WO1998053565A1 - Apparatus and method for embedding and extracting information in analog signals using distributed signal features - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for embedding and extracting information in analog signals using distributed signal features Download PDFInfo
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- WO1998053565A1 WO1998053565A1 PCT/US1998/009587 US9809587W WO9853565A1 WO 1998053565 A1 WO1998053565 A1 WO 1998053565A1 US 9809587 W US9809587 W US 9809587W WO 9853565 A1 WO9853565 A1 WO 9853565A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04H—BROADCAST COMMUNICATION
- H04H20/00—Arrangements for broadcast or for distribution combined with broadcast
- H04H20/28—Arrangements for simultaneous broadcast of plural pieces of information
- H04H20/30—Arrangements for simultaneous broadcast of plural pieces of information by a single channel
- H04H20/31—Arrangements for simultaneous broadcast of plural pieces of information by a single channel using in-band signals, e.g. subsonic or cue signal
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
- G06T1/0028—Adaptive watermarking, e.g. Human Visual System [HVS]-based watermarking
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
- G06T2201/0052—Embedding of the watermark in the frequency domain
Definitions
- This invention relates to apparatus and methods for encoding and decoding information in analog signals, such as audio, video and data signals, either transmitted by radio wave transmission or wired transmission, or stored in a recording medium such as optical or magnetic disks, magnetic tape, or solid state memory.
- An area of particular interest to certain embodiments of the present invention relates to the market for musical recordings.
- a large number of people listen to musical recordings on radio or television. They often hear a recording which they like enough to purchase, but don't know the name of the song, the artist performing it, or the record, tape, or CD album of which it is part.
- the number of recordings which people purchase is less than it otherwise would be if there was a simple way for people to identify which of the recordings that they hear on the radio or TV they wish to purchase.
- Another area of interest to certain embodiments of the invention is copy control.
- audio software products such as musical recordings.
- One of the problems in this market is the ease of copying such products without paying those who produce them.
- This problem is becoming particularly troublesome with the advent of recording techniques, such as digital audio tape (DAT) , which make it possible for copies to be of very high quality.
- DAT digital audio tape
- U.S. Patent No. 4,937,807 to Weitz et al . (1990) discloses a method and apparatus for encoding signals for producing sound transmissions with digital information to enable addressing the stored representation of such signals.
- the apparatus in Weitz et al . converts an analog signal for producing such sound transmissions to clocked digital signals comprising for each channel an audio data stream, a step-size stream and an emphasis stream.
- the prior art fails to provide a method and an apparatus for encoding and decoding auxiliary analog or digital information signals onto analog audio or video frequency signals for producing humanly perceived transmissions (i.e. , sounds or images) such that the audio or video frequency signals produce substantially identical humanly perceived transmission prior to as well as after encoding with the auxiliary signals.
- the prior art also fails to provide relatively simple apparatus and methods for encoding and decoding audio or video frequency signals for producing humanly perceived audio transmissions with signals defining digital information.
- the prior art also fails to disclose a method and apparatus for limiting unauthorized copying of audio or video frequency signals for producing humanly perceived audio transmissions .
- the present invention provides apparatus and methods for embedding or encoding, and extracting or decoding, digitized information in an analog host or cover signal in a way which has minimal impact on the perception of the source information when the analog signal is applied to an appropriate output device, such as a speaker, a display monitor, or other electrical/electronic device.
- the present invention further provides apparatus and methods for embedding and extracting machine readable signals in an analog cover signal which control the ability of a device to copy the cover signal .
- the present invention provides for the encoding or embedding of a data signal in an analog host or cover signal, by modulating the host or cover signal so as to modify a distributed feature of the signal within the predefined region.
- the distributed feature of the host signal is modified to a predefined quantization value which corresponds to a data symbol or binary digit of the data signal to be embedded.
- the embedded data signal is recovered by detecting the modified distributed feature values and correlating the detected values with the predefined relationship between data symbols and quantized distributed feature values.
- cover signal refers to a host or source signal, such as an audio, video or other information signal, which carries or is intended to carry embedded or hidden digitized data.
- distributed feature or signal feature refer to a scalar value obtained by processing the cover signal values over the totality of the regions within domains (i.e. , time, frequency and/or space) where the data-embedding modulation is applied.
- One desirable property for such processing is that random changes in signal magnitudes caused by noise or other signal distortions have a minimal effect on the signal feature value, while the combined effect of modulation of signal magnitudes for embedding of digitized data over a predefined region produces a measurable change in the feature value.
- the present invention provides a method for embedding an information symbol in an analog cover signal, comprising the steps of calculating a distributed signal feature value of the cover signal over a predefined region, comparing the calculated signal feature value with a predefined set of quantization values corresponding to given information symbols and determining a target quantization value corresponding to the information symbol to be embedded, calculating the amount of change required in the cover signal to modify the calculated signal feature to the target quantization value, and modifying the cover signal according to the calculated amount of change.
- a method for extracting an information symbol embedded in an analog cover signal comprising the steps of calculating a distributed signal feature value of the cover signal over a predefined region, comparing the calculated signal feature value with a predefined set of quantization values corresponding to given information symbols and determining which quantization value corresponds to the calculated signal feature value, and translating the determined quantization value into the information symbol contained in the cover signal and outputting the information symbol.
- the present invention further provides apparatus for embedding information in accordance with the above method, and apparatus for extracting the embedded information from the cover signal.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an auxiliary information signal encoding and decoding process according to a first embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the encoder 10 of Fig. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the host modifying signal generator 11 of Fig. 2;
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the host modifying signal component generator 111 of Fig. 3;
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an alternate host modifying signal generator according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram of one embodiment of decoder 20 of Fig. 1;
- FIG. 7 is a block diagram of short-term autocorrelation generator 21 according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an alternate decoder 20 of Fig. 1 according to the first embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a data signal embedding and extracting circuit according to a second embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 10 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the embeddor 10a of Fig. 9;
- FIG. 11 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the embedded signal generator 11a of Fig. 10;
- FIG. 12 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the data signal extractor 20a of Fig. 9.
- FIG. 13 is a table illustrating an example of specifications stego key 9 used for embedding and extracting digital data in an audio signal, according to the second embodiment of the invention.
- the present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for embedding information or data onto a cover signal, such as an audio signal, video signal, or other analog signal, by modulating or changing the value of a distributed feature of the cover signal in a selected region of the frequency, time and/or space domains of the cover signal.
- the information or data to be encoded is preferably a digital or digitized signal .
- the invention can implemented in a number of different ways, either by software programming of a digital processor, in the form of analog, digital, or mixed-signal integrated circuits, as a discrete component electronic device, or a combination of such implementations .
- a method and apparatus are provided for encoding auxiliary information onto a host or source signal, such as an audio signal, video signal, or other data signal, by modulating or changing the short-term autocorrelation function of the host signal as a function of the auxiliary information over time, at one or more selected autocorrelation delays.
- the auxiliary information may be an analog or digital signal.
- the short-term autocorrelation function is obtained by multiplying a signal with a delayed version of itself, and integrating the product over a predefined integration interval .
- the short-term autocorrelation function is modulated or changed by adding to the host signal a host modifying signal having a positive or negative correlation with the original host signal.
- the embedded signal is preferably a controllably attenuated version of the host signal which has been delayed or advanced (for purposes of the invention, an advance will be considered a negative delay) in accordance with the selected autocorrelation delay.
- the autocorrelation function can be modulated using the entire host signal or only a portion of it.
- frequency bands, temporal and/or spatial regions of the host signal are chosen so as to minimize the disturbance to the host signal as it affects the perception of the signal ' s output (i.e.. audio or video quality) .
- Multiple host modifying signal components can be added to the host signal in the same or different frequency bands and temporal and/or spatial regions by generating host modifying signal components with different autocorrelation delays.
- the multiple host modifying signal components can represent different auxiliary information to increase overall auxiliary information throughput, or can represent the same auxiliary information to increase the robustness or security of the auxiliary information signal transmission .
- the host modifying signal components may also have autocorrelation delays which vary over time according to a predetermined sequence or pattern, referred to herein as a "delay hopping pattern.”
- Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of the overall system according to a first embodiment of the invention.
- the system comprises an encoder 10 for encoding a host signal 2 (such as an audio or video program or source signal) with an auxiliary information signal 6, to produce an encoded signal 4.
- the encoded signal 4 may be transmitted over a communication medium, channel or line, or may be stored on a storage medium such as magnetic tape, optical memory, solid state memory, or electromagnetic memory, and also may be further processed such as by filtering, adaptive gain control, or other signal processing techniques, without impairing or degrading the encoded auxiliary information.
- the encoded signal 4 is then decoded in a decoder 20 to retrieve the auxiliary information signal 6.
- FIG. 2 shows a detail of a first implementation of the encoder 10 of the first embodiment in which the host signal is modified by a single host modifying signal 8, produced by a host modifying signal generator 11 which receives the host signal 2 and the auxiliary information signal 6.
- the host modifying signal is added to the host signal in an adder 14 to provide the encoded signal 4.
- the host modifying signal is obtained as shown in Fig. 3, which illustrates one embodiment of the host modifying signal generator 11.
- the host signal 2 is filtered and/or masked by a filter/mask 110.
- the filter/mask 110 modifies the frequency, period, or spatial content of the host signal in such manner to cause minimal disturbance to the output characteristics of the host signal when applied to an output device such as a speaker or a video monitor. It is also possible for the filter/mask to pass the host signal unchanged, in which case the filtered/masked signal 3 would be equal to the host signal 2.
- the signal 3 is then inputted to a host modifying signal component generator 111, wherein it is modified according to an input auxiliary information signal 6, to produce a host modifying signal 8.
- the details of the host modifying signal component generator 111 are shown in Fig. 4.
- the filtered host signal 3 is inputted to a delay/advance circuit 1110 to produce a delayed/advanced signal 3a.
- the signal 3 is also inputted to a gain calculator 1112 along with auxiliary information signal 6.
- the purpose of the gain calculator 1112 is to calculate the gain of variable gain or attenuation circuit 1113 which is to be applied to delayed signal 3a in order to obtain the host modifying signal 8.
- the amount of delay (or advancement) applied by delay/advance circuit 1110 corresponds to the autocorrelation delay at which the host signal is being modulated.
- the amount of gain applied to the signal 3a at any time or spatial region is determined by the gain calculator 1112 as a function of the values of the auxiliary information signal 6 and the filtered signal 3.
- the autocorrelation function R(t, ⁇ ) is modulated to obtain a modulated autocorrelation function R m (t, ⁇ ) : t
- the host modifying signal e(t) By appropriately selecting the host modifying signal e(t), an increase or decrease of the short-term autocorrelation function can be achieved. It will be apparent that many different types of host modifying signals may be used to achieve this modulation. In the preferred embodiment, delayed or advanced versions of the host signal multiplied by a selected amount of gain or attenuation are used as the host modifying signal e(t). Specifically,
- the autocorrelation functions R(t, ⁇ ) of the host signal which appear on the right hand side of equations (4a) and (4b) can be measured, and their values used to obtain the solution for gain g that will produce a desired value for the modulated autocorrelation function R m (t, ⁇ ) . It is typically desired to have small values for g so as to keep the host modifying signal transparent to the perceiver of the host signal. If this is the case, the g 2 terms in equations (4a) and (4b) can be ignored as negligible, such that the exact gain value can be closely approximated by
- each auxiliary information symbol is associated with a corresponding value of the short-term autocorrelation function.
- T should be shorter than T s - ⁇ in order to minimize intersymbol interference.
- certain overlap between adjacent symbols can be tolerated in order to increase the auxiliary channel bandwidth.
- the gain calculator 1112 may map a fixed gain to be applied to the filtered/masked and delayed/advanced signal 3a according to only the value of the auxiliary information signal 6. According to this implementation, the gain calculator ignores the value of the signal 3, and as such the input line for signal 3 may be omitted. In this embodiment, the gain calculator will apply a fixed amount of gain depending on the value of the auxiliary signal 6. For example, in the instance where the auxiliary signal is a binary signal, the gain calculator could apply a predetermined positive gain for an auxiliary signal of "0" and a predetermined negative gain for an auxiliary signal of
- the encoded signal is applied to a decoder 20. Details of one embodiment of the decoder 20 are shown in Fig. 6.
- the decoder consists of a short-term autocorrelation generator 21 and an auxiliary signal extraction circuit 22.
- the short- term autocorrelation generator 21 includes a filter/mask 210 which filters and/or masks the encoded signal 4, and then obtains an autocorrelation signal by applying the filtered encoded signal to a squaring circuit 212, a delay circuit 214, and a multiplier 216.
- the output of the squaring circuit 212 and the output of the multiplier 216 are applied to short-term integrators 218a and 218b.
- the output of integrator 218b is an autocorrelation signal 5.
- the outputs of integrators 218a and 218b are also applied to a normalization circuit 220, to produce a normalized autocorrelation signal 5a.
- the filter/mask 210 can have the same characteristics as the filter/mask 110 of the encoder (or may be different) , and in some circumstances may be omitted entirely.
- the delay circuit 214 uses the same delay ⁇ as used in the delay/advance circuit 1110 of the encoder.
- the squaring circuit 212 calculates the square of the filtered encoded signal, which is the same as calculating the short-term autocorrelation with a delay of zero and integrating over interval T.
- the normalization circuit 220 outputs a normalized autocorrelation signal d(t), which is equal to:
- the information symbols can be recovered by determining the sign (+ or -) of R m (t, ⁇ ) at the individual sampled symbol intervals, and thus it would be unnecessary to calculate the zero delay autocorrelation and the normalized autocorrelation signal .
- the auxiliary information signal is obtained from the normalized autocorrelation signal by the auxiliary signal extraction circuit 22.
- d(t) has values at discrete points in time separated by T s that are directly proportional to the magnitude of the input symbols.
- Signal extraction may be performed by one or more well known techniques in the art of digital communications, such as filtering, masking, equalization, synchronization, sampling, threshold comparison, and error control coding functions. Such techniques being well known, they will not be further elaborated upon.
- each auxiliary data symbol may be associated with a set of short-term autocorrelation values, the particular set being chosen so as to minimize the value of g based upon the value of the auxiliary data symbol.
- the decoder operates in the same way as in the first implementation, except that multiple autocorrelation values are mapped to the same auxiliary information symbol .
- the host modifying signal is composed of a sum of multiple auxiliary information signal components, obtained according to the encoder shown in Fig. 5.
- a plurality of filter/mask HOa-llOm provide a plurality of host signals to a plurality of host modifying component generators Ilia- 111m, which are added together in adders 13, 13a, etc. to produce a host modifying signal 8a.
- M auxiliary signal components are generated by using differing amounts of delay in each of the component generators .
- the auxiliary signals 6a-6m can each be different, or may be the same in order to increase robustness and security level.
- a restriction is that for any two component generators having equal amounts of delay, and appearing in the same or overlapping frequency bands, time intervals or spatial masks, the auxiliary signals must be the same.
- the preferred host modifying signals take the form:
- the decoder associated with this embodiment is shown in Fig. 8.
- the decoder includes a number of short-term autocorrelation generators 21a-21n, one for each delay amount for which a host modifying signal component was generated.
- the generated autocorrelation signals are processed together by auxiliary signal extraction circuit 22 and are either combined to obtain the auxiliary signal or independently processed to extract a multiplicity of auxiliary information signals .
- the host modifying signal components may change their corresponding autocorrelation delay amounts ⁇ over time according to a predefined delay pattern referred to as "delay hopping.”
- delay hopping a predefined delay pattern referred to as "delay hopping.”
- the security of the auxiliary signal is enhanced by maintaining the delay hopping pattern secret.
- the hopping pattern can be defined as a list of consecutive autocorrelation delays and their duration. An authorized decoder needs to know the hopping pattern as well as the filtering/masking parameters and signaling parameters (symbol duration and other symbol features) .
- Multiple auxiliary signals can be carried simultaneously in the host signal if their hopping patterns are distinct, even if other filtering/masking and signalling parameters are the same .
- a perceiver may be a device such as a computer, radar detector, or other electrical/ electronic device in the case of host signal being communication signals, as well as a human in the case of audio or video host signals.
- the implementation of the invention can be carried out using analog circuitry as well as digital circuitry such as ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) , general purpose digital signal processors, microprocessors and equivalent apparatus.
- ASICs Application Specific Integrated Circuits
- the invention employs an embeddor 10a to generate a stego signal 4a, which is substantially the same in terms of the content and quality of information carried by a cover signal 2.
- cover signal 2 is a video or audio signal
- the stego signal 4a will produce essentially the same video or audio program or information when applied to an output device such as a video display or loudspeaker.
- a stego key 9 is used to determine and specify the particular region of the time, frequency and/or space domain of the cover signal 2 where the digital data 6 is to be embedded, as well as the distributed feature of the cover signal to be modified and the grid or table correlating digital data values with distributed feature quantization levels.
- a particular frequency band and time interval define a region for embedding a data symbol.
- an embedding region is specified by a frequency band, a time interval in the form of an image field, frame or series of frames, and a particular area within the field or frame.
- FIG. 13 shows an example of the stego key specifications for frequency band, time interval, distributed signal feature, and symbol quantization grid, for an audio cover signal.
- the embeddor then appropriately modulates or modifies the cover signal 2 to obtain a stego signal 4a.
- Stego signal 4a can be transmitted, or stored in a storage medium such as magnetic tape, CD-ROM, solid state memory, and the like for later recall and/or transmission.
- the embedded digital data is recovered by an extractor 20a, having knowledge of or access to the stego key 9, which operates on the stego signal 4a to extract the digital data 6.
- Fig. 10 shows a block diagram of one embodiment of the embeddor 10a.
- the cover signal 2, stego key 9, and digital data 6 are inputted to an embedded signal generator 11a.
- the embedded signal generator modulates or modifies a predefined distributed feature of the cover signal 2 in accordance with the stego key 9 and digital data 6, and generates an embedded signal
- the cover signal 2 is then modified by adding the embedded signal 8a to the cover signal in an adder 12, to produce the stego signal 4a.
- Fig. 11 illustrates the details of an embedded signal generator 11a used to generate a single embedded data signal.
- the cover signal 2 is filtered and/or masked in filtering/masking block 30 to produce a filtered/masked signal 31.
- the filtered/masked signal 31 is comprised of the selected regions of the cover signal, as specified by stego key 9, which are then used for embedding of data symbols.
- the signal 31 is then inputted to a feature extraction block 32, where the distributed feature to be modified, as specified by stego key 9, is extracted and provided to modulation parameter calculation module 34.
- Module 34 receives digital data 6 to be embedded in the cover signal, and determines the amount of modulation of the feature necessary to cause the feature to become approximately equal to the quantization value which corresponds to the digital data symbol or bit to be embedded.
- the calculation result 7 is then applied to modulation module 36, which modifies the filtered signal 31 to obtain the appropriate embedded signal component 8.
- the embedded signal component 8 is then added to the cover signal in adder 12 as shown in Fig. 10, to obtain the stego signal 4a.
- the different data signals may be embedded in a cascade fashion, with the output of one embeddor becoming the input of another embeddor using a different stego key.
- the filtering/masking module 30 may be eliminated.
- the cover signal is directly modified by the embedded signal generator to produce the stego signal. Accordingly, the adder 12 of Fig. 10 would not be required in this alternate embodiment .
- FIG. 12 A block diagram of an extractor 20a used to recover the digital data embedded in the stego signal is shown in Fig. 12.
- the stego signal is filtered/masked in filter/mask module 30a to isolate the regions where the digital data is embedded.
- the filtered signal 31a is inputted to feature extraction module 32a where the feature is extracted.
- the extracted feature 33a is then inputted to data recovery module 40 where the extracted feature is mapped to the quantization table or grid correlating quantized feature values with specific data symbols.
- a multiplicity of extracted data symbols is then subjected to well-known error detection, error correction, and synchronization techniques to verify the existence of an actual message and proper interpretation of the content of the message. Specific examples of cover signal distributed feature modulation to embed data are given hereinafter.
- the cover signal 2 is an audio signal.
- the audio signal is first filtered to isolate a specific frequency band to be used for embedding a particular data message, to produce a filtered audio signal s(t) .
- Other frequency bands can be used to embed other messages, either concurrently or in a cascaded processing technique.
- restricting the frequency band to be modulated to only a fraction of the overall signal spectrum reduces the effect of such modulation on the host or cover signal.
- the filtering step may be omitted, however, without affecting either the efficiency of the embedding process or the robustness of the embedded data .
- interval T corresponds to the duration of a symbol .
- the distributed feature F. for the i-th symbol is calculated according to the following:
- the feature value F is compared to a set of quantization levels belonging to a particular symbol, as defined by the stego key 9.
- the quantization level nearest to F_ is determined. For example, in the case of binary digits, there are two sets, Q 0 and Q 1; corresponding to bits "0" and "1" respectively.
- the set of quantization levels for each set Q 0 and Q are defined as:
- g i (Q i /F i ) 1/ ⁇ - 1 (15) where Q is the nearest element of the quantization set belonging to the i-th symbol.
- the gain g ⁇ is applied to all signal amplitudes in the i-th symbol interval and the result is added back into the audio cover signal.
- this gain can be applied fully only in the middle portion of the symbol interval, and being tapered off toward the ends of the symbol interval .
- This approach reduces perception of the signal modification at the expense of a slight reduction in symbol robustness .
- the extractor first filters the stego signal in the same manner as the embeddor, which is defined by the stego key 9.
- the feature is calculated according to equations (11) to (13), where it is assumed that the time interval T is known in advance as specified by the stego key 9, and the beginning of the embedded message coincides with the start of the extracting process.
- the embedded data symbols are extracted by mapping the calculated feature values to the quantization table or grid as defined by equation
- consecutive extracted symbols are strung together and compared with a set of possible messages. If a match is found, the message is outputted to a user, or to a higher data protocol layer. If no match is found, repeated attempts at extraction are performed, by slightly shifting the starting time of the message by dT, which is a small fraction of the interval T (e.g.. 0.01T to 0. IT) .
- a function f(s(t)) of the filtered audio signal s(t) is calculated according to the following:
- the distributed feature F ⁇ for the i-th symbol is calculated according to:
- the calculated feature Fi is compared to a predefined set of quantization values for the given symbol to be embedded, and the nearest quantization value is chosen.
- the sets Q 0 and Q of quantization values for binary digit symbols "0" and "1" are defined as:
- the gain g. to be applied in the i-th symbol interval is calculated according to:
- Equation (20) is derived as an approximation that holds well for small values of g x and reduces the amount of computation with respect to an exact formula, with negligible effects on system robustness .
- the calculated gain g. is applied to all signal amplitudes in the i-th symbol interval and the result is added back into the cover signal.
- the gain is applied fully only in the middle portion of the interval, and is tapered toward the ends of the interval .
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KR1019997010668A KR20010012707A (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1998-05-12 | Apparatus and method for embedding and extracting information in analog signals using distributed signal features |
DE69835521T DE69835521T2 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1998-05-12 | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR IMPLEMENTING AND RECOVERING INFORMATION IN ANALOG SIGNALS USING THE DISTRIBUTED SIGNAL FEATURES |
CA002288213A CA2288213A1 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1998-05-12 | Apparatus and method for embedding and extracting information in analog signals using distributed signal features |
EP98922203A EP1002388B1 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1998-05-12 | Apparatus and method for embedding and extracting information in analog signals using distributed signal features |
JP55042398A JP4251378B2 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1998-05-12 | Apparatus and method for embedding and extracting information in analog signals using distributed signal features |
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US08/858,562 US5940135A (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1997-05-19 | Apparatus and method for encoding and decoding information in analog signals |
US08/858,562 | 1997-05-19 | ||
US08/974,920 US6175627B1 (en) | 1997-05-19 | 1997-11-20 | Apparatus and method for embedding and extracting information in analog signals using distributed signal features |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE336119T1 (en) | 2006-09-15 |
DE69835521D1 (en) | 2006-09-21 |
ES2270516T3 (en) | 2007-04-01 |
JP4251378B2 (en) | 2009-04-08 |
JP2001527660A (en) | 2001-12-25 |
CA2288213A1 (en) | 1998-11-26 |
DE69835521T2 (en) | 2007-01-18 |
EP1002388A1 (en) | 2000-05-24 |
EP1002388B1 (en) | 2006-08-09 |
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