WO2003014030A1 - Method for killing of microorganisms in the water by uv-tio2 photocatalytic reaction and reactor for killling of microorganisms - Google Patents
Method for killing of microorganisms in the water by uv-tio2 photocatalytic reaction and reactor for killling of microorganisms Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003014030A1 WO2003014030A1 PCT/KR2002/001495 KR0201495W WO03014030A1 WO 2003014030 A1 WO2003014030 A1 WO 2003014030A1 KR 0201495 W KR0201495 W KR 0201495W WO 03014030 A1 WO03014030 A1 WO 03014030A1
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- Prior art keywords
- water
- photocatalytic reactor
- reactor
- photocatalytic
- hydrogen peroxide
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- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 149
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 146
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000013032 photocatalytic reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 title abstract description 16
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 142
- 230000001699 photocatalysis Effects 0.000 claims description 84
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 claims description 75
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims description 69
- 239000011941 photocatalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- YGANSGVIUGARFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxosilane oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[K+].[K+].O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O YGANSGVIUGARFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052627 muscovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- -1 acryl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 38
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 38
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 17
- 235000010627 Phaseolus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 description 16
- 244000046052 Phaseolus vulgaris Species 0.000 description 16
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 14
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 8
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000000415 inactivating effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000855 fungicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000249 desinfective effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007853 buffer solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Superoxide Chemical compound [O-][O] OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000711 cancerogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000315 carcinogenic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012470 diluted sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021642 ultra pure water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012498 ultrapure water Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
- C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
- C02F1/325—Irradiation devices or lamp constructions
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/30—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation
- C02F1/32—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by irradiation with ultraviolet light
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/722—Oxidation by peroxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/725—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation by catalytic oxidation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/74—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with air
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/002—Grey water, e.g. from clothes washers, showers or dishwashers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/32—Details relating to UV-irradiation devices
- C02F2201/322—Lamp arrangement
- C02F2201/3227—Units with two or more lamps
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
- C02F2305/10—Photocatalysts
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to water disinfection by photocatalytic reaction. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus for water disinfection and a method of inactivating or destroying microorganisms and organic materials in water using such an apparatus, which comprises the steps of adding hydrogen peroxide into contaminated water, introducing contaminated water added with hydrogen peroxide into a photocatalytic reactor containing photocatalyst- immobilized porous beads, injecting air thereinto, and applying UV radiation thereinto.
- the excited electrons and the resulting holes may participate in redox processes with H 2 0, OH " , organic materials and O2 in water.
- the diffused hole (h + VB ) reacts with OH " in water to produce an OH radical (OH-) , or with water molecules (H 2 0) to generate OH- and H + , as well as directly oxidizing organic materials.
- the electron (e ⁇ CB ) reacts with oxygen in water, producing a superoxide radical (0 2 ⁇ -) .
- the superoxide radical reacts with water molecules to generate OH-, OH- and oxygen molecules.
- water contains hydrogen peroxide hydrogen peroxide absorbs UV energy, producing OH-, or reacts with e ⁇ CB or dissolved oxygen to produce OH- .
- the produced OH radicals (OH-) participate in oxidation of organic materials .
- the disinfection method employing the photocatalyst Ti0 2 has several drawbacks as follows.
- Ti0 2 When titanium dioxide in powder form is applied to water containing contaminants, continuous treatment of water with Ti0 2 powder leads to consumption of a great deal of electrical energy for resuspension of Ti0 2 powder, and in addition, the photocatalyst should be recovered from the treated water.
- Ti0 2 When Ti0 2 is directly coated on UV lamps, the Ti0 2 must be undesirably thrown away along with the lamps at the end of the lifespan of the lamps.
- the coating operation is very difficult if the reactor is large in its size.
- the reactor should be heat-treated at over 500 °C, thus limiting materials capable of being used in manufacturing the reactor. Also, when Ti0 2 is immobilized to glass beads, a Ti0 2 film layer is gradually eroded from the surface of glass beads by the continuous water flow.
- an apparatus comprising a photocatalytic reactor and a method for water disinfection using the apparatus, where contaminated water is disinfected through a procedure of adding hydrogen peroxide to water to be treated, introducing the water added with hydrogen peroxide into the photocatalytic reactor containing photocatalyst-immobilized porous beads, injecting air into the photocatalytic reactor and applying UV radiation into the photocatalytic reactor, make it possible to shorten disinfection running time and increase disinfection efficiency thanks to the introduction of air and hydrogen peroxide, as well as the reactor being capable of being constructed in a small size-, thus allowing its installation in a narrow place, and its being dismantled, thus facilitating its cleaning.
- an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for water disinfection, comprising a photocatalytic reactor which contains photocatalyst- immobilized porous beads and is equipped with UV lamps for irradiation of UV and an inlet for injection of air thereinto.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing the construction of an apparatus for water disinfection according to a primary embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a side view showing a photocatalytic reactor included in the apparatus of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a view showing an apparatus for water disinfection with several photocatalytic reactors arranged in parallel in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a photograph showing a Ti0 2 -immobilized bead ;
- FIGS . 5a and 5b are graphs showing bactericidal activities of Ti0 2 -immobilized porous beads and glass beads, in which viable cell numbers and bactericidal rates (%) versus E. col ⁇ are plotted against time in FIG.
- FIGS . 6a and 6b are graphs showing bactericidal effect per UV lamp according to the diameter of the photocatalytic reactor viability, in which viable cell numbers and bactericidal rates (%) versus E. coli are plotted against time in FIG. 6a and FIG. 6b, respectively;
- FIGS. 7a and 7b are graphs in which viable cell numbers and bactericidal rates (%) versus E. coli are plotted against time in FIG. 7a and FIG. 7b, respectively, when air is injected into the photocatalytic reactor;
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing an effect of concentration of hydrogen peroxide on disinfection efficiency versus E. coli when the photocatalytic reaction occurs, in which bactericidal rates (%) at various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide are plotted against time;
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing an effect of concentration of hydrogen peroxide on disinfection efficiency versus E . coli when the photocatalytic reaction is not induced, in which bactericidal rates (%) at various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide are plotted against time;
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing an effect of concentration of hydrogen peroxide on the sprouting of beans
- FIGS. 11a and lib are graphs in which viable cell numbers of E. coli and bactericidal rates (%) are plotted against time in FIG. 11a and FIG. lib, respectively, when volume of treated water is doubled and photocatalytic reaction is induced;
- FIGS. 12a and 12b are graphs in which viable cell numbers and bactericidal rates (%) versus bacteria in water used in sprouting of beans are plotted against time;
- FIGS. 13a and 13b are graphs in which viable cell numbers and fungicidal rates (%) versus fungi in water used in sprouting of beans are plotted against time. *Brief description of the reference number
- apparatus 10 photocatalytic reactor
- UV lamp 13 water outlet
- FIG. 1 shows the construction of an apparatus for water disinfection according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- the apparatus 100 for water disinfection in which water is disinfected by a photocatalytic reaction, comprises a photocatalytic reactor 10 containing porous beads 11 to which a photocatalyst is immobilized.
- UV lamps 12 are axially installed in the photocatalytic reactor 10 at regular intervals, such that the lamps 12 are positioned at the center and ends of a cross as best seen in FIG. 2, when being cross-sectioned, whereby OH radicals are generated when the photocatalyst- immobilized porous beads 11 are exposed to UV radiation from the UV lamps 12.
- An air inlet tube 30 is axially installed at a lower inside portion of the photocatalytic reactor 10, through which air from an air pump 31 is injected to the inside of the photocatalytic reactor 10.
- a water inlet 14 and a water outlet 13 are provided at a lower part and an upper part of the photocatalytic reactor 10, respectively, and are diagonally located on the housing of the reactor 10 when being sectioned along a longitudinal axis, thus increasing the residence time of water in the photocatalytic reactor 10.
- a filter 50 for preventing an undesired discharge of the photocatalyst-immobilized porous beads 11 from the reactor 10 is installed in each of the water inlet 14 and the water outlet 13.
- the housing of the reactor 10 has a sealed structure with inner and outer frames 15 and 16.
- the inner frame 15 and the outer frame 16 are assembled with each other by a locking means 18 with an O-ring 17 made of rubber sandwiched between the two frames 15 and 16.
- the inner and outer frames 15 and 16 of the photocatalytic reactor 10 are made of transparent acryl, thus allowing a user to observe the inside of the photocatalytic reactor 10 as well as check for abnormalities and replacement time of the UV lamps 12 with the naked eye.
- the porous beads 11 can be formed by using photocatalyst-immobilized beads such as muscovite beads or bentonite beads.
- the porous beads 11 Porous bead made of muscovite is prepared by baking muscovite having high porosity at 800 °C, coating the surface thereof with a photocatalyst, and then heat-treating at 1400 °C .
- the photocatalyst is Ti0 2 .
- the photocatalyst- immobilized porous beads 11 are capable of effectively inactivating or destroying microorganisms and organic materials.
- the porous beads are preferably 6-10 mm in diameter. When being below this range in diameter, the porous beads pack densely together, thus interrupting flow of water in the photocatalytic reactor. In contrast, when the diameter is above the range, the porous beads become diminished in their total surface area, thus reducing disinfection efficiency.
- the photocatalyst-immobilized porous beads 11 serve as a catalyst in a process for disinfecting water. After the photocatalyst-immobilized porous beads 11 are used several times, microorganisms and organic materials absorbed in the pores of the porous beads 11 can be easily removed through heat treatment, thus allowing their semipermanent use.
- the photocatalyst-immobilized porous beads 11, which fill the inside of the photocatalytic reactor, are advantageous in comparison with the conventional glass beads coated with a photocatalyst, as follows.
- the porous beads have excellent absorptivity to microorganisms and organic materials thanks to their porosity, and improved disinfection efficiency due to their large surface area, as well as being semipermanently used.
- the glass beads have a short life span owing to easy desorption of the photocatalyst, which is caused by continuous water flow.
- the Ti0 2 -immobilized beads when water disinfection is performed in the photocatalytic reactor using the photocatalyst-immobilized porous beads and the glass beads, with reference to FIGS. 5a and 5b, the Ti0 2 -immobilized beads have greater disinfection ability than the Ti0 2 -coated glass beads.
- the UV lamps 12 are installed in the photocatalytic reactor 10 at regular intervals, where the intervals between the UV lamps affect disinfection efficiency in contaminated water. Since OH radicals (OH') serving as a powerful oxidant are generated when UV light from the UV lamps 12 is irradiated onto the photocatalyst-immobilized porous beads 11, the UV lamps 12 should be installed in an array allowing all of the porous beads 11 to be exposed to UV radiation. The intervals between the UV lamps 12 may be changed according to the size of the photocatalytic reactor 10.
- the most efficient disinfection is achieved when the UV lamps 12 are arranged at intervals of 55-80 mm.
- the intervals between the UV lamps 12 may be modified according to the size of the photocatalytic reactor 10.
- the electrodes of the UV lamps were disposed in the photocatalytic-reactor, thus UV lamps needed to be covered with expensive quartz, in order to prevent the electrodes of the UV lamps from contacting the water.
- the UV lamps 12 can be installed without the quartz tube since the electrodes of the UV lamps 12 are projected to the outside of the photocatalytic reactor 10, and allow a complete sealing effect of the reactor 10, thus reducing the cost of materials. Since the inner and outer frames 15 and 16 are made of transparent acryl, the inside of the photocatalytic reactor 10 is visible, thus allowing a user to investigate with the naked eye any abnormality of the lamps 12 and determine time to replace the existing lamps 12 with new ones.
- the inner and outer frames 15 and 16 are assembled by the locking means 18 to maintain air tightness of the photocatalytic reactor 10.
- the locking means 18 is loosened as desired, thus facilitating replacement of the UV lamps 12 with new ones only by loosing the locking means 18.
- the locking means 18 may be selected from among conventional nuts and bolts, and other types of separable locking devices.
- the air inlet tube 30 is installed at the lower part of the photocatalytic reactor 10.
- the air inlet tube 30 is finely perforated to prevent its clogging by the porous beads 11 coated with the photocatalyst, and is connected to the air pump 31, which may have a regulator or not, in order to control air pressure.
- Air from the air pump 31 is introduced into the photocatalytic reactor 10 through the air inlet tube 30, thus increasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in water. Moreover, since the influx of a large volume of air generates a warm current in water and thus increases reaction efficiency of water, it is preferable that the air pump 31 is powerful.
- the filter 50 made of plastic material is installed in the water inlet 14 and the water outlet 13.
- the pore size of the filter 50 may vary depending on the size of the porous beads .
- the apparatus 100 for water disinfection further comprises the water supply tube 21 through which water is injected into the photocatalytic reactor 10, and a UV stabilizing means 40 controlling the operation of the UV lamps 12.
- the apparatus 100 for water disinfection comprises the photocatalytic reactor 10 including the photocatalyst-immobilized porous beads 11, the UV lamps 12 and the air inlet tube 30.
- a plurality of photocatalytic reactors 10 may be fabricated in large sizes, or fabricated in small sizes and then arranged in parallel, as shown in FIG. 3.
- Such fabrications of the photocatalytic reactors in terms of size and array may be modified by those skilled in the art, and the apparatus 100 for water disinfection may be used in disinfecting and then recycling all kinds of water including agricultural water and seawater or fresh water used in aquariums .
- the method for water disinfection by photocatalytic reaction comprises the steps of: adding hydrogen peroxide to water to be treated; introducing the water added with hydrogen peroxide into the photocatalytic reactor 10 containing the photocatalyst-immobilized porous beads 11; and injecting air into the photocatalytic reactor 10 through the air inlet tube 30, and applying UV radiation into the phptpcatalytic reactor 10 so as to induce the photocatalytic reaction.
- Water from a first water reservoir 20 flows into the photocatalytic reactor 10 through the water inlet 14 installed at the lower part thereof, circulates therein, and then flows out through the water outlet 13, which is stimulated by a water supply pump 22.
- Water in the photocatalytic reactor 10 is disinfected by OH radicals, which are produced when UV light is irradiated onto the porous beads 11, and the disinfected water is stored at a second water reservoir 51.
- a small amount of hydrogen peroxide is added to water in the first water reservoir 20.
- the concentration of hydrogen peroxide may vary depending on the volume of water, and is preferably 25-50 mg/L, where a minimum amount of hydrogen peroxide is preferably used owing to possible problems in aspects of economy and stability when hydrogen peroxide is applied at a high concentration. As shown in FIG. 8, when water is treated with various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, disinfection efficiency in water is increased with concentration of hydrogen peroxide, thus shortening time required for water disinfection.
- sprouting rate is slightly reduced in a concentration of hydrogen peroxide of 50 mg/L, but recovered with the passage of time.
- total length of bean sprouts is increased with concentration of hydrogen peroxide.
- Total length of bean sprouts is significantly increased at 500 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide, where a significance level is 5 %.
- length of hypocotyls There is no significant difference in length of hypocotyls between bean sprouts being grown in water not treated with hydrogen peroxide or treated with hydrogen peroxide at 100 mg/L, but the length of hypocotyls is remarkably increased at 500 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide.
- length of roots of bean sprouts is increased with addition of hydrogen peroxide.
- the apparatus 100 for water disinfection comprising the photocatalytic reactor 10 containing the photocatalyst- immoblized porous beads 11, as shown in FIGS. 11a and lib, also shows excellent disinfection efficiency, where initial disinfection efficiency is slightly lower, but recovered in a short period. Besides, treatment of a large amount of water can be achieved using several photocatalytic reactors 10 arranged in parallel.
- the present invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the following examples in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. However, the following examples are provided only to illustrate the present invention, and the present invention is not limited to them.
- Optimum conditions for water disinfection were determined using various reactors, and the optimum conditions are as follows. Water disinfection was performed using the photocatalytic reactor 10 having a length of 720 mm and a diameter of 200 mm, Ti0 2 - immobili-zed porous beads 11 of 8 mm in diameter, and the UV lamps 12 emitting the maximum UV light of 39 W at 254 nm, with addition of hydrogen peroxide of 0-75 mg/L and injection of air through the air inlet tube 30 at a rate of 30 L/min.
- EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1 Assay for viability of E. coli per UV lamp according to diameter of the photocatalytic reactor
- the initial cell number of E . coli (7.1xl0 3 cells/ml) was reduced to 375 cells/ml after 1 min, and to 13 cells/ml after 15 min, showing bactericidal efficiency 95 % and 99.8 %, respectively.
- the initial cell number of E In the photocatalytic reactor 10 of 80 mm in diameter, the initial cell number of E.
- coli (77.3xl0 3 cells/ml) was reduced to 823 cells/ml after 1 min, and 21 cells/ml after 15 min, showing bactericidal efficiency of 88.6 % and 99.7 %, respectively, where the initial bactericidal activity is lower than that upon using the photocatalytic reactor of 55 mm in diameter, but it was recovered to a level similar to that of the photocatalytic reactor of diameter of 55 mm after 15 min. However, upon using the photocatalytic reactor of 110 mm in diameter, the initial cell number of E.
- the photocatalytic reactors of 55 mm and 80 mm in diameter supply high disinfection efficiencies, whereas the photocatalytic reactor of 110 mm in diameter gives remarkably low efficiency in disinfection.
- the most suitable size of the photocatalytic reactor per UV lamp 12 is between 55 mm and 80 mm in diameter.
- Air was injected into the photocatalytic reactor 10 at a rate of 30 L/min via the air inlet tube 30 using the air pump 31, and viability of E. coli was investigated for 15 min in comparison with that in the case of not injecting air.
- the results are given in Table 3, below, and FIGS. 7a and 7b.
- E . coli (9.2xl0 3 cells/ml) was reduced to 203 cells/ml after 1 min, showing bactericidal efficiency of 97.8 %.
- hydrogen peroxide was added at an amount of 20 mg/L
- the initial cell number of E . coli (8.5xl0 3 cells/ml) was reduced to 157 cells/ml after 1 min, showing bactericidal efficiency of 98 %, and showing complete bactericidal efficiency after 15 min.
- hydrogen peroxide was added at an amount of 25 mg/L the initial cell number of E .
- the amount of water to be treated in the photocatalytic reactor 10 was doubled, along with addition of hydrogen peroxide at amounts of 20, 25, 30 and 50 mg/L as well as injection of air at a rate of 30 L/min using the air pump 31, and viability of E. coli was evaluated for 15 min.
- the results are given in Table 5, below, and FIG. 11.
- the initial cell number of E. coli (3.2xl0 4 cells/ml) was reduced to 1.5xl0 4 cells/ml after 1 min, 1.2xl0 4 cells/ml after 2 min, 1.8xl0 3 cells/ml after 5 min, and 37 cells/ml after 15 min, showing bactericidal efficiency of 51 %, 62.3 %, 94.3 % and 99.8 %, respectively.
- hydrogen peroxide was added at an amount of 20 mg/L, the initial cell number of E.
- coli (3.8xl0 4 cells/ml) was reduced to l.lxlO 4 cells/ml after 1 min, 7.0xl0 3 cells/ml after 2 min, 1.8xl0 3 cells/ml after 5 min, and 15 cells/ml after 15 min, inactivating 69.3 %, 81.8 %, 95.3 % and 99.9 % of E . coli cells, respectively.
- hydrogen peroxide was added at an amount of 25 mg/L, the initial cell number of E .
- E coli (3.1xl0 4 cells/ml) was reduced to 2.2xl0 4 cells/ml after 1 min, 1.5xl0 3 cells/ml after 2 min, and 4 cells/ml after 15 min, showing bactericidal efficiency of 92.8 %, 95.2 % and 99.98 %, respectively.
- hydrogen peroxide was added at an amount of 30 mg/L
- the initial cell number of E . coli (3.5xl0 4 cells/ml) was reduced to 1.9xl0 4 cells/ml after 1 min, 82 cells/ml after 5 min, and 2 cells/ml after 15 min, showing bactericidal efficiency of 94.4 %, 99.7 % and 99.99 %, respectively.
- Water used in sprouting of beans for 4 hours contained bacteria of 4.0xl0 4 cells/ml.
- Table 6 and FIGS. 12a and 12b when hydrogen peroxide was not added, the initial number of viable bacteria were reduced to 6.8xl0 3 cells/ml after 1 min and 123 cells/ml after 15 min, showing bactericidal efficiency of 82.9 % and 99.7 % , respectively.
- the number of viable bacteria was increased to 343 cells/ml after 30 min, but reduced again to 220 cells/ml after 90 min, showing bactericidal efficiency of 99.5 %.
- bactericidal efficiency was found to be 82.6 %, 99.4 %, 99.5 % and 99.9 % after 1, 15, 30 and 90 min, respectively, where the bactericidal efficiency at the initial stages was slightly lower than that upon not adding hydrogen peroxide, but after 90 min, it was increased to a level higher than those upon not adding hydrogen peroxide. Also, no decrease in disinfection efficiency was observed during the disinfection process, although such a phenomenon was observed when not adding hydrogen peroxide.
- Water used in sprouting of beans for 4 hours contained fungi at l.OxlO 4 cells/ml. As shown in Table 7 and FIG. 13, when hydrogen peroxide was not added, fungicidal efficiency was 69.3 %, 99.6 % and 99.7 %, after 1, 15 and 90 min, respectively. When added at an amount of 25 mg/L, hydrogen peroxide exhibited fungicidal efficiency of 71.1 %, 99.5 % and 99.88 % after 1, 15 and 90 min, respectively. When added at an amount of 50 mg/L, hydrogen peroxide displayed fungicidal efficiency of 90 % and 99.8 % after 1 and 10 min, respectively, and fungi in water were completely inactivated after 15 min. When hydrogen peroxide was added at an amount of 75 mg/L, fungicidal efficiency was found to be 93.7 % after 1 min, and no viable fungi were observed after 4 min.
- the number of viable bacteria was reduced to 370 cells/ml from 7.2xl0 3 cells/ml after 1 min and 1 cell/ml after 15 min, showing bactericidal efficiency of 95 % and 99.9 %, respectively, indicating that disinfection efficiency of Ti0 2 -immobilized muscovite beads is slightly higher than that of Ti0 2 -coated glass beads.
- the apparatus for water disinfection makes it possible to shorten time required for water disinfection, and improve disinfection efficiency with addition of hydrogen peroxide and air.
- the apparatus may be prepared in a small size as desired, thus allowing its installation in a narrow place. Further, the apparatus is easily dismantled, thereby facilitating its cleaning. Therefore, the apparatus for water disinfection is very useful in inactivating or destroying microorganisms and organic contaminants in water.
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- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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KR10-2001-0047216A KR100439195B1 (en) | 2001-08-06 | 2001-08-06 | Method for killing of microorganisms in the water by UV-TiO2 photocatalytic reaction and reactor for killing of microorganisms |
KR2001/47216 | 2001-08-06 |
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WO2003014030A1 true WO2003014030A1 (en) | 2003-02-20 |
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PCT/KR2002/001495 WO2003014030A1 (en) | 2001-08-06 | 2002-08-06 | Method for killing of microorganisms in the water by uv-tio2 photocatalytic reaction and reactor for killling of microorganisms |
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KR (1) | KR100439195B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1301917C (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20030012956A (en) | 2003-02-14 |
CN1301917C (en) | 2007-02-28 |
CN1538939A (en) | 2004-10-20 |
KR100439195B1 (en) | 2004-07-07 |
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