WO2001016337A1 - Stereostructure de decarabamylase et procede d'utilisation - Google Patents
Stereostructure de decarabamylase et procede d'utilisation Download PDFInfo
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- WO2001016337A1 WO2001016337A1 PCT/JP2000/005901 JP0005901W WO0116337A1 WO 2001016337 A1 WO2001016337 A1 WO 2001016337A1 JP 0005901 W JP0005901 W JP 0005901W WO 0116337 A1 WO0116337 A1 WO 0116337A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/78—Hydrolases (3) acting on carbon to nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds (3.5)
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/78—Hydrolases (3) acting on carbon to nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds (3.5)
- C12N9/80—Hydrolases (3) acting on carbon to nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds (3.5) acting on amide bonds in linear amides (3.5.1)
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a crystal of an enzyme (hereinafter, referred to as decarbamylase) that converts a DN-potassium amino acid to a corresponding D- ⁇ -amino acid.
- decarbamylase an enzyme that converts a DN-potassium amino acid to a corresponding D- ⁇ -amino acid.
- the present invention relates to the stereostructure of decarbamylase determined by X-ray crystal structure analysis using the crystal and its use, and in particular, the heat resistance, organic solvent resistance, and air resistance of decarbamylase using the three-dimensional structure.
- the present invention relates to a method for designing an amino acid mutation relating to stability such as resistance to oxidation, change of optimal pH of an enzyme reaction, and improvement of specific activity. Further, the present invention relates to a method for producing a decarbamylase mutant using the above three-dimensional structure, the obtained decarbamylase mutant, and use thereof.
- Background art
- D- ⁇ -amino acids are important compounds as pharmaceutical intermediates, especially D-phenylglycine and D-parahydroxyphene, which are intermediates for the production of semisynthetic penicillins or semisynthetic cephalosporins. Nildalicin and the like are examples of industrially useful compounds.
- a method for producing such D- ⁇ -amino acids there is known a method for obtaining the D- ⁇ -amino acids by removing the R-rubamoyl group of the corresponding D- ⁇ -amino acids. The removal of the rubamoyl group is performed by a chemical method or a method utilizing an enzymatic reaction of a microorganism.
- decarbamylase The enzyme that removes the carbamoyl group is called decarbamylase.
- This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of DN-potassium- ⁇ -amino acids to D- ⁇ -amino acids.
- This enzyme is found in the genera Pseudomonas, Agrobacterium, Aerobacter, Agenus, Aeromonas, Plebibacterium, Bacillus, Flavopacterium Genus, Serratia, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Alcaligenes, Achromobacta, Moraxella, Paracoccus, Blastpacter, and Comamonas.
- the amino acid sequence and / or nucleic acid sequence of decarbamylase has been determined from the genus Agrobacterium. For example, Ag robacteri um radio bacter NR RLB 1 1291 and Ag robacteri um sp. KNK712 (Kaneka) No.
- enzymes In general, enzymes often do not have sufficient stability to withstand the conditions of industrial use where they are used in reactions at room temperature or high temperature, and the stability affects the cost of the product. There are many.
- the enzyme is repeatedly used as a so-called “bioreactor” for immobilized enzymes or immobilized cells, etc. The number of times is limited, which has a large effect on the cost of the product.
- protein three-dimensional structure refers to the three-dimensional structure of a protein defined by certain conditions and its amino acid sequence, which is formed by folding a protein having a certain amino acid sequence under certain conditions.
- 3D structure of protein can be determined, for example, by X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance.
- Decarpamylase is a protein sequence database whose amino acid sequence is already known, and hydrolyzes amidase, nitrilase, etc. based on sequence similarity analysis to PIR Release 57 (National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI). It has been shown that it has a weak sequence similarity of about 25-30% with the enzyme. However, none of the three-dimensional structures of these enzymes with weak sequence similarity have been elucidated.
- An object of the present invention is to obtain a single crystal of decal pamylase currently used for industrial use and solve its three-dimensional structure by X-ray crystal structure analysis in order to solve such problems. .
- the present invention also utilizes the three-dimensional structure of decarbamylase to improve the reactivity with the substrate DN-potassium rubamoyl- ⁇ -amino acids, optimize the reaction ⁇ ⁇ , and stabilize heat and air oxidation.
- To provide superior decarbamylase mutants that are more advantageous for industrial use through molecular design aimed at improvement, etc., and to produce D- ⁇ -amino acids using the obtained decarbamylase mutants The purpose is to provide. Disclosure of the invention
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies in order to solve the above problems, and as a result, obtained a single crystal of decarbamylase and a heavy atom derivative crystal thereof, and performed a heavy atom isomorphous substitution method and a multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion method on these crystals.
- the present invention was completed by determining the precise three-dimensional structure of decarbamylase by X-ray crystal structure analysis used, and producing a mutant having improved properties based on these three-dimensional structures.
- the present invention relates to an amino acid sequence represented by the space group P 2, 2,2 of the rectangular system and SEQ ID NO: 1, or the amino acid sequence represented by the space group P 2, 2,2i of the rectangular system and the amino acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 2
- the present invention relates to a decarbamylase crystal having an acid sequence.
- the crystal is a rectangular group P 2!
- the present invention relates to a decarbamylase crystal having the amino acid sequence represented by 2i2 and SEQ ID NO: 1, or the space group P2, 2, 2, and the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2.
- the amino acid sequence may be SEQ ID NO: 1.
- the amino acid sequence may be SEQ ID NO: 2.
- the present invention can provide a crystal comprising at least one or more heavy metal atoms per molecule of decarbamylase in the crystal.
- the heavy metal atom can be any of mercury, gold, platinum, lead, iridium, osmium, and uranium.
- the present invention may provide frozen crystals prepared by freezing decarbamylase crystals under liquid nitrogen.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a decarbamylase crystal, comprising:
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- PEGMME methoxypolyethylene glycol
- the method of the invention also comprises the step of mixing comprises mixing droplets of the decarbamylase solution with the droplets of the precipitant solution, and the step of standing comprises the step of mixing in the mixing step. Hanging the mixed droplets in a closed vessel over a solution reservoir holding the precipitant solution, wherein the vapor pressure of the precipitant solution in the solution reservoir is determined by the vapor pressure of the mixed droplets. Lower than pressure.
- the step of mixing includes mixing the droplets of the decarbamylase solution with the droplets of the precipitant solution
- the step of standing includes the step of mixing the liquid obtained in the mixing step.
- the method of the present invention further comprises, after the step of providing a solution of decarpamylase, placing the decarbamylase solution in a size exclusion semipermeable membrane; and wherein the mixing comprises: Further comprising diffusing a precipitant solution through the semipermeable membrane into the decarbamylase solution.
- the step of mixing in the method of the present invention comprises gradually adding the precipitant solution to the decarbamylase solution, and the step of allowing the obtained mixed solution to be sealed. Includes leaving in containers.
- the invention relates to a decarbamylase characterized by a conformation having the protein conformational topology shown in FIG.
- the invention is directed to a decarbamylase having a four-layer sandwich structure comprising four ⁇ -helices and a secondary structure of 12/3 strands.
- the amino acid residues involved in the enzymatic reaction are one residue of cysteine, two residues of glutamic acid and one residue of lysine, and the substrate of the enzymatic reaction is D- ⁇ -forcerubamoyl- ⁇ -. It is an amino acid characterized by the three-dimensional structure of an active site having the substrate binding mode shown in FIG.
- an enzyme molecule having decarbamylase activity comprising at least the sequence The following amino acids in number 1 or 2: formed from amino acids corresponding to G1u at position 46, Lys at position 126, G1u at position 144, and Cys at position 171 An enzyme molecule having an active site cavity.
- the substrate D-N-capilluvyl-amino acid is reacted during reaction with Lys at position 126 and Lys at position 144 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2.
- ⁇ 5, 145 at position ⁇ 11 interacts with amino acids corresponding to ATg at 174 t,, at position 175, and T hr at position 197.
- the amino acid corresponding to G1u at position 46, G1u at position 144, and Cys at position 171 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 is a water molecule. Has a hydrogen bond.
- -Amino acid is DN-potassium-rubumoyl-phenylglycine, DN-potassium-rubumoyl-parahydroxyphenylglycine, DN-potassium-rubumoyrufe.
- Dilualanine D—N—Power Lubamoyl—Palin, D—N—Power Lubamoyl—Alanine, D—N—Power Lubamoyl-Lucistine, D—N—Carbamoylaspartic Acid, D—N—Power Lubamoyl— Glutamic acid, D—N—Power rubamoyl-glycine, D—N—Power rubamoyl—histidine, D—N—Carpamoyl—Isoleucine, D—N—Power rubamoyl-lysine, D—N—Power rubamoyl-leucine, D—N —Lubamoyl-methionine, D—N—Lubamoyl—asparag
- the present invention relates to a method for designing decarbamylase or a mutant thereof and DN-carpamoyl- ⁇ -amino acid or D- ⁇ -amino acid, which was constructed from the three-dimensional structure of decarbamylase of the present invention by a molecular designing technique.
- the present invention relates to a decal bamilase complex which is characterized by a three-dimensional structure of the complex.
- the invention designs a decarbamylase variant A method for designing a decarbamylase mutant having altered physical properties and Z or function based on the three-dimensional structure according to any one of claims 14, 16, and 21 of the decarbamylase.
- a method comprising:
- the present invention provides a method for designing a decarbamylase mutant, comprising the steps of: generating a crystal of an enzyme having decarbamylase activity; determining the three-dimensional structure by X-ray crystal structure analysis of the crystal; And a step of designing a decarbamylase mutant having improved physical properties and Z or function based on the determined three-dimensional structure of the crystal.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a decarbamylase mutant, comprising the steps of: producing a crystal of an enzyme having decarbamylase activity; and analyzing the crystal by X-ray crystal structure analysis of the crystal. Determining the three-dimensional structure of the crystal, designing a decarbamylase mutant having improved physical properties and Z or function based on the determined three-dimensional structure of the crystal, and producing the decarbamylase mutant. To, how to.
- the three-dimensional structure used in the method of the present invention is a three-dimensional structure of a decarpamylase of the present invention.
- the step of designing the decarbamylase variant comprises altering the substrate specificity of the enzyme, altering the specific activity of the enzyme, improving the stability of the enzyme, optimizing the optimal pH, and altering the water solubility of the enzyme.
- the method for producing a decarbamylase variant is intended to improve enzyme stability.
- the design of the mutant for improving the stability of the enzyme includes a mutation that substitutes an amino acid residue that causes a decrease in activity by air oxidation.
- altering the enzymatic properties comprises altering the specific enzyme activity and optimizing the optimal pH.
- the present invention relates to a decarbamylase variant obtained by the method of the present invention.
- the present invention also provides a method for screening and designing or designing inhibitors of decarbamylase using the three-dimensional structure of the present invention.
- the present invention provides a method for treating the tertiary structure or
- the present invention provides a method for modifying another polypeptide enzyme or protein enzyme having an amino acid primary sequence having at least 30% similarity to decarbamylase by utilizing the three-dimensional structure of rubamylase.
- FIG. 1 is a topology diagram of the protein three-dimensional structure of decarbamylase.
- the / 3 strand structure is indicated by a triangle and the helix structure is indicated by a circle.
- N-term indicates the terminal of the net, and
- C-term indicates the carboxy terminal.
- Figure 2 is a Ripon-strand diagram of decarbamylase.
- the three-strand structure is shown as a plate, and the ⁇ -helix structure is shown as a helix.
- Amino acid side chains involved in the catalytic activity are shown in Paul-stick notation.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a substrate binding mode in an active site of decarbamylase.
- R- is the side chain of D- ⁇ -amino acid. The residue number and the three-letter amino acid name are shown.
- Figure 4 shows the three-dimensional structure of the catalytically active site of decarbamylase.
- the / 3 strand structure is shown as a plate
- the ⁇ -helix structure is shown as a helix
- the amino acid side chains involved in catalytic activity are shown in pole-stick notation
- the residue number and the three-letter amino acid name are shown.
- FIG. 5 is an image of Harker across the difference Patterson diagram calculated from the diffraction data of 1.00 people and 0.98%.
- FIG. 6 is the Harker plane of the difference Patterson diagram calculated from the diffraction data of 1.000 input and 1.27 A.
- Figure 7 is the Harker plane of the Panoramas difference Panoson diagram calculated with 0.98 A as anomaras (anomas 10us) de night.
- FIG. 8 is a representative electron density diagram of the catalytically active portion, showing the three-dimensional structure of the present invention.
- decarbamylase activity refers to an activity of converting a DN-potassium- ⁇ -amino acid into a D-para-amino acid by removing a potato-rubamoyl group modifying the amino acid.
- “Decarbamylase” refers to an enzyme having decarbamylase activity. Examples of decarbamylase include an enzyme having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2.
- a decarbamylase having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 was isolated and sequenced from Agrobacacterumsp. KN712.
- the enzyme having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 is an enzyme obtained from E. coli mutant by screening by random mutation from SEQ ID NO: 1.
- a “variant” of a mutant of decarbamylase or another enzyme is an amino acid in which at least one amino acid in the amino acid sequence of the original enzyme has been substituted, added, deleted, or modified.
- An “active fragment” is a fragment having a part of the amino acid sequence of a certain protein enzyme or polypeptide enzyme, which fragment retains at least a part of the activity of the original enzyme.
- “at least a portion of the activity” typically refers to a specific activity of at least 10% of the original enzyme, preferably at least 50% of the original enzyme. Depending on the specific activity, it may mean less than 10%.
- “native crystal” means decarbamylase grown to a single crystal in a buffer solution containing a precipitant such as ammonium sulfate and polyethylene glycol, and added salts and the like in an appropriate composition. Means a crystal that does not contain heavy metal atoms.
- “heavy atom derivative crystal” means any of the following crystals: (i) prepared native crystal is mercury, gold, platinum, lead, iridium, osmium; A crystal in which a heavy metal atom is bonded to a decarbamylase in a crystal by a covalent bond or a coordination bond without losing crystallinity by immersion in a solution containing a heavy metal compound such as palladium and uranium; (ii) ammonium sulfate A buffer containing a precipitating agent such as polyethylene glycol or the like and added salts in an appropriate composition, and further comprising a solution containing the above-mentioned heavy metal compound at an appropriate concentration to form decarbamylase into single crystals. (Iii) crystals obtained using a mutant in which the methionine and Z or cysteine residues of decarbamylase are substituted with selenomethionine and Z or selenocystine.
- the crystals of decarbamylase having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 are prepared so that the concentration and pH of the solution to be used are within the specified ranges (for the concentration of decarbamylase, 1 to 50 mgZml, While carefully adjusting the concentration of polyethylene glycol or methoxypolyethylene glycol to 5 to 30% by weight and the pH to 6.0 to 9.0), polyethylene glycol (PEG) or methoxypolyethylene glycol (PEGMME), It can be grown from a precipitant solution containing a buffer and any added salts.
- One of three basic techniques commonly used for protein crystal growth vapor diffusion, dialysis, and batch methods (Methodsin Enzymo logy, Vol.
- the vapor diffusion method is a method in which droplets of a protein solution containing a precipitant are placed in a container containing a buffer solution (external solution) containing a higher concentration of the precipitant, sealed, and allowed to stand still.
- a hanging-drop method uses a small drop of protein solution placed on a cover glass, Turn over the solution reservoir (reservoir) and seal.
- an appropriate droplet table is installed inside the reservoir, small droplets of the protein solution are placed on the droplet table, and the reservoir is sealed with a force par glass or the like.
- the solution in the reservoir contains a precipitant, which is also present in small amounts in the protein droplets.
- the precipitant solution used in the vapor diffusion method is formed to contain the following components: (a) PEG or PEGMME having a molecular weight of 4000-9000, preferably an average molecular weight of 7500 and a concentration of 10-20% by weight, (b) as added salt: salt with a concentration of 0.5 :! to 0.5 M, lithium chloride, magnesium chloride (best results are obtained with 0.2 M lithium chloride), and (c) pH 6.5 to 8 0, preferably an amount of buffer sufficient to provide a pH of 7.5.
- 0.05-0.1 M HEPES Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA
- Other buffers such as sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, and tris (hydroxymethyl) amino methane maleate may also be used.
- Batch method means that the precipitant solution is added little by little to the protein solution, and when it becomes slightly turbid, insoluble substances are removed by centrifugation, the supernatant is placed in a small test tube, sealed, and left to stand Method.
- dialysis method refers to a method in which a protein solution is dialyzed against a buffer solution (external solution) containing a precipitant using a semi-permeable membrane. 1 Volume 14, Diffraction Method sfor Biol ogical Macromo lecules Part A).
- the “predetermined size” refers to the minimum size that can be measured by X-ray crystal structure analysis, and in the case of the decarbamylase of the present invention, it is preferably 0.3 ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 0.1 mm. obtain.
- the “predetermined period” refers to a period sufficient for the size of the crystal to reach the predetermined size or more, and in the case of the decarpamylase of the present invention, it can be preferably 1 day to 3 weeks.
- Sequence number with a predetermined size suitable for X-ray crystal structure analysis prepared as described above The native crystal of decarbamylase of No. 1 has (1) a rhombic plate-like outer shape, and (2) crystals having the same outer shape may have different unit cell constants.
- small or fine crystals having needle-like or column-like outer shapes can be obtained by appropriately selecting conditions such as a precipitant and a buffer solution.
- the enzyme reaction can be performed stably for a long period of time even in a state containing an organic solvent by cross-linking microcrystals of the enzyme with a protein cross-linking reagent such as daltaraldehyde.
- CLE C Cross-Linked Enzyme Crystal
- NL St. C lair & MA Navia (1992) J. Am. Chem. S o c. 1 14, 7314—7316).
- the crystals of decarbamylase obtained according to the present invention extend the scope of application of CLEC technology.
- a heavy atom derivative crystal effective for X-ray crystal structure analysis that is, a crystal in which a heavy metal atom is bonded to a protein in a crystal while maintaining the crystallinity of a native crystal is provided. .
- Heavy atom derivative crystals are used when applying the heavy atom isomorphous replacement method and the multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion method, which are the basic techniques for analyzing the X-ray crystal structure of proteins.
- Decarbamylase heavy atom derivative crystals can be prepared by an immersion method in which the crystals are immersed in a solution containing a heavy metal compound that gives the required concentration, which allows the native crystals to be stably stored for at least several days without dissolving or disintegrating.
- Heavy metal compounds used in the immersion method are metal salts or organometallic compounds containing gold, platinum, iridium, osmium, mercury, lead, uranium, samarium, and the like.
- the heavy metal immersion method contains a heavy metal compound at a concentration of 0.1 to 10 OmM, for example, a mercury compound such as EMTS (ethyl mercury thiosalicylic acid sodium salt) and potassium dicyano gold (I).
- a storage solution having a precipitant and added salt composition may be used.
- a preferred example of the storage solution is 0.01M HEPES buffer (PH7.5) containing 20-30% by weight polyethylene glycol 6000 and 0.2M lithium chloride.
- Heavy metal atoms are introduced into the crystal, that is, tan Judgment of binding to protein can be made by collecting X-ray diffraction intensity data of crystals prepared by the immersion method and comparing it with previously obtained diffraction intensity data of native crystals.
- a microorganism that produces decarbamylase for example, a recombinant E. coli having a DNA of the genus Agrobacterium
- a medium containing selenomethionine or selenocystin containing selenium, a heavy metal atom is grown and cultured in a medium containing selenomethionine or selenocystin containing selenium, a heavy metal atom.
- a mutant in which the methionine or cysteine residue in decarbamylase is substituted with selenomethionine or selenocystine can be obtained.
- a decarbamylase in which a heavy metal atom is introduced into a protein without using an immersion method is thus obtained, a heavy atom derivative crystal can be prepared by crystallization using the above conditions and the like.
- protein crystals are frozen by, for example, treating them with a solution containing a freeze stabilizer such as glycerol in order to prevent the crystals from breaking down due to freezing.
- a freeze stabilizer such as glycerol
- native crystals of decarpamylase and frozen crystals of heavy atom derivatives are obtained by removing crystallized droplets or crystals in an immersion solution without adding a freeze stabilizer, and directly into liquid nitrogen. It can be prepared by immersion and instantaneous freezing.
- the frozen crystals can also be prepared by subjecting crystals immersed in a preservation solution to which a freeze stabilizer has been added to instantaneously freeze the crystals.
- the three-dimensional structure of related proteins is unknown, and the three-dimensional structure of novel proteins such as decarbamylase, which cannot be analyzed by molecular replacement using the three-dimensional structure, is determined by the heavy atom isomorphous replacement method (Methodsin ENZ).
- Methodsin ENZ YMOLOG Y Volume 1 15, D iffractipn Me t hod sfor Biological Macromo lecules, P art B, HW Wy ckoff CHW Hirs, and SN T ima sheff, edited by Narabini Me th od sin ENZ YMOLOGY Volume 276, Macromolecular Crystal 1 ography, Part A, CW Carter, Jr.
- a heavy atom derivative crystal containing, for example, mercury, gold, platinum, uranium, selenium atom, or the like as a heavy metal atom may be used.
- a heavy atom derivative crystal obtained by an immersion method using a mercury compound EMTS or potassium dicyano gold (I) is used.
- Diffraction data of native crystals and heavy atom derivative crystals can be measured using a beamline for protein crystal structure analysis of R-AX ISIIc (Rigaku Denki) or SP rig-8 (Nishiharima Large Synchrotron Radiation Facility). .
- Diffraction data measurement at multiple wavelengths to apply the multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion method can be performed using a SPring-8 protein beam line for protein crystal structure analysis.
- the measured diffraction image data is stored in the data processing program or program DENZO (Pine) supplied with R-AXISIIc. (Ref.) Or similar image processing program (or software for single crystal analysis) to process the reflection intensity data.
- PHASES W. Fury, University of Penn syl van ia or CCP4 (British B iotec hno l ogy & Biol ogical S cience Research Coun si SERC) or The initial phase is determined by refining the position parameters of
- the solvent region in the decarbamylase crystal is reduced to 30 to 50%, preferably 35%,
- the phase is gradually improved from high performance to high resolution to obtain a more reliable phase.
- 30-60% of the volume of protein crystals is a solvent molecule other than protein (mainly water molecules)
- the volume occupied by a solvent molecule in a solution is referred to as a “solvent region.”
- NCS symmetrical
- Decarbamylase crystals can be converted into two asymmetric units based on the results of crystal density measurements.
- the decarbamylase molecule in the crystal has a non-crystallographic two-fold axis, and that it is calculated using the phase after applying the solvent smoothing method.
- a non-crystallographic symmetric matrix including translation and rotation is calculated, and at the same time, from the electron density diagram obtained by the solvent smoothing method, a protein molecule called a mask is identified.
- the NCS averaging calculation can be performed using a program such as DM. By doing so, the phase is improved to a highly reliable one, and an electron density diagram used for building a three-dimensional structure model can be obtained.
- the three-dimensional structure model of decarbamylase can be constructed from the electron density diagram displayed on three-dimensional graphics by Program O (Program O) (A. Johnes, Upp Sala Universitet, Sweten) by the following procedure. First, multiple regions with characteristic amino acid sequences (such as partial sequences containing tributophan residues) are searched for on the electron density map. Next, referring to the amino acid sequence starting from the found region, a partial structure of the amino acid residue adapted to the electron density is constructed on the three-dimensional graphics using the program O. By repeating this operation sequentially, all the amino acid residues of decarbamylase are adapted to the corresponding electron density, and an initial three-dimensional structure model of the entire molecule is constructed.
- Program O Program O
- the constructed three-dimensional structure model is used as a starting model structure, and the three-dimensional coordinates that describe the three-dimensional structure are defined according to the refinement protocol of the structural refinement program XPLOR (AT B runger, Ya le Univ rsity). Be refined.
- the three-dimensional structure of the native crystal of decarbamylase for example, decarbamylase shown in SEQ ID NO: 1
- the three-dimensional structure of a decarbamylase mutant for example, a decarbamylase mutant having the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 native crystal
- the initial phase is determined by a molecular replacement method using the three-dimensional structure of the obtained EMTS derivative crystal, and the three-dimensional structure can be determined by following the above-described procedures for electron density improvement, model construction, and structure refinement. This completes the determination of the three-dimensional structure of the decarbamylase of the present invention.
- the three-dimensional structure of various proteins (including enzymes similar in function to decarbamylase) registered in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), which is the official database of protein three-dimensional structures. A comparison with the structure can be made.
- the three-dimensional structure of N-caprolubamyl-sarcosine-amide hydrolase, which catalyzes the same decatalytic rubamylation reaction as decarbamylase, is known (Pin Databank ID, 1 NBA), but the three-dimensional structure of decarbamylase is known. Box's No structural similarity with the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme is observed.
- penicillin acylase (1 PNK)
- dalcosamine-16-phosphate synthase (1 GDO)
- glutamine phosphine ribosyl pyrophosphate amide transferase (1 ECF)
- the three-layer structure has a structure called a four-layer sandwich in which an ⁇ -helix structure is tightly attached to both sides of the three-sheet structure. And similarity with the three-dimensional structure of decarbamylase is observed.
- the domain structure and the three-dimensional structure of decarbamylase are based on the geometrical arrangement of ⁇ -helix and three strands, the so-called protein conformational topology (TPF 1 ores et al., (1994), Pro t. Eng. 7, 31-37) are different. That is, the three-dimensional structure of decarbamylase is characterized by having three strands (parallel in the ⁇ -sheet structure) (Fig. 1), and even as a protein having a four-layer sandwich structure, decarbamylase is a novel protein. It has a three-dimensional structure.
- topology refers to the arrangement or spatial arrangement of secondary structural units of a protein.
- hielix is one of the secondary structures of a protein or polypeptide, and has a helical structure in which the amino acid turns once every 3.6 residues and the pitch is 5.4 mm.
- Amino acids that are likely to form a helix include glutamic acid, lysine, alanine, and leucine.
- amino acids that are less likely to form a helix include parin, isoleucine, proline, and glycine.
- “3 sheets” is one of the secondary structures of proteins or polypeptides, in which two or more polypeptide chains having a zigzag conformation are arranged in parallel.
- amide group and a carbonyl group of a peptide form a hydrogen bond between a carbonyl group and an amide group of an adjacent peptide chain to form a energetically stable sheet.
- Parallel 3 sheets refers to i3 sheets in which the amino acid sequences of adjacent polypeptide chains are arranged in the same direction, and “antiparallel” 3 sheets "refer to adjacent ⁇ sheets. The order of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain is the reverse.
- “/ 3 strand” refers to one peptide chain having a zigzag-shaped conformation forming three sheets.
- the region of about 30 residues of the carboxy terminus of decarbamylase (from around amino acid 280 to the carboxy terminus 303 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2) may be involved in dimer formation by intermolecular interaction. It became clear. In addition, in the decarbamylase crystals used in this study, it was clarified that the dimer further formed a tetramer due to intermolecular interaction.
- the four-layer sandwich structure of decarbamylase consists of four strands of helix and 12
- the three sheets are mainly formed from three (six parallel) strands, and have an orientation not found in proteins whose tertiary structure is known (Fig. 1).
- a region of about 30 residues at the carboxy terminus forms a dimeric structure by intermolecular interaction.
- the specific coordinate data of the above three-dimensional structure is provided by a protein data bank (managed by PDB, Protein Data Bank, and The Research Collaborative Forum Biometrics (RCSB)). Registered as Compound: NC arb amy 1-D—Amino Acid Amidohydrol rolase, Ex.Method: X-ray D iffraction (registration number: 1 ERZ), and in this specification This data is used.
- residues involved in the catalytic activity of the enzyme can be estimated. Further, not only the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme alone, but also the substrate of the enzyme (eg, DN-).
- the three-dimensional structural model of the complex in which rubamoyl-hydroxyphenyldaricin is bonded is analyzed using molecular modeling techniques (Swiss—PDBV iwer), Au todock (Ox ford Mo lecular), Guex, N. and P.
- the active site of decalbamylase is formed from a cavity containing the amino acid residues Glu46, Lysl26, Hisl43, G1u145, Cysl71, Argl74 and Arg175. ( Figure 4). From analysis of conserved amino acid residues found by comparing amino acid sequences of decalbamylase and enzymes with weak sequence similarity, such as amidase and nitrilase, Glu46, Lysl26, G1u1
- Cys 171 is strongly involved in catalysis.
- Cys 171 is presumed to be a catalytic residue essential for forming an acyl intermediate, which is an intermediate of the enzymatic reaction (Fig. 3), indicating that decarbamylase is a cysteine hydrolase.
- Fig. 3 an intermediate of the enzymatic reaction
- the role of Ar gl 74 and Ar gl 75 is thought to contribute to the stabilization of the carboxyl group of the substrate D—N— ⁇ -levulinyl amino acid by electrostatic interaction. Based on the knowledge obtained from these three-dimensional structures, a modified design for the purpose of improving the stability of decarbamylase or improving the enzyme activity can be performed.
- the term “stability” of an enzyme means that the enzyme activity is at least higher than that before heat denaturation even after denaturing the enzyme at a higher temperature (for example, 70 ° C) than the normal biological environment. 10%, preferably at least 25%, more preferably at least 50%, even more preferably It means that at least 80%, most preferably at least 90% remains.
- an improvement in stability can be measured, for example, by ⁇ (difference in denaturation temperature).
- ⁇ difference in denaturation temperature
- the term “enzymatic activity”, when referring to decarbamylase, refers to the activity of converting D -—- force rubamoyl- ⁇ -amino acid to the corresponding D- ⁇ -amino acid.
- the term “design method” or “molecular design method” of a mutant molecule refers to a protein or polypeptide molecule before mutation (for example, a natural molecule) by analyzing the amino acid sequence and the three-dimensional structure of the molecule.
- This design method is preferably performed using a computer.
- a computer program used in such a design method include, as referred to in the present specification, a program for analyzing a structure, a program for processing X-ray diffraction data, such as DENZO. (Mac Science); PHASES (Univ.
- Program DM CCP4 package
- SERC Program for obtaining 3D graphics O (U psala Un iversitet :, U ppsa 1a, Sweden); XPLOR (Ya le Un iversity, CT, USA); and as a program for mutagenesis modeling, Swiss—PDBV inew (supra).
- the amino acid mutation used for designing a mutant includes amino acid addition, deletion, or modification in addition to amino acid substitution.
- Substitution of an amino acid refers to substitution of the original peptide with one or more, for example, 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 10, and more preferably 1 to 5 amino acids.
- the addition of amino acid refers to one or more, for example, 1 to 20, preferably 1 to the original peptide chain. Refers to adding 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 5 amino acids.
- the amino acid deletion refers to deletion of one or more, for example, 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 10, and more preferably 1 to 5 amino acids from the original peptide. .
- Amino acid modifications include, but are not limited to, amidation, carboxylation, sulfation, halogenation, alkylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, hydroxylation, acylation (eg, acetylation), and the like.
- the amino acid to be substituted or added may be a natural amino acid, an unnatural amino acid, or an amino acid analog. Natural amino acids are preferred.
- natural amino acid refers to the L-isomer of a natural amino acid. Natural amino acids include glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, methionine, threonine, fenylalanine, tyrosine, tributphan, cystine, proline, histidine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, glutamic acid, glutamic acid, glutamic acid, and glutamic acid. Arginine, ordinine, and lysine. Unless otherwise indicated, all amino acids referred to herein are in the L-form. The term "unnatural amino acid” refers to an amino acid not normally found in nature in proteins.
- unnatural amino acids include norleucine, paranitropheniralanine, homopheniralanine, para-fluorophenylalanine, 3-amino-2-benzylpropionic acid, D-form or L-form of homoarginine, and D-phenylalanine. No.
- Amino acid analog refers to a molecule that is not an amino acid, but that is similar in physical properties and Z or function to the amino acid.
- Amino acid analogs include, for example, ethionine, force napanin, 2-methylglutamine and the like.
- the variant of decarbamylase also comprises an ammonium salt (including an alkyl or arylammonium salt), a sulfate, a hydrogen sulfate, a phosphate, a hydrogen phosphate, a phosphorus salt.
- an ammonium salt including an alkyl or arylammonium salt
- a sulfate a hydrogen sulfate, a phosphate, a hydrogen phosphate, a phosphorus salt.
- Methods for performing amino acid substitution and the like include, but are not limited to, changing the codon of a DNA sequence encoding an amino acid in a technique utilizing chemical synthesis or genetic engineering.
- Certain amino acids can be substituted for other amino acids in a protein structure such as, for example, a cationic region or a binding site of a substrate molecule, without appreciable loss or loss of interaction binding capacity. It is the protein's ability to interact and its properties that define the biological function of a protein. Thus, certain amino acid substitutions can be made in the amino acid sequence, or at the level of the DNA coding sequence, resulting in a protein that retains its original properties after the substitution. Thus, various modifications can be made in the disclosed peptide or the corresponding DNA encoding this peptide without any apparent loss of biological utility.
- the hydropathic index of amino acids can be considered.
- the importance of the hydrophobic amino acid index in conferring interactive biological functions on proteins is generally recognized in the art (Kyte. J and Doo 1 ittie, RFJ Mo 1.B iol. 157 (1): 105—132, 1 982).
- the hydrophobic nature of amino acids contributes to the secondary structure of the resulting protein, which in turn defines the interaction of the protein with other molecules (eg, enzymes, substrates, receptors, DNA, antibodies, antigens, etc.).
- Each amino acid is assigned a hydrophobicity index based on its hydrophobicity and charge properties.
- one amino acid can be replaced by another amino acid having a similar hydrophobicity index, and still yield a protein having a similar biological function (eg, a protein equivalent in enzymatic activity).
- the hydrophobicity index is preferably within ⁇ 2, more preferably within ⁇ 1, and even more preferably within ⁇ 0.5. It is understood in the art that such amino acid substitutions based on hydrophobicity are efficient. As described in US Pat. No.
- hydrophilicity indices have been assigned to amino acid residues: arginine (+3.0); lysine (+3.0); aspartic acid ( Glutamic acid (+ 3.0 ⁇ 1); Serine (+0.3); Asparagine (+0.2); Glutamine (+0.2): Glycine (0); Threonine (+ 3.0 ⁇ 1); Proline (0.5 ⁇ 1); alanine (0.5): histidine (0.5); cysteine (1.1); methionine (1.1); valine (10.5); I-1.5); Leucine (1-1.8); Isoleucine (1-1.8); Tyrosine (-2.3); Phenylalanine (1-2.5); and Tributophane (-3.4).
- an amino acid can be substituted for another that has a similar hydrophilicity index and still provide a bioisostere.
- the hydrophilicity index is preferably within ⁇ 2, more preferably within ⁇ 1, and even more preferably within ⁇ 0.5.
- conservative substitution refers to a substitution in which the hydrophilicity index or the hydrophobicity index of the original amino acid and the amino acid to be substituted are similar as described above.
- conservative substitutions are well known to those skilled in the art and include, for example, substitutions within each of the following groups: arginine and lysine; glutamic acid and aspa Arginic acid; serine and threonine; glutamine and asparagine; and norin, leucine, and isoleucine.
- the electrostatic field near the sulfur atom of Cys171 is made more positive, the dissociation of the thiol group (SH) of Cys171 is promoted, and the side chain carboxy of G1u46 and Z or G1u145 is increased. Mutations that do not significantly affect the electrostatic field near the group are desirable.
- corresponding amino acid refers to a protein molecule or polypeptide molecule having or having the same action as a predetermined amino acid in a protein or polypeptide used as a reference for comparison. Refers to an amino acid that is predicted, particularly in an enzyme molecule, an amino acid that is present at a similar position in the active site and has a similar contribution to catalytic activity.
- Cys 192 and Cys 249 are hardly subjected to chemical modification, are buried in the molecule, and Cys 242 and Cys 278 are easily It is presumed that it has been chemically modified and is located in the loop structure of the molecular surface. Stable by substituting cysteine for two residues of A. rad iobacter NR RL B 1291 (Cys 243 and Cys 279, respectively) corresponding to Cys 242 and Cys 278 of SEQ ID NO: 1 with alanine A mutant having improved properties has been obtained (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-58484).
- Cys242 and Cys278 confirms the presence on the molecular surface, suggesting that these Cys residues are involved in the resistance of decarpamylase to air oxidation.
- Cys 192 and Cys 249 buried in the molecule are not expected to contribute significantly to the improvement of resistance to air oxidation, but are more bulky to complement the side chain volume or pores in the molecule.
- the reduction of enzymatic activity and storage stability of decarbamylase by air oxidation may involve not only cysteine residues but also methionine residues.
- the nine methionine residues in decarbamylase were identified. Of these, 5 residues are completely buried inside the molecule, while 2 residues completely exposed outside the molecule (Met238 and Met243) It is presumed that these two residues are greatly involved in the resistance of decarbamylase to air oxidation.
- a “turn” structure or a “/ 3-turn” structure refers to three or more amino acid residues that significantly change the direction of progression of the peptide backbone between secondary structures in the three-dimensional structure of a protein.
- M et 4 and M et 72 exist near the surface of the molecule and are almost buried inside the molecule, but are located at sites where they can easily come into contact with things such as solvent molecules. May be involved in resistance to air oxidation. From these structural findings, another amino acid substitution could be designed that is expected to improve the resistance of decarbamylase to air oxidation.
- improved resistance was achieved by creating mutants in which Met4 and Met72 were substituted with hydrophobic amino acid residues that complemented the side chain volume or intramolecular vacancies and were not subject to air oxidation. I can do it. Since Met238 and Met243 are completely exposed to the outside of the molecule, the resistance is preferably improved by replacing these residues with neutral or hydrophilic amino acids that are not subject to air oxidation. Can be achieved. In addition, the turn structure composed of the region from amino acids M et 238 to M et 243 of decarbamylase also contains Cys 242, which is vulnerable to air oxidation.
- vacancies in protein molecules eg For example, amino acid mutations that make up for the vacancies formed near the amino acids A sn92 of decarbamylase, amino acids that have an energetically unfavorable conformation (eg, amino acids Pro203 and V of decarbamylase) It is also possible to perform design focusing on commonly known protein stabilization factors such as the mutation of a123636) and stabilization of the ⁇ -helix structure.
- stability can be improved by deleting a region presumed not to be involved in the enzyme activity of decarbamylase and modifying decarbamylase to a lower molecular weight enzyme. For example, by deleting a part or all of the loop-like structural region located at a position away from the active site, a more precise decarbamylase can be modified.
- the present inventors have estimated that a region of about 30 residues from the carboxy terminus of decarbamylase is involved in dimer formation. If decarbamylase exhibits catalytic activity in a common buffer, it is presumed to exist as a dimer or tetramer.
- decarbamylase is used as a so-called immobilized enzyme immobilized on a carrier, but also in this case, a monomer can achieve more efficient immobilization.
- the decarbamylase mutant of the present invention can be designed or prepared by a number of methods other than the methods described above.
- the sequence of an enzyme having decarbamylase activity may be mutated by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis or other conventional techniques (eg, deletion) at sites identified as desirable for mutation using the present invention.
- variants of decarbamylase can be created by site-specific substitution of a particular amino acid with a non-naturally occurring amino acid.
- decarbamylase variants can be created by replacing certain cysteine or methionine residues with selenocystine or selenomethionine.
- mutations can be introduced into the DNA sequence encoding decarbamylase using synthetic oligonucleotides. These oligonucleotides contain a nucleotide sequence adjacent to the desired mutation site. Mutations can be made in the full-length DNA sequence of decarbamylase, or in any sequence encoding the fragment polypeptide.
- the mutated decarbamylase DNA sequences produced by the above methods or alternative methods known in the art can be expressed using expression vectors.
- expression vectors typically contain elements that allow self-renewal in the host cell independent of the host genome, and one or more expression vectors for selection purposes. Includes type marker.
- the expression vector Before or after insertion of the DNA sequence surrounding the desired decarpamylase variant coding sequence, the expression vector also contains a promoter, operator, ribosome binding site, translation initiation signal, and, optionally, a repressor gene or various genes. It contains the control gene encoding the activator gene and a termination signal.
- a nucleotide encoding a "signal sequence" can be inserted before the decarbamylase mutant coding sequence.
- the desired DNA sequence For expression under the control of regulatory sequences, the desired DNA sequence must be operably linked to the regulatory sequence. That is, the sequence encoding the decarbamylase variant under the control of the control sequence must have an initiation signal (ie, ATG) to maintain the appropriate reading frame to allow production of an expression product of this sequence. Must have.
- any of a wide variety of known and available expression vectors are useful for expressing the mutated decarbamylase coding sequences of the present invention.
- These include known bacterial plasmids (eg, PBR322), broader host range plasmids (eg, RP 4, phage DNA), 2 chromosomal DNA sequences, non-chromosomal DNA sequences and synthetic DNA, such as yeast plasmids such as plasmids or their derivatives, and vectors obtained from combinations of plasmids and phage DNA.
- yeast plasmids such as plasmids or their derivatives
- vectors obtained from combinations of plasmids and phage DNA includes a vector consisting of sequence segments.
- any of a wide variety of expression control sequences that, when operably linked to a DNA sequence, controls its expression, may be used in these vectors to express a mutated DNA sequence according to the present invention.
- useful expression control sequences include, for example, other sequences known to control viral gene expression and combinations thereof.
- a wide variety of host species are also useful for producing decarbamylase variants according to the present invention. These hosts include, for example, bacteria such as E. coli, Bacillis and Streptomys, fungi such as yeast, animal cells such as CHO cells, plant cells and transgenic host cells.
- bacteria such as E. coli, Bacillis and Streptomys
- fungi such as yeast
- animal cells such as CHO cells, plant cells and transgenic host cells.
- the selection must take into account the replication capacity of the vector.
- Various factors should also be considered when selecting an expression control sequence. These should also take into account, for example, the relative strength of the system, its ability to control, its compatibility with the DNA sequence encoding the decarbamylase variants of the invention, especially with respect to potential secondary structure.
- the host must be compatible with the selected vector, have the toxicity of the decarbamylase variant to the host, have the ability to secrete the mature product, have the ability to properly fold the protein and form the appropriate conformation, the fermentation requirements, the host Decarbami from The choice should be made based on the ease of purification and safety considerations of the mutant. Within these parameters, one skilled in the art can select various combinations of vector expression control systems that can produce useful amounts of the mutated decarbamylase.
- Decarbamylase variants produced in these or other systems can be purified by a variety of conventional steps, including those used to purify native enzymes having decarbamylase activity.
- the resulting mutant will have one of several properties of interest. Can be tested.
- variants can be screened for changes in charge at physiological pH. This is determined by measuring the isoelectric point of the decarbamylase variant relative to the isoelectric point (p i) of the decarbamylase before mutation. The isoelectric point is measured by gel electrophoresis according to the method described in Wee1lner, D., Ana1yt.Chem., Pages 43, 597 (1971).
- a variant with an altered surface charge is a decarbamylase protein having a PI altered by a substituted amino acid located on the surface of the enzyme, as provided by the structural information of the present invention.
- mutants can be screened for higher specific activity compared to pre-mutation decarbamylase.
- the activity of the mutants can be determined, for example, using the assay described herein (see Example 7 below) using the D- ⁇ -amino acids of D-N-caproluvamoyl- ⁇ -amino acids. Determined by measuring the ability to convert to D- ⁇ -amino acids produced using the decarbamylase variant of the present invention can be used as pharmaceutical intermediates (eg, D-phenyldaricin and D-parahydroxyphenylglycine) as pharmaceuticals (eg, synthetic penicillin and synthetic cephalosporin). Can be used for the production of Pharmaceutical compositions containing the medicaments thus produced can also be provided according to the present invention.
- compositions may contain any pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary ingredients, including excipients, stabilizers, carriers and the like.
- D- ⁇ -amino acids produced using the decarbamylase variant of the present invention can be used as agricultural chemical intermediates (eg, D-parin) in the production of agricultural chemicals (eg, fluvalinate).
- a pesticidal composition containing the pesticide thus produced can also be provided according to the present invention.
- the agricultural composition may contain any agriculturally acceptable auxiliary ingredients such as excipients, stabilizers, carriers, and the like.
- the D- ⁇ -amino acids produced by using the decarbamylase mutant of the present invention are used as food additive intermediates (for example, D-alanine and D-aspartic acid) as food additives (for example, altame). ).
- inhibitors of decarbamylase variants or similar enzymes can be designed and manufactured.
- Inhibitors can be designed using structural information of decarbamylase. Those skilled in the art will recognize, for example, that the inhibitory kinetic data from computer-adapted enzyme kinetic data using standard formulas by Segel, IH, Enzyme Kinetics, J. Wiley & Sons, (1975). Can be identified as competitive, uncompetitive, or non-competitive.
- it is possible to design inhibitors using information on reaction intermediates of decarbamylase or its analogous enzymes for example, the three-dimensional structure of a complex with a substrate or a reaction product). Such information is useful for the design of improved analogs of compounds known as inhibitors of known decarbamylase or analogs thereof, and for the design of new classes of inhibitors.
- the three-dimensional structure of the decarbamylase of the present invention may be used to modify a polypeptide or protein enzyme (eg, amidase or nitrilase) that is similar to the amino acid sequence of decarbamylase.
- a polypeptide or protein enzyme eg, amidase or nitrilase
- the modifications can be made according to the same guidelines as for the mutant design described above.
- the “similar” polypeptide enzyme or protein enzyme preferably has an amino acid sequence represented by the amino acid sequence of decarbamylase shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2 and the full-length amino acid sequence.
- Examples of the conversion of the properties of a certain enzyme using the three-dimensional structure of a similar enzyme include the three-dimensional structure of an isobenicillin synthase having a structure similar to the substrate specificity conversion of an enzyme called expandase (Exp and ase).
- expandase an enzyme having a structure similar to the substrate specificity conversion of an enzyme called expandase (Exp and ase).
- Comparison of amino acid sequence identity can be calculated, for example, using the following tools for sequence analysis: FASTA (WR Peers on and DJ Lipman, PNAS 85, 2444-2448 (1988)); BLAST ( SF A 1 tschu TL Mad den, AA S chaffer, J, — H., Zh ang, Z. Zh ang, W. Mi 1 ler, and D. J. Lipman (1997) Nu c 1. Ac id s.Re s.
- FASTA WR Peers on and DJ Lipman, PNAS 85, 2444-2448 (1988)
- BLAST SF A 1 tschu TL Mad den, AA S chaffer, J, — H., Zh ang, Z. Zh ang, W. Mi 1 ler, and D. J. Lipman (1997) Nu c 1. Ac id s.Re s.
- a variant of a polypeptide enzyme or a protein enzyme similar to the amino acid sequence of decarbamylase obtained by using the above method can be provided. Variants of these enzymes can be used in place of the wild-type enzyme, for example, in bioreactors.
- the present invention provides a system for designing a decarbamylase mutant using a computer.
- This system provides a means for determining the three-dimensional structure of the crystal of the enzyme having decarbamylase activity by X-ray crystallography, and a decarbamylase mutant having improved physical properties and / or function based on the determined three-dimensional structure. Includes means to design.
- Computer systems according to the present invention can be constructed using computer systems known in the art, including, for example, systems known in the art as described herein.
- a computer-readable recording medium in which a program of the three-dimensional coordinate data of the three-dimensional structure of the molecule such as decarbamylase and the like or Z or a molecular design technique and a Z or modification method is recorded.
- Computer-readable recording media include, for example, magnetic tapes, magnetic disks (for example, floppy disks), magneto-optical disks (for example, MO), and optical disk media (for example, CD-R ⁇ M, CD-ROM). R, CD-RW, DVD-ROM, etc.).
- a computer readable may be a computer-readable recording medium on which a program for executing the design process of the decarpamylase mutant is recorded.
- this design processing is a step of inputting data of the crystal of the enzyme having decarbamylase activity determined by X-ray crystal structure analysis of the crystal of the enzyme, and improving physical properties and Z or function based on the determined three-dimensional structure.
- the present invention provides a recording medium for recording data describing the three-dimensional structure of a decarbamylase variant.
- the three-dimensional structure of the mutant is obtained by inputting data of the crystal of the enzyme having decarbamylase activity determined by X-ray crystal structure analysis of the crystal of the enzyme. Designing a decarbamylase variant with improved Z or function.
- Reagents used in the following examples were obtained from Nacalai Tesque, Wako Pure Chemical, or SIGMA (St Louis, MII, USA) unless otherwise noted.
- Example 1 Under the microscope, the native crystal obtained in Example 1 was taken out from a small droplet on the droplet holder, and the concentration of EMTS (ethyl mercury thiosalicylate sodium salt), one of mercury compounds, was adjusted to 0.5 to 1.OmM. 20% by weight prepared polyethylene glycol 6000
- the native crystals and the heavy atom derivative crystals of decarbamylase prepared in Examples 1 and 2 are taken out of the crystallized droplets without adding a freeze stabilizer such as glycerol, and immersed directly in liquid nitrogen for instant freezing. did.
- Diffraction data was measured at the synchrotron radiation facility SPr ng-8 for analysis by the multi-wavelength anomalous dispersion method. The measurement was performed using EMTS derivative crystals frozen in liquid nitrogen. Measurements were taken at three wavelengths (0.98, 1.00, 1.27 A) taking into account the extraordinary dispersion of mercury. All three wavelength diffraction data could be collected from a single crystal.
- Table 2 shows the results of processing the measured diffraction image data for 53 frames using the data processing program D ENZO (McSci ence). For the native crystal of decarpamylase, diffraction data was measured in a frozen state using a wavelength of 1.0 OA, and the processing results are shown in Table 3. For terms such as the number of independent reflections, unit cell constants, and lattice constants, see Introduction to X-Ray Analysis (Masao Kadoto et al., Tokyo Chemical Doujin). [Table 2]
- R-nerge represents the 3 ⁇ 4 difference between each frame measured multiple times
- R-raerge represents the difference between each frame measured multiple times
- the strong Patterson peak at each Harker plane was selected from two difference Patterson diagrams (00-0.98 de-night and 1.00—1.27 data), and two mercury atoms ( Mercury 1 and mercury 2) were identified and their coordinates were determined.
- the phase was calculated using only the coordinates of mercury 1
- the coordinates of mercury 2 were calculated from the difference Fourier calculation using the phase
- the self-peak of mercury 2 and the cross-peak of mercury 1 and mercury 2 Whether or not exists in the difference Patterson diagram It was done by doing.
- the refinement and phase calculation of the heavy atom position parameters are performed using the coordinates of mercury 1 and 2, the position is obtained by difference Fourier calculation, and mercury 2 is obtained.
- Self-peaks and cross-peaks were confirmed as in the case of identification. As a result, self-peaks and cross-peaks corresponding to four more mercury atoms could be confirmed, and the coordinates of mercury 3, mercury 4, mercury 5, and mercury 6 were determined.
- the coordinates of the six mercury atoms (heavy atom parameters) obtained using the data obtained using the program MLPHA RE (CCP4 package) (SERC) are precisely calculated. And determined the initial phase.
- the average value of fi gu reof me rit after refinement was 0.50.
- the solvent smoothing method and histogram matching method using the program DM are used to gradually expand the phase from low resolution to high resolution with the solvent region in the decal balamase crystal being 35%. This improved the initial phase.
- the crystal of decarbamylase was found to contain two molecules in the asymmetric unit from the results of the density measurement of the crystal, and the non-crystallographic symmetry was used to calculate the electron density called NCS averaging.
- NCS averaging was used to calculate the electron density called NCS averaging.
- the phase was improved by averaging.
- a non-crystallographic two-fold determination in decarbamylase crystals was performed.
- the electron density diagram is calculated using the phase after applying the solvent smoothing method, the heavy atom position and the electron density diagram are displayed on 3D graphics, and the midpoints between the coordinates of mercury atoms are connected.
- the lines were found to be orthogonal on the Z axis (one of the crystallographic double axes).
- the decarbamylase molecule had a (222) symmetry in all three of these two non-crystallographic double axes and the crystallographic double axis.
- Each section of the electron density map was observed in detail, the center coordinates of each of the two molecules were determined, and an amorphous symmetry matrix including translation and rotation was calculated.
- a region called a mask, where protein molecules exist, from the electron density map obtained by the solvent smoothing method. Seeking no conclusion NCS averaging calculations were performed using the program DM, using a crystallographic symmetry matrix and mask. As a result, the correlation coefficient between the two molecules showed a high correlation of 0.92, and the free R-factor was 24.5%.
- the improved electron density map is very clear (see, for example, Figure 8.
- the linkage of the peptide backbone is observed as a continuous electron density, with G1u, 171 at position 46 in the center of the figure.
- the electron density corresponding to the amino acid side chain identified as Cys at position 145 and G1u at position 145 is observed.
- the secondary structure such as ⁇ -helix or 3-sheet is the main chain of the amino acid.
- the electron density of the aromatic amino acid side chains was also clear.
- the three-dimensional structure of decarbamylase was assembled on three-dimensional graphics using Program (O) (Upp sala Unique sitet).
- Program (O) Upp sala Unique sitet
- the electron density corresponding to the partial amino acid sequence having a characteristic electron density such as tributofan residues is first found on the electron density diagram, and the electron density is determined by referring to the amino acid sequence.
- the three-dimensional structure model was refined in accordance with the refinement protocol of the three-dimensional structure refinement program XPLOR (XPLOR manual, Ya eUniversity).
- the local structure with large deviation from the electron density diagram and the operation of identifying the electron density corresponding to the water molecule and including the water molecule in the refinement calculation are repeated, and the R value and the free R value (free R— factor) as an index.
- the R value of the final model structure in the native crystal to which water molecules were added was 19.6% with respect to the reflection data at 500-1.7 A resolution. (Example 7) Stabilizing design of decarbamylase
- the main chain dihedral angle ( ⁇ —60 °, ⁇ -44 °) of proline 203 at position 203 calculated from the three-dimensional structure of the present invention, has a dihedral angle characteristic of an ⁇ -helix structure.
- a phosphorus residue functions as a residue that destabilizes or destroys a helical structure. It is presumed that the presence of proline at position 203 of decarbamylase causes distortion of the main chain structure and destabilizes the structure.
- this site Since this site has a dihedral angle characteristic of a helical structure, it can stabilize the structural energy of the natural state by substituting it with an amino acid residue suitable for the helical structure.
- an amino acid residue suitable for the helical structure For example, as an amino acid residue that easily takes an ⁇ -helix structure, it can be substituted with alanine (A la), dalamic acid (G1u), leucine (Leu), serine (Ser), and the like.
- a la alanine
- G1u dalamic acid
- Leu leucine
- Ser serine
- the amino acid at position 203 was mutated to 20 natural amino acids, and the structure of each amino acid was described in terms of the AMBER potential parameter (We iner, PA et al., J. Comp.
- Mutations to glutamic acid show the highest stability, but this is due to the mutation to glutamic acid, where the side chain carboxyl group of glutamic acid is located near the arginine side chain at position 139. Guanji of It can form an ionic bond or a hydrogen bond with the amino group, and is considered to exhibit higher stability than other mutants as a contribution of the newly added interaction.
- the denaturation temperature was determined by subjecting the (crude) enzyme solution prepared as described above to heat treatment at each temperature for 10 minutes and measuring the activity after removing insolubles due to heat denaturation. Is defined. The measurement of the residual specific activity was performed as follows. Add 0.1 ml of the enzyme solution to lm 1 of a substrate solution in which 0.1% by weight of N-potassium-D- ⁇ -parahydroxyphenylglycine is dissolved in 0.1% phosphate buffer ⁇ 7.0. In addition, the reaction was carried out at 40 for 20 minutes, and 0.25 ml of 20% trichloroacetic acid was added to stop the enzymatic reaction.
- the mutant shows the identification number of the mutant obtained in the screening.
- ⁇ indicates the difference from the denaturation temperature of decarbamylase before the mutation.
- a three-dimensional structure of decarbamylase and a decarbamylase mutant and a three-dimensional structure model of the mutant are provided.
- the three-dimensional structure of this enzyme is useful for rational molecular design of amino acid mutations related to stability such as heat resistance, organic solvent resistance, resistance to air oxidation, etc., modification of optimal ⁇ of enzyme reaction, and improvement of specific activity. It is. This makes it possible to quickly and efficiently obtain a modified enzyme that is advantageous for industrial use.
- the three-dimensional structure of this enzyme has been determined only among related enzymes such as amidase or nitrilase, and it can be significantly applied in the industrial application field of these enzymes. Is clear.
Description
Claims
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CN (1) | CN1376202A (ja) |
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Cited By (1)
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CN114807103A (zh) * | 2022-06-10 | 2022-07-29 | 铜陵利夫生物科技有限公司 | 一种氨基甲酰基水解酶突变体及基因和应用 |
Families Citing this family (5)
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JP4897186B2 (ja) * | 2002-03-27 | 2012-03-14 | 花王株式会社 | 変異アルカリセルラーゼ |
JP4610874B2 (ja) * | 2002-11-26 | 2011-01-12 | 江崎グリコ株式会社 | 新規アミロマルターゼ |
US20040265909A1 (en) * | 2003-04-11 | 2004-12-30 | Jeff Blaney | Compound libraries and methods for drug discovery |
JP4827444B2 (ja) * | 2005-06-24 | 2011-11-30 | 財団法人高輝度光科学研究センター | 結晶物質のx線回折データのmem構造解析により静電ポテンシャルを実験的に求める方法 |
JP2008271848A (ja) * | 2007-04-27 | 2008-11-13 | Institute Of Physical & Chemical Research | 重原子化によるタンパク質の耐熱化方法 |
Citations (3)
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WO1994003613A1 (en) * | 1992-08-10 | 1994-02-17 | Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Dna coding for decarbamylase improved in thermostability and use thereof |
EP0677584A1 (en) * | 1994-04-15 | 1995-10-18 | ENIRICERCHE S.p.A. | Stable mutants of D-N-alpha-carbamylase |
EP0780473A2 (en) * | 1995-12-21 | 1997-06-25 | ENIRICERCHE S.p.A. | Thermostable mutants of D-N-alpha-Carbamoylase |
Family Cites Families (1)
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EP0515698B1 (en) * | 1990-12-07 | 1998-07-29 | Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Process for producing D-alpha-amino acids |
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1999
- 1999-08-31 JP JP24679799A patent/JP2001069981A/ja not_active Withdrawn
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2000
- 2000-08-30 KR KR1020027002725A patent/KR20020037044A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-08-30 WO PCT/JP2000/005901 patent/WO2001016337A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-08-30 EP EP00956828A patent/EP1209234A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-08-30 CN CN00813349A patent/CN1376202A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
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---|---|---|---|---|
WO1994003613A1 (en) * | 1992-08-10 | 1994-02-17 | Kanegafuchi Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Dna coding for decarbamylase improved in thermostability and use thereof |
EP0677584A1 (en) * | 1994-04-15 | 1995-10-18 | ENIRICERCHE S.p.A. | Stable mutants of D-N-alpha-carbamylase |
EP0780473A2 (en) * | 1995-12-21 | 1997-06-25 | ENIRICERCHE S.p.A. | Thermostable mutants of D-N-alpha-Carbamoylase |
Non-Patent Citations (6)
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A. BUSON ET AL.: "Identification, sequencing and mutagenesis of the gene for a D-carbamylase from agrobacterium radiobacter", FEMS MICROBIOL. LETT., vol. 145, no. 1, 1996, pages 55 - 62, XP002934364 * |
C.O. PABO: "Computer-aided design of thermostable proteins", AD REP. (AD-A-210 096), 1989, XP002934366 * |
N. DECLERCK ET AL.: "Hyperthermostable mutants of bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase: multiple amino acid replacements and molecular modelling", PROTEIN ENG., vol. 8, no. 10, 1995, pages 1029 - 1037, XP002934365 * |
See also references of EP1209234A4 * |
T. NAKAI ET AL.: "Crystal structure of N-carbamyl-D-amino acid amidohydrolase with a novel catalytic framework common to amidohydrolases", STRUCTURE FOLD. DES., vol. 8, no. 7, July 2000 (2000-07-01), pages 729 - 739, XP002934362 * |
W.H. HSU ET AL.: "Expression, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of N-carbamyl-D-amino-acid amidohydrolase from agrobacterium radiobacter", ACTA CRYSTALLOGR. D BIOL. CRYSTALLOGR., vol. 55, no. PART 3, March 1999 (1999-03-01), pages 694 - 695, XP002934363 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN114807103A (zh) * | 2022-06-10 | 2022-07-29 | 铜陵利夫生物科技有限公司 | 一种氨基甲酰基水解酶突变体及基因和应用 |
CN114807103B (zh) * | 2022-06-10 | 2023-07-04 | 铜陵利夫生物科技有限公司 | 一种氨基甲酰基水解酶突变体及基因和应用 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN1376202A (zh) | 2002-10-23 |
JP2001069981A (ja) | 2001-03-21 |
EP1209234A1 (en) | 2002-05-29 |
KR20020037044A (ko) | 2002-05-17 |
EP1209234A4 (en) | 2003-05-02 |
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