WO1997009282A1 - Concrete compositions and processes for controlling alkali-silica reaction in same - Google Patents
Concrete compositions and processes for controlling alkali-silica reaction in same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997009282A1 WO1997009282A1 PCT/US1996/014326 US9614326W WO9709282A1 WO 1997009282 A1 WO1997009282 A1 WO 1997009282A1 US 9614326 W US9614326 W US 9614326W WO 9709282 A1 WO9709282 A1 WO 9709282A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- concrete
- bearing ore
- cement
- ore
- Prior art date
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- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 100
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title description 11
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical group [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 114
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 114
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000012615 aggregate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;lithium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical compound [Li+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052642 spodumene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- -1 montrebrasite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- HEHRHMRHPUNLIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;hydroxy-[hydroxy(oxo)silyl]oxy-oxosilane;lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Al].O[Si](=O)O[Si](O)=O.O[Si](=O)O[Si](O)=O HEHRHMRHPUNLIR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052822 amblygonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000174 eucryptite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052629 lepidolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052670 petalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 9
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000116 mitigating effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 4
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 2
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- DYKZEUFKJOSFSH-UHFFFAOYSA-K P([O-])([O-])([O-])=O.[Al+3].[Li+] Chemical compound P([O-])([O-])([O-])=O.[Al+3].[Li+] DYKZEUFKJOSFSH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003637 basic solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BCAARMUWIRURQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicalcium;oxocalcium;silicate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca]=O.[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BCAARMUWIRURQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl n-ethoxycarbonylcarbamate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)NC(=O)OCC PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011405 expansive cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011396 hydraulic cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium hydroxide monohydrate Substances [Li+].O.[OH-] GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940040692 lithium hydroxide monohydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011404 masonry cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011412 natural cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003129 oil well Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003359 percent control normalization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021487 silica fume Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001948 sodium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052643 α-spodumene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052644 β-spodumene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B14/00—Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B14/02—Granular materials, e.g. microballoons
- C04B14/04—Silica-rich materials; Silicates
- C04B14/045—Alkali-metal containing silicates, e.g. petalite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2103/00—Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B2103/60—Agents for protection against chemical, physical or biological attack
- C04B2103/603—Agents for controlling alkali-aggregate reactions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/20—Resistance against chemical, physical or biological attack
- C04B2111/2023—Resistance against alkali-aggregate reaction
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Definitions
- This invention relates generally to concrete compositions and processes for controlling alkali- silica reaction in the same, and more particularly to the use of lithium bearing ores as components of concrete.
- Concrete is a conglomerate of aggregate (such as gravel, sand, and/or crushed stone) , water, and hydraulic cement (such as portland cement) , as well as other components and/or additives.
- Concrete is generally fluidic when it is first made, enabling it to be poured or placed into shapes, and then later hardens, and is never again fluidic, in the general sense.
- moisture present in normal concrete is basic (that is, has a high pH) .
- Alkali materials can be supplied by the cement, aggregate, additives, and even from the environment in which the hardened concrete exists (such as salts placed on concrete to melt ice) .
- Silica compounds are typically found in the aggregate components of concrete.
- Silica which is present in aggregates used to make concrete and mortars is subject to attack and dissolution by hydroxide ions present in basic solutions. Generally, the higher the pH (i.e., the more basic the solution) , the faster the attack. Different forms of silica show varying degrees of susceptibility to this dissolution. If there is sufficient alkali metal ion also present in this solution (such as sodium or potassium ions) , the alkali metal ions can react with the dissolved silica and form an alkali-silica gel. Under certain conditions, the resultant alkali-silica gel can absorb water and swell. The swelling can exert pressures greater than the tensile strength of the concrete and thus cause the concrete to swell and crack.
- alkali metal ion also present in this solution (such as sodium or potassium ions)
- the alkali metal ions can react with the dissolved silica and form an alkali-silica gel. Under certain conditions, the resultant alkali-silica gel can absorb water and
- ASR alkali-silica reaction
- SHRP Strategic Highway Research Program
- the sodium equivalent of a cement is the weight percent of sodium, reported as sodium oxide, plus 0.658 times the weight percent of potassium, reported as potassium oxide.
- Low alkali cement is not always available on a local basis, can have limited availability, and can be more expensive than high alkali cement. Further, if the raw feed for the cement production contains high levels of alkali, then the production of low alkali cement from such feed can generate much greater waste than would otherwise be the case. Generally, "fines" are a waste product of cement production and are normally recirculated into the cement kiln. However, when the raw feed has a high alkali level, the fines must be removed from the process and constitute a waste material. These fines are called cement kiln dust.
- Alkalies also can be supplied by pozzolans that are either admixed in or part of the blended cement. Alkalies can be supplied by the mix water, admixtures used in the concrete, the aggregate itself, including recycled concrete used as aggregate, and/or deicers applied in snow and ice removal .
- Another recommendation set forth by the SHRP report is the use a non-reactive aggregate. This, however, is not always possible. There are limited aggregates with no potential for reactivity, since all silica has some potential for reaction and most aggregates contain significant amounts of silica. Recycled concrete when used as aggregate can also be reactive, particularly if it had already had ASR occurring before it was recycled. There are environmental reasons to use recycled glass as aggregate, but this is very reactive material. Also, transporting aggregates over long distances instead of using locally available materials adds significantly to the cost of concrete production. Another recommendation is the use of appropriate levels of a suitable pozzolan. A pozzolan is a siliceous material that can combine with lime and water to harden, similar to a cement with just water.
- the pozzolan may be added as a mineral admixture at the time of concrete production, blended with the cement, or interground with the cement during the final production step of cement. The end result is about the same, as neither the cement nor the pozzolan is substantially changed as a result of the blending.
- pozzolans are not always available locally, and the supplies are limited. Also, many pozzolans used for this purpose are waste products, and thus are quite variable in composition.
- An example is fly ash, which is the end result of coal burned for electric generation.
- the Ca:Si ratio is very important to its stability with regard to ASR.
- the higher the Ca:Si ratio the less capable the system is of tying up alkali present, and there is more susceptibility to ASR.
- a low lime content pozzolan will reduce the ratio and give more protection from increased alkalies.
- a high lime content pozzolan will not give this protection, and further, since pozzolans carry their own alkalies into the system, this can easily make the situation worse.
- Still another recommendation is the use a lithium-based admixture.
- Use of lithium was shown to be effective in ASR inhibition in 1951 (see W.J. McCoy and A.G. Caldwell, "New approach to inhibiting alkali- aggregate expansion,” J “ .Amer. Concrete Institute, 22:693-706 (1951)) .
- See also Y. Sakaguchi, et al . "The inhibiting effect of lithium compounds on alkali- silica reaction, " Proceedings , 8th international conference, alkali aggregate reaction, Kyoto, Japan: 229-234 (1989) , and the SHRP report.
- lithium salts such as lithium hydroxide monohydrate
- J. Gajda Development of a cement to inhibi t alkali -silica reactivi ty, Skokie, IL, Portland Cement Association Research and Development Bulletin RD115T (1996) .
- the net effect is basically the same as if the lithium salt were admixed into the concrete separately at the time the concrete was batched. That is, by adding the lithium salt to the cement at the time of grinding, neither the cement nor the lithium salt is changed during the process. Rather, the lithium salt and cement are merely blended.
- lithium salts such as lithium carbonate, lithium nitrate, lithium hydroxide and lithium fluoride
- lithium carbonate lithium carbonate
- lithium nitrate lithium nitrate
- lithium hydroxide lithium hydroxide
- lithium fluoride lithium fluoride
- the present invention provides a process for producing concrete and mortars which are stabilized against alkali-silica reactivity from alkali containing components.
- lithium bearing ores and ore concentrates are treated to impart lithium release properties thereto and added as a component of concrete.
- the use of treated lithium bearing ores can mitigate (minimize and/or substantially eliminate) ASR that can occur in the resultant concrete. This is turn can minimize and/or prevent deterioration of concrete from ASR.
- Lithium is relatively slowly released initially upon addition of the treated lithium bearing ores to a fluidic concrete mixture of cement, aggregate and water.
- the treated lithium bearing ores initially release less than about 10 percent of the available lithium over the course of about 14 days. This can prevent or minimize the ASR mitigating lithium compounds being bound in the hydration compounds, and thus loss of the ASR mitigating component, during cement hydration, which occurs early in the age of concrete.
- the majority of cement hydration typically occurs within twenty-four hours of initiating the process, and by one month, the bulk of the hydration that the concrete will experience has occurred. Since ASR is generally a relatively slow reaction that can develop over a period of months and even years, releasing lithium slowly after much of the hydration has occurred is a significant advantage.
- lithium is initially slowly released into the concrete, over time, sufficient lithium is released to provide an ASR mitigating effect.
- about 25 to about 40% of the available lithium is released.
- lithium-bearing ores include siliceous materials which are pozzolanic by nature.
- lithium bearing ores are less expensive than lithium salts (which require extracting and purifying lithium from the ores) .
- less lithium is required to inhibit ASR in the resultant concrete than purified forms of lithium because, as discussed above, the lithium is released slowly and after much of cement hydration has occurred.
- the present invention also includes mineral admixtures, concrete and mortar which include the treated lithium bearing ore as a component.
- Lithium bearing ores and ore concentrates useful in practicing the invention include, but are not limited to, lithium aluminum silicates, such as spodumene (Li 2 0-A1 2 0 3 - 4Si0 2 ) , petalite (Li 2 0-Al 2 0 3 - 8Si0 2 ) , eucryptite (Li 2 0- Al 2 0 3 - 2Si0 2 ) , lithium aluminum phosphate ores, such as amblygonite (LiF-AlP0 4 ) , deliberatelybrasite, lepidolite, lithium-bearing clays, and mixtures thereof.
- lithium aluminum silicates such as spodumene (Li 2 0-A1 2 0 3 - 4Si0 2 )
- petalite Li 2 0-Al 2 0 3 - 8Si0 2
- lithium bearing ore concentrate refers to lithium bearing ores which have been treated (beneficiated) to concentrate the lithium bearing mineral.
- lithium bearing ores refers to both beneficiated and non-beneficiated lithium bearing ores.
- the lithium bearing ore is treated to impart lithium release properties to the ore when the ore is included as a component of concrete.
- untreated lithium bearing ores do not exhibit lithium release properties, as demonstrated by the examples below.
- the lithium bearing ore is heated to effect a phase change in the structure of the ore, referred to generally in the art as "decrepitating.”
- naturally occurring lithium bearing ore generally exists in an "alpha" configuration (for example, “alpha-spodumene” ) .
- alpha-spodumene for example, "alpha-spodumene”
- Lithium bearing ores can be decrepitated by heating the ore at a temperature sufficient and for a time sufficient to produce the phase change, for example, for spodumene, at a temperature of at least about 900°C, preferably at least about 1000°C, for at least about an hour, or longer.
- the lithium bearing ore can be decrepitated at varying temperatures and times, depending upon factors such as elements present in the ore other than lithium, the crystalline structure of the ore, and the like, and such conditions can be readily determined by the skilled artisan.
- Other techniques also can be used to treat the lithium bearing ore to impart lithium release properties thereto.
- the inventors have found that addition of treated lithium bearing ore to a fluid concrete mixture or composition can result in the slow release of lithium into the concrete over time.
- the treated lithium bearing ores initially release less than about 10 percent of the available lithium (total amount of lithium present in the ore) over the course of about 14 days.
- sufficient lithium is released to provide an ASR mitigating effect.
- the treated lithium bearing ores are added to the concrete mixture in an amount effective to mitigate the detrimental effects of ASR.
- lithium bearing ores are added to a concrete mixture in an amount between about 0.1% to about 60%, more preferably about 1% to about 40%, and most preferably about 5% to about 25%, by weight, based on the dry weight of the cement component of the concrete.
- Na0 2 + 0.658 x K 2 0 of about 0.01:1 to about 10:1 in the concrete mixture, preferably about 1:10 to about 5:1, and more preferably about 0.5:1 to about 2:1.
- cement refers to, but is not limited to, hydraulic and alite cements, such as Portland cement; blended cements, such as Portland cement blended with fly ash, blast-furnace slag, pozzolans, and the like, and mixtures thereof; masonry cement; oil well cement; natural cement; alumina cement; expansive cements, and the like, and mixtures thereof.
- the cement is present in the fluid concrete mixture in an amount between about 5% to about 20% by weight based on the total weight of the concrete mixture.
- Aggregates can include, but are not limited to natural and crushed quarried aggregate, sand, recycled concrete aggregate, glass, and the like, as well as mixtures thereof. Aggregate is present in the fluid concrete mixture in an amount between about 75% to about 95% by weight, based on the total weight of the concrete mixture.
- the fluid concrete mixture also includes water, in an amount ranging from about 2% to about 10% by weight based on the total weight of the mixture.
- the fluid concrete mixture also can include other materials as known in the art for imparting various properties to concrete, including, but not limited to, air-entraining admixtures, water reducing admixtures, accelerating admixtures, pozzolans, such as, but not limited to, fly ash, metakaolin, and silica fume, and the like. These agents can be present in conventional amounts .
- the present invention also includes mortar compositions, which generally are similar in composition to concrete, except that mortar is typically made with sand as the sole aggregate, in contrast to concrete which include ⁇ larger aggregates. Sand in this sense is aggregate of about 3/8" and smaller in diameter.
- the present invention also provides for the addition of such treated lithium bearing ores to cement, which is in turn mixed with other suitable components to form concrete.
- the treated lithium bearing ores can be added to the cement for example by blending or intergrinding the treated ore with cement .
- spodumene ore concentrate and decrepitated spodumene ore concentrate were placed in a simulated concrete pore solution at room temperature and samples analyzed for lithium for two months.
- the simulated pore solution was as follows (weight %) : 0.2% Ca(OH) 2 , 1.0% NaOH, 2.45% KOH, and 96.35% deionized water.
- the following table gives the results in ppm lithium: Days Ore Concentrate Decrepitated Ore
- U.S. Patent No. 3,331,695 reports intergrinding spodumene with a portland cement to produce a cement that has accelerated strength gain.
- the pozzalonic effect reported in the ' 695 patent is believed to result from siliceous materials which are present in spodumene (about 60% silica) , which are known it the art to be pozzolonic in nature. Little lithium is released by this type of usage, and thus does not contribute to the pozzolonic effect.
- JP 62278151 reports reducing ASR by admixing lithium ores into concrete. Again, however, the effect is due to the pozzolanic nature of the material, not to its lithium release.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Silicates, Zeolites, And Molecular Sieves (AREA)
- Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
- Silicon Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU71550/96A AU715970B2 (en) | 1995-09-08 | 1996-09-06 | Concrete compositions and processes for controlling alkali-silica reaction in same |
EP96932965A EP0848690A1 (en) | 1995-09-08 | 1996-09-06 | Concrete compositions and processes for controlling alkali-silica reaction in same |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US347595P | 1995-09-08 | 1995-09-08 | |
US60/003,475 | 1995-09-08 | ||
US70955396A | 1996-09-06 | 1996-09-06 | |
US08/709,553 | 1996-09-06 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997009282A1 true WO1997009282A1 (en) | 1997-03-13 |
Family
ID=26671800
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1996/014326 WO1997009282A1 (en) | 1995-09-08 | 1996-09-06 | Concrete compositions and processes for controlling alkali-silica reaction in same |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0848690A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU715970B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2231183A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997009282A1 (en) |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0824507A1 (en) * | 1995-05-10 | 1998-02-25 | W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Control of expansion in concrete due to alkali silica reaction |
US5803960A (en) * | 1997-01-17 | 1998-09-08 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Glass formula for avoiding ASR |
US5810921A (en) * | 1997-03-03 | 1998-09-22 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Use of waste glass in concrete |
JP2001206750A (en) * | 2000-01-24 | 2001-07-31 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Sludge reducing material, centrifugally formed body made using the same and method for manufacturing the body |
US6500254B1 (en) | 2000-06-30 | 2002-12-31 | Fmc Corporation | Cements including lithium glass compositions |
GB2444926A (en) * | 2006-12-18 | 2008-06-25 | Robert John Bracher | Coating material containing a lithium-containing silicate mineral |
EP2345626A1 (en) * | 2010-01-15 | 2011-07-20 | Sika Technology AG | Coated additive for concrete production |
RU2513873C1 (en) * | 2013-01-15 | 2014-04-20 | Юлия Алексеевна Щепочкина | Mixture for making porous aggregate |
WO2020192916A1 (en) * | 2019-03-27 | 2020-10-01 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Method for reducing or avoiding alkali-aggregate reaction in set concrete |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3331695A (en) | 1964-06-23 | 1967-07-18 | Grace W R & Co | Spodumene accelerated portland cement |
JPS62278151A (en) | 1986-05-28 | 1987-12-03 | 日産化学工業株式会社 | Degradation prevention of set concrete |
WO1993012052A1 (en) * | 1991-12-19 | 1993-06-24 | Aston Material Services Limited | Improvements in and relating to treatments for concrete |
WO1996035648A1 (en) * | 1995-05-10 | 1996-11-14 | W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Control of expansion in concrete due to alkali silica reaction |
-
1996
- 1996-09-06 WO PCT/US1996/014326 patent/WO1997009282A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-09-06 CA CA002231183A patent/CA2231183A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-09-06 EP EP96932965A patent/EP0848690A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-09-06 AU AU71550/96A patent/AU715970B2/en not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3331695A (en) | 1964-06-23 | 1967-07-18 | Grace W R & Co | Spodumene accelerated portland cement |
JPS62278151A (en) | 1986-05-28 | 1987-12-03 | 日産化学工業株式会社 | Degradation prevention of set concrete |
WO1993012052A1 (en) * | 1991-12-19 | 1993-06-24 | Aston Material Services Limited | Improvements in and relating to treatments for concrete |
WO1996035648A1 (en) * | 1995-05-10 | 1996-11-14 | W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Control of expansion in concrete due to alkali silica reaction |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
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CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 108, no. 16, 18 April 1988, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. 136783p, XP000157870 * |
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, vol. 120, no. 24, 13 June 1994, Columbus, Ohio, US; abstract no. 305949c, XP000494068 * |
D. STARK ET AL.: "Strategic Highway Research Program, SHRP-C-343", 1993, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, article "Eliminating or minimizing alkali-silica reactivity" |
P.P.HUDEC ET AL.: "Chemical treatments and additives for controlling alkali reactivity", CEM. CONCR. COMPOS., vol. 15, no. 1-2, 1993, pages 21 - 26 * |
Cited By (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0824507A4 (en) * | 1995-05-10 | 1999-09-01 | Grace W R & Co | Control of expansion in concrete due to alkali silica reaction |
EP0824507A1 (en) * | 1995-05-10 | 1998-02-25 | W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | Control of expansion in concrete due to alkali silica reaction |
US5803960A (en) * | 1997-01-17 | 1998-09-08 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Glass formula for avoiding ASR |
US5810921A (en) * | 1997-03-03 | 1998-09-22 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Use of waste glass in concrete |
JP4642177B2 (en) * | 2000-01-24 | 2011-03-02 | 電気化学工業株式会社 | Sludge reducing material, centrifugal molded body using the same, and manufacturing method thereof |
JP2001206750A (en) * | 2000-01-24 | 2001-07-31 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Sludge reducing material, centrifugally formed body made using the same and method for manufacturing the body |
US6500254B1 (en) | 2000-06-30 | 2002-12-31 | Fmc Corporation | Cements including lithium glass compositions |
GB2444926A (en) * | 2006-12-18 | 2008-06-25 | Robert John Bracher | Coating material containing a lithium-containing silicate mineral |
EP2345626A1 (en) * | 2010-01-15 | 2011-07-20 | Sika Technology AG | Coated additive for concrete production |
WO2011086095A1 (en) | 2010-01-15 | 2011-07-21 | Sika Technology Ag | Coated aggregate for producing concrete |
US8653163B2 (en) | 2010-01-15 | 2014-02-18 | Sika Technology Ag | Coated aggregate for producing concrete |
RU2513873C1 (en) * | 2013-01-15 | 2014-04-20 | Юлия Алексеевна Щепочкина | Mixture for making porous aggregate |
WO2020192916A1 (en) * | 2019-03-27 | 2020-10-01 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Method for reducing or avoiding alkali-aggregate reaction in set concrete |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU7155096A (en) | 1997-03-27 |
EP0848690A1 (en) | 1998-06-24 |
AU715970B2 (en) | 2000-02-10 |
CA2231183A1 (en) | 1997-03-13 |
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