhere (e.g., source region material having a dielectric constant of 10,000, and the other material having a dielectric constant of l).
- Dielectric materials are available from several suppliers. KYNARTM (PVDF), having a dielectric constant of about 9, is available from McMaster-Carr Supply Co. Barium titanate, having a dielectric constant of several thousand, is available from Channel Industries, Inc. 4. Applied Voltage
- the strength of the gravitational field can be controlled externally by varying the voltage applied across the electrodes. Preferably, the voltage obtains values just under that which would cause arcing or dielectric breakdown. Voltages under this threshold may also be used. The particular voltage will at least partially depend on the character of the dielectric or lack thereof, the distance between the electrodes and their geometric configuration, and, as discussed further below, the desired electrical field. The embodiments discussed herein may receive voltage values of, byway of non-limiting examples, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10,000, 25,000, 50,000, 75,000, 100,000, 250,000, 500,000, 750,000 and 1 million volts. Voltage polarity also affects the direction of the gravitational field.
- the relative position and orientation of the electrodes is also a factor in capacitor construction.
- One parameter that affects the field generated is the total volume between electrodes.
- the electrodes may be generally parallel, or may be skewed with respect to each other.
- Electrode shielding is obtained by encasing one electrode of a pair within a conducing member electrically connected to the other electrode. If the shield casing is grounded, a positive or negative voltage can be applied to the shielded center electrode thereby improving the safety of the system and reducing electromagnetic emissions. All of the single cell embodiments are configurable to have such shielding.
- the array embodiments, discussed further below, may employ a separate shield for each cell, or a single shield for all of the cells. Shielding effectively provides a Faraday cage, which prevents substantial amounts of electromagnetic radiation from emanating from the capacitors while allowing the induced gravitational field to project out of the cell and beyond the shield.
- Electrical shielding also substantially prevents ion wind from interfering with the gravitational field effects.
- Ion wind can result in situations when a large potential difference exists between two exposed electrodes. In that situation, it is possible for charged particles (e.g., electrons or ionized air molecules) to flow between the two electrodes thereby causing an inertial force.
- charged particles e.g., electrons or ionized air molecules
- Nonconductive barriers are not effective in preventing ion wind.
- Electrical field is a measurement of electrical potential difference per unit of length. For the present purposes, electrical field is measured in volts per millimeter (V/mm). An electrode pair having a separation distance between the electrodes of two millimeters connected to a 20,000 volt source will have a electrical field between electrodes of 10,000 V/mm. Similarly, an electrode pair with a potential difference of 10 volts having a separation gap of one micrometer will also have a electrical field of 10,000 V/mm. Electrical field for a given electrode pair is a function of separation between the electrodes and the voltage supplied by the electrical source.
- the voltage is selected to achieve a preferred electrical field.
- voltages are typically on the order of tens of millivolts.
- voltages are typically on the order of tens of volts.
- the embodiments disclosed herein have a electrical field of between 10 and 100,000 V/mm. More preferably, the disclosed embodiments have a electrical field of about 10,000 V/mm.
- Other preferred linear charge densities include 2500 V/mm, 5000 V/mm, 7500 V/mm, 25,000 V/mm, 50,000 V/mm, 75,000 V/mm, 100,000 V/mm, and up to 200,000 V/mm.
- Standard fabrication techniques may be used for many of the embodiments discussed herein.
- some of the capacitors may be constructed on standard or specially shaped, preferably fiberglass, printed circuit boards.
- the electrodes in the printed circuit board embodiment are formed from metal cladding on the board. Specialized circuit boards having thicker or thinner width may also be used.
- Micromachining may be used to produce electrodes in printed circuit board and other embodiments.
- known thin-film deposition techniques may also be used. Both conducting materials, insulating materials, and various dielectric materials may be formed using these techniques. Alternately, or in addition, X-ray etching with appropriate masking and chemical wash could be used to generate electrodes and insulators with the desired properties. Any of the known techniques of fabricating integrated circuits may be used to construct the smaller embodiments disclosed herein. As nanotechnology matures, still other fabrication techniques will become known and may be used.
- the electric field of the charged sphere is radial and therefore spherically symmetric.
- the spherical symmetry in turn produces a gravitational field with spherical symmetries.
- the electric field, E, of the charged sphere will decrease as 1/r 2 , where r is the distance from the center of the sphere.
- the derivative of the field scales as E/r where r is distance from the center of the sphere.
- the charged sphere would generate a gravitational force that would act to either attract or repel massive objects to or away from the center of the sphere.
- One use of such generators is as a device for producing, measuring and demonstrating gravitational effects and their principles. Other uses include any applications useful for applying forces to massive objects, and communications.
- Figure la illustrates a capacitor 100 involving two spherically curved electrodes 110, 120 with radii of curvature R and R 2 respectively that will act as a source of an inhomogeneous electric field.
- Each radius of curvature originates at the center 115 of the (imaginary) sphere of which the electrode is part, and terminates at the electrode.
- the electrodes may form portions of concentric spheres (i.e., the centers of the two spheres may coincide). Alternately, the centers of the spheres of which the electrodes form portions may be spaced apart.
- the radius R 2 of the outer electrode may need to be as large as possible having a value at least as big as 5 meters.
- the dimensions of the inner radius Ri may be about the same as that of R 2 , or may be much smaller.
- the R t and R 2 may be similar ranging from a decameter to several tens of microns, always with R 2 > Ri.
- R] and R 2 may be less than several tens of nanometers.
- R t and R 2 may range up to several meters.
- the face view of the electrodes could be round or rectangular or any shape that can accommodate spherical curvature. If the electrode has an approximately circular face, depending on the application and the radii of curvature, it may need to be several meters across, or several centimeters or millimeters across, and most typically several tens of microns across.
- the electrodes may be several nanometers across. If the face of an electrode is a square, rectangle, triangle, or other polygon, the electrode may similarly have a side measurement in the range of several meters, or several millimeters and most typically several tens of microns, again depending at least in part on the radius of curvature and the application. In some embodiments, such electrodes may have a side measurement of less than several tens of nanometers.
- the surface area of the face of the electrode is partly dependent on the radius, but depending on the particular application, may need to be several tens of square meters, or several square millimeters and most typically several thousand square microns. In some embodiments, the surface area of the electrode faces may be less than several tens of square microns.
- the direction of the majority of the electric field is radial and its source is generally contained within the region 140 defined by the surface enclosing the perimeters of the two electrodes.
- the cells disclosed herein radiate gravitational fields in all directions, the field may be concentrated in certain direction(s) by arrangement of the electrodes and usage of high dielectric constant material in the source region.
- the phrase "the field” or the like refers to the directional portion of the field having the highest concentration.
- the emerging field is a portion of the omni-directional radial field of the spherical system. Because of the link of the configuration to that of the sphere, the gravitational field source region 140 will exhibit roughly the same symmetries as the electric field.
- the gap 130 between the two electrodes is preferably less than one meter (but may be greater), more preferably less than one millimeter, and most preferably less than several tens of microns. In some embodiments, the gap 130 between the electrodes is less than several tens of nanometers.
- the voltage range applied across the electrodes depends at least in part on the dielectric used. The voltage range is preferably one millivolt to ten thousand volts, more preferably one hundred volts to 1,000,000 volts, and for some potential applications preferably up to hundreds of millions of volts.
- the voltage is selected so that for the particular cell size and geometric configuration, the electrical field strength is between 0 and 100,000 V/mm. More preferably, the voltage for a particular cell configuration is selected such that the electrical field strength is about 10,000 V/mm. By way of non-limiting example, an electrode gap of 10 nanometers would require a 0.1 volt potential to achieve a 10,000 V/mm electrical field strength.
- the derivative of the E field scales as E/r, where r is the approximate radius of the electrodes, so field strength increases as r decreases, i.e., larger curvature yields a larger gravitational field. In other words, smaller radii of curvature yield larger gravitational fields.
- the derivative of the field with respect to r increases significantly in the vicinity of the surface of the electrode because of the small values of r there.
- Figure lb illustrates a conic cell having shielding 150 around center electrode 160. Shielding 150 is electrically connected to and forms part of electrode 170. Electrode 170 corresponds to electrode 110 in Figure la, and electrode 160 corresponds to electrode 120. That is, the "inner", or center electrode of Figure lb corresponds to the "outer" electrode of Figure la. As in Figure la, R 2 > Ri.
- Electrode 160 typically receives positive or negative charge, while electrode 170 and shielding 150 is typically held at ground.
- a first dielectric is used for the source region 180, and a second dielectric, which servers to isolate the cell from any adjacent cells, is used in the remaining interior 190 of the cell.
- the dielectric constant of the material in the source region 180 is much greater (e.g., one, two, three, or four orders of magnitude) than the dielectric constant of the remaining material 190.
- the dimensions, voltages, and linear charge densities are the same as those discussed above in reference to Figure la.
- Fabrication of the cells illustrated in Figures la and lb may be accomplished by a variety of known techniques. For larger cells, standard machining techniques may be used. Alternately, or in addition, the cells may be constructed using off-the-shelf components. For smaller embodiments, micromachining, thin film, vapor deposition, or other integrated circuit fabrication techniques may be used.
- FIGS. 2a and 2b illustrate cylindrical cells viewed longitudinally and in cross section, the latter illustrating induced gravitational fields using arrows.
- This electrode configuration resembles co-axial cable in that it comprises two cylindrical electrodes. These could be two pipes: an outer electrode 210 of larger diameter enclosing an inner one 220 of smaller diameter.
- the inner electrode 220 could be a solid wire running down the central axis of an outer pipe 210 of symmetry as illustrated in Figure 2a.
- the radius of the outer electrode 210 for some applications may need to be several meters. Other applications may require smaller radii, preferably of several centimeters or millimeters and most typically less than several tens of microns.
- the radii of outer electrodes 210 are less than several tens of nanometers.
- the inner electrode 220 must have a smaller radius than the outer electrode 210, ranging from several meters to several tens of microns, or even less than several tens of nanometers.
- Using a wire with small radius for the inner electrode 220 results in large values for the derivative of the electric field in the vicinity of the wire because of the small values of radius of curvature r there.
- the radius of the wire would be made as small as 25 microns.
- the radius of the wire may be smaller (e.g., several tens on nanometers) or could be larger.
- the length of such a configuration is preferably in the range of millimeters to several tens of meters.
- a voltage is applied between the outer 210 and inner 220 electrodes at the end of the pipe.
- the magnitude of voltages is similar to those referred to above with regard to Figure la.
- the electrical field strength is about 10,000 V/mm. More preferably, the electrical field strength is between 0 and 100,000 V/mm.
- the direction of the electric and gravitational fields will be cylindrically radial, thereby satisfying in two dimensions similar symmetry conditions used for the calculations for the three dimensional spherical case.
- a single dielectric or multiple dielectrics may be used in the pipe configuration.
- Figure 2a shows a configuration with a single dielectric 230. Greater versatility is obtained if a dielectric is introduced to produce asymmetries in the resultant gravitational field.
- two different dielectrics 240, 250 are used in a single cylindrical cell. Appropriate introduction of two or more types of dielectric material in a single cell can be used to reduce or increase the gravitational field in selected directions, providing the basis for direction and control of the field.
- a material 250 with a high dielectric constant would maximize the emerging field, while a material 240 with a low dielectric constant minimizes the field.
- the shape of the dielectric is not limited to that shown in Figure 2b.
- the angle formed by the dielectric as seen in a cross section of the cylinder may range from less than or equal to 180 degrees to even more preferably less than several tens of degrees and most preferably less than several degrees, measured with the inner electrode at the apex.
- the emerging gravitational field will be concentrated within the angle defined by the material having high dielectric constant.
- the dimensions, voltages, and linear charge densities of the cell illustrated in Figure 2b correspond to those discussed above in reference to Figure 2a.
- Figures 2a and 2b may be constructed in a variety of ways.
- off-the-shelf tubing may be used. Both the electrodes and the dielectric materials are amenable to such construction.
- parts may be extruded, molded, or machined using standard methods.
- micromachining, thin film, vapor deposition, or other integrated circuit fabrication techniques may be used.
- a pipe cell was fabricated according to the following parameters.
- the inner electrode had a diameter of 1 mm.
- the plastic dielectric material had an outer diameter of 6 mm and a channel to snugly hold the inner electrode.
- the dielectric material had a dielectric constant of about 3.
- the assembled pipe cell was about 2 fit long.
- Aluminum foil was formed into a tube having an inner diameter of 6 mm, and was used for the outer electrode.
- a 30,000 volt power supply was connected to the pipe cell, generating a electrical field strength of about 10,000 V/mm.
- a Honeywell QA1400 accelerometer was electrically isolated from the pipe cell and shielded in a copper pipe Faraday cage. The accelerometer aperture was positioned near the center of the pipe. The experiment resulted in readings of about 120 nano-g's with a signal to noise ratio of between 5 and 10.
- Figure 3 shows a conceptual layout which will be called a "Torr Array" with arrows to depict the induced gravitational field.
- This illustration depicts a schematic structure of electrode-pair cells in a lattice configuration, each cell producing a gravitational field with desirable characteristics.
- the positioning and number of cells as illustrated in Figure 3 is exemplary only; other arrangements and quantities of cells in such an array are also possible.
- the radii of curvature and the area of each cell electrode system should be minimized, however, other configurations are possible.
- the area lost per cell by reducing cell size is offset by adding more cells.
- the arrangements depicted in cross section in Figure 3 is not limited to conic cell arrays; other cells including but not limited to cylindrical and conic mirror cells (described below) may be used.
- the sizes of the conic cells 300 used in the upper level are preferably of the order of tens of microns to several centimeters. As depicted in Figure 3, preferably the lower levels enclose cells 300 with smaller dimensions than those enclosed in the upper levels. Various cell sizes may be used depending on the particular application or to produce certain desirable characteristics in the beam such as less granularity.
- the separation between the cells 300 can vary from several nanometers to several meters.
- the outer cell casings 310 may touch or adjacent cells may share casings.
- the intercellular distance is preferably less than one centimeter, more preferably less than one millimeter, and most preferably less than tens of microns.
- the housing and lattice support materials may be insulators designed to electrically isolate one cell from another to eliminate or reduce cross coupling of electrodes and connecting wires, as well as provide directionality to the gravitational field.
- Cells could be activated individually, in groups or en masse. There are preferably as many as a billion, more preferably as many as 10 12 , and most preferably as many as 10 15 such cells in an array. In some embodiments, 1,000 or more cells will suffice.
- the housing and lattice support maybe electrically conductive.
- This embodiment is suited for implementing shielded conic cells such as that illustrated in Figure lb.
- Other cell types implementing shielding may be used in arrays having electrically conductive housing and lattice support.
- the housing typically forms part of the shield and is electrically connected thereto.
- the embodiment Figure 3 may be constructed in a variety of ways. For the larger embodiments, off-the-shelf materials may be used. Both the electrodes and the dielectric materials are amenable to such construction. Alternately, or in addition, standard custom extruded, molded, or machined parts may be used. For smaller embodiments, micromachining, thin film, vapor deposition, or other integrated circuit fabrication techniques may be used.
- FIG 4 is a schematic diagram of a gravitational lens, illustrating the gravitational field using arrows.
- Gravitational energy may be concentrated at a specific location 410 by creating a lattice structure of cells 420 with a curvature to each layer 430, 440 in the structure.
- Figure 4 illustrates two separated layers 430, 440.
- Each layer has an array of individual cells 420 positioned along a curved surface, which may be a portion of a sphere or paraboloid.
- layers 430, 440 are stacked directly without gaps between them. There may be from one to several tens of layers. Curvature of various types in the array surface could meet a variety of application needs.
- Figure 4 depicts a spherical curvature designed to focus the gravitational field at a point 410.
- the gravitational field lines follow a conical pattern with the point 410 at its apex.
- Each layer 430, 440 comprises a portion of one of two concentric imaginary spheres with point 410 at their mutual center.
- the focus location of the gravitational lens could be a line segment, a line, a region, or any other geometrical portion of space.
- Cells 420 may comprise conic cells, cylindrical cells as discussed below, or any other cell type according to the disclosed embodiments.
- Figure 5 illustrates a two-dimensional cut through a three-dimensional pipe array with an example of how two dielectrics 510, 520 could be inserted to obtain a specific configuration of the resulting gravitational field (depicted by arrows).
- the structure, a Vargas Array could be an assembly of parallel pipes, holes drilled in a metal block, or other arrangement of pipes. For certain applications just one such cell may suffice, but some applications would require at least 100 thousand, and most applications most preferably more than 100 million or more.
- An advantageous feature is the absence in the array itself of any connecting wires, except for the inner electrodes. Furthermore, there is no potential (i.e., voltage) difference between any external electrode, thereby eliminating possible inter- coupling of electrodes.
- the dimensions, linear charge densities, and applicable voltages of the individual cylindrical cells are as described above in reference to the individual cells of Figures 2a and 2b.
- the intercellular distance would depend at least in part on the dimensions of the cells, but are preferably less than tens of meters, more preferably less than several millimeters, and most preferably several tens of microns. In some embodiments, the intercellular distance may be less than several tens on nanometers, or the cells may touch.
- the gravitational beam generated by a single cell exhibits no angular spread outside the plane of symmetry. However, the angular spread in the plane of symmetry would be 360 degrees in the absence of a dielectric.
- the angular spread of the field generated by the array of pipes may be reduced by choice of the array dielectric properties and the array structure so that unwanted vectors would be canceled out.
- Figure 6 shows how the pipes can be assembled in a configuration that would serve as a multidirectional engine, referred to here as a "Vargas Engine".
- the sub arrays are activated to generate a force in any one of six directions normal to the sides of the cubic array. (Four of six sides are illustrated in Figure 6.)
- the force may be directed away from or into each side.
- the spread angle for the field in any one of the directions indicated is technically 180 degrees, but it could be reduced as mentioned above.
- the applicable voltages, linear charge densities, intercellular distances, and general dimensions are described above in reference to Figures 2a, 2b, and 5.
- Figure 7 illustrates a longitudinal and cross-section views of a cylindrical mirror design. This configuration utilizes features of the conic and pipe designs. Using only a small angular segment 710 ofthe outer pipe in the plane of symmetry reduces angular spread. The angle is preferably in the range of 30 to 180 degrees, more preferably in the range of 10 to 30 degrees, and most preferably in the range of less than ten degrees.
- Preferable lengths are in the range of 1 to 10 millimeters, more preferably in the range of 1 to 10 centimeters, and most preferably in the range of 10 centimeters to hundreds of meters.
- the inner electrode 720 could be a wire or cylinder placed at the origin ofthe radius of curvature of outer electrode 710, or it could be an inner cylindrical segment placed anywhere between the origin ofthe radius of curvature and the outer electrode. That is, the inner electrode 720 may be a cylinder or an arcuate segment.
- the radius of an inner cylinder electrode 720 (or cylinder of which the arcuate segment may be part) is preferably in the range of 1 to 100 centimeters, more preferably in the range of 1 to 10 millimeters and most preferably in the range of less than one millimeter. In some embodiments, the radius ofthe inner electrode cylinder 720 (or associated cylinder, for an arcuate segment) may be less than several tens of nanometers.
- the radius ofthe outer arcuate cylinder electrode 710 is similar to and larger than that ofthe inner electrode.
- the distances between the electrodes are similar to those discussed above with respect to the conical cell, that is, preferably less than one meter (but may be greater than one meter), more preferably less than one millimeter, and most preferably less than several tens of nanometers.
- the voltages and linear charge densities are similar to those referred to above with regard to Figures la and lb.
- the main advantages of this electrode configuration are:
- a gravitational beam could be generated that would vary in strength with distance r as wj ⁇ , where r 0 is the radius of curvature ofthe outer electrode, and n is the number of pipes across one side ofthe array.
- a system could comprise just one such cell, more preferably up to 1,000,000 and most preferably up to one billion or more.
- cells could be assembled in an arc with the desired curvature. These would comprise an assembly of linear segments. Both cylindrical mirror and cylindrical cells could be used.
- One application would be for communications, where the 1/r loss dependence would be a design criterion for practical applications.
- Figure 8a illustrates a cylindrical mirror cell having a conductive shield 820 and two arcuate segment electrodes 810, 830.
- Figure 8b illustrates a cross section ofthe cell depicted in Figure 8a.
- the inner electrode 810 with radius of curvature R2 is enclosed in an electrically conductive member 820.
- the other electrode, with radius of curvature RI comprises a portion ofthe shield 830.
- the outer portion ofthe shield has radius of curvature R3. Curvature is preferably minimized on the remaining parts ofthe shield (i.e., those not part ofthe outer electrode 830). Any fields generated by the corners are reduced by embedding the source region 840 in an insulator 850 with low dielectric constant.
- the source region 840 preferably contains material of high dielectric constant.
- the outer shield may be held at ground while providing positive or negative voltage to the inner electrode.
- the main advantages ofthe cellular mirror configuration are:
- Shielding substantially reduces electrostatic coupling between charged electrodes in different cells.
- Very high voltages may be applied to the shielded electrode in a relatively safe manner.
- the layer design ofthe cell structure may be manufactured using, by way of non-limiting example, standard techniques or thin film deposition.
- Figure 8c illustrates a stacked array of cylindrical mirror cells. In this embodiment, the bottom surface 860 of one cell may abut the top surface 880 of another cell (see Figure 8b). The entire shield 820 is preferably electrically connected to ground. The electrical and geometric parameters are otherwise the same as those discussed above for the single cylindrical mirror cell of Figure 8a.
- the cylindrical mirror embodiments of Figures 8a-c may be constructed in a variety of ways. For the larger embodiments, off-the-shelf materials may be used. Both the electrodes and the dielectric materials are amenable to such construction. Alternately, or in addition, standard custom extruded, molded, or machined parts may be used. For smaller embodiments, micromachining, thin film, vapor deposition, or other integrated circuit fabrication techniques may be used.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a two- dimensional cut through a three dimensional lattice of cells. This lattice configuration produces a gravitational beam, some features of which are described presently.
- the term "gravitation beam” connotes both fixed beams and beams whose intensity varies over time such as those used for communications as discussed further below.
- the embodiments used to generate a gravitation beam may employ conical cells, cylindrical cells, cylindrical mirror cells, or any ofthe other cell types disclosed herein having an anisotropic characteristic.
- Each dot 900 in Figure 9 represents one cell of a type described herein. Lines emerging therefrom represent the concentrated portion ofthe beam diverging from the cell.
- the symbol ⁇ represents the angular divergence of (the majority of) the beam from an individual cell. Hence, ⁇ will depend on at least the particular cells used, their electrode arrangements, and the arrangement ofthe dielectric material(s).
- Parallel lines in Figure 9 represent substantially divergence-free components ofthe exiting beam, i.e., parallel bundles. Because these beams are substantially divergence-free, they lose negligible energy.
- the field strength is additive; that is, the field strength produced by n cells each having force go would be ng 0 .
- the decay in energy ofthe beam illustrated in Figure 9 is due to the divergence ofthe overall beam exiting the aperture 910.
- the magnitude of applicable voltages and linear charge densities for a cell array are similar to those referred to above with regard to Figure la. Examples of potential applications of a device of this type would be lifting or propulsion of objects. Self propulsion is also a possibility. Because of symmetry in the case of cylindrical cells, cylindrical mirror cells, and generally any ofthe longitudinal cells, it suffices to consider a cross section to analyze the spread characteristics ofthe gravity beam produced by these types of cells.
- a conic cell array may also be used to generate a gravitation beam. See, e.g., Figures la and lb for an individual cell.
- the cone angle (i.e., ⁇ ) of a single cell may be that defined by the cell geometry, which means the cone angle could be made relatively small.
- the cone angles are less than 180 degrees, preferably less than several tens of degrees and most preferably less than five degrees.
- the resulting beam from the lattice will be the superposition of all the exit cones generated by the cells ofthe lattice with a net angular spread equal to that of a single cell. For example, for a cell diameter equal to 1/8 the radius of curvature, the cone angle, ⁇ , would be approximately 4 degrees. Any object intersecting the full cross-sectional area ofthe beam would feel the effect ofthe full force ofthe beam.
- the field strength on a mass at a distance R from the lattice would vary approximately as ( o / ) 2 for square or circular cells
- R o nr 0 , r 0 tan( ⁇ ) is the radius of curvature of a circular (cylindrically shaped) array of conic cells (or half the length of the side of a square array of cells)
- r 0 is the cell outer electrode radius of curvature
- n is the number of cells along the radius of a cylindrical array (or half the number along the length ofthe side of a square array).
- a square array could have a side length ranging from several millimeters to hundreds of meters.
- a circular array could have a radius between several millimeters and hundreds of meters.
- this divergence ofthe beam is the very property that gives rise to the gravitational field in the first place.
- the gravitation beam has a roughly conical shape in embodiments employing a conic cell array. This means that the field will decrease as 1/R , where R is the distance form the aperture, which is an important consideration for some applications.
- Figure 10 illustrates a real-time controllable gravitational field generator.
- Programmable gravitational field patterns can be implemented in many different ways, by generating a lattice 1000 whose elements each comprise a sub-lattice 1010 of independently- controllable conic cells 1030.
- One configuration places a miniature sphere of gravity cells 1030 at each lattice point.
- the cells 1030 are mounted on the surface ofthe sphere.
- a gravitational beam or beams could be controllably generated in any desired direction (e.g., 1050 for corresponding cells 1041, 1042 and 1043) or in multiple directions simultaneously.
- An application for such a system would be the controllable generation of a beam to impart force on an object or multiple simultaneous beams in the case of multiple objects.
- the concept can be readily implemented by computer control 1060 of cell activation voltages. Any ofthe cell types disclosed herein may be employed. The voltages, linear charge densities, dimensions, and geometric configurations are discussed in the sections dedicated to the particular cell type used.
- a time-dependent electric field will produce a time-dependent propagation of a gravitational field away from the source at the speed of light with each cyclic reversal.
- the applied voltage could be varied at frequencies up to and beyond gigahertz. Amplitude or frequency modulating the source voltage using known techniques would produce a communication capability. All presently- recognized matter would be impervious to the gravitational field so generated, so that the Earth, for example, would not impede transmissions.
- the angular emission pattern could be defined using the lattice techniques described above, so that energy could be focused into a solid angle pattern.
- the field strength needed for any particular application would be realized by either adding enough cells to the lattice system, or by increasing the applied voltages and dielectric constant.
- the propagating gravitational field would exert an oscillatory force on any material object in its path. However, if the frequency is high enough most matter will not respond appreciably because of inertia. Small charged or uncharged particles would be affected by the field. Free electrons, for example, would be highly responsive to any applied gravitational force. An oscillatory force acting on the free electrons would result in an oscillating current (e.g., in a wire or antenna) oriented along the direction ofthe propagating gravitational field. The current in the wire would be detectable in a manner similar to that generated by electromagnetic radiation. Preferably, the orientation ofthe antenna will allow for the projection of a nonzero component ofthe gravitational field in the direction ofthe detector. Conventional detector theory would largely apply, and existing detector systems could be used.
- the gravitational field can penetrate a conducting shield that would exclude electromagnetic radiation.
- a conventional radio receiver protected by a Faraday cage cannot detect signals that originate from outside the cage. Gravitational signals, on the other hand, would be detected.
- Gravitational signals can penetrate matter such as earth and water. This presents the possibility of sending gravitational signals to submerged receivers.
- Submarines and bathyspheres by way of non-limiting example, could both broadcast and receive signals, enabling two-way wireless communication with stations on dry land. Additionally, gravitational signals could be broadcast through mountains and would be unaffected by most weather conditions.
- FIG. 1 la is a block diagram of a communications system according to an embodiment ofthe present invention.
- the signal source 1100 produces a time- varying voltage signal, which feeds into a modulator 1110.
- Modulator 1110 receives electrical power from a standard supply 1120 and produces a time- varying electrical carrier signal modulated by the source signal.
- the modulator 1110 may conventionally modulate amplitude, frequency, phase, or any other modulatable parameter of an electrical signal. Many types of modulation are known in the art and can be used.
- the output of modulator 1110 is an electrical signal used to control a high- voltage power supply 1130, which provides a time- varying, high voltage signal to field converter 1140.
- Field converter 1140 may include any ofthe field converter configurations disclosed herein, including individual cells and arrays. Any individual cell type disclosed herein may make up the constituent cells ofthe arrays shaped according to Figures 1 lb-d, including but not limited to conic cells, cylindrical cells, and cylindrical mirror cells. Field converter 1140 generates time-varying gravitational fields that would propagate according to the nature of the selected cell(s) or arrays.
- a spherical array of spherical cells as illustrated in Figure 1 lb may be used to broadcast in all directions; a cylindrical array of cylindrical cells as illustrated in Figure lie maybe used to broadcast in a substantially two-dimensional pattern; and an the arcuate segment shaped array of Figure lid may be used to broadcast in a substantially one-dimensional direction.
- Figure lid depicts an arc, which is comprised of linear cell segments. That is, the shape is formed by a plurality of longitudinal cells, which are arranged to form an arc as a series straight line shapes.
- the shapes illustrated in Figures 1 lb-d may be homogenous metallic members that may be charged (e.g., the charged sphere as discussed above may be used).
- Field converter 1140 may also be a single homogeneous capacitor. If a time-dependent voltage is applied to a homogeneous capacitor, for certain frequencies the electric field between the plates will fall off from the center to the edges ofthe capacitor in a sinusoidal way. This spatial field pattern will give rise to a non-zero derivative ofthe electric field in a direction parallel to the plates, and will therefore constitute another means of generating gravitational fields.
- Figure 12 illustrates a field converter 1140 implemented as a flat array of inhomogeneous capacitors.
- the array may be constructed from a standard fiberglass printed circuit board, metal clad on both sides 1200, 1210.
- One electrode would include an entire side 1210 of the circuit board clad in metal.
- Multiple connected electrodes 1220 are formed by etching the opposite side 1200.
- the multiple electrodes could comprise a series of strips, squares, rectangles, or any other shape. Strips could range in length from several meters to several millimeters, and range in width from several centimeters to several tens of nanometers. Because the small strips are of different size compared to the opposite metal-clad side, the electric field generated will be inhomogeneous.
- the voltages and linear charge densities are similar to those discussed above in reference to Figure la.
- Figure 13 illustrates a dipole antenna that may be used to receive both electromagnetic and gravitational signals.
- a charge will oscillate along both wires, yielding a potential difference across the gap between the wires.
- This voltage can be detected, demodulated, amplified, processed if necessary, and output for communications purposes.
- the behavior of this antenna in the presence of a gravitational field would be generally the same as for an electromagnetic field, after accounting for differences in amplitude. Due to differences between electromagnetic and gravitational fields, (e.g., the direction ofthe gravitational field will be parallel to the direction of propagation), the optimal direction configuration for reception of gravity fields is preferably 90 degrees to that of an electromagnetic receiver.
- the type of antenna used to detect or receive gravitational signals is not limited to dipole antennas. Other types of antennas may be used.
- a pipe array or cylindrical mirror array can transmit a field whose strength will decay as 1/r, where r is the distance from the broadcasting device.
- F mass x g(r,t).
- the electric current is detected by the receiver; however, other parameters such as voltage may also be detected. It is noted that the foregoing examples have been provided merely for the purpose of explanation and are in no way to be construed as limiting ofthe present invention.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2002356822A AU2002356822B2 (en) | 2001-10-18 | 2002-10-18 | Field converter |
EP02801773A EP1436886A2 (en) | 2001-10-18 | 2002-10-18 | Field converter |
CA002465275A CA2465275A1 (en) | 2001-10-18 | 2002-10-18 | Field converter |
JP2003537188A JP2005507228A (en) | 2001-10-18 | 2002-10-18 | Field converter |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US32976401P | 2001-10-18 | 2001-10-18 | |
US60/329,764 | 2001-10-18 | ||
US10/271,782 | 2002-10-17 | ||
US10/271,782 US6891712B2 (en) | 2001-10-18 | 2002-10-17 | Field converter |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2003034580A2 true WO2003034580A2 (en) | 2003-04-24 |
WO2003034580A3 WO2003034580A3 (en) | 2003-11-06 |
WO2003034580A8 WO2003034580A8 (en) | 2003-12-24 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2002/033217 WO2003034580A2 (en) | 2001-10-18 | 2002-10-18 | Field converter |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US6891712B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1436886A2 (en) |
JP (2) | JP2005507228A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2002356822B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2465275A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2003034580A2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2467114A (en) * | 2009-01-06 | 2010-07-28 | Terence Bates | Reactionless electric-field thruster |
GB2476069A (en) * | 2009-12-09 | 2011-06-15 | Arthur David Tsakok | Simulating gravitational attraction |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US6891712B2 (en) * | 2001-10-18 | 2005-05-10 | Pst Associates, Llc | Field converter |
EP1565555A4 (en) * | 2002-09-30 | 2008-07-09 | Maxcyte Inc | Apparatus and method for streaming electroporation |
GB0408479D0 (en) * | 2004-04-16 | 2004-05-19 | Koninkl Philips Electronics Nv | Liquid-based optical device and electronic device |
US7522095B1 (en) | 2005-07-15 | 2009-04-21 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Polygonal cylinder array antenna |
US8713991B2 (en) * | 2011-05-26 | 2014-05-06 | Emisense Technologies, Llc | Agglomeration and charge loss sensor for measuring particulate matter |
JP5696011B2 (en) * | 2011-09-13 | 2015-04-08 | 株式会社ニューギン | Game machine |
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- 2002-10-18 JP JP2003537188A patent/JP2005507228A/en active Pending
- 2002-10-18 WO PCT/US2002/033217 patent/WO2003034580A2/en active Application Filing
- 2002-10-18 AU AU2002356822A patent/AU2002356822B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-10-18 EP EP02801773A patent/EP1436886A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-10-18 CA CA002465275A patent/CA2465275A1/en not_active Abandoned
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- 2004-09-15 US US10/940,760 patent/US7327548B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2003034580A8 (en) | 2003-12-24 |
JP2005507228A (en) | 2005-03-10 |
JP2009207176A (en) | 2009-09-10 |
US6891712B2 (en) | 2005-05-10 |
US20050030139A1 (en) | 2005-02-10 |
AU2002356822B2 (en) | 2008-06-19 |
EP1436886A2 (en) | 2004-07-14 |
WO2003034580A3 (en) | 2003-11-06 |
US20050028998A1 (en) | 2005-02-10 |
US7327548B2 (en) | 2008-02-05 |
CA2465275A1 (en) | 2003-04-24 |
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