US5543054A - Method and apparatus for covalent immobilization of charge- conjugated carbohydrate molecules - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for covalent immobilization of charge- conjugated carbohydrate molecules Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US5543054A US5543054A US08/157,805 US15780593A US5543054A US 5543054 A US5543054 A US 5543054A US 15780593 A US15780593 A US 15780593A US 5543054 A US5543054 A US 5543054A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- membrane
- charged
- epichlorohydrin
- composite membrane
- carbohydrate
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- Expired - Lifetime
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
- Y10T436/25375—Liberation or purification of sample or separation of material from a sample [e.g., filtering, centrifuging, etc.]
- Y10T436/255—Liberation or purification of sample or separation of material from a sample [e.g., filtering, centrifuging, etc.] including use of a solid sorbent, semipermeable membrane, or liquid extraction
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to the analysis of molecules.
- the invention is a novel immobilization technique and substrate wherein a normally electrically-neutral macromolecule is subjected to a chromatographic or electrophoretic separation in the form of a charged conjugate, followed by covalent attachment to a surface. The retained molecule may then be tested utilizing a variety of probing strategies employing specific bioaffinity molecules. More particularly, the invention relates to covalent immobilization of charge-conjugated carbohydrate molecules to a blotting membrane and subsequent determination of activity or structure.
- Immobilization of macromolecules on a solid-phase support matrix is a technique which has seen widespread use in affinity applications. Most affinity applications require that the molecule or ligand of interest react with the solid phase surface covalently. In most cases the solid phase surfaces are in the form of chromatographic supports, i.e., beads or particles. Affinity Chromatography. A Practical Approach, P. D. G. Dean, ed, IRL press. Porous membrane substrates have been reported, i.e., diazo activated cellulose (Alwine, J. C., Kemp, D. J. and Stark, G. R., Proc. Natl. Acad SIC U.S.A.
- Covalent immobilization on several blotting surfaces is known. Examples include activated paper (TransBindTM, Schleicher & Schuell Ltd., Keene, N.H. ) carbodimidazole-actived hydrogel-coated PVDF membrane (Immobilon-IAVTM, Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.), activated nylon (BioDyneTM, Pall Corp., (Glen Cove, N.Y.), DVS- and cyanogen bromide-activated nitrocellulose.
- activated paper TransBindTM, Schleicher & Schuell Ltd., Keene, N.H.
- carbodimidazole-actived hydrogel-coated PVDF membrane Immobilon-IAVTM, Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.
- activated nylon BioDyneTM, Pall Corp., (Glen Cove, N.Y.
- DVS- and cyanogen bromide-activated nitrocellulose include
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,512,896 (Gershoni), Transfer of Macromolecules from a Chromatographic Substrate to an Immobilizing Matrix, discloses a charge-modified hydrophilic porous membrane used to immobilize blotted macromolecules.
- the preferred membrane material is nylon, and the surface is modified with Hercules R-4308 or Polycup 172, 2002, or 1884.
- the epoxide group is used to link the surface-modifying agent to the polymer surface, the usual method of binding the polymer coating to the membrane surface. No examples of permanent or covalent attachment of macromolecules are disclosed.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,004,543 discloses a cross-linked cationic charge-modifying polymer coating on a hydrophobic microporous polymer membrane substrate.
- the coating has fixed formal positive charge groups and halohydrin groups.
- the coated membrane is produced by contacting the membrane with an aqueous alkaline organic solution of the polymer Hercules R-4308. Again, no examples of macromolecule blotting are shown.
- modified carbohydrates to membranes is an area of active interest, as shown by the following discussion.
- a molecule or ligand successfully retained on a solid phase surface is available to form biospecific or affinity interaction with other macromolecules for the purposes of, for example, purification, chemical modification, or confirmation of biological activity.
- the retained molecule or ligand is then subjected to testing techniques with various labeled protein compounds.
- Antibodies may be used to identify specific proteins.
- lectins may be used to uniquely identify the adsorbed carbohydrate.
- the carbohydrate structure of a glycoprotein can have a significant effect upon its biological activity. That is, the oligosacchafides can affect the protein's antigenicity, stability, solubility and tertiary structure.
- the carbohydrate side-chains also can influence the protein's half-life and target it to receptors on the appropriate cells.
- the carbohydrate residues can affect both inter- and intra-cellular recognition. The sugar groups thus can control the relative effectiveness of a therapeutic protein when administrated to a patient.
- saccharides may vary from a single monosaccharide to highly branched structures containing over 30 monosaccharide residues.
- the determination of a monosaccharide sequence in such an oligosaccharide involves determining the order and branching pattern of the monosaccharide residues, the orientation of each glycosidic linkage ( ⁇ or ⁇ ) and the linkage between the various monosaccharides, i.e. 1 ⁇ 3, 1 ⁇ 4, etc.
- the '231 and '731 patents are directed to a method of separating and analyzing saccharides by reacting saccharides with ANSA ('231) or more broadly, charge-generating and fiuorescing moities ('731 ), separating the conjugates on a gel, electroblotting the conjugates onto a nylon membrane, and probing the membrane-bound saccharide conjugates.
- Binding to the membrane is apparently difficult, because the charged ANSA tag was deficient in holding the neutral oligo-saccharide, and a secondary polyisobutylene methylmethacrylate polymer matrix was used to overcoat the adsorbed conjugates to bring about the necessary retention.
- the previously mentioned '337 patent is directed to a method for separating and detecting saccharides by first reacting saccharides with a tri-functional compound, electrophoresing them, electroblotting them onto a nylon membrane, and then activating the light-sensitive azido group of the conjugate, which allows covalent binding to the nylon membrane.
- the tri-functional compound is a modified ANSA having an azido group at the 5, 6, 7, or 8 positions.
- the conjugate is attached to the membrane through light-activation of an azido group on the ANSA molecule.
- the molecule not the membrane, is activated. Also, these molecules are very light sensitive and have short shelf-lives.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,205,917 is directed to fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE) used in a method of medical diagnosis.
- FACE carbohydrate electrophoresis
- ANTS-carbohydrate derivatives are electrophoresed and recorded via charge-coupled device detector (CCD), or electroblotted onto nylon or nitrocellulose membranes.
- CCD charge-coupled device detector
- ANTS-carbohydrate analyses of individuals with glycoconjugate metabolic diseases are compared against normal people. This method does not attempt or result in covalent immobilization, and is directed to identification of metabolic disorders by comparison of patterns of electrophoresed carbohydrates.
- Patent Cooperation Publication Application No. WO 91/05265 (Jackson) is directed to the use of a polymer membrane to blot electrophoresed ANTS-carbohydrate conjugates which have been run on an electrophoresis gel.
- Immobilon-NTM (Millipore Corporation), a cationically-coated PVDF membrane, is used to electroblot PAGE-separated ANTS-labeled sugars. The adsorption mechanism is believed to be electrostatic.
- Applicants have developed a novel method and membrane for covalently binding modified carbohydrates to a membrane.
- the invention is directed to a method for covalent immobilization of a carbohydrate molecule with an oppositely charged surface, including the steps of adsorbing by ionic attraction the carbohydrate molecule to the oppositely charged surface in proximity to reactive moieties bound to the charged surface; and then activating the membrane-bound moiety sufficiently for covalent attachment to the adsorbed carbohydrate molecule.
- normally neutral carbohydrates are charged by covalent conjugation with a charged fluorophore, preferably sulfonated aminonaphthalene, particularly 8-aminonapthalene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid (ANTS).
- a charged fluorophore preferably sulfonated aminonaphthalene, particularly 8-aminonapthalene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid (ANTS).
- the carbohydrate is a reducing oligosaccharide, and may be a glycan released from a glycoconjugate source.
- the oppositely-charged surface may be a porous polymer, particularly Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) or ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UPE), coated with a polyamido-polyamine epichlorohydrin resin, more particularly Hercules R-4308TM.
- the charged surface may also be a non-porous surface such as a polymer film.
- Another embodiment of the invention is a specially-prepared hydrophobic microporous polymer membrane coated with a cross-linked cationic polymer having fixed formal charge groups thereon, the coating having enhanced expoxide content for covalent immobilization of an oppositely-charged carbohydrate molecule, and having moieties for covalent immobilization of an oppositely carbohydrate molecule.
- the polymer membrane is UPE or PVDF coated with a polyamido-polyamine epichlorohydrin cationic resin, such as Hercules R-4308TM. This results in the surface having cationic charge groups on it.
- the moieties are epichlorohydrin groups, from which are formed epoxide groups by the introduction of bases such as sodium or ammonium hydoxide. Special steps are taken during the membrane's manufacture to maximize the amount of epichlorohydrin present on its surface.
- Another embodiment of the invention is a method for preparing the previously described polymer membrane, comprising the steps of contacting a hydrophobic microporous polymer membrane with an alkaline solution of a polymer of polyamido-polyamine epichlorohydrin, the solution having less than a stoichiometric amount of alkaline agent to enhance the epoxide potential of the membrane; then crosslinking the polymer by a combination of alkali and heat or electron-beam radiation; and lastly curing the membrane. Maximization of the epoxide potential of the coated membrane is achieved by using none (electron beam) or a stoichiometrically minimal amount of base such that epichlorohydrin content of the membrane is maximized.
- a further embodiment of this invention is a method for determining the sequence-specific structure of a carbohydrate, comprising the steps of (a) releasing a carbohydrate from a carbohydrate source molecule whereby a free aldehydic carbohydrate is available; (b) conjugating the free aldehydic carbohydrate to a charge-bearing aminoflurophore; (c) transferring the conjugated carbohydrate to a hydrophobic microporous polymer membrane coated with a crosslinked, cationic polymer having fixed charges thereon, the coating having enhanced epoxide content for covalent immobilization of an oppositely-charged carbohydrate molecule; (d) activating the membrane thereby covalently immobilizing said adsorbed conjugated carbohydrate;(e) identifying a terminal or side-chain saccharide by subjecting the carbohydrate to an enzymatic identification procedure; and (f) repeating step (e) until a desired portion of the structure of the carbohydrate is determined.
- kits for determining the structure of a carbohydrate, compartmentalized to receive in close confinement comprise in combination: (a) a hydrophobic microporous polymer membrane coated with a cross-linked, cationic polymer having fixed charges thereon, the coating having enhanced epoxide content for covalent immobilization of an oppositely-charged carbohydrate molecule; (b) a reaction vessel; (c) at least one charged aminofiuorophore reagent; and d) enzymes for clipping carbohydrate molecules.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic of the reactants of the invention involved in the carbohydrate-ANTS conjugation reaction pathway.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a proposed theoretical reaction pathway of the covalent immobilization of the charge-conjugated carbohydrate to the membrane of the invention.
- FIG. 3 is a photo of a gel wherein the conjugated oligosaccharides are separated from each other in different bands along the length of the gel.
- a Wheat Starch Ladder is separated in lanes 1, 4 and 7.
- Fibrinogen a glycoprotein having four different oliogosaccharides, is separated in lanes 2 and 5.
- Mono- and di-sialated fractions from lane 2 are shown in lanes 3 and 6, respectively.
- FIG. 4 is a capillary electrophoretogram of absorbance versus minutes for a run separatingwheat-starch ladder polymers and Fibrinagen-derived aligosaccharides. Total ANTS-fibrinogen oligosaccharides are shown in the lower trace, and ANTS-glucose polymers are shown in the upper trace.
- FIG. 5A shows the structural formula of AMAC (2-aminoacridone), the primary amine used in FIG. 5B, a graph of base used in membrane manufacture vs. relative fluorescence.
- FIG. 6 is a resolved fluorescent band pattern.
- Panel A is a gel containing a wheat starch hydrolysate, clearly resolved into a series of bands of increasing polymer size.
- Panel B is a piece of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UPE) coated with R-4308, showing that the bands are transferred from the gel of Panel A to the membrane surface of Panel B by passive diffusion.
- Panel C is a photograph of the gel showing no fluorescence remaining in the gel after transfer.
- Panels D and E, D being having been treated with water (control) and E activated with base (test) show that the control and test pieces have the same fluorescent band pattern as they had before their respective treatments.
- Panels F and G are the same membranes as Panels D and E after washing with 2% aqueous NaCl salt solution for 2 hours. Panel F shows the washing off of the adsorbed wheat starch conjugates.
- FIG. 7 panel A is a photograph of a gel containing a resolved fluorescent band pattern corresponding to conjugated tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and heptamers of N-acetylglucosamine oligomers.
- Panel B is a membrane (UPE-R4308 treated) displaying lectin binding to the full series of N-acetylglucosamine oligomers.
- the nylon membrane (Panel C) showed a very high background density with bands only weakly visible.
- FIG. 8 is a pictograph of the use of this invention to sequence an oligosaccharide. Depicted are the membranes of this invention, UltrafreeTM reaction vessels, and PAGE analysis.
- FIG. 9 is a standard monosaccharide ladder shown with prophetic gels depicting the expected pattern of monosaccharides released from complex glycan structures shown in the right portion of the Figure.
- the invention is directed to a method for covalent immobilization of a carbohydrate molecule with an oppositely charged surface, comprising the steps of first adsorbing the carbohydrate molecule to the oppositely charged surface in proximity to reactive moieties bound to the charged surface; and then activating the moiety sufficiently for covalent attachment to the adsorbed carbohydrate molecule.
- the invention encompasses a broad scope of membranes, charge-carrying coatings, charge-bearing derivative molecules, and carbohydrate types.
- oligosaccharide molecule is shown in the top left corner, prior to derivatization. Oligosaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides, typically joined through their 1- or 4-hydroxyl groups, as shown. The oligosaccharide shown may have been released from some source molecule such as a proteoglycan.
- the top fight corner of FIG. 1 depicts the most preferred charge-beating derivative molecule of this invention, which is from the sulfonated aminonaphthalene class of fluorophores.
- ANTS (8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid) reacts with the released oligosaccharide in the presence of the reducing agent sodium cyanoborohydride to reductively aminate the terminal saccharide, leading to the ANTS-glycan conjugate shown in the lower portion of FIG. 1.
- the invention encompasses two main steps, adsorption and activation, both of which cover a broad range of interactions, but which together form a specific sequence of events. Not wishing to be bound by any particular theory of the invention, the following may explain the observed mechanism.
- the membrane left is coated with Hercules R-4308 polymer, some of which contains a positively-charged amido-chlorohydrin moiety (depicted).
- the oppositely charged carbohydrate molecules [ANTS-glycan conjugate (3 - )] and quaternary ammonium (1 + ) are given the opportunity to contact one another, and in so doing they adhere to each other by an electrostatic or ionic mechanism.
- This mechanism is believed to be responsible for temporarily attaching the ANTS-glycan conjugate molecules to the substrate surface. Being noncovalent, however, the ions are dissociable, and will separate to some degree in the presence of competing polar and electrostatic forces. It is presently believed that it is this electrostatic association that brings the adsorbed species into extremely close contact. Other attractive forces may contribute to this adsorption, including hydrophobic interactions. Any chemical reaction producing a covalent bond between these molecules will proceed at its fastest and most efficient rate due to this spatial arrangement, because the rate of a chemical reaction depends on, among other things, the frequency of collisions with the proper steric orientation, and the concentration of the reactants, to produce the chemical reaction. Both factors are optimized due to the electrostatic association: the reacting functionalities are in close proximity and the local concentration of reactants is extremely high.
- the activation mechanism proceeds as follows: The activation of the surface moiety is depicted by the arrow.
- base in this instance 0.1M NaOH
- the epichlorohydrin moiety internally cyclizes to form a very reactive three-membered cyclic epoxide moiety: ##STR1##
- This epoxide contains an electrophilic methylene group, which may be attacked by the very closely-located amine.
- Step 2 depicts the final product of this base-catalyzed nucleophilic attack the glycan-ANTS-quaternary ammonium complex.
- alkalinity clearly affects the speed of the reaction
- the temperature of the membrane during the immobilization reaction also affects it. For instance, immobilization using 0.1M NaOH occurs in 15 minutes at 50° C., as compared to one hour at 24° C. Decreasing alkalinity to 0.01M NaOH at 24° C. extends the time necessary for immobilization to 48 hours instead of one hour at 0.1M. In fact, some immobilization can occur in deionized water if temperatures are elevated (70° C.) for long enough times, such as 96 hours. Thus, a combination of alkalinity and temperature may be selected to optimize the derivatization without undue experimentation, given these teachings.
- the method of the present invention is especially useful for subsequent manipulations of the oligosaccharide, including identification, sequencing, and probing with lectins or antibodies.
- DNA has a negative charge
- peptides and proteins may have either charge depending on their isoelectfic point. If a biomolecule is uncharged, charge can be conferred to the molecule by conjugation to a charged material.
- carbohydrate species for which examples are given here the carbohydrate is linked to a negatively charged fluorescent chromophore by a standard reductive amination coupling reaction.
- the first step of the preferred embodiment involves conjugating the normally-neutral oligosaccharide molecules to a carbohydrate molecule. This is done in order to allow the individual saccharides to be separated from each other by electrophoretic techniques, which require that the materials being separated be charged. Any charged compound that also bears a nucleophile may be used for subsequent nucleophilic attack upon the activated membrane. It is also useful if the charged compound is fluorescent so that it may be visualized in the gel or upon the membrane during and after electrophoresis. Depending upon the type of saccharide, aminonapthalenes are a preferred group of such compounds. There are at least three closely related species.
- the compound is 1-amino-4-naphthalenesulfonic acid ("ANSA"). If two are present, the molecule is referred to as ANDA (1-aminonaphthalene-6, 8 -disulphonic acid, and three such groups (“ANTS”) is 8-aminonapthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid. The most preferred is ANTS, because it has the highest charge density, thus binding the tightest to the membrane and conferring the highest charge-to-mass ratio of the three.
- ANTS 1-amino-4-naphthalenesulfonic acid
- the ANTS molecule used in connection with the present invention has the following structural formula: ##STR2##
- the --NH 2 amino group is indicated as being in the "8" position and the three --SO 3 groups are at the 1, 3, and 6 positions of the napthalene molecule.
- the shared double bonds in each ring structure provides the fluorescent character when ANTS conjugates are exposed to U.V. light.
- Lucifer Yellow CH is a hydrazide-group-containing fluorophore that may be conjugated to oligosaccharides and electrophoresed, as reported in PCT Application No. PCT/US91/04555.
- Other bifunctional moieties capable of providing a charge and fluorescing when exposed to U.V. radiation are listed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,094,731 (Brandley, et al.), and incorporated herein by reference.
- Conjugation of the oligosaccharide to the ANTS molecule is by way of a well-characterized Schiff's Base intermediate.
- a reducing reagent such as sodium cyanoborohydride (NaCNBH 3 ) is used to stabilize this reversible, reactive intermediate.
- NaCNBH 3 sodium cyanoborohydride
- an oligosaccharide such as the released glycan shown can be conjugated to the ANTS molecule.
- the resulting ANTS-glycan may be run on an electrophoric gel to separate it from other similar ANTS-glycans that may be present. Purification of the ANTS mixture may be necessary in order to separate the ANTS compound from the conjugates. Since the reaction is run with an excess of ANTS, removal of ANTS is indicated in order to allow proper electrophoresis. The use of reverse-phase HPLC has been successful.
- oligosaccharide/ANTS conjugates After the oligosaccharide/ANTS conjugates are formed, they are subjected to standard electrophoretic techniques in robe or slab gel formats or in capillaries in order to resolve the different oligosaccharides from each other. See “Gel electrophoresis of proteins,: a practical approach," Hames etal, eds. IRL Press. Examples of systems from which resolved carbohydrate-ANTS conjugates can be transferred to solid phases include polyacrylamide gels, agarose gels, and solution-filled membranes. A good example of the former systems are the PAGE gels where ANTS conjugates of carbohydrates are separated from their mixtures by electrophoresis. These gels display fluorescent band patterns reflecting the electrophoretic mobility of distinct conjugate species.
- the slab gel separation of three distinct classes of oligosaccharides is shown.
- the electrophoretic resolution preferably utilizes a gel wherein the conjugated oligosaccharides are separated from each other in different bands along the length of the gel.
- a Wheat Starch Ladder is separated in lanes 1, 4 and 7.
- Fibrinogen a glycoprotein having four different oliogosaccharides, is separated in lanes 2 and 5.
- Mono- and di-sialated fractions from lane 2 are shown in lanes 3 and 6, respectively.
- FIG. 4 an example is depicted for the separation of the same classes of ANTS oligasaccharide conjugates by capillary electrophoresis. This pattern shows a similar resolution of total ANTS-fitral oligasaccharides (see FIG. 3, lanes 2 and 5) as seen in the slab gel format.
- the carbohydrates suitable for the method of the present invention represent a wide range of reducing carbohydrate structures including simple linear oligomers of glucose to complex branched oligosaccharides obtained from the enzymatic or chemical deglycosylation of glycoconjugates.
- the invention is applicable to use on a diversity of carbohydrate structures, including those derived from glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids, glycosphingolipids, polysaccharides, glycosaminoglycans and other biomolecules, including complex biomolecules containing any of these as a component.
- the negatively-charged conjugates may be adsorbed onto substrate surfaces having a positive charge.
- membranes having a surface coating of polyaminoethylmethacrylate hydrochloride will act as an electrostatically attractive substrate, and will attract ANTS-glycan conjugates from gel to give adsorbed blots having a fluorescent image.
- the polymer polyethyleneimine when sufficiently cross-linked will place quaternary ammoniums on the surface (See U.S. Pat. No. 5,071,909).
- MAPTAC discussed infra, is a monomer which may be used to attach quaternary ammoniums to a membrane
- the invention also is more broadly directed to oppositely-charged surfaces. For instance, if a positively-charged moiety were attached to a carbohydrate, it would be attracted to a negatively-charged surface such as Polyacrylic acid, which functions to place negative charges (COO--) on the surface.
- a negatively-charged surface such as Polyacrylic acid
- COO-- negative charges
- Other membrane surface charge-carrying modifiers not listed here also come within the scope of this invention.
- a variety of membranes and materials may be coated with any charge-bearing polymers and thereby come within the scope of this invention.
- Plastics polytetrafluroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyester, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polymethylmethacrylate, polymethacrylate, polysulphone, or polystyrene
- glass ceramics, metals, zeolites, silica, or alumina are some of the materials.
- Microporous polymer membranes are a preferred substrate for this invention. Hydrophobic, microporous polymer membranes are particularly preferred. It has been found that hydrophilic membranes are not especially indicated for practice in the present invention.
- the invention is also directed to a novel membrane that is optimized for this covalent blotting method.
- porous substrates which can provide the underivatized surface for the adsorption step, and these include membranes, resinous beads and chromatography particles.
- the principal limitations are 1) that the surface have fixed charge groups opposite in polarity to that of the charged conjugate, and 2) that the surfaces have chemical moieties in reactive proximity to the bound charged conjugate.
- positively- and negatively-charged surfaces may in theory be used, cationic-charged surfaces are presently preferred.
- Commercial products with a cationic polymer surface include Millipore Corporation's Immobilon-NTM (Bedford, Mass.).
- Hercules Corporation markets several polymers which have the capacity, when properly chemically manipulated, to provide both the positively-charged surface and the electrophile for covalent bond formation. These include the R-4308TM series of polyamido polymers and the POLYCUPS series of cationic resins (Polycup 172, 1884, 2002 or S2064). Other sources of polyamido-polyamine epichlorohydrin cationic resins are Cascamide Resin PR-420 (Borden) and Nopcobond 35 (Nopco). These polymers may be coated on a variety of porous and nonporous substrates, and have the capacity to form highly active electrophilic moieties in their structures. U.S. Pat. No.
- Surfaces can also be made from acrylate monomers having both positive charge and electrophilic characteristics.
- copolymers of [3- (methacryloylamino)propyl] trimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC) and glycidyl acrylate may be polymerized using thermal, UV, or electron beam methods, and homopolymer combinations of these and similar polymers are additional examples of suitable materials.
- each monomer can be attached to the membrane surface sequentially using these energy sources.
- Cross-linkers can be included to enhance stability to heat and the chemical environment.
- the substrate membranes whose surfaces can be modified using these polymers typically include, but are not limited to, those made from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UPE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and nylon (if not R-4308 coated and cross-linked with diamines). Hydrophobic surfaces are preferred.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- UPE ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- nylon if not R-4308 coated and cross-linked with diamines. Hydrophobic surfaces are preferred.
- a commercially-available membrane suitable for use in this invention is the Immobilon-NTM Transfer Membrane (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.) a charge-modified hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride membrane.
- a particularly preferred membrane material is UPE. UPE has a low fluorescence background, and when coated with R-4308TM polymer binds negatively-
- An important aspect of the membrane used to covalently immobilize the charged conjugate molecule is its epoxide potential. This term refers to the amount of epichlorohydrin groups that remain on the surface of the R-4308TM-coated membrane after it has been cured, but before the activation step. Most prior an processes teach the opposite, i.e., neutralizing the epichlorohydrins by chemical cross-linking with diamines, as discussed above.
- one theory of the invention teaches that a requirement of the membrane is that there be sufficient epichlorohydrins present on the surface for subsequent activation by base to the activated cyclic epoxide form.
- epichlorohydrins as used herein when referring to R-4308-coated membranes is synonymous with "epoxide potential,” and may be used interchangeably throughout.
- alkali is necessary to cross-link the epichlorohydrins to the membrane surface.
- the epoxide potential requirement is satisfied if less than a stiochiometric amount of base is used during the R-4308-coating step of the membrane, thereby decreasing the amount of cross-linking to the membrane, but maximizing the amount of epoxide potential left in the membrane.
- a "stoichiometric amount" of base is that amount required to convert all epichlorohydrins to epoxides.
- That ratio is 0.25 (NaOH):1.0 (R-4308) on a weight-to-weight basis.
- a useful range of base to R-4308 is from about 0.20 to about 0.05. The most preferred ratio is 0.1/1.0.
- a novel epoxide potential assay is described in Example 2. It allows one of ordinary skill to determine the extent of epoxide density in a membrane made by the particular procedure being used, Generally, the procedure involves attaching the primary amine fluorophore 2-aminoacridone (AMAC), the structural formula shown in FIG. 5(A), which is an uncharged fluorescent primary amine, to the epoxides present on the activated membrane. Reaction between AMAC and surface epoxides occurs quantitatively, allowing an estimation of surface epoxide potential (epichlorohydrin content) by measuring bound AMAC fluorescence at 520 nm.
- FIG. 1 AMAC fluorophore 2-aminoacridone
- 5(B) is a graph of fluorescence intensity versus the relative amount of sodium hydroxide used to cross-link the R-4308TM polymer, clearly showing that with less alkalinity, there is an increase in fluorescence due to AMAC bound through epoxide linkage to the membrane surface.
- an electron beam is used to cross-link.
- the use of an electron beam to cross-link polymers is known, but its use to prepare R-4308-coated membranes for high epoxide potential as illustrated here is novel.
- FIG. 5(B) shows the effect of the use of an electron beam-it is represented by the point of highest relative fluorescence on the graph, indicating the highest number of epoxides present on the membrane.
- the lectin which is analogous to the antibody, must be unencumbered in its approach and interaction with the immobilized carbohydrate so that it can recognize its specific structural features.
- An example of lectin probing to identify a covalently-attached ANTS-glycan is shown in examples 4 and 5.
- Lectins useful in the present invention encompass all lectins that are or may be used to specifically bind to any mono-, oligo-, or polysaccharide. These include, but are not limited to, Concanavalin A (from Canavalia ensiformis:specific for side chains containing terminal ⁇ -D-Mannose; Aleuria aurantia (specific for fucose ⁇ -1,6 linked to N-acetylglucosamine) lectin; Amaranthus caudatus ( ⁇ anomers of NeuAc-Gal( ⁇ -1-3)-GalNAc, Gal( ⁇ -1-3-GalNAc bound to Ser/Thr; Datura stramonium (side chains containing ⁇ 1,4-inked oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylylactosamine; Galanthus nivalis (side chains containing terminal mannose); Helix pomatia ( ⁇ -D-GalNAc> ⁇ -D-Glc
- the lectin probe can be directly labeled in such a way that the lectin-carbohydrate hybrid is directly detectable.
- These methods are well known, and include radiolabeling, chemiluminescent labeling, fluorometric labeling, chromophoric labeling, and antibody binding.
- Detection can be achieved by directly labeling the lectin with a ligand as, for example, biotin, which specifically binds to the protein streptavidin, and that protein can be a carrier for a chemiluminescent reaction component, as for example streptavidin linked covalently to alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase. All of these methods are well-known to one of ordinary skill in the art, and render the lectin detectably labeled.
- antibody detection examples include the anti-digoxigenin enzyme-linked antibodies which localize to the digoxigenin-labeled lectin probe, and generate a purplish concentrate upon reaction with X-phosphate/NBT.
- enzymes may be coupled to the bound antibodies for purposes of detection, including horseradish peroxidase and glutaraldehyde, and corresponding color-developing reagents applied.
- the chemiluminescent reagent "LUMI-PHOS 530®” LumiGen, Inc., Detroit, Mich., allows the detection of lectin-carbohydrate hybrids on conventional X-ray film.
- antidigoxigenin conjugates that would be suggested to one of ordinary skill include the fluorescers anti-digoxigenin-rhodamine, and anti-digoxigenin-fluorescein; and for electron microscopy anti-digoxigenin-(second antibody conjugated to gold).
- Radioiodination or reductive amination Direct radiolabeling of the lectin-carbohydrate hybrid of the present invention is possible by radioiodination or reductive amination. See “Radioisotopes in Biology: a practical approach," Slater, R. J., er., IRL Press. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that other radioactive labels such as 3 H or other radionuclides are also possible.
- detection is accomplished by exposure to X-ray sensitive photographic film. Subsequent development of the film will enable one to visually detect the presence or absence of hybridization. These methods are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
- Enzyme-linked immunoassay is another technique useful for detecting the lectin-carbohydrate hybrid of the present invention.
- the lectin reagent used in the present invention is principally characterized by its ability to bind to the saccharide side-chain or terminal saccharide through recognition of a specific sugar and linkage. Once the probe molecule is bound to a specific saccharide sequence, it can be detected by an antibody reagent.
- the antibody reagent can consist of whole antibodies, antibody fragments, polyfunctional antibody aggregates, monoclonal antibodies, single-chain antigen-binding molecules, or in general any substance comprising one or more specific binding sites from an anti-lectin antibody.
- immunoglobulins When in the form of whole antibody, it can belong to any of the classes and subclasses of known immunoglobulins, e.g., IgG, IgM, and so forth. Any fragment of any such antibody which retains specific binding affinity for the bound probe can also be employed, for instance, the fragments of IgG conventionally known as Fab, F(ab'), and F(ab') 2 . In addition, aggregates, polymers, derivatives and conjugates of immunoglobulins or their fragments can be used where appropriate.
- the immunoglobulin source for the antibody reagent can be obtained in any available manner such as conventional antiserum, monoclonal antibody techniques, and recombinant genetic engineering of single-chain antigen-binding molecules.
- Antiserum can be obtained by well-established techniques involving immunization of an animal, such as a mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, sheep or goat, with an appropriate immunogen.
- the immunoglobulins can also be obtained by somatic cell hybridization techniques, such resulting in what are commonly referred to as monoclonal antibodies, also involving the use of an appropriate immunogen.
- Single-chain antigens are recombinantly engineered by insertion of a DNA segment coding for a linker polypeptide into a plasmid such that the linker will be expressed linking the two antigen-binding variable domains.
- the antibody reagent When the antibody reagent is used to detect hybrids, it will usually be labeled with an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase, or glutaraldehyde, attached by suitable synthetic means. Alternatively, the antibody reagent can be detected based on a native property such as its own antigenicity. Further, antibody can be detected by complement fixation or the use of labeled protein A, as well as other techniques known in the art for detecting antibodies.
- an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase, or glutaraldehyde
- the antibody reagent can be detected based on a native property such as its own antigenicity. Further, antibody can be detected by complement fixation or the use of labeled protein A, as well as other techniques known in the art for detecting antibodies.
- the antibody reagent is labeled.
- the labeling moiety and the antibody reagent are associated or linked to one another by direct chemical linkage such as involving covalent bonds, or by indirect linkage such as by incorporation of the label in a microcapsule or liposome which is in turn linked to the antibody.
- Labeling techniques are well-known in the an and any convenient method can be used in the present invention.
- chromophoric labels on lectins can be detected by sight or by conventional means, such as by a light microscope. Recordation is by conventional color microphotography. Fluorescent or chemiluminescent labels emit light that may be detected by sight or by photomultiplier tube. Gold-conjugated labeling is used in electron microscopy to detect hybridization and to image the larger morphological features of the infected cell. Radiolabeled probes may be exposed to X-ray sensitive film.
- oligosaccharides Attached to some of the asparagine and/or serine/threonine residues of most proteins are a complex mixture of oligosaccharides. These oligosaccharides are released from the protein either by chemical or enzymatic treatment. Once released the oligosaccharides can be "mapped" or "fingerprinted” by a number of analytical techniques including HPLC, IC, CE and PAGE. The mapping reveals the number and quantity of oligosaccharides present, but does not reveal the chemical structure or sequence of the oligosaccharides. In order to determine the chemical structure, the mixture of oligosaccharides must be submitted to a purification process (such as HPLC) which will result in a homogenous oligosaccharide. Classical techniques of structure elucidation (mass spectrometry and nmr) have been used to determine the structure of homogenous oligsaccharides, and have been referred to in the Background, supra.
- Another means of determining the structure of a purified oligosaccharide is to submit it to a series of enzymatic digestions in which each digestion removes a specific monosaccharide linked in a specific manner.
- the use of enzymatic digestion sequencing unlike traditional structure elucidation techniques, requires less material in order to determine the structure.
- the enzymes used in the sequencing process must be of the highest purity and have well characterized specificities. Such enzymes are now being recombinantly produced and can be commercially purchased.
- One such source is Glyko, Inc., Novato, Calif.
- the problem remaining in the process of enzymatic sequencing is the quantitative transfer of the oligosaccharide through the various enzymatic digestions.
- an oligosaccharide mixture can first be labeled with ANTS or other suitable charge-carrying compound, and then purified by HPLC, IC, CE or PAGE as previously described. In the preferred embodiment, PAGE is used. Separated ANTS-oligosaccharides can be collected directly onto a membrane and the ANTS-oligosaccharide bands can be blotted onto the membrane from the polyacrylamide gels. Covalent immobilization is then carried out as discussed throughout.
- the resulting filtrates containing the released monosaccharides can be quantitatively analyzed.
- the enzyme specificities and the quantitative results a structure of the isolated oligosaccharide can be proposed.
- Example 6 provides a detailed procedure for accomplishing oligasaccharide sequencing according to the foregoing rationale.
- a 3% solution of Hercules Corp. (Wilmington, Del.) R-4308 polymer in water with the desired level of NaOH is made by mixing stock R-4308 (20% solution) into water and adding slowly the desired amount of 5.0M NaOH to achieve the preferred ratio of 0.1 base to 1.0 R-4308.
- the cationically charge modifying agents are coated onto a hydrophobic organic polymeric membrane by the following procedures:
- the hydrophobic membrane is first pre-wet in a water miscible organic solvent (i.e., alcohol) followed by exchange with water.
- This membrane is then coated by placing it in an aqueous solution of the charge modifying agent.
- the process involves contacting the hydrophobic membrane substrate with an aqueous solution of a water miscible organic solvent (i.e., alcohol) which contains the charge modifying agent.
- the coating can be applied by dipping, slot coating, transfer rolling, spraying and the like.
- the coated membrane is then dried and cured under restraint. Suitable methods for drying and curing include the use of a heat transfer drum, hot air impingement, radiational heating or a combination of these methods.
- Membranes to be coated (Immobilon PTM, a hydrophilic poly-vinylidene fluoride, 0.45 micron pore size and DuraporeTM, a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride, 0.65 micron pore size, both available from Millipore Corporation, Bedford, Mass. are preferred) 15.0 ⁇ 25.0 cm, are prewetted in isopropanol (IPA) and then exchanged in water. The samples are soaked in the 3% alkaline R-4308 solution for at least one hour and then air dried. The dry samples are then rewetted in IPA, exchanged in water and re-introduced into the R-4308 solution for 24-48 hours.
- IPA isopropanol
- Suitable membranes tier this coating are made from PVDF, UPE, PP, PTPE, cellulosics, PVF, polysulfone and polyethersulfone among others.
- the best transfer of blots have been from membranes with high surface areas--BET of 10-25 m 2 /gm.
- Immobilon-NTM membranes are not prewetted with IPA. Also, no prewetting step is needed for a 2nd, optional coat.
- Table 1 shows 3 membranes made according to this general process. The ratio of alkali to polymer is varied, and the solution pH after 24 hours is measured. In addition, 2 coats were used to make the preferred embodiment, the 61 c UPE membrane.
- the 24 hr. pH is selected to reflect the alkali effect; beyond 24 hours the pH change is slight.
- the pH of the freshly made solution undergoes rapid change over a 4 hour period, depending on the alkali level (note that R-4308 comes as an acidic solution with a pH of 4.0).
- a 10 -4 M solution of AMC was prepared by 1/10 dilution of a 10 -3 M AMAC stock solution in isopropanol with 0.1M NaOH; an inert polymer membrane was then immersed in the above solution and placed on top of the selected membranes under moderate pressure for one hour. After thorough washing in MilliQTM water and air drying, the fluorescence spectrum of the reacted surface was recorded using a SLM/Aminco model SP-500 spectrophotofluorimeter fitted with a reflectance fluorescence attachment.
- Table 2 gives the fluorescence density at 520 nm in arbitrary fluorescence emission units. Also included in the table is a column indicating the amount of alkali used in preparing the R-4308 surface as a ratio of solid NaOH to solid R-4308. The fluorescence units shown have been adjusted to account for the background fluorescence signal from the underlying substrate (0.45 micron PVDF) or 0.1 micron UPE coated with unreacted R-4308.
- the ANTS labeled wheat starch hydrolysate mixture is subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (per the N-Linked Oligosaccharide Profiling Kit, Millipore Corp. Part No. FACE-NOP-KT, Bedford, Mass.) resulting in the resolved fluorescent band pattern displayed in FIG. 6, panel A.
- the wheat starch hydrolysate is clearly resolved into a series of bands of increasing polymer size.
- a piece of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UPE) treated with R-4308 as described in Example 1 was placed over the gel so as to be in good contact for a period of 2 hours.
- the UPE may be weighted down if necessary to provide good contact to ensure transfer of the images in the gel to the membrane.
- the bands transfer from the gel to the membrane surface by passive diffusion (see FIG. 6, panel B) with no fluorescence remaining in the gel after transfer (panel C).
- the membrane was cut in half to provide two samples. Both pieces are positioned on a fiat surface. One piece is treated with a deionized water-filled membrane to act as a control.
- the membrane of choice is Millipore® hydrophilic Durapore®, which is simply dipped in deionized water and placed in close contact with the membrane containing the adsorbed ANTS-conjugates. The pair of membranes are sandwiched between two sheets of polyethylene film to reduce liquid loss by evaporation. The remaining half of the test membrane is treated identically, except that instead of deionized water, the hydrophilic Durapore is dipped into 0.1M sodium hydroxide.
- both membranes are separated and washed with water.
- Both control (FIG. 6, panel D) and test pieces (FIG. 6, panel E) showed the same fluorescent band pattern as they had before their respective treatments.
- Each membrane is then prewetted with methanol and placed in a 2% aqueous NaCl salt solution. Starting at this point, the control membrane displays gradually decreasing fluorescent intensity in its band pattern [See Table 3]. After 2 hours' residence time in the salt solution, much of the original fluorescence in the control membrane (FIG. 6, panel F) has disappeared. The test membrane, on the other hand, maintains its original fluorescent intensity (FIG. 6, panel G).
- N-acetylglucosamine oligomers were obtained from the acid hydrolysis of crab shell chitin (Sigma Cat. No. C-3641 ) and were fractionareal according to the methodology of Barker, S. A., et al., J. Chem. Soc. 2218-2227 (1958). Oligosaccharide labeling reagents and electrophoresis gels and buffers were used from the N-linked Oligosaccharide Profiling Kit (FACE-NOP-KT, Millipore Corporation, Bedford, Mass.). The lectins and reagents for staining were used from the Lectin-Link Kit (LEKL, Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, Mass.).
- the oligosaccharides were prepared as aqueous solutions at a concentration of 1 mg/ml.
- the N-acetylglucosamine oligomer solution (20 ⁇ l) was placed into a 0.5 ml microcentrifuge tube (Eppendorf) and taken to dryness in a centrifugal vacuum evaporator (SAVANT).
- oligo labeling dye (ANTS, 8 mg/125 ⁇ l of 15% acetic acid) and 5 ⁇ l of the labeling reducing agent (sodium cyanoborohydride, 8 mg/125 ⁇ l in dimethylsulfoxide) were added and incubated in a water bath at 37° C. for 16 hours according to the protocols specified in the N-Linked Oligosaccharide Profiling Kit (Millipore Corp. P/N FACE-NOP-KT). After 16 hours the samples were both reduced to a viscous liquid in a centrifugal vacuum evaporator at 20 mTorr with no heat applied, for 1 hour. Each sample was dissolved in Milli-Q® water (100 ⁇ l) and 2 ⁇ loading buffer (100 ⁇ l, 25% aqueous glycerol). The loading volume per gel lane was 4 ⁇ l.
- the labeling reducing agent sodium cyanoborohydride, 8 mg/125 ⁇ l in dimethylsulfoxide
- the ANTS labeled N-acetylglucosamine oligomers are then subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (per the N-Linked Oiigosaccharide Profiling Kit, Millipore Corp. Part No. FACE-NOP-KT, Bedford, Mass.) resulting in the resolved fluorescent band pattern corresponding to conjugated tetra-, penta-, hexa-, and heptamers displayed in FIG. 7, panel A.
- each of the samples were electrophoresed according to the protocols of the N-Linked Oligosaccharide Profiling Kit. Essentially, 4 ⁇ l of the individual samples were placed into each of the 8 wells of separate electrophoresis gels. The gel was placed into the GlycoscanTM Electrophoresis Gel Box, filled with the electrophoresis buffer (50 mM Tris/50 mM Tricine, pH 8.3). The gels were then electrophoresed in the GlycoscanTM Electrophoresis Unit for 1 hour 30 minutes at a constant 15 mA/gel at 4° C. After completion of the electrophoresis, the gels were removed, rinsed with Milli-Q® water and imaged with the GlycoscanTM Imager (Millipore Corp.)
- a piece of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UPE) treated with R-4308 as described in Example 1 was placed over the gel so as to be in good contact for a period of 2 hours.
- the UPE may be weighted down if necessary to provide good contact to ensure transfer of the images in the gel to the membrane. During this time the bands transfer from the gel to the membrane surface by passive diffusion.
- a sample of nylon Zetabind, Cuno, Meriden, Conn. was included as a control for comparison but was not subjected to the following covalent immobilization step.
- the membrane containing the ANTS labeled conjugates was activated by overlayering with a Millipore® hydrophilic Durapore® membrane filled with 0.1M sodium hydroxide. The pair of membranes are then sandwiched between two sheets of poly6thylene film to reduce liquid loss by evaporation.
- the membranes were probed using a commercial biotinylated lectin-based protocol. This experiment was essential to demonstrate that the immobilized carbohydrate remains chemically unaltered and resides in an environment allowing free and unencumbered access to the lectin molecule.
- the N-acetylglucosamine oligomers were probed with biotinylated wheat germ lectin (Lectin-Link Kit, Genzyme Corp., Cambridge, Mass., P/N LEKL).
- the probing of the oligosaccharides used the protocol included in the Lectin-Link Kit. Essentially, each membrane was wet with methanol, rinsed with Milli-Q® water, and then placed into the blocking buffer for 1 hour.
- the lectin probing of the membrane was as follows:
- the membrane was wetted by immersion in methanol for 1 minute.
- the membrane was blocked by placing the membrane into the blocking buffer (Tris buffer, pH 7.4 with salts containing fish gelatin) for 60 minutes and gently rotated using a platform shaker.
- the blocking buffer Tris buffer, pH 7.4 with salts containing fish gelatin
- the membrane was incubated for I hour in blocking buffer containing one of the biotinylated lectins (wheat germ lectins, 40 ⁇ g/10 ml blocking buffer).
- the membrane was soaked with a wash buffer (Tween 20 in Tris buffer, pH 7.4 with salts) 3 times for 10 minutes each.
- a wash buffer Tetween 20 in Tris buffer, pH 7.4 with salts
- the membrane was incubated for 1 hour in the avidin-biotinylated alkaline phosphatase reagent for 1 hour.
- the membrane was soaked in the wash buffer (Tween 20 in Tris buffer, pH 7.4 with salts) 3 times for 10 minutes each.
- the membrane was rinsed with staining buffer (Tris buffer, pH 9.5 with salts).
- the staining was pipetted solution (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/nitroblue tetrazolium) over the membrane, colored bands were allowed to appear (10 minutes), then the membrane was immersed in water.
- the membranes were air-dryed on a paper towel in the dark.
- the lectin-blotted membranes were imaged using the Bio Image low light camera system (Bio Image Model 110S-2D Electrophoresis Analyses, P/N BITS- 12S-2D, Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.)
- the UPE-R4308 treated membrane clearly displayed lectin binding to the full series of N-acetylglucosamine oligomers (see FIG. 7, panel B).
- the nylon membrane on the other hand, showed a very high background density with bands only weakly visible (See FIG. 7, panel C). This result clearly illustrates the retention of the ANTS-glycan conjugates on the experimental membrane surface in a biologically active configuration.
- Panel C the nylon substrate did not retain the ANTS-glycan conjugates quantitatively under the conditions of the lectin probing protocol.
- the pattern of glycans retained in Panel B reflects the original sample.
- the high background staining was not unexpected as this substrate has a high protein binding capacity which is difficult to saturate during background blocking conditions.
- Structural determination of oligosaccharides can be accomplished by the covalent immobilization of the oligosaccharide onto a membrane with subsequent enzymatic digestion analysis, as taught herein.
- an oligosaccharide mixture derived from a suitable source is labeled with ANTS or other suitable charge-carrying compound, and then purified by HPLC, IC, CE or PAGE. In this example PAGE is used. Separated ANTS-oligosaccharides are collected directly onto a membrane having epoxide potential and the ANTS-oligosaccharide bands are blotted onto the membrane from the polyacrylamide gels. Covalent immobilization is then carried out as discussed throughout this application.
- the membranes are cut into specific pieces containing the ANTS-oligosaccharide to be sequenced.
- the membrane is then placed into a reaction vessel (Ultra-free,® Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.) having a 10K ultra filter membrane and the appropriate buffer containing the first enzyme (sialadase) is added.
- the enzyme is allowed to act upon the oligosaccharide, and for purposes of this example, sialic acid is clipped.
- the membrane is taken from the solution in the reaction chamber with tweezers, rinsed with water (which falls into the Ultra-free® chamber) and the membrane is transferred into a second Ultra-free® reaction chamber.
- the first Ultra-free® reaction chamber (containing the enzyme and the released monosaccharide) is placed into a centrifuge and spun to force the reaction solution through the membrane. Following centrifugation, the enzyme is retained by the membrane and the filtrate now contains the sialic acid. This monosaccharide is quantitatively analyzed by HPLC, IC, CE or PAGE. To the membrane which has been transferred to the second Ultra-free® reaction vessel, a new buffer system and the second enzyme is added and the process is repeated.
- Typical enzymes to be used include: sialidases, beta-galactosidase, beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, alpha-mannosidase, beta-mannosidase and alpha-fucosidase.
- a sequential exoglycosidase digestion is as follows:
- MC device a disposable membrane-based centrifugal device such as a Ultrafree®-MC filter unit containing a polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane with a pore size of 10,000 (Millipore P/N UFC3 TGC 25), hereinafter "MC device";
- an enzyme specific for the removal of the terminal non-reducing sialic acids which may be present on the oligosaccharides immobilized on the membrane band may have a high specificity for a linkage [i.e. alpha 2-3,NANase I (Glyko P/N 80020), or alpha 2-3,8, Sialidase (Oxford GlycoSystems P/N X-5017 or Neuraminidase (Genzyme Corporation P/N 2144-01 )] or a broad specificity of all linkages which possibly may exist [i.e.
- the membrane band in the second MC device can now be treated with either a broad specificity enzyme to remove any remaining sialic acid residues (repeating steps 10-17) or (if the membrane band was first treated with a broad specificity enzyme to remove all the sialic acid residues) an exo-beta-galactosidase;
- the contents of the tubes will be treated according to the instructions of the FACE Monosaccharide Composition Analysis Kit (Millipore P/N FACE MCA KT).
- FIG. 9 An example of the expected pattern of monosaccharides released from complex glycan structures is shown in FIG. 9.
- the right side of FIG. 9 shows the parent carbohydrate and subsequent daughters that decrease in size as a specific enzyme clips-terminal monosaccharides.
- the gels show where the expected monosaccharides would be, in relation to the standard Monosaccharide Ladder, shown at far left.
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Abstract
Description
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ ALKALI LADDER SERIES (R-4308 COATINGS) NaOH/ No. 24 Hr. SAMPLE NO. R-4308 Coats pH Comments ______________________________________ 58A (UPE) 0.25/1 1 8.88 Hercules stoichio- metric point 61C (UPE) 0.1/1 2 7.32 2nd Coat 48 hr Soak Immobilon 0.18/1 1 8.05 Coat from 20% N ™ Solution in H2O ______________________________________
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ EPOXIDE POTENTIAL AS A FUNCTION OF ALKALI USED FOR CROSS-LINKING R-4308 ON VARIOUS MEMBRANES MEM- NaOH/ FLUORES- BRANE R-4308.sup.1 COMMENT CENCE.sup.2 ______________________________________UPE 10/l VERY LARGE 0 (73-1) EXCESS UPE 0.5/l LARGE EXCESS 0.4 (59-c) UPE 0.1M NaOH AS IN IM- 1.4 (81-1) TREATED MOBILIZATION UPE .25/1 HERCULES' 1.5 (58-A) EQUIV POINT PVDF .18/l IMMOBILON-N 2.3 (INXA) UPE .1/l UPE 4.3 (61-C) (PREFERRED) UPE .05/l 20% OF 58-A 4.2 (62-3)UPE 0/l E BEAM PRE- 4.7 (75-1) PARED.sup.3 ______________________________________ .sup.1 As solid NaOH to solid R4308 (w/w) .sup.2 Arbitrary fluorescence units (HV900, G100); values adjusted from emission from substrate .sup.3 No alkali used to crosslink R4308
TABLE 3 ______________________________________ Time in 2% NaCL (min 0 10 20 30 60 % of Remaining Fluorescence.sup.1 ______________________________________I-N CONTROL 100 25 10 5 5I-N TEST 100 95 90 90 90UPE CONTROL 100 25 10 5 5UPE TEST 100 95 90 90 90 ______________________________________ .sup.1 Derived from arbitrary fluorescence units as measured in Example 2
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