WO1996015333A1 - Structural frame - Google Patents
Structural frame Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1996015333A1 WO1996015333A1 PCT/US1995/013614 US9513614W WO9615333A1 WO 1996015333 A1 WO1996015333 A1 WO 1996015333A1 US 9513614 W US9513614 W US 9513614W WO 9615333 A1 WO9615333 A1 WO 9615333A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- struts
- tetrax
- frame
- cubic
- points
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/1924—Struts specially adapted therefor
- E04B2001/1927—Struts specially adapted therefor of essentially circular cross section
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/1978—Frameworks assembled from preformed subframes, e.g. pyramids
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/1981—Three-dimensional framework structures characterised by the grid type of the outer planes of the framework
Definitions
- This invention relates in general to structures such as load bearing frames and trusses and more particularly to structures that provide an enhanced trade off between the stress that can be safely carried in relation to the amount of material required for the structure.
- This enhanced strength to weight ratio is a goal of a large number of designs including many of those proposed and constructed by Richard Buc minster Fuller.
- failure occurs because of a failure in tension rather than in compression.
- the loads imposed primarily induce compressive stress in the material, that stress is resolved within the material by vectors which introduce tension.
- a dome subject to load will tend to deflect in such a fashion as to introduce tension along the trusses that constitute the dome. Failure will occur because of a failure in tension.
- This invention is in a framework type of structure composed of a plurality of struts.
- Each strut is ideally equal in length and is deployed in such a fashion as to cause the stress applied to the structure to be resolved within the structure in a way that minimizes the creation of tensile stress.
- the set of struts can be analyzed as a plurality of interconnected sets of building blocks. These building blocks which when interconnected constitute the framework of this invention can be looked at in three different ways. That is, depending upon where one breaks apart the set of struts which constitutes the framework of the invention, one can end up with any one of three distinctly different sets of building blocks. Two of these sets are true building blocks. The other is a bit more abstract in that individual struts do double duty and are considered as constituting edges of two or more of the particular sub frames involved.
- a first set is a twenty strut building block which is called by Applicant a "Unicube". It is a frame in which twelve struts define a cube. From each of the eight corners of the cube, a single strut extends outward in such a fashion as to form an equal angle with each of three adjacent edge struts of the cube. A plurality of these unicubes connected by the outboard ends of the struts which extend from the corners of the cube creates a framework or truss in accordance with the teachings of this invention.
- a second set is composed of two buildings blocks. They are tetrax frames and cubic frames.
- Each tetrax frame is the four struts which extend from the center point of a tetrahedron to the four corners of a tetrahedron.
- Each cubic frame is the twelve struts that define the edges of a cube. The outboard end of each tetrax strut is connected to the corner of a cubic frame and, correspondingly, each corner of a cubic frame is connected to the outboard end of a strut of a tetrax frame.
- eight tetrax frames will extend outwardly.
- a third set is not exactly a building block.
- the third set is the edge frame of the truncated rhombic dodecahedron (TRD) that is disclosed in detail in the referenced patent application.
- TRD truncated rhombic dodecahedron
- a structure composed of the edge struts defining a plurality of truncated rhombic dodecahedra will generate the frame of this invention.
- each edge would be common to three of these TRDs.
- the framework of this invention is a framework which constitutes the common struts so that the three edges of adjacent TRDs are represented by a single strut rather than by three parallel coincident struts.
- FIGs. 1 through 6 illustrate these three sets or building blocks. FIGs.
- FIGs. 1 and 2 show two views of a unicube.
- FIGs. 3 and 4 show the tetrax and cubic frame, respectively.
- FIGs. 5 and 6 show two views of a TRD frame.
- FIG. 5 shows an opaque TRD representing only the visible edges of the TRD.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the unicube in which the center cube is in opaque form so that only visible struts can be seen.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the actual unicube showing all twelve struts of the center cube and the eight outwardly extending corner struts.
- FIG. 3 shows two views of the four strut tetrax which is also referred to herein as the tetrax frame.
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a cubic frame; this cubic frame being the center cube of a unicube.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an opaque truncated rhombic dodecahedron (TRD) thereby representing only the visible edges of an opaque TRD.
- FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an actual TRD showing all edges thereof.
- FIG. 7 is a two dimensional aggregation of the
- FIG. 1 unicubes showing the connection of the outwardly extending struts 14 of adjacent unicubes in essentially a shell which is shallow with respect to the plane of FIG. 8
- a unicube consists of twenty equal struts connected to one another. Twelve of the struts define the edges of a cube and thus are a cubic frame. Eight of the struts extend outward from the eight corners of the cube in a direction so that each of these outwardly extending struts forms an equal angle with each of the three cubic frame struts to which it is connected.
- the twelve struts that define the cube are called cubic struts and the eight struts that extend outward from the corners of the cube are called outwardly extending struts.
- the outwardly extending struts of a single unicube each have an outer end.
- FIG. 2 illustrates a unicube.
- a cubic frame consists of a set of struts defining the twelve edges of a cube.
- a cubic frame constitutes one of two building blocks of an optimum structure of this invention. The other building block is the tetrax, defined below.
- a cubic frame is illustrated in FIG. 4. Tetrax.
- the tetrax is the four equal sized axes extending from the center point of a tetrahedron to the four corners of the tetrahedron.
- the mutual angle between any two of the struts or legs of the tetrax is 109.47°.
- a plurality of tetraxes and a plurality of cubic frames can be combined to create an optimum structural frame of the invention.
- This tetrax is also called a tetrax frame herein.
- FIG. 3 illustrates a tetrax.
- a tetrax structure is a four strut structure or building block that approximates a tetrax.
- the four struts are all connected to a common point. But the struts may not be equal in length and may deviate somewhat from the 109.47° angle between any two of the struts.
- a tetrax structure may be used as a building block in an embodiment of the invention which is less than optimum. The limits of how much a tetrax structure can deviate from a tetrax frame and still be usable in some embodiment of this invention is discussed in greater detail under the detailed description.
- Truncated Rhombic Dodecahedron (TRD .
- FIGs. l and 2 illustrate one form of the building block of this invention. It is referred to herein as a unicube 10. As shown in FIG. 1, there are twelve struts 12 which form the edges of a cube. There are eight struts 14 which extend outward from the eight corners of the cube. Each outwardly extending strut 14 forms an equal angle with each of the three cube edge struts 12 that form the corner from which the strut 14 extends. The struts 14 and 12 are all equal in length.
- FIG. 1 shows the cube as opaque. Since the structure itself is a series of struts, FIG. 2 is the more accurate representation.
- the outboard ends 14E of each of the struts 14 is attached to an outboard end 14E of three other unicubes.
- FIG. 7 is designed to illustrate and suggest this arrangement. In FIG. 7 only three, not four, ends 14E are illustrated as being connected in order to provide a clearer presentation.
- FIG. 2 unicubes 10 connected by their strut ends 14E to each other will create an optimum frame embodiment of this invention. It should be noted that each end 14E is connected to three other ends 14E of three other unicubes. Thus any set of four connected unicubes will share only one common point.
- FIGs. 3 and 4 illustrate another form of the building blocks of this invention.
- One of the building blocks is a cubic frame 16 shown in FIG. 4 and the other is a tetrax frame 18 shown in FIG. 3.
- Each cubic frame consists of twelve struts 12 defining the edges of a cube.
- Each cubic frame 16 has eight corners.
- Each tetrax frame 18 is constituted by four struts 14 which comprise the corner axes of a tetrahedron.
- the four struts are equal in length, extend out from a center point 14E to which all four struts are connected and in which any two of the struts have a mutual angle of 109.47°. That is, there are six angles involved in these four struts, taking two at a time.
- Each angle has a value of 109.47°. If the four end points 14C of these four struts are considered to be the four vertices of a regular tetrahedron, then these four struts are the four lines which extend from the center of the tetrahedron to the four vertices of the tetrahedron.
- each tetrax is connected to a corner of a cubic frame and the corner of each cubic frame is connected to an end point 14C of a tetrax. Since there are four end points 14C to each tetrax and eight corners to a cubic frame, there are twice as many tetrax frames as there are cubic frames in the structure of this invention.
- the tetrax frame is a true tetrax in which each strut is equal in length and has internal angles of 109.47°.
- the internal angle is the angle between any two of the four struts. Relation Between Unicube. Cubic Frame and Tetrax.
- Each strut 14 of a tetrax is an outwardly extending strut of a unicube in the assembled structure.
- FIG. 7 may aid in seeing this relationship.
- the same reference number "14" is used for the struts.
- the cubic struts 12 of the unicube are the cubic frame 16 in the assembled structure.
- the end point 14E of the strut 14 in the unicube is the center point of the tetrax struts.
- the end point 14C of the tetrax struts is the corner point of the cubic frame 16.
- center point of the cubic frames 16 is the center point of the cubes of the unicube.
- the center point of all of the cubic frames 16 is a set of points having a relationship to each other such that each member of this set of center points will be equal distant from the twelve neighboring members of the set of points. This relationship is important because that set of points must always be spaced from the set of struts 12, 14 so as to avoid transmission of forces along a strut through those points. By avoiding the transmission of forces through the set of center points, the forces are steered in such a fashion as to minimize the development of tension.
- tetrax structure is used herein to refer to a four strut structure based on the tetrax 18 but having less than ideal equal length struts and/or less than ideal internal angles.
- a tetrax structure is a tetrax modelled structure that provides a significant improvement in the stress steering.
- FIG. 7 illustrates a panel approximately two unicubes deep constructed in accordance with the teachings of this invention.
- This network of struts 12, 14 can be used to produce a number of a wide range of building structures such as a wall truss, a floor truss, a dome and an arch as well as many other structural components.
- the structures can be made extremely light compared to comparable structures made by other techniques because they resolve loads in terms of compression rather than in terms of tension. Thus the structures take full advantage of the high compressive strength to weight ratios as opposed to much lower tensile strength to weight ratios.
- the struts can be made of any suitable material such as steel, aluminum, fiber, reinforced plastic or ordinary plastic struts.
- the strut material as well as its length and cross-sectional size will be a function of the particular design requirements of the structure, involved.
- the struts can be joined to one another using any known technique such as bolting, welding, or being cast as integral cubic and tetrax building blocks.
- the surface of the structural frame created in accordance with this invention would normally be closed and preferably smooth in some sense.
- the struts 12 or 14 will connect to some structure that is not part of the structural frame of this invention.
- the framework of this invention steers stresses due to loads in such a fashion as to minimize the development of tension and resolve these stresses as stresses in compression.
- the TRD is a closed structure having six square frames and twelve hexagon frames. Pairs of these square frames and pairs of the hexagon frames are parallel to one another. All edges are exactly equal in length.
- the set of struts 12, 14 that form an optimum embodiment of this invention (that is, true cubic frames and tetraxes with all equal struts) will also define TRDs.
- the TRDs are not strictly building blocks because each strut 12 and 14 will be common to three TRDs.
- additional reinforcing struts that do not conform to the pattern of the struts described above will normally provide no useful benefit and will usually result in some degradation from optimum performance.
- a diagonal strut along the surface of the cubic frame 16 might appear to provide additional rigidity and strength.
- Applicant believes that the main result of such an additional strut would be to deflect the optimum force steering created by the struts 12, 14 of this invention and thereby increase the development of tension in certain strut members. At the best such additional struts would provide no improvement in reducing tension yet create additional cost and weight.
- additional struts that go through the center of the cubic frames 16 or through points defined by the center of the cubic frames would undercut the objectives of this structure by causing forces to be resolved in a fashion that would tend to increase the tension developed rather than minimize the tension.
- the tetrax and cubic frame strut building blocks are so connected that each end point of a tetrax leg or strut is connected to a corner of a cubic frame strut and each corner of a cubic frame strut is connected to an end point of a tetrax strut.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
- Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
- Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
- Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
- Door And Window Frames Mounted To Openings (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Audible-Bandwidth Dynamoelectric Transducers Other Than Pickups (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP51607596A JP3773952B2 (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1995-10-20 | Structural frame |
AT95937593T ATE237044T1 (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1995-10-20 | CONSTRUCTION FRAME |
EP95937593A EP0743999B1 (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1995-10-20 | Structural frame |
CA002180638A CA2180638C (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1995-10-20 | Structural frame |
AU39658/95A AU700621B2 (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1995-10-20 | Structural frame |
DE69530287T DE69530287T2 (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1995-10-20 | CONSTRUCTION FRAME |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/338,408 US5615528A (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1994-11-14 | Stress steering structure |
US08/338,408 | 1994-11-14 | ||
US08/399,048 | 1995-03-08 | ||
US08/399,048 US5660003A (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1995-03-08 | Structural frame based on plurality of tetrax structures |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1996015333A1 true WO1996015333A1 (en) | 1996-05-23 |
Family
ID=26991179
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1995/013614 WO1996015333A1 (en) | 1994-11-14 | 1995-10-20 | Structural frame |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0743999B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3773952B2 (en) |
CN (2) | CN1074490C (en) |
AT (1) | ATE237044T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU700621B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2180638C (en) |
DE (1) | DE69530287T2 (en) |
IL (1) | IL115937A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1996015333A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2011931A1 (en) * | 2006-04-21 | 2009-01-07 | Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. | Three-dimensional tube building structure |
EP2716828A1 (en) * | 2012-10-02 | 2014-04-09 | FESTO AG & Co. KG | Lightweight construction structure |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109162347B (en) * | 2018-10-12 | 2023-09-26 | 北京科技大学 | Method for modularly constructing tension integral structure |
CN109853725A (en) * | 2018-12-12 | 2019-06-07 | 南京工业大学 | Self-control energy dissipation element suitable for unbonded prestressed concrete frame |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3139959A (en) * | 1961-06-12 | 1964-07-07 | United Aircraft Corp | Construction arrangement |
US3354591A (en) * | 1964-12-07 | 1967-11-28 | Fuller Richard Buckminster | Octahedral building truss |
DE2159969A1 (en) * | 1970-12-17 | 1972-07-06 | National Aeronautics And Space Administration, Washington, D.C. | Unfoldable or foldable space grille |
WO1981000130A1 (en) * | 1979-07-03 | 1981-01-22 | Allied Chem | Structural element,tetrahedral truss constructed therefrom and method of construction |
WO1989004902A1 (en) * | 1987-11-24 | 1989-06-01 | Huang Yen T | Modular space framed earthquake resistant structure |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4809146A (en) * | 1986-04-07 | 1989-02-28 | Johnson David W | Enclosure with interlocking frame joints |
US5125206A (en) * | 1987-08-27 | 1992-06-30 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Truss structure |
-
1995
- 1995-10-20 AT AT95937593T patent/ATE237044T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-10-20 AU AU39658/95A patent/AU700621B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1995-10-20 JP JP51607596A patent/JP3773952B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-10-20 EP EP95937593A patent/EP0743999B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-10-20 CN CN95191596.7A patent/CN1074490C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-10-20 DE DE69530287T patent/DE69530287T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-10-20 CA CA002180638A patent/CA2180638C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-10-20 WO PCT/US1995/013614 patent/WO1996015333A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1995-11-09 IL IL11593795A patent/IL115937A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2001
- 2001-04-12 CN CNB011165383A patent/CN1179104C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3139959A (en) * | 1961-06-12 | 1964-07-07 | United Aircraft Corp | Construction arrangement |
US3354591A (en) * | 1964-12-07 | 1967-11-28 | Fuller Richard Buckminster | Octahedral building truss |
DE2159969A1 (en) * | 1970-12-17 | 1972-07-06 | National Aeronautics And Space Administration, Washington, D.C. | Unfoldable or foldable space grille |
WO1981000130A1 (en) * | 1979-07-03 | 1981-01-22 | Allied Chem | Structural element,tetrahedral truss constructed therefrom and method of construction |
WO1989004902A1 (en) * | 1987-11-24 | 1989-06-01 | Huang Yen T | Modular space framed earthquake resistant structure |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2011931A1 (en) * | 2006-04-21 | 2009-01-07 | Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. | Three-dimensional tube building structure |
EP2011931A4 (en) * | 2006-04-21 | 2009-04-15 | Sekisui Chemical Co Ltd | Three-dimensional tube building structure |
EP2716828A1 (en) * | 2012-10-02 | 2014-04-09 | FESTO AG & Co. KG | Lightweight construction structure |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0743999A1 (en) | 1996-11-27 |
CN1074490C (en) | 2001-11-07 |
ATE237044T1 (en) | 2003-04-15 |
IL115937A (en) | 1999-11-30 |
JP3773952B2 (en) | 2006-05-10 |
DE69530287T2 (en) | 2004-02-12 |
AU3965895A (en) | 1996-06-06 |
CN1179104C (en) | 2004-12-08 |
EP0743999B1 (en) | 2003-04-09 |
CA2180638A1 (en) | 1996-05-23 |
DE69530287D1 (en) | 2003-05-15 |
CN1312419A (en) | 2001-09-12 |
CN1140479A (en) | 1997-01-15 |
IL115937A0 (en) | 1996-01-31 |
CA2180638C (en) | 2007-07-31 |
JPH09507889A (en) | 1997-08-12 |
AU700621B2 (en) | 1999-01-07 |
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